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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predecessors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Predecessors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predecessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_the_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_the_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Founding of the party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_the_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1949–1969:_reconstruction_of_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1949–1969:_reconstruction_of_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1949–1969: reconstruction of Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1949–1969:_reconstruction_of_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1969–1982:_social_changes_and_crises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1969–1982:_social_changes_and_crises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1969–1982: social changes and crises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1969–1982:_social_changes_and_crises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1982–1998:_Kohl_government,_economic_transition_and_reunification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1982–1998:_Kohl_government,_economic_transition_and_reunification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1982–1998: Kohl government, economic transition and reunification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1982–1998:_Kohl_government,_economic_transition_and_reunification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005_federal_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_federal_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>2005 federal election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_federal_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009–2013:_Merkel_II_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009–2013:_Merkel_II_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>2009–2013: Merkel II government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009–2013:_Merkel_II_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013_federal_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013_federal_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>2013 federal election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013_federal_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014_European_and_state_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_European_and_state_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>2014 European and state elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_European_and_state_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015–2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015–2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>2015–2020</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015–2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>2021–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_and_platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_and_platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ideology and platform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology_and_platform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Electorate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>European representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_parliament_(Bundestag)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_parliament_(Bundestag)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Federal parliament (<i>Bundestag</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_parliament_(Bundestag)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>European Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_parliaments_(Länder)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_parliaments_(Länder)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>State parliaments (<i>Länder</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_parliaments_(Länder)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Results timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leadership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_FDP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_FDP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Leader of the FDP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_FDP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_FDP_in_the_Bundestag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_FDP_in_the_Bundestag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Leader of the FDP in the Bundestag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_FDP_in_the_Bundestag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Free Democratic Party (Germany)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrye_Demokratiese_Party" title="Vrye Demokratiese Party – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vrye Demokratiese Party" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Demokratische_Partei" title="Freie Demokratische Partei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Freie Demokratische Partei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="الحزب الديمقراطي الحر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحزب الديمقراطي الحر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Demokratische_Partei" title="Freie Demokratische Partei – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Freie Demokratische Partei" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Свабодная дэмакратычная партыя (Германія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Свабодная дэмакратычная партыя (Германія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Свабодная дэмакратычная партыя (Нямеччына) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Свабодная дэмакратычная партыя (Нямеччына)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Свободна демократическа партия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свободна демократическа партия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDP" title="FDP – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="FDP" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Democr%C3%A0tic_Lliure" title="Partit Democràtic Lliure – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Democràtic Lliure" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svobodn%C3%A1_demokratick%C3%A1_strana" title="Svobodná demokratická strana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svobodná demokratická strana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDP" title="FDP – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="FDP" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDP" title="FDP – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="FDP" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Demokratische_Partei" title="Freie Demokratische Partei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Freie Demokratische Partei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Demokratische_Partei" title="Freie Demokratische Partei – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Freie Demokratische Partei" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaba_Demokraatlik_Partei" title="Vaba Demokraatlik Partei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaba Demokraatlik Partei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ελεύθερο Δημοκρατικό Κόμμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελεύθερο Δημοκρατικό Κόμμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Democr%C3%A1tico_Libre" title="Partido Democrático Libre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Democrático Libre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libera_Demokratia_Partio" title="Libera Demokratia Partio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libera Demokratia Partio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderdi_Demokratiko_Askea" title="Alderdi Demokratiko Askea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alderdi Demokratiko Askea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حزب دموکرات آزاد آلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب دموکرات آزاد آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_lib%C3%A9ral-d%C3%A9mocrate_(Allemagne)" title="Parti libéral-démocrate (Allemagne) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti libéral-démocrate (Allemagne)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%B9_(%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC,_1948%EB%85%84)" title="자유민주당 (독일, 1948년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자유민주당 (독일, 1948년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swobodna_demokratiska_strona" title="Swobodna demokratiska strona – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Swobodna demokratiska strona" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodna_demokratska_stranka_(Njema%C4%8Dka)" title="Slobodna demokratska stranka (Njemačka) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slobodna demokratska stranka (Njemačka)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Demokrat_Bebas_(Jerman)" title="Partai Demokrat Bebas (Jerman) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Demokrat Bebas (Jerman)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADber_Democratic_Partise_de_Germania" title="Líber Democratic Partise de Germania – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Líber Democratic Partise de Germania" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frj%C3%A1lsi_dem%C3%B3krataflokkurinn" title="Frjálsi demókrataflokkurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frjálsi demókrataflokkurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Liberale_Democratico_(Germania)" title="Partito Liberale Democratico (Germania) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Liberale Democratico (Germania)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המפלגה הדמוקרטית החופשית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הדמוקרטית החופשית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანიის თავისუფალი დემოკრატიული პარტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიის თავისუფალი დემოკრატიული პარტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partiya_Azad_a_Demokrat" title="Partiya Azad a Demokrat – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Partiya Azad a Demokrat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factio_democratica_liberalis_Germaniae" title="Factio democratica liberalis Germaniae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Factio democratica liberalis Germaniae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Demokratische_Partei" title="Freie Demokratische Partei – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Freie Demokratische Partei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laisvoji_demokrat%C5%B3_partija" title="Laisvoji demokratų partija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laisvoji demokratų partija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9met_Szabaddemokrata_P%C3%A1rt" title="Német Szabaddemokrata Párt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Német Szabaddemokrata Párt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="الحزب الديموقراطى الحر (المانيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحزب الديموقراطى الحر (المانيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Demokratik_Bebas_(Jerman)" title="Parti Demokratik Bebas (Jerman) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parti Demokratik Bebas (Jerman)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Demokratische_Partei" title="Freie Demokratische Partei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Freie Demokratische Partei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A_(%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84)" title="自由民主党 (ドイツ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自由民主党 (ドイツ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Demokraatisk_Partei" title="Frei Demokraatisk Partei – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Frei Demokraatisk Partei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Demokratische_Partei" title="Freie Demokratische Partei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Freie Demokratische Partei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Demokratische_Partei" title="Freie Demokratische Partei – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Freie Demokratische Partei" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fre%E2%80%99e_Demokraatsche_Partei" title="Fre’e Demokraatsche Partei – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Fre’e Demokraatsche Partei" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolna_Partia_Demokratyczna" title="Wolna Partia Demokratyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wolna Partia Demokratyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Democr%C3%A1tico_Liberal" title="Partido Democrático Liberal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Democrático Liberal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidul_Liber_Democrat_(Germania)" title="Partidul Liber Democrat (Germania) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partidul Liber Democrat (Germania)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Свободная демократическая партия (Германия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свободная демократическая партия (Германия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Pairty_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Pairty (Germany) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Free Democratic Pairty (Germany)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A4ie_Demokratiske_Paat%C3%A4i" title="Fräie Demokratiske Paatäi – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Fräie Demokratiske Paatäi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_e_Lir%C3%AB_Demokratike_(Gjermani)" title="Partia e Lirë Demokratike (Gjermani) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Partia e Lirë Demokratike (Gjermani)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodn%C3%A1_demokratick%C3%A1_strana" title="Slobodná demokratická strana – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slobodná demokratická strana" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="حیزبی ئازادی دیموکرات (ئەڵمانیا) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حیزبی ئازادی دیموکرات (ئەڵمانیا)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Странка слободних демократа (Немачка) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Странка слободних демократа (Немачка)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapaa_demokraattinen_puolue" title="Vapaa demokraattinen puolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vapaa demokraattinen puolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDP" title="FDP – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="FDP" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2_(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5)" title="พรรคเสรีประชาธิปไตย (เยอรมนี) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พรรคเสรีประชาธิปไตย (เยอรมนี)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_Demokratik_Parti_(Almanya)" title="Özgür Demokratik Parti (Almanya) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özgür Demokratik Parti (Almanya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вільна демократична партія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільна демократична партія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_T%E1%BB%B1_do_(%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c)" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political party in Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Free+Democratic+Party%22+Germany">"Free Democratic Party" Germany</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Free+Democratic+Party%22+Germany+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Free+Democratic+Party%22+Germany&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Free+Democratic+Party%22+Germany+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Free+Democratic+Party%22+Germany">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Free+Democratic+Party%22+Germany&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FFED00; border-bottom:2px solid #FFED00; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Free Democratic Party</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname">Freie Demokratische Partei</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten.svg/200px-Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten.svg/300px-Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten.svg/400px-Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="112" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">FDP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Chairman</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Christian Lindner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">General Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Djir-Sarai" title="Bijan Djir-Sarai">Bijan Djir-Sarai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Parliamentary leader</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_D%C3%BCrr" title="Christian Dürr">Christian Dürr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">12 December 1948<span class="noprint">; 75 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1948-12-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merger of</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Democratic Party of Germany">Democratic Party of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Democratic People's Party (Germany)">Democratic People's Party</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Hans-Dietrich-Genscher-Haus<br />Reinhardtstraße 14<br />10117 <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>fdplus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Young_Liberals_(Germany)" title="Young Liberals (Germany)">Young Liberals</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_wing" title="Women's wing">Women's wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Women_(Germany)" title="Liberal Women (Germany)">Liberal Women</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">LGBT wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Liberal Gay, Lesbians, Bi, Trans and Queer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">University wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Federal Associations of Liberal College Groups</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Foundation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Naumann_Foundation" title="Friedrich Naumann Foundation">Friedrich Naumann Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(November 2024)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 70,000 <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">German</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">Centre-right</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">European Parliament group</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">Renew Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> Yellow</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E5007D; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> Pink</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#009EE3; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">Cyan</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">91 / 735</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">2 / 69</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_German_State_Parliaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Composition of the German State Parliaments">State Parliaments</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">67 / 1,894</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2019 European Parliament election in Germany">European Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">5 / 96</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 5%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany_(main_variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany_%28main_variant%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany_%28main_variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany_%28main_variant%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany_%28main_variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany_%28main_variant%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany_%28main_variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fdp.de/">www<wbr />.fdp<wbr />.de</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13124#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FFED00;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Free Democratic Party</b> (German: <i lang="de">Freie Demokratische Partei</i>, <b>FDP</b>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɛfdeːˈpeː]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e7\/De-FDP.ogg\/De-FDP.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-FDP.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/De-FDP.ogg/De-FDP.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-FDP.ogg" title="File:De-FDP.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a><sup id="cite_ref-Marks_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breukers_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breukers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">political party</a> in Germany. </p><p>The FDP was founded in 1948 by members of former liberal political parties which existed in Germany before World War II, namely the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a>. For most of the second half of the 20th century, particularly from 1961 to 1982, the FDP held the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(parliament)" title="Balance of power (parliament)">balance of power</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been a junior coalition partner to both the <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> (1949–1956, 1961–1966, 1982–1998 and 2009–2013) and <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) (1969–1982, 2021–present). In the <a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013 federal election</a>, the FDP failed to win any directly elected seats in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> and came up short of the 5 percent threshold to qualify for list representation, being left without representation in the Bundestag for the first time in its history.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017 federal election</a>, the FDP regained its representation in the Bundestag, receiving 10.6% of the vote. After the <a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021 federal election</a> the FDP became part of governing <a href="/wiki/Scholz_cabinet" title="Scholz cabinet">Scholz cabinet</a> in coalition with the Social Democratic Party and <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">the Greens</a>. </p><p>Since the 1980s, the party, consistently with its <a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">ordoliberal</a> tradition, has pushed <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a> and has aligned itself closely to the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>, and is aligned to the <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centre</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the political spectrum. The FDP is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">Renew Europe</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Special:EditPage/Free Democratic Party (Germany)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Special:EditPage/Free Democratic Party (Germany)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The history of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">liberal parties in Germany</a> dates back to 1861, when the <a href="/wiki/German_Progress_Party" title="German Progress Party">German Progress Party</a> (DFP) was founded, being the first political party in the modern sense in Germany. From the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberal Party</a> in 1867 until the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> in 1933, the liberal-democratic camp was divided into a "<a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">national-liberal</a>" and a "left-liberal" line of tradition. After 1918 the national-liberal strain was represented by the <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> (DVP), the left-liberal one by the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a> (DDP, which merged into the <a href="/wiki/German_State_Party" title="German State Party">German State Party</a> in 1930). Both parties played an important role in government during the Weimar Republic era, but successively lost votes during the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> beginning in the late-1920s. After the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi seizure of power">Nazi seizure of power</a>, both liberal parties agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a> and subsequently dissolved themselves. During the 12 years of Hitler's rule, some former liberals collaborated with the Nazis (e.g. economy minister <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a>), while others resisted actively against Nazism, with some Liberal leaning members and former members of the military joining up with <a href="/wiki/Henning_von_Tresckow" title="Henning von Tresckow">Henning von Tresckow</a> (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Solf_Circle" title="Solf Circle">Solf Circle</a>). </p><p>Soon after World War II, the Soviet Union pushed for the creation of licensed "<a href="/wiki/Anti_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti fascism">anti-fascist</a>" parties in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone">its occupation zone</a> in East Germany. In July 1945, former DDP politicians <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BClz" title="Wilhelm Külz">Wilhelm Külz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Schiffer" title="Eugen Schiffer">Eugen Schiffer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Koch" title="Waldemar Koch">Waldemar Koch</a> called for the establishment of a pan-German liberal party. Their <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Germany">Liberal-Democratic Party</a> (LDP) was soon licensed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Military_Administration_in_Germany" title="Soviet Military Administration in Germany">Soviet Military Administration in Germany</a>, under the condition that the new party joined the pro-Soviet "<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Bloc_(East_Germany)" title="Democratic Bloc (East Germany)">Democratic Bloc</a>". </p><p>In September 1945, citizens in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>—including the anti-Nazi resistance circle "Association Free Hamburg"—established the <i>Party of Free Democrats</i> (PFD) as a <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> left-wing party and the first liberal Party in the Western occupation zones. The German Democratic Party was revived in some states of the Western occupation zones (in the Southwestern states of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> under the name of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Democratic People's Party (Germany)">Democratic People's Party</a>). </p><p>Many former members of DDP and DVP however agreed to finally overcome the traditional split of German liberalism into a national-liberal and a left-liberal branch, aiming for the creation of a united liberal party.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1945 a liberal coalition party was founded in the state of <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> under the name of Bremen Democratic People's Party. In January 1946, liberal state parties of the <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="British occupation zone">British occupation zone</a> merged into the <i>Free Democratic Party of the British Zone</i> (FDP). A similar state party in <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, called the Liberal Democratic Party, was licensed by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Military_Government,_United_States" title="Office of Military Government, United States">U.S. military government</a> in January 1946. In the state of Bavaria, a <i>Free Democratic Party</i> was founded in May 1946. </p><p>In the first post-war state elections in 1946, liberal parties performed well in Württemberg-Baden (16.8%), Bremen (18.3%), Hamburg (18.2%) and Greater Berlin (still undivided; 9.3%). The LDP was especially strong in the October 1946 state elections of the Soviet zone—the last free parliamentary election in East Germany—obtaining an average of 24.6% (highest in Saxony-Anhalt, 29.9%, and Thuringia, 28.5%), thwarting an absolute majority of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (SED) that was favoured by the Soviet occupation power. This disappointment to the communists however led to a change of electoral laws in the Soviet zone, cutting the autonomy of non-socialist parties including the LDP and forcing it to join the SED-dominated <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(East_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (East Germany)">National Front</a>, making it a dependent "<a href="/wiki/Bloc_party_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloc party (politics)">bloc party</a>". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Democratic Party of Germany">Democratic Party of Germany</a> (DPD) was established in <a href="/wiki/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg ob der Tauber</a> on 17 March 1947 as a pan-German party of liberals from all four occupation zones. Its leaders were <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a> (representing the DVP of Württemberg-Baden in the American zone) and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BClz" title="Wilhelm Külz">Wilhelm Külz</a> (representing the LDP of the Soviet zone). However, the project failed in January 1948 as a result of disputes over Külz's pro-Soviet direction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_the_party">Founding of the party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Founding of the party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1983-098-20a,_Heuss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1983-098-20a%2C_Heuss.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1983-098-20a%2C_Heuss.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1983-098-20a%2C_Heuss.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Theodor Heuss, first chairman of the FDP and first President of West Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>The Free Democratic Party was established on 11–12 December 1948 in <a href="/wiki/Heppenheim" title="Heppenheim">Heppenheim</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, as an association of all 13 liberal state parties in the three Western zones of occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed name, Liberal Democratic Party, was rejected by the delegates, who voted 64 to 25 in favour of the name Free Democratic Party (FDP). </p><p>The party's first chairman was Theodor Heuss, a member of the Democratic People's Party in Württemberg-Baden; his deputy was <a href="/wiki/Franz_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Franz Blücher">Franz Blücher</a> of the FDP in the British Zone. The place for the party's foundation was chosen deliberately: the "<a href="/wiki/Heppenheim_conference" title="Heppenheim conference">Heppenheim Assembly</a>" was held at the Hotel <i>Halber Mond</i> on 10 October 1847, a meeting of moderate liberals who were preparing for what would be, within a few months, the <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a>. </p><p>The FDP was founded on 11 December 1948 through the merger of nine regional liberal parties formed in 1945 from the remnants of the pre-1933 <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> (DVP) and the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a> (DDP), which had been active in the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1949–1969:_reconstruction_of_Germany"><span id="1949.E2.80.931969:_reconstruction_of_Germany"></span>1949–1969: reconstruction of Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1949–1969: reconstruction of Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlu%C3%9Fstrich_drunter_-_FDP_election_campaign_poster,_Germany_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Political poster in German: "Schlußstrich drunter! Schluss mit Entnazifizierung / Entrechtung / Entmündigung / Schluss mit dem Staatsbürger 2. Klasse / Wer staatsbürgerliche Gleichberechtigung will, wählt FDP (bisher LDP)"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Schlu%C3%9Fstrich_drunter_-_FDP_election_campaign_poster%2C_Germany_1949.jpg/220px-Schlu%C3%9Fstrich_drunter_-_FDP_election_campaign_poster%2C_Germany_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Schlu%C3%9Fstrich_drunter_-_FDP_election_campaign_poster%2C_Germany_1949.jpg/330px-Schlu%C3%9Fstrich_drunter_-_FDP_election_campaign_poster%2C_Germany_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Schlu%C3%9Fstrich_drunter_-_FDP_election_campaign_poster%2C_Germany_1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"Schlußstrich drunter!"</i></span>—FDP election campaign poster reading "Draw a line under it" before the 1949 Bundestag election in Hesse calling for a halt to "<a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a>, disenfranchisement, disempowerment, second class citizenship" and for "equality of civil rights"</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">first elections to the Bundestag on 14 August 1949</a>, the FDP won a vote share of 11.9 percent (with 12 direct mandates, particularly in Baden-Württemberg and Hesse), and thus obtained 52 of 402 seats. It formed a common Bundestag group with the hard-right <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Partei" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Partei">German Party (DP)</a>. In September of the same year the FDP chairman <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a> was elected the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>. In his <a href="/wiki/1954_West_German_presidential_election" title="1954 West German presidential election">1954 re-election</a>, he received the best election result to date of a President with 871 of 1018 votes (85.6 percent) of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(Germany)" title="Federal Convention (Germany)">Federal Assembly</a>. Adenauer was also elected on the proposal of the new German President with an extremely narrow majority as the first Chancellor. The FDP participated with the <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> and the DP in Adenauer's coalition cabinet; they had three ministers: <a href="/wiki/Franz_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Franz Blücher">Franz Blücher</a> (Vice-Chancellor), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dehler" title="Thomas Dehler">Thomas Dehler</a> (justice), and <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Wildermuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Eberhard Wildermuth">Eberhard Wildermuth</a> (housing). </p><p>On the most important economic, social and <a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">German national</a> issues, the FDP agreed with their coalition partners, the CDU/CSU. However, the FDP offered to middle-class voters a secular party that refused the <a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">religious schools</a> and accused the opposition parties of clericalization. The FDP said they were known also as a consistent representative of the market economy, while the CDU was then dominated nominally from the Ahlen Programme, which allowed a <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a> between <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a>, the "father" of the <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>, had his followers in the early years of the Federal Republic in the CDU/CSU rather than in the FDP. </p><p>The FDP won Hesse's 1950 state election with 31.8 percent, the best result in its history, through appealing to East Germans displaced by the war by including them on their ticket. </p><p>Up to the 1950s, several of the FDP's regional organizations were to the right of the CDU/CSU, which initially had ideas of some sort of Christian socialism, and even former office-holders of the Third Reich were courted with nationalist values. The FDP voted in parliament at the end of 1950 against the CDU- and SPD-introduced <a href="/wiki/De-nazification" class="mw-redirect" title="De-nazification">de-nazification</a> process. At their party conference in Munich in 1951 they demanded the release of all "so-called <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war criminals</a>" and welcomed the establishment of the "Association of German soldiers" of former <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> members to advance the integration of the Nazi forces in democracy. The FDP members were seen as part of the "<a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">extremist</a>" block along with the <a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a> in West Germany by the US intelligence officials.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, a de-Nazification Act could only be passed at the end of 1950 in the Bundestag because the opposition <a href="/wiki/SPD" class="mw-redirect" title="SPD">SPD</a> supported the motion along with the governing CDU/CSU; the governing FDP voted along with the hard-right DP and the openly <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">German Reich Party</a> (DRP) against the law against Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-udo-leuschner.de_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-udo-leuschner.de-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (November 2023)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 1953 <a href="/wiki/Naumann_Circle" title="Naumann Circle">Naumann Circle</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Werner_Naumann" title="Werner Naumann">Werner Naumann</a>, consisted of a group of former Nazis who tried to infiltrate the party, which had many right-wing and nationalist members in <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, North Rhine-Westphalia and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="British occupation zone">British occupation authorities</a> had arrested seven prominent members of the Naumann Circle, the FDP federal board installed a commission of inquiry, chaired by Thomas Dehler, which particularly sharply criticized the situation in the North Rhine-Westphalian FDP. In the following years, the right wing lost power, and the extreme right increasingly sought areas of activity outside the FDP. In the <a href="/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election" title="1953 West German federal election">1953 federal election</a>, the FDP received 9.5 percent of the party votes, 10.8 percent of the primary vote (with 14 direct mandates, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Lower Saxony, Hesse, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>) and 48 of 487 seats.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the second term of the Bundestag, the South German Liberal Democrats gained influence in the party.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thomas Dehler, a representative of a more social-liberal course took over as party and parliamentary leader. The former Minister of Justice Dehler, who in 1933 suffered persecution by the Nazis, was known for his rhetorical focus. Generally the various regional associations were independent. After the FDP had left in early 1956, the coalition with the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia and made with SPD and centre a new state government, were a total of 16 members of parliament, including the four federal ministers from the FDP and founded the short-lived Free People's Party, which then up was involved to the end of the legislature instead of FDP in the Federal Government. The FDP first took it to the opposition. </p><p>Only one of the smaller post-war parties, the FDP survived despite many problems. In <a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957 federal elections</a> they still reached 7.7 percent of the vote to 1990 and their last direct mandate with which they had held 41 of 497 seats in the Bundestag. However, they still remained in opposition because the Union won an absolute majority. The FDP also called for a nuclear-free zone in Central Europe. </p><p>Even before the election Dehler was assigned as party chairman. At the federal party in Berlin at the end January 1957 relieved him Reinhold Maier. Dehler's role as Group Chairman took over after the election of the national set very Erich Mende. Mende was also chairman of the party. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1961_West_German_federal_election" title="1961 West German federal election">1961 federal election</a>, the FDP achieved 12.8 percent nationwide, the best result until then, and the FDP entered a coalition with the CDU again. Although it was committed before the election to continuing to sit in any case in a government together with Adenauer, Chancellor Adenauer was again, however, to withdraw under the proviso, after two years. These events led to the FDP being nicknamed the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Umfallerpartei</i></span> ("pushover party").<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Spiegel_affair" title="Spiegel affair">Spiegel affair</a>, the FDP withdrew their ministers from the federal government. Although the coalition was renewed again under Adenauer in 1962, the FDP withdrew again on the condition<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what condition? should this be "over the conditions"? (November 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in October 1963. This occurred even under the new Chancellor, Ludwig Erhard. This was for Erich Mende turn the occasion to go into the cabinet: he took the rather unimportant Federal Ministry for All-German Affairs. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election" title="1965 West German federal election">1965 federal elections</a> the FDP gained 9.5 percent. The coalition with the CDU in 1966 broke on the subject of tax increases and it was followed by a grand coalition between the CDU and the SPD. The opposition also pioneered a course change: the former foreign policy and the attitude to the eastern territories were discussed. The opposition leader for the FDP in the Bundestag was <a href="/wiki/Knut_von_K%C3%BChlmann-Stumm" title="Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm">Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm</a>. The new chairman elected delegates in 1968 Walter Scheel, a European-oriented liberals, although it came from the national liberal camp, but with Willi Weyer and Hans-Dietrich Genscher led the new centre of the party. This center strove to make the FDP coalition support both major parties. Here, the Liberals approached to by their reorientation in East Germany and politics especially of the SPD.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="See talk (November 2023)">incomprehensible</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1969–1982:_social_changes_and_crises"><span id="1969.E2.80.931982:_social_changes_and_crises"></span>1969–1982: social changes and crises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1969–1982: social changes and crises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Special:EditPage/Free Democratic Party (Germany)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-047-20,_Walter_Scheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-047-20%2C_Walter_Scheel.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-047-20%2C_Walter_Scheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-047-20%2C_Walter_Scheel.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-047-20%2C_Walter_Scheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-047-20%2C_Walter_Scheel.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-047-20%2C_Walter_Scheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a> served as Foreign Minister, Vice Chancellor, Acting Chancellor and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of Germany</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 21 October 1969 began the period after the election of a Social-Liberal coalition with the SPD and the German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>. Walter Scheel was he who initiated the foreign policy reversal. Despite a very small majority he and Willy Brandt sat by the controversial New Ostpolitik. This policy was within the FDP quite controversial, especially since after the entry into the Federal Government defeats in state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony and Saarland on 14 June 1970 followed. In Hanover and Saarbrücken, the party left the parliament. </p><p>After the federal party congress in Bonn, just a week later supported the policy of the party leadership and Scheel had confirmed in office, founded by Siegfried party rights Zoglmann 11 July 1970 a "non-partisan" organization called the National-Liberal action on the Hohensyburgstraße—to fall with the goal of ending the social-liberal course of the party and Scheel. However, this was not done. Zoglmann supported in October 1970 a disapproval resolution of opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Möller, Erich Mende, Heinz Starke, and did the same. A little later all three declared their withdrawal from the FDP; Mende and Strong joined the CDU, Zoglmann later founded the German Union <i>(Deutsche Union)</i>, which remained a splinter party. </p><p>The foreign policy and the socio-political changes were made in 1971 by the Freiburg Thesis, which were as Rowohlt Paperback sold more than 100,000 times, on a theoretical basis, the FDP is committed to "<a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Social_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reforms">social reforms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merkl1989_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merkl1989-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walter Scheel was first foreign minister and vice chancellor, 1974, he was then second-liberal President and paving the way for inner-party the previous interior minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher free. </p><p>From 1969 to 1974 the FDP supported the SPD Chancellor Willy Brandt, who was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a>. Already by the end of the 70s there did not seem to be enough similarities between the FDP and the SPD to form a new coalition, but the CDU/CSU chancellor candidate of Franz Josef Strauss in <a href="/wiki/1980_West_German_federal_election" title="1980 West German federal election">1980</a> pushed the parties to run together again. The FDP's policies, however, began to drift apart from the SPD's, especially when it came to the economy. Within the SPD, there was strong grassroots opposition to Chancellor Helmut Schmidt's policies on the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Double-Track_Decision" title="NATO Double-Track Decision">NATO Double-Track Decision</a>. However, within the FDP, the conflicts and contrasts were always greater. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1982–1998:_Kohl_government,_economic_transition_and_reunification"><span id="1982.E2.80.931998:_Kohl_government.2C_economic_transition_and_reunification"></span>1982–1998: Kohl government, economic transition and reunification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1982–1998: Kohl government, economic transition and reunification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Special:EditPage/Free Democratic Party (Germany)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the fall of 1982, the FDP reneged on its coalition agreement with the SPD and instead threw its support behind the CDU/CSU. On 1 October, the FDP and CDU/CSU were able to oust Schmidt and replace him with CDU party chairman Helmut Kohl as the new Chancellor. The coalition change resulted in severe internal conflicts, and the FDP then lost about 20 percent of its 86,500 members, as reflected in the general election in 1983 by a drop from 10.6 percent to 7.0 percent. The members went mostly to the SPD, the Greens and newly formed splinter parties, such as the left-liberal party <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(Germany)" title="Liberal Democrats (Germany)">Liberal Democrats</a> (LD). The exiting members included the former FDP General Secretary and later EU Commissioner <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Verheugen" title="Günter Verheugen">Günter Verheugen</a>. At the party convention in November 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> state chairman <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Ronneburger" title="Uwe Ronneburger">Uwe Ronneburger</a> challenged <a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a> as party chairman. Ronneburger received 186 of the votes—about 40 percent—and was just narrowly defeated by Genscher. </p><p>in 1980, FDP members who did not agree with the politics of the FDP youth organization <a href="/wiki/JungdemokratInnen/Junge_Linke" title="JungdemokratInnen/Junge Linke">Young Democrats</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Young_Liberals_(Germany)" title="Young Liberals (Germany)">Young Liberals</a> (JuLis). For a time JuLis and the Young Democrats operated side by side, until the JuLis became the sole official youth wing of the FDP in 1983. The Young Democrats split from the FDP and were left as a party-independent youth organization. </p><p>At the time of reunification, the FDP's objective was a special economic zone in the former East Germany, but could not prevail against the CDU/CSU, as this would prevent any loss of votes in the five new federal states in the general election in 1990. </p><p>In all federal election campaigns since the 1980s, the party sided with the CDU and CSU, the main conservative parties in Germany. Following German reunification in 1990, the FDP merged with the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Free_Democrats" title="Association of Free Democrats">Association of Free Democrats</a>, a grouping of liberals from <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Germany">Liberal Democratic Party of Germany</a>. </p><p>During the political upheavals of 1989/1990 in the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">GDR</a> new liberal parties emerged, like the FDP East Germany or the German Forum Party. They formed the Liberal Democratic Party, who had previously acted as a <a href="/wiki/Bloc_party_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloc party (politics)">bloc party</a> on the side of the SED and with <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Gerlach" title="Manfred Gerlach">Manfred Gerlach</a> also the last Council of State of the GDR presented, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Free_Democrats" title="Alliance of Free Democrats">Alliance of Free Democrats</a> (BFD). Within the FDP came in the following years to considerable internal discussions about dealing with the former bloc party. Even before the reunification of Germany united on a joint congress in Hanover, the West German FDP united with the other parties to form the first all-German party. Both party factions brought the FDP a great, albeit short-lived, increase in membership. In the first all-German Bundestag elections, the CDU/CSU/FDP centre-right coalition was confirmed, the FDP received 11.0 percent of the valid votes (79 seats) and won in Genschers city of birth <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a> (Saale) the first direct mandate since 1957. </p><p>During the 1990s, the FDP won between 6.2 and 11 percent of the vote in Bundestag elections. It last participated in the federal government by representing the junior partner in the government of Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> of the CDU. </p><p>In 1998, the CDU/CSU-FDP coalition lost the federal election, which ended the FDP's nearly three decade reign in government. In its 2002 campaign the FDP made an exception to its party policy of siding with the CDU/CSU when it adopted equidistance to the CDU and SPD. From 1998 until 2009 the FDP remained in the opposition until it became part of a new centre-right coalition government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005_federal_election">2005 federal election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2005 federal election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freie_Demokratische_Partei_(Logo,_2001-2013).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Freie_Demokratische_Partei_%28Logo%2C_2001-2013%29.svg/100px-Freie_Demokratische_Partei_%28Logo%2C_2001-2013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Freie_Demokratische_Partei_%28Logo%2C_2001-2013%29.svg/150px-Freie_Demokratische_Partei_%28Logo%2C_2001-2013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Freie_Demokratische_Partei_%28Logo%2C_2001-2013%29.svg/200px-Freie_Demokratische_Partei_%28Logo%2C_2001-2013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Former logo (2001–2014)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005 general election</a> the party won 9.8 percent of the vote and 61 federal deputies, an unpredicted improvement from prior opinion polls. It is believed that this was partly due to <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">tactical voting</a> by CDU and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Union of Bavaria">Christian Social Union of Bavaria</a> (CSU) alliance supporters who hoped for stronger market-oriented economic reforms than the CDU/CSU alliance called for. However, because the CDU did worse than predicted, the FDP and the CDU/CSU alliance were unable to form a coalition government. At other times, for example after the 2002 federal election, a coalition between the FDP and CDU/CSU was impossible primarily because of the weak results of the FDP. </p><p>The CDU/CSU parties had achieved the third-worst performance in German postwar history with only 35.2 percent of the votes. Therefore, the FDP was unable to form a coalition with its preferred partners, the CDU/CSU parties. As a result, the party was considered as a potential member of two other <a href="/wiki/Political_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Political coalition">political coalitions</a>, following the election. One possibility was a partnership between the FDP, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD) and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a>, known as a "<a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_coalition" title="Traffic light coalition">traffic light coalition</a>", named after the colors of the three parties. This coalition was ruled out, because the FDP considered the Social Democrats and the Greens insufficiently committed to market-oriented <a href="/wiki/Economic_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reform">economic reform</a>. The other possibility was a CDU-FDP-Green coalition, known as a "<a href="/wiki/Jamaica_coalition_(politics)" title="Jamaica coalition (politics)">Jamaica coalition</a>" because of the colours of the three parties. This coalition wasn't concluded either, since the Greens ruled out participation in any coalition with the CDU/CSU. Instead, the CDU formed a <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</a> with the SPD, and the FDP entered the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(parliamentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition (parliamentary)">opposition</a>. FDP leader <a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Guido Westerwelle</a> became the unofficial leader of the opposition by virtue of the FDP's position as the largest opposition party in the Bundestag. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2009 European Parliament election in Germany">2009 European election</a>, the FDP received 11% of the national vote (2,888,084 votes in total) and returned 12 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEPs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009–2013:_Merkel_II_government"><span id="2009.E2.80.932013:_Merkel_II_government"></span>2009–2013: Merkel II government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2009–2013: Merkel II government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristianLindner-FDP-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/ChristianLindner-FDP-1.jpg/170px-ChristianLindner-FDP-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/ChristianLindner-FDP-1.jpg/255px-ChristianLindner-FDP-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/ChristianLindner-FDP-1.jpg/340px-ChristianLindner-FDP-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="3926" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Christian Lindner</a> is the party chairman, having succeeded <a href="/wiki/Philipp_R%C3%B6sler" title="Philipp Rösler">Philipp Rösler</a> in December 2013.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">September 2009 federal elections</a>, the FDP increased its share of the vote by 4.8 percentage points to 14.6%, an all-time record. This percentage was enough to offset a decline in the CDU/CSU's vote compared to 2005, to create a CDU-FDP centre-right governing coalition in the Bundestag with a 53% majority of seats. On election night, party leader Westerwelle said his party would work to ensure that civil liberties were respected and that Germany got an "equitable tax system and better education opportunities".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party also made gains in the two state elections held at the same time, acquiring sufficient seats for a CDU-FDP coalition in the northernmost state, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gaining enough votes in left-leaning <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> to clear the 5% hurdle to enter that state's parliament.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, after reaching its best ever election result in 2009, the FDP's support collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's policy pledges were put on hold by Merkel as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> unfolded and with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2010, the party's support had dropped to as low as 5%. The FDP retained their seats in the state elections in <a href="/wiki/2010_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election" title="2010 North Rhine-Westphalia state election">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, which was held six months after the federal election, but out of the seven state elections that have been held since 2009, the FDP have lost all their seats in five of them due to failing to cross the 5% threshold.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Support for the party further eroded amid infighting and an internal rebellion over euro-area bailouts during the debt crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Westerwelle stepped down as party leader following the 2011 state elections, in which the party was wiped out in <a href="/wiki/2011_Saxony-Anhalt_state_election" title="2011 Saxony-Anhalt state election">Saxony-Anhalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Rhineland-Palatinate_state_election" title="2011 Rhineland-Palatinate state election">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> and lost half its seats in <a href="/wiki/2011_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_state_election" title="2011 Baden-Württemberg state election">Baden-Württemberg</a>. Westerwelle was replaced in May 2011 by <a href="/wiki/Philipp_R%C3%B6sler" title="Philipp Rösler">Philipp Rösler</a>. The change in leadership failed to revive the FDP's fortunes, however, and in the next series of state elections, the party lost all its seats in <a href="/wiki/2011_Bremen_state_election" title="2011 Bremen state election">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_state_election" title="2011 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2011_Berlin_state_election" title="2011 Berlin state election">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Berlin, the party lost nearly 75% of the support they had had in the previous election.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2012, the FDP lost all their state-level representation in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Saarland_state_election" title="2012 Saarland state election">2012 Saarland state election</a>. However, this was offset by the <a href="/wiki/2012_Schleswig-Holstein_state_election" title="2012 Schleswig-Holstein state election">Schleswig-Holstein</a> state elections, when they achieved 8% of the vote, which was a severe loss of seats but still over the 5% threshold. In the snap elections in <a href="/wiki/2012_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election" title="2012 North Rhine-Westphalia state election">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> a week later, the FDP not only crossed the electoral threshold, but also increased its share of the votes to 2 percentage points higher than in the previous state election. This was attributed to the local leadership of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Christian Lindner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013_federal_election">2013 federal election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2013 federal election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FDP last won a directly elected seat in 1990, in <a href="/wiki/Halle_(electoral_district)" title="Halle (electoral district)">Halle</a>—the only time it has won a directly elected seat since 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's inability to win directly elected seats came back to haunt it at the <a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013 election</a>, in which it came up just short of the 5% threshold. With no directly elected seats, the FDP was shut out of the Bundestag for the first time since 1949. After the previous chairman Philipp Rösler then resigned, Christian Lindner took over the leadership of the party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014_European_and_state_elections">2014 European and state elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2014 European and state elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2014 European Parliament election in Germany">2014 European parliament elections</a>, the FDP received 3.4% of the national vote (986,253 votes in total) and returned 3 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEPs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2014_Brandenburg_state_election" title="2014 Brandenburg state election">2014 Brandenburg state election</a> the party experienced a 5.8% down-swing and lost all their representatives in the Brandenburg state parliament. In the <a href="/wiki/2014_Saxony_state_election" title="2014 Saxony state election">2014 Saxony state election</a>, the party experienced a 5.2% down-swing, again losing all of its seats. In the <a href="/wiki/2014_Thuringian_state_election" title="2014 Thuringian state election">2014 Thuringian state election</a> a similar phenomenon was repeated with the party falling below the 5% threshold following a 5.1% drop in popular vote. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015–2020"><span id="2015.E2.80.932020"></span>2015–2020</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2015–2020"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party managed to enter parliament in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Bremen_state_election" title="2015 Bremen state election">2015 Bremen state election</a> with the party receiving 6.5% of the vote and gaining 6 seats. However, it failed to get into government as a coalition between the Social Democrats and the Greens was created. In the <a href="/wiki/2016_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_state_election" title="2016 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election">2016 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election</a> the party failed to get into parliament despite increasing its vote share by 0.3%. The party did manage to get into parliament in <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, gaining 3% of the vote and a total of 12 seats. This represents a five-seat improvement over their previous results. In the <a href="/wiki/2016_Berlin_state_election" title="2016 Berlin state election">2016 Berlin state election</a> the party gained 4.9% of the vote and 12 seats but still failed to get into government. A red-red-green coalition was instead formed relegating the FDP to the opposition. In the <a href="/wiki/2016_Rhineland-Palatinate_state_election" title="2016 Rhineland-Palatinate state election">2016 Rhineland-Palatinate state election</a>, the party managed to enter parliament receiving 6.2% of the vote and 7 seats. It also managed to enter government under a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_coalition" title="Traffic light coalition">traffic light coalition</a>. In <a href="/wiki/2016_Saxony-Anhalt_state_election" title="2016 Saxony-Anhalt state election">2016 Saxony-Anhalt state election</a> the party narrowly missed the 5% threshold, receiving 4.9% of the vote and therefore receiving zero seats despite a 1% swing in their favour. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2017_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election" title="2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election">2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election</a> was widely considered a test of the party's future as their chairman Christian Lindner was also leading the party in that state. The party experienced a 4% swing in its favour gaining 6 seats and entering into a coalition with the CDU with a bare majority. In the <a href="/wiki/2017_Saarland_state_election" title="2017 Saarland state election">2017 Saarland state election</a> the party again failed to gain any seats despite a 1% swing in their favour. The party gained 3 seats and increased its vote share by 3.2% in the <a href="/wiki/2017_Schleswig-Holstein_state_election" title="2017 Schleswig-Holstein state election">2017 Schleswig-Holstein state election</a>. This success was often credited to their state chairman <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kubicki" title="Wolfgang Kubicki">Wolfgang Kubicki</a>. They also managed to re-enter the government under a <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_coalition_(politics)" title="Jamaica coalition (politics)">Jamaica coalition</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017 federal election</a> the party scored 10.7% of votes and re-entered the Bundestag, winning 80 seats. After the election, a <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_coalition_(politics)" title="Jamaica coalition (politics)">Jamaica coalition</a> was considered between the CDU, Greens, and FDP. However, FDP chief Christian Lindner walked out of the coalition talks due to a disagreement over European migration policy, saying "It is better not to govern than to govern badly."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the CDU/CSU formed another <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)" title="Grand coalition (Germany)">grand coalition</a> with the SPD. </p><p>The FDP won 5.4% and 5 seats in the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2019 European Parliament election in Germany">2019 European election</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2019_Thuringian_state_election" title="2019 Thuringian state election">October 2019 Thuringian state election</a>, the FDP won seats in the Landtag of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> for the first time since 2009. It exceeded the 5% threshold by just 5 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2020, the FDP's <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kemmerich" title="Thomas Kemmerich">Thomas Kemmerich</a> was elected Minister-President of Thuringia by the Landtag with the likely support of the CDU and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a>, becoming the second member of the FDP to serve as head of government in a German state. This was also the first time a head of government had been elected with the support of AfD. Under intense pressure from state and federal politicians, Kemmerich resigned the following day, stating he would seek new elections.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next month, he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Bodo_Ramelow" title="Bodo Ramelow">Bodo Ramelow</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a>; the FDP did not run a candidate in the second vote for Minister-President.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021–present"><span id="2021.E2.80.93present"></span>2021–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2021–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, the FDP returned to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Saxony-Anhalt_state_election" title="2021 Saxony-Anhalt state election">Saxony-Anhalt</a> state parliament after five years of absence. They had similar success in <a href="/wiki/2021_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_state_election" title="2021 Baden-Württemberg state election">Baden-Württemberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_state_election" title="2021 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>, but faced setbacks in <a href="/wiki/2021_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_state_election" title="2021 Baden-Württemberg state election">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/2021_Berlin_state_election" title="2021 Berlin state election">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Rhineland-Palatinate_state_election" title="2021 Rhineland-Palatinate state election">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">September 2021 federal election</a>, the CDU/CSU under <a href="/wiki/Armin_Laschet" title="Armin Laschet">Armin Laschet</a> was defeated. The FDP saw both its vote share and number of seats grow, to 11.5% and 92 seats respectively. As a result, the SPD, Greens, and FDP entered talks to form an <i>Ampelkoalition</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_coalition" title="Traffic light coalition">traffic light coalition</a>). In the agreement finalised on 24 November, the FDP held four federal ministries in the <a href="/wiki/Scholz_cabinet" title="Scholz cabinet">Scholz cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Finance_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)">Finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Justice_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of Justice (Germany)">Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Transport,_Building_and_Urban_Affairs_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs (Germany)">Digital and Transport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Education_and_Research_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)">Education and Research</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout 2022, the FDP saw poor approval in national opinion polls. In State Parliament elections they also performed poorly. In March, the FDP didn't win any seats in <a href="/wiki/2022_Saarland_state_election" title="2022 Saarland state election">Saarland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May they lost over half their seats in <a href="/wiki/2022_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election" title="2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_Schleswig-Holstein_state_election" title="2022 Schleswig-Holstein state election">Schleswig-Holstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, the FDP lost all 11 of their seats in <a href="/wiki/2022_Lower_Saxony_state_election" title="2022 Lower Saxony state election">Lower Saxony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also lost all 12 seats in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Berlin_repeat_state_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Berlin repeat state election">2023 Berlin repeat state election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2023_Bavarian_state_election" title="2023 Bavarian state election">2023 Bavarian state election</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hagen_(politician)" title="Martin Hagen (politician)">Martin Hagen</a> lead the party, all 11 seats were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDP were similarly wiped out in the <a href="/wiki/2024_Thuringian_state_election" title="2024 Thuringian state election">2024 Thuringian state election</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kemmerich" title="Thomas Kemmerich">Thomas Kemmerich</a> lost his party's 5 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2024_Saxony_state_election" title="2024 Saxony state election">2024 Saxony state election</a>, the FDP achieved less than 1% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2024, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Christian Lindner</a> was fired as <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Finance_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)">Minister of Finance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDP leaving the coalition meant the <a href="/wiki/2024_German_government_crisis" title="2024 German government crisis">collapse of the traffic light government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Buschmann" title="Marco Buschmann">Marco Buschmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bettina_Stark-Watzinger" title="Bettina Stark-Watzinger">Bettina Stark-Watzinger</a> also resigned from the cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice minister <a href="/wiki/Volker_Wissing" title="Volker Wissing">Volker Wissing</a> decided to resign from the FDP in order to stay in cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_and_platform">Ideology and platform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ideology and platform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FDP_Mitgliederentwicklung.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/FDP_Mitgliederentwicklung.svg/300px-FDP_Mitgliederentwicklung.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/FDP_Mitgliederentwicklung.svg/450px-FDP_Mitgliederentwicklung.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/FDP_Mitgliederentwicklung.svg/600px-FDP_Mitgliederentwicklung.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Membership development showing the spike around 1990 due to East German LDPD and NDPD fusing with the (West German) FDP</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #C5C12B; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Czechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Czechia">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Liberalism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a 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United States">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a 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class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The FDP's political position has variously been described as <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Langsæther2023_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langsæther2023-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDP has been described as <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-König2010_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-König2010-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krouwel2020_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krouwel2020-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marks_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breukers_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breukers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">conservative-liberal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Slomp2011_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slomp2011-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BischofPlasser2008_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BischofPlasser2008-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical-liberal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ImmerfallSobisch1997_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImmerfallSobisch1997-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gunlicks2003_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunlicks2003-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">liberal-conservative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1995_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1995-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VanOers2013_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanOers2013-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GrotzSchroeder2023_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrotzSchroeder2023-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources have described the party as <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscally conservative</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Allen2004_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen2004-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a><sup id="cite_ref-MorrisJungjohann2016_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorrisJungjohann2016-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavidsonSchmich2016_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidsonSchmich2016-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen2024_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen2024-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kitschelt2004_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitschelt2004-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FDP is a predominantly classical-liberal inspired party, both in the sense of supporting <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> economic policies and in the sense of policies emphasizing the minimization of government interference in individual affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During election campaigning, the party has emphasised support for <a href="/wiki/Tax_cut" title="Tax cut">tax cuts</a>, reductions in <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">government spending</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_balance" title="Government budget balance">balanced budgets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-“Donnelly2004”_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-“Donnelly2004”-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party has also been described by various media sources as <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars of political science have historically identified the FDP as closer to the <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> bloc than to the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD) on economic issues but closer to the SPD and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a> on issues such as <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>, education, defense, and foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDP itself has oriented itself towards a centrist position between the CDU and the SPD,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however it is to the right of the CDU in its <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomics</a> perspective,<sup id="cite_ref-Picot2013_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picot2013-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental policies">environmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">labour</a> policies.<sup id="cite_ref-König2010_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-König2010-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party is a traditional supporter of <a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">ordoliberalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Galpin2017_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galpin2017-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having been influenced by the economic theories of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Wilhelm Röpke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow" title="Alexander Rüstow">Alexander Rüstow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Callision2022_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callision2022-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Graf_Lambsdorff" title="Otto Graf Lambsdorff">Otto Graf Lambsdorff</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Economics_and_Technology_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (Germany)">Federal Minister of Economics</a>, is a historical FDP grandee who was a proponent of ordoliberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Andry2022_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andry2022-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971 during its federal <a href="/wiki/Social-liberal_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-liberal coalition">social-liberal coalition</a> with the SPD, the FDP published the Freiburger Thesis programme, heralding an ideological move towards <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Merkl1989_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merkl1989-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GrotzSchroeder2023_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrotzSchroeder2023-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and support for <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Uekotter2017_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uekotter2017-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the party's 1977 Kiel Theses and 1985 Liberal Manifesto returned the FDP towards its traditional free-market, ordoliberal approach.<sup id="cite_ref-Tipton2003_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tipton2003-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical members of the party's social-liberal wing included <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Baum" title="Gerhart Baum">Gerhart Baum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Maihofer" title="Werner Maihofer">Werner Maihofer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Newman2008_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman2008-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a faction who remained organised as the Freiberg Circle.<sup id="cite_ref-Søe2005_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Søe2005-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively to the liberal-orientated wings of the party are a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> or <a href="/wiki/National-conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="National-conservative">national-conservative</a> wing, influenced by the populist and nationalist developments of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party of Austria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Braunthal2009_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braunthal2009-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Art2006_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art2006-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDP's national-conservative wing has included individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Zitelmann" title="Rainer Zitelmann">Rainer Zitelmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Rainer_R%C3%B6hl" title="Klaus Rainer Röhl">Klaus Rainer Röhl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Stahl" title="Alexander von Stahl">Alexander von Stahl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_M%C3%B6llemann" title="Jürgen Möllemann">Jürgen Möllemann</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Braunthal2009_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braunthal2009-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was organised as the Liberal Offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-“Søe2000”_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-“Søe2000”-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Möllemann in the particular was noted for his role during the <a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002 federal election</a> in attempting to push the party in a <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing populist">right-wing populist</a> direction, albeit to poor electoral results.<sup id="cite_ref-RensmannRensmann2011_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RensmannRensmann2011-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patton2005_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patton2005-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017 federal election</a>, the party called for Germany to adopt an immigration channel using a Canada-style <a href="/wiki/Points-based_immigration_system" title="Points-based immigration system">points-based immigration system</a>; spend up to 3% of GDP on defense and international security; phase out the <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">solidarity surcharge tax</a> (which was first levied in 1991 to pay for the costs of absorbing <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> after <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>); cut taxes by 30 billion <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> (twice the amount of the tax cut proposed by the CDU); and improve road infrastructure by spending 2 billion euro annually for each of the next two decades, to be funded by selling government stakes in <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Post" title="Deutsche Post">Deutsche Post</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDP also called for the improvement of Germany's digital infrastructure, the establishment of a Ministry of Digital Affairs, and greater investment in education.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party also supports allowing <a href="/wiki/Dual_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual citizenship">dual citizenship</a> (in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>, which opposes it) but also supports requiring third-generation immigrants to select a single nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FDP supports the <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Germany" title="Cannabis in Germany">legalization of cannabis in Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opposes proposals to heighten <a href="/wiki/Internet_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet surveillance">Internet surveillance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDP supports <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Germany" title="Same-sex marriage in Germany">same-sex marriage in Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDP supports legalisation of <a href="/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">altruistic surrogacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FDP has mixed views on <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its 2009 campaign manifesto, the FDP pledged support for ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Treaty">Lisbon Treaty</a> as well as EU reforms aimed at enhancing transparency and democratic responsiveness, reducing bureaucracy, establishing stringent curbs on the <a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">EU budget</a>, and fully liberalizing the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">Single Market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its January 2019 congress ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election" title="2019 European Parliament election">2019 European Parliament election</a>, FDP's manifesto called for further EU reforms, including reducing the number of <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commissioners</a> to 18 from the current 28, abolishing the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_and_Social_Committee" title="European Economic and Social Committee">European Economic and Social Committee</a>, and ending the European Parliament's "<a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">traveling circus</a>" between Brussels and Strasbourg.<sup id="cite_ref-Stierle_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stierle-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vice chairwoman and Deputy Leader <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Beer" title="Nicola Beer">Nicola Beer</a> stated: "We want both more and less Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-Stierle_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stierle-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electorate">Electorate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1940s and 1950s, the FDP was the only German party strongly in favour of market economy, while the CDU/CSU was still adhering to a "third way" between capitalism and socialism. Initially founded as a party uniting liberals and nationalists,<sup id="cite_ref-Art2006_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art2006-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the early FDP wanted former Nazis to be reintegrated into society and demanded a release of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi war criminal">Nazi war criminals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-udo-leuschner.de_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-udo-leuschner.de-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party's membership has historically been largely male; in 1995, less than one-third of the party's members were women, and in the 1980s women made up less than one-tenth of the party's national executive committee. By the 1990s, the percentage of women on the FDP's national executive committee rose to 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party tends to draw its support from professionals and self-employed Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-Biesinger_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biesinger-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lacks consistent support from a <a href="/wiki/Voting_bloc" title="Voting bloc">voting bloc</a>, such as the trade union membership that supports the SPD or the church membership that supports the CDU/CSU,<sup id="cite_ref-Biesinger_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biesinger-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus has historically only garnered a small group of <i>Stammwähler</i> (core voters) who consistently vote for the party.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021 elections</a>, the FDP was the second-most popular party among voters under age 30; among this demographic, the Greens won 22% of the vote, the FDP 19%, the SPD 17%, the CDU/CSU 11%, Die Linke 8%, and the AfD 8%.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> in 2021, voters for both the FDP and the Greens are similar in being younger, politically centrist professionals living in cities, unlike left working-class voters and right Christian voters.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_representation">European representation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: European representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> the Free Democratic Party sits in the <a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">Renew Europe group</a> with five MEPs.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a>, the Free Democratic Party sits in the <a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe_in_the_European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="Renew Europe in the European Committee of the Regions">Renew Europe CoR group</a>, with one full member for the 2020–2025 mandate.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_parliament_(Bundestag)"><span id="Federal_parliament_.28Bundestag.29"></span>Federal parliament (<i>Bundestag</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Federal parliament (Bundestag)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are charts of the results that the FDP has secured in each election to the federal <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>. Timelines showing the number of seats and percentage of party list votes won are on the right. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election </th> <th rowspan="2">Leader </th> <th colspan="2">Constituency </th> <th colspan="2">Party list </th> <th rowspan="2">Seats </th> <th rowspan="2">+/– </th> <th rowspan="2">Status </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">1949</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Franz Blücher">Franz Blücher</a> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td>2,829,920 </td> <td>11.9 (#3) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">52 / 410</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 13%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>–FDP–<a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">DP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election" title="1953 West German federal election">1953</a> </th> <td>2,967,566 </td> <td>10.8 (#3) </td> <td>2,629,163 </td> <td>9.5 (#3) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">53 / 509</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>–FDP–<a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">DP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Maier" title="Reinhold Maier">Reinhold Maier</a> </td> <td>2,276,234 </td> <td>7.5 (#4) </td> <td>2,307,135 </td> <td>7.7 (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">43 / 519</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1961_West_German_federal_election" title="1961 West German federal election">1961</a> </th> <td rowspan="3" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Erich Mende</a> </td> <td>3,866,269 </td> <td>12.1 (#3) </td> <td>4,028,766 </td> <td>12.8 (#3) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">67 / 521</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 13%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 24 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>–FDP </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election" title="1965 West German federal election">1965</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">2,562,294 </td> <td rowspan="2">7.9 (#4) </td> <td rowspan="2">3,096,739 </td> <td rowspan="2">9.5 (#4) </td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">50 / 518</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 17 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>–FDP <span style="font-size:85%;">(1965–66)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966–69)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election" title="1969 West German federal election">1969</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a> </td> <td>1,554,651 </td> <td>4.8 (#4) </td> <td>1,903,422 </td> <td>5.8 (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">31 / 518</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 19 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>–FDP </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election" title="1972 West German federal election">1972</a> </th> <td>1,790,513 </td> <td>4.8 (#4) </td> <td>3,129,982 </td> <td>8.4 (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">42 / 518</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>–FDP </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election" title="1976 West German federal election">1976</a> </th> <td rowspan="4" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a> </td> <td>2,417,683 </td> <td>6.4 (#4) </td> <td>2,995,085 </td> <td>7.9 (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">40 / 518</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>–FDP </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1980_West_German_federal_election" title="1980 West German federal election">1980</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">2,720,480 </td> <td rowspan="2">7.2 (#4) </td> <td rowspan="2">4,030,999 </td> <td rowspan="2">10.6 (#3) </td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">54 / 519</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 14 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>–FDP <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980–82)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>–FDP <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982–83)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983</a> </th> <td>1,087,918 </td> <td>2.8 (#5) </td> <td>2,706,942 </td> <td>6.9 (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">35 / 520</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 19 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>–FDP </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election" title="1987 West German federal election">1987</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bangemann" title="Martin Bangemann">Martin Bangemann</a> </td> <td>1,760,496 </td> <td>4.7 (#5) </td> <td>3,440,911 </td> <td>9.1 (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">48 / 519</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>–FDP </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Graf_Lambsdorff" title="Otto Graf Lambsdorff">Otto Graf Lambsdorff</a> </td> <td>3,595,135 </td> <td>7.8 (#3) </td> <td>5,123,233 </td> <td>11.0 (#3) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">79 / 662</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 31 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>–FDP </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">1994</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kinkel" title="Klaus Kinkel">Klaus Kinkel</a> </td> <td>1,558,185 </td> <td>3.3 (#6) </td> <td>3,258,407 </td> <td>6.9 (#5) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">47 / 672</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 32 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>–FDP </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1998_German_federal_election" title="1998 German federal election">1998</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Gerhardt" title="Wolfgang Gerhardt">Wolfgang Gerhardt</a> </td> <td>1,486,433 </td> <td>3.0 (#6) </td> <td>3,080,955 </td> <td>6.2 (#5) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">43 / 669</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a> </th> <td rowspan="3" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Guido Westerwelle</a> </td> <td>2,752,796 </td> <td>5.8 (#4) </td> <td>3,538,815 </td> <td>7.4 (#5) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">47 / 603</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005</a> </th> <td>2,208,531 </td> <td>4.7 (#6) </td> <td>4,648,144 </td> <td>9.8 (#3) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">61 / 614</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 14 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009</a> </th> <td>4,076,496 </td> <td>9.4 (#4) </td> <td>6,316,080 </td> <td>14.6 (#3) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">93 / 622</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 15%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 32 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>–FDP </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Philipp_R%C3%B6sler" title="Philipp Rösler">Philipp Rösler</a> </td> <td>1,028,645 </td> <td>2.4 (#6) </td> <td>2,083,533 </td> <td>4.8 (#6) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 631</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 93 </td> <td align="center" style="background:#ddd;"><span class="nowrap">No seats</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017</a> </th> <td rowspan="3" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Christian Lindner</a> </td> <td>3,249,238 </td> <td>7.0 (#7) </td> <td>4,997,178 </td> <td>10.7 (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">80 / 709</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 80 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">4,040,783 </td> <td rowspan="2">8.7 (#5) </td> <td rowspan="2">5,316,698 </td> <td rowspan="2">11.4 (#4) </td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">91 / 735</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>–<a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a>–FDP <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–24)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_g8cuwhdw3858l3oarvnwgyxkscxl2z0"></map><img usemap="#timeline_g8cuwhdw3858l3oarvnwgyxkscxl2z0" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/g8cuwhdw3858l3oarvnwgyxkscxl2z0.png" /></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_c6nta9afd3vq5bmyry0ek3f34ctr7vt"></map><img usemap="#timeline_c6nta9afd3vq5bmyry0ek3f34ctr7vt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/c6nta9afd3vq5bmyry0ek3f34ctr7vt.png" /></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guido_Westerwelle_%26_Michael_Mronz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Guido_Westerwelle_%26_Michael_Mronz.jpg/220px-Guido_Westerwelle_%26_Michael_Mronz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Guido_Westerwelle_%26_Michael_Mronz.jpg/330px-Guido_Westerwelle_%26_Michael_Mronz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Guido_Westerwelle_%26_Michael_Mronz.jpg/440px-Guido_Westerwelle_%26_Michael_Mronz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2818" data-file-height="1879" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Guido Westerwelle</a> (right) and his partner <a href="/wiki/Michael_Mronz" title="Michael Mronz">Michael Mronz</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Parliament">European Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: European Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lambsdorff,_Alexander_Graf-1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lambsdorff%2C_Alexander_Graf-1912.jpg/170px-Lambsdorff%2C_Alexander_Graf-1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lambsdorff%2C_Alexander_Graf-1912.jpg/255px-Lambsdorff%2C_Alexander_Graf-1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lambsdorff%2C_Alexander_Graf-1912.jpg/340px-Lambsdorff%2C_Alexander_Graf-1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graf_Lambsdorff" title="Alexander Graf Lambsdorff">Alexander Graf Lambsdorff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_European_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of the European Parliament">Vice President of the European Parliament</a> (2014–2019)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>EP Group </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1979 European Parliament election in West Germany">1979</a> </th> <td>1,662,621 </td> <td>5.97 (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">4 / 81</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 5%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>New </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_Group" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Group">LD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1984 European Parliament election in West Germany">1984</a> </th> <td>1,192,624 </td> <td>4.80 (#5) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 81</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1989 European Parliament election in West Germany">1989</a> </th> <td>1,576,715 </td> <td>5.59 (#6) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">4 / 81</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 5%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_Group" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Group">LDR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1994 European Parliament election in Germany">1994</a> </th> <td>1,442,857 </td> <td>4.07 (#6) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 99</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td> <td rowspan="2">– </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1999 European Parliament election in Germany">1999</a> </th> <td>820,371 </td> <td>3.03 (#6) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 99</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2004 European Parliament election in Germany">2004</a> </th> <td>1,565,431 </td> <td>6.07 (#6) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">7 / 99</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_group" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group">ALDE</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2009 European Parliament election in Germany">2009</a> </th> <td>2,888,084 </td> <td>10.97 (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">12 / 99</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2014 European Parliament election in Germany">2014</a> </th> <td>986,253 </td> <td>3.36 (#7) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">3 / 96</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2019 European Parliament election in Germany">2019</a> </th> <td>2,028,353 </td> <td>5.42 (#7) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">5 / 96</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 5%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">RE</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2024 European Parliament election in Germany">2024</a> </th> <td>2,060,457 </td> <td>5.18 (#7) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">5 / 96</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 5%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_parliaments_(Länder)"><span id="State_parliaments_.28L.C3.A4nder.29"></span>State parliaments (<i>Länder</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: State parliaments (Länder)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F052013-0020,_Kiel,_FDP-Bundesparteitag,_Klumpp_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F052013-0020%2C_Kiel%2C_FDP-Bundesparteitag%2C_Klumpp_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F052013-0020%2C_Kiel%2C_FDP-Bundesparteitag%2C_Klumpp_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F052013-0020%2C_Kiel%2C_FDP-Bundesparteitag%2C_Klumpp_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F052013-0020%2C_Kiel%2C_FDP-Bundesparteitag%2C_Klumpp_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F052013-0020%2C_Kiel%2C_FDP-Bundesparteitag%2C_Klumpp_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Werner_Klumpp" title="Werner Klumpp">Werner Klumpp</a>, interim Minister-President of the Saarland from 26 June 1979 to 5 July 1979</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>State parliament </th> <th>Election </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Status </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Landtag of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2021_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_state_election" title="2021 Baden-Württemberg state election">2021</a> </td> <td>508,278 </td> <td>10.5 (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">18 / 154</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerschaft_of_Bremen" title="Bürgerschaft of Bremen">Bremen</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2023_Bremen_state_election" title="2023 Bremen state election">2023</a> </td> <td>64,155 </td> <td>5.1 (#6) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">5 / 84</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2023_Bavarian_state_election" title="2023 Bavarian state election">2023</a> </td> <td>413,595 </td> <td>3.0 (#6) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 205</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11 </td> <td align="center" style="background:#ddd;"><span class="nowrap">No seats</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin" title="Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin">Berlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-East_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2023_Berlin_repeat_state_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Berlin repeat state election">2023</a> </td> <td>70,416 </td> <td>4.6 (#6) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 147</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12 </td> <td align="center" style="background:#ddd;"><span class="nowrap">No seats</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Brandenburg" title="Landtag of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-East_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2024_Brandenburg_state_election" title="2024 Brandenburg state election">2024</a> </td> <td>12,462 </td> <td>0.8 (#10) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 88</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td> <td align="center" style="background:#ddd;"><span class="nowrap">No seats</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Parliament" title="Hamburg Parliament">Hamburg</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2020_Hamburg_state_election" title="2020 Hamburg state election">2020</a> </td> <td>199,263 </td> <td>4.9 (#6) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 123</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 0.8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Hesse" title="Landtag of Hesse">Hesse</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2023_Hesse_state_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hesse state election">2023</a> </td> <td>141,608 </td> <td>5.0 (#5) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">8 / 137</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Landtag of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="2022-10-09" align="center"><a href="/wiki/2022_Lower_Saxony_state_election" title="2022 Lower Saxony state election">2022</a> </td> <td>170,298 </td> <td>4.7 (#5) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 146</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11 </td> <td align="center" style="background:#ddd;"><span class="nowrap">No seats</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a><sup id="cite_ref-East_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2021_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_state_election" title="2021 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election">2021</a> </td> <td>52,945 </td> <td>5.8 (#6) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">5 / 79</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="2022-05-15" align="center"><a href="/wiki/2022_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election" title="2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election">2022</a> </td> <td>418,460 </td> <td>5.9 (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">12 / 195</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 16 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2021_Rhineland-Palatinate_state_election" title="2021 Rhineland-Palatinate state election">2021</a> </td> <td>106,835 </td> <td>5.5 (#5) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">6 / 101</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">SPD–Greens–FDP </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_the_Saarland" class="mw-redirect" title="Landtag of the Saarland">Saarland</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="2022-03-27" align="center"><a href="/wiki/2022_Saarland_state_election" title="2022 Saarland state election">2022</a> </td> <td>21,618 </td> <td>4.8 (#5) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 51</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td> <td align="center" style="background:#ddd;"><span class="nowrap">No seats</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_the_Free_State_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Landtag of the Free State of Saxony">Saxony</a><sup id="cite_ref-East_125-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2024_Saxony_state_election" title="2024 Saxony state election">2024</a> </td> <td>20,995 </td> <td>0.9 (#10) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 119</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td> <td align="center" style="background:#ddd;"><span class="nowrap">No seats</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a><sup id="cite_ref-East_125-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2021_Saxony-Anhalt_state_election" title="2021 Saxony-Anhalt state election">2021</a> </td> <td>68,277 </td> <td>6.4 (#5) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">7 / 97</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU–SPD–FDP </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="2022-05-08" align="center"><a href="/wiki/2022_Schleswig-Holstein_state_election" title="2022 Schleswig-Holstein state election">2022</a> </td> <td>88,613 </td> <td>6.4 (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">5 / 69</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Thuringia" title="Landtag of Thuringia">Thuringia</a><sup id="cite_ref-East_125-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2024_Thuringian_state_election" title="2024 Thuringian state election">2024</a> </td> <td>13,582 </td> <td>1.1 (#7) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 90</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td> <td align="center" style="background:#ddd;"><span class="nowrap">No seats</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><b>Best historic results for state parties</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>Seats / Total </th> <th>% </th> <th>Position/Gov. </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Lead Candidate </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Landtag of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">23 / 121</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 19%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>18.01 (#3) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">FDP–SPD–GB/BHE </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Maier" title="Reinhold Maier">Reinhold Maier</a> (Minister-President 1952–1953) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">16 / 187</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>8.0 (#5) </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU–FDP </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2008_Bavarian_state_election" title="2008 Bavarian state election">2008</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Zeil" title="Martin Zeil">Martin Zeil</a> (Deputy Minister-President 2008–2013) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin" title="Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin">Berlin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">32 / 127</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>23.0 (#3) </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU–FDP </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1950_West_Berlin_state_election" title="1950 West Berlin state election">1950</a> </td> <td>Carl-Hubert Schwennicke </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Brandenburg" title="Landtag of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">6 / 88</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>6.6 (#4) </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">SPD–Greens–FDP </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1990_Brandenburg_state_election" title="1990 Brandenburg state election">1990</a> </td> <td>Knut Sandler </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerschaft_of_Bremen" title="Bürgerschaft of Bremen">Bremen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">12 / 100</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>11.8 (#3) </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">SPD–FDP </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1951 </td> <td>Theodor Spitta (Deputy Mayor 1951–1955) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Parliament" title="Hamburg Parliament">Hamburg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">7 / 110</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>18.2 (#3) </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">SPD–FDP </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1946 <p><span style="font-size:85%;">(as PFD)</span> </p> </td> <td>Christian Koch (Second Mayor 1946–1950) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Hesse" title="Landtag of Hesse">Hesse</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">21 / 80</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 26%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>31.8 (#2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1950_Hessian_state_election" title="1950 Hessian state election">1950</a> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">(as FDP–<a href="/wiki/All-German_Bloc/League_of_Expellees_and_Deprived_of_Rights" title="All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights">GB/BHE</a>)</span> </p> </td> <td>August-Martin Euler </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Landtag of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">14 / 137</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>9.9 (#4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2013_Lower_Saxony_state_election" title="2013 Lower Saxony state election">2013</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Birkner" title="Stefan Birkner">Stefan Birkner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"><span class="nowrap">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">4 / 66</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>5.5 (#4) </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU–FDP </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1990_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_state_election" title="1990 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election">1990</a> </td> <td>Klaus Gollert (Deputy Minister-President 1990–1994) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia"><span class="nowrap">North Rhine-Westphalia</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">28 / 199</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>12.6 (#3) </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU–FDP </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2017_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election" title="2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election">2017</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Christian Lindner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">19 / 100</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 19%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>16.9 (#3) </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU–FDP </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1951_Rhineland-Palatinate_state_election" title="1951 Rhineland-Palatinate state election">1951</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anton_Eberhard" title="Anton Eberhard">Anton Eberhard</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_the_Saarland" class="mw-redirect" title="Landtag of the Saarland">Saarland</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">13 / 50</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 26%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>24.2 (#2) </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU–DPS–SPD </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1955 <p><span style="font-size:85%;">(as DPS)</span> </p> </td> <td>Fritz Schuster </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_the_Free_State_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Landtag of the Free State of Saxony">Saxony</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">14 / 132</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>10.0 (#4) </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU–FDP </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2009_Saxony_state_election" title="2009 Saxony state election">2009</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holger_Zastrow" title="Holger Zastrow">Holger Zastrow</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">14 / 106</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 13%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>13.5 (#3) </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU–FDP </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1990_Saxony-Anhalt_state_election" title="1990 Saxony-Anhalt state election">1990</a> </td> <td>Gerd Brunner (Deputy Minister-President 1990–1991) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">14 / 95</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 15%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>14.9 (#3) </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU–FDP </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2009_Schleswig-Holstein_state_election" title="2009 Schleswig-Holstein state election">2009</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kubicki" title="Wolfgang Kubicki">Wolfgang Kubicki</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Thuringia" title="Landtag of Thuringia">Thuringia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">9 / 89</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFED00; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>9.3 (#4) </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU–FDP </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1990_Thuringian_state_election" title="1990 Thuringian state election">1990</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Sieckmann" title="Hartmut Sieckmann">Hartmut Sieckmann</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results_timeline">Results timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Results timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span><br />EU </th> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable"> </th> <th colspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg"><img alt="Baden-Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">BW</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria"><img alt="Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">BY</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin"><img alt="Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/46px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">BE</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg"><img alt="Brandenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">BB</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)"><img alt="Bremen (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">HB</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg"><img alt="Hamburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">HH</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse"><img alt="Hesse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">HE</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony"><img alt="Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">NI</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"><img alt="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">MV</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia"><img alt="North Rhine-Westphalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">NW</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate"><img alt="Rhineland-Palatinate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">RP</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland"><img alt="Saarland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">SL</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony"><img alt="Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">SN</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt"><img alt="Saxony-Anhalt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">ST</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein"><img alt="Schleswig-Holstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">SH</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia"><img alt="Thuringia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">TH</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th class="unsortable"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden"><img alt="Grand Duchy of Baden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/46px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">SB</a> </th> <th class="unsortable"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg/25px-Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg/38px-Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg/50px-Flag_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">WB</a> </th> <th class="unsortable"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern"><img alt="Württemberg-Hohenzollern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">WH</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1946 </th> <td rowspan="3"><i>N/A</i> </td> <td rowspan="33"><i>N/A</i> </td> <td rowspan="79" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFED00" style="vertical-align:top">19.5 </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top">5.7 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top">9.3<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DC241F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top">20.6 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top">18.3<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><b>18.2</b> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top">15.7 </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top">12.5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top">24.7 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top">29.9 </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top">24.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1947 </th> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top">14.3 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#FFED00" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top">17.7 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DC241F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>19.4</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top">8.8 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DC241F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top">6.0 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top">9.8 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top">7.6 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DC241F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DC241F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top">5.0 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DC241F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1948 </th> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 16.1<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1949 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top">11.9 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1950 </th> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FFED00" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 21.1<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.1 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>23.1</b> </td> <td rowspan="40"><i>N/A</i> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>31.8</b> </td> <td rowspan="40"><i>N/A</i> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12.1 </td> <td rowspan="40"><i>N/A</i> </td> <td rowspan="40"><i>N/A</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.1 </td> <td rowspan="40"><i>N/A</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1951 </th> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11.8 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.3 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>16.7</b> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C3C318; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1952 </th> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="#FFED00" style="vertical-align:top"><b>18.0</b><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C3C318; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><i>Banned</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1953 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.5 </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C3C318; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1954 </th> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.2 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12.8 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 20.5 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11.5<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0047AB; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1955 </th> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#386ABC; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C3C318; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.6 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.9<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C3C318; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12.7 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><b>24.2</b> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C3C318; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1956 </th> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 16.6 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0047AB; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1957 </th> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.7 </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C3C318; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008AC5; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C3C318; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top">8.6 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="border-top-style:hidden"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1958 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.6 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.8 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.5 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.1 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1959 </th> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008AC5; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C3C318; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.2 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.2 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.7 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="border-top-style:hidden"> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1960 </th> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15.8 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C3C318; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1961 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12.8 </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C3C318; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.6 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1962 </th> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.9 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11.4 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.8 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1963 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.9 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.4 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.8<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10.1 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1964 </th> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13.1<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1965 </th> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.5 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="border-top-style:hidden"> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1966 </th> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="border-top-style:hidden"> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.1 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.8 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10.4 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.4<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><hr /> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1967 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.1 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10.5 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.9 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.3 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1968 </th> <td colspan="3" rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 14.4 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1969 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1970 </th> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.6 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.1 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10.1 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.4 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.5 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1971 </th> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.4 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.1 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.9 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1972 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.4 </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1973 </th> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1974 </th> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.2 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10.9 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.4 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.0<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1975 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.1 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13.0 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.7 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.6 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.4 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1976 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.9 </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.8 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="border-top-style:hidden"> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1977 </th> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1978 </th> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.2 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.8 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.6 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1979 </th> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top">6.0 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.1<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10.7 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.4 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1980 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10.6 </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.3 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.0 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1981 </th> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.6 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1982 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.5 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.9 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.1 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1983 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.9 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.6 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.6 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.6 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.5 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1984 </th> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.8 </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1985 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.5 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.0 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1986 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.8 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.8 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1987 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.1 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10.0 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.5 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.8 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.3 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1988 </th> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.9 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1989 </th> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.6 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1990 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11.0 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.2 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.1 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top">6.6 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.0 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top">5.5 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.8 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.6 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top">5.3 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><b>13.5</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><b>9.3</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1991 </th> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#409A3C; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.5 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.4 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.4 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.9 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1992 </th> <td colspan="3" rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.9 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#409A3C; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1993 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1994 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.9 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.1 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.8 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.2 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.4 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.8 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.1 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.7 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.6 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1995 </th> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.5 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.4 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.4 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1996 </th> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.6 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.9 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1997 </th> <td colspan="3" rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.5 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1998 </th> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.2 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.7 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.9 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.6 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1999 </th> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.0 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.2 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.9 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.5 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.1 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.6 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.1 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000 </th> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.8 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2001 </th> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.1 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.9 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.1 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2002 </th> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.4 </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#63B8FF; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.7 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2003 </th> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.6 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.2 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.9 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.1 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2004 </th> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.1 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.3 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.8 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.2 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.9 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2005 </th> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.8 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.2 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2006 </th> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10.7 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.6 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>9.6</b> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.0 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2007 </th> <td colspan="3" rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2008 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>8.0</b> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.8 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.4 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2009 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>14.6</b> </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>11.0</b> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008AC5; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>7.2</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 16.2 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.2 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>10.0</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>14.9</b> </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2010 </th> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.7 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#409A3C; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2011 </th> <td colspan="3" rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.3 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.8 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.4 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.7 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.8 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.2 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2012 </th> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.6 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.2 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2013 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.8 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.3 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.0 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>9.9</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2014 </th> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.5 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.5 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.8 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2015 </th> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.6 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2016 </th> <td colspan="3" rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.3 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.7 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.0 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.2 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2017 </th> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10.7 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.5 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>12.6</b> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#409A3C; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.3 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2018 </th> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.1 </td> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.5 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#409A3C; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2019 </th> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.4 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.1 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.9 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.5 </td> <td bgcolor="#FFED00" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2020 </th> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.9 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="border-top-style:hidden"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2021 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11.4 </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="3" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10.5 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.2 </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.8 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.5 </td> <td bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2022 </th> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#409A3C; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.7 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.9 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#409A3C; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.8 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8EC66" style="border-top-style:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3000F; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2023 </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.0 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.6 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.1 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2024 </th> <td bgcolor="#F8F2B1" style="vertical-align:top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Year </th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</a> </th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span><br />EU </th> <th class="unsortable"> </th> <th colspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg"><img alt="Baden-Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">BW</a></th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria"><img alt="Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">BY</a></th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin"><img alt="Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/46px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">BE</a></th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg"><img alt="Brandenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">BB</a> </th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)"><img alt="Bremen (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">HB</a></th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg"><img alt="Hamburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">HH</a></th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse"><img alt="Hesse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">HE</a></th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony"><img alt="Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">NI</a></th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"><img alt="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">MV</a></th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia"><img alt="North Rhine-Westphalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">NW</a></th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate"><img alt="Rhineland-Palatinate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">RP</a></th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland"><img alt="Saarland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">SL</a></th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony"><img alt="Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">SN</a></th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt"><img alt="Saxony-Anhalt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">ST</a></th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein"><img alt="Schleswig-Holstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">SH</a></th> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia"><img alt="Thuringia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">TH</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="22" align="left"><b>Bold</b> indicates best result to date.<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F8F2B1; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> Present in legislature (in opposition)<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F8EC66; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> Junior coalition partner<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> Senior coalition partner </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Leader of the Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Leader of the Free Democratic Party (Germany)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans-Dietrich_Genscher_Dezember_2007_CJD_Koenigswinter_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher_Dezember_2007_CJD_Koenigswinter_2.jpg/170px-Hans-Dietrich_Genscher_Dezember_2007_CJD_Koenigswinter_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher_Dezember_2007_CJD_Koenigswinter_2.jpg/255px-Hans-Dietrich_Genscher_Dezember_2007_CJD_Koenigswinter_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher_Dezember_2007_CJD_Koenigswinter_2.jpg/340px-Hans-Dietrich_Genscher_Dezember_2007_CJD_Koenigswinter_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1882" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a> served almost continuously as Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor from 1974 to 1992.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolle-bundestag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wolle-bundestag.jpg/170px-Wolle-bundestag.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wolle-bundestag.jpg/255px-Wolle-bundestag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wolle-bundestag.jpg/340px-Wolle-bundestag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="2486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Gerhardt" title="Wolfgang Gerhardt">Wolfgang Gerhardt</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_of_the_FDP">Leader of the FDP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Leader of the FDP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Leader </th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">1 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1948–1949 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">2 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Franz Blücher">Franz Blücher</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1949–1954 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">3 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dehler" title="Thomas Dehler">Thomas Dehler</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1954–1957 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">4 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Maier" title="Reinhold Maier">Reinhold Maier</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1957–1960 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">5 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Erich Mende</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1960–1968 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">6 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1968–1974 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">7 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1974–1985 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">8 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bangemann" title="Martin Bangemann">Martin Bangemann</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1985–1988 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">9 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Graf_Lambsdorff" title="Otto Graf Lambsdorff">Otto Graf Lambsdorff</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1988–1993 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">10 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kinkel" title="Klaus Kinkel">Klaus Kinkel</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1993–1995 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">11 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Gerhardt" title="Wolfgang Gerhardt">Wolfgang Gerhardt</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1995–2001 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">12 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Guido Westerwelle</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2001–2011 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">13 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Philipp_R%C3%B6sler" title="Philipp Rösler">Philipp Rösler</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2011–2013 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">14 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Christian Lindner</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2013–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_of_the_FDP_in_the_Bundestag">Leader of the FDP in the Bundestag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Leader of the FDP in the Bundestag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Leader in the Bundestag </th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">1 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1949 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">2 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Hermann Schäfer">Hermann Schäfer</a><br /><small>(First term)</small> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1949–1951 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">3 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/August-Martin_Euler" title="August-Martin Euler">August-Martin Euler</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1951–1952 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">(2) </th> <td style="width:200px;">Hermann Schäfer<br /><small>(Second term)</small> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1952–1953 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">4 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dehler" title="Thomas Dehler">Thomas Dehler</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1953–1957 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">5 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Max_Becker_(politician)" title="Max Becker (politician)">Max Becker</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1957 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">6 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Erich Mende</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1957–1963 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">7 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Knut_von_K%C3%BChlmann-Stumm" title="Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm">Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1963–1968 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">8 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick" title="Wolfgang Mischnick">Wolfgang Mischnick</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1968–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">9 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Otto_Solms" title="Hermann Otto Solms">Hermann Otto Solms</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1991–1998 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">10 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Gerhardt" title="Wolfgang Gerhardt">Wolfgang Gerhardt</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1998–2006 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">11 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Guido Westerwelle</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2006–2009 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">12 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Homburger" title="Birgit Homburger">Birgit Homburger</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2009–2011 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">13 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Br%C3%BCderle" title="Rainer Brüderle">Rainer Brüderle</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2011–2013 </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>No seats in the Bundestag </td> <td style="width:125px;">2013–2017 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">14 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Christian Lindner</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2017–2021 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFED00;">15 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_D%C3%BCrr" title="Christian Dürr">Christian Dürr</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2021–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Association_of_Liberal_Students_Groups" title="Federal Association of Liberal Students Groups">Federal Association of Liberal Students Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Kappus" title="Franz Xaver Kappus">Franz Xaver Kappus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">List of political parties in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics of Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These regionally organised liberal parties were the <i>Bremian Democratic People's Party</i> (BDV) in the <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">state of Bremen</a>, the <i>Democratic Party of Southern and Middle Baden</i> (DemP) in the <a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">State of South Baden</a>, the <i>Democratic Party</i> (DP) in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">State of Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Democratic People's Party (Germany)">Democratic People's Party of Northern Württemberg-Northern Baden</a> (DVP) in the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">State of Württemberg-Baden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Democratic People's Party (Germany)">Democratic People's Party of Southern Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> (DVP) in the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">State of Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a>, the united <i>Free Democratic Party</i> (F.D.P.) of the British zone of occupation (consisting of five state associations), the <i>Free Democratic Party</i> (F.D.P.) in the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Bavaria">Free State of Bavaria</a>, the <i>Liberal Democratic Party</i> (LDP) in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Hesse">State of Hesse</a>, and the <i>Liberal Democratic Party</i> (LDP) of <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>. Cf. Almut Leh and Alexander von Plato, <i>Ein unglaublicher Frühling: erfahrene Geschichte im Nachkriegsdeutschland 1945–1948</i>, Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung (ed.), Bonn: Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung, 1997, p. 77. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89331-298-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-89331-298-6">3-89331-298-6</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-East-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-East_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-East_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-East_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-East_125-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-East_125-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-East_125-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Formerly part of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaterst%C3%A4dtischer_Bund_Hamburg" class="extiw" title="de:Vaterstädtischer Bund Hamburg">Father-City League of Hamburg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Block" class="extiw" title="de:Hamburg-Block">Hamburg Bloc</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwelt.de2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">welt.de (November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article254476520/Neuer-Rekord-Gruene-freuen-sich-ueber-viele-neue-Mitglieder.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Neuer Rekord" – Grüne freuen sich über viele neue Mitglieder - WELT"</a>. <i>Welt</i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Welt&rft.atitle=%22Neuer+Rekord%22+%E2%80%93+Gr%C3%BCne+freuen+sich+%C3%BCber+viele+neue+Mitglieder+-+WELT&rft.date=2024-11&rft.au=welt.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Farticle254476520%2FNeuer-Rekord-Gruene-freuen-sich-ueber-viele-neue-Mitglieder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fdp.de/seite/corporate-design">"Freie Demokratische Partei. Gestaltungsfreiheiten"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freie+Demokratische+Partei.+Gestaltungsfreiheiten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdp.de%2Fseite%2Fcorporate-design&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marks_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marks_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarksWilson1999" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Gary; Wilson, Carole (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GgvLEFPY8l4C&pg=PA123">"National Parties and the Contestation of Europe"</a>. In T. Banchoff; Smith, Mitchell P. (eds.). <i>Legitimacy and the European Union</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18188-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18188-4"><bdi>978-0-415-18188-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Parties+and+the+Contestation+of+Europe&rft.btitle=Legitimacy+and+the+European+Union&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18188-4&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGgvLEFPY8l4C%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breukers-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Breukers_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breukers_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreukers2007" class="citation book cs1">Breukers, Sylvia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_iPHvjI6vQC&pg=PA188"><i>Changing Institutional Landscapes for Implementing Wind Power: A Geographical Comparison of Institutional Capacity Building: the Netherlands, England and North Rhine-Westphalia</i></a>. Amsterdam University Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5629-454-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5629-454-0"><bdi>978-90-5629-454-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Institutional+Landscapes+for+Implementing+Wind+Power%3A+A+Geographical+Comparison+of+Institutional+Capacity+Building%3A+the+Netherlands%2C+England+and+North+Rhine-Westphalia&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-5629-454-0&rft.aulast=Breukers&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY_iPHvjI6vQC%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franklin2009_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_N._FranklinThomas_T._MackieHenry_Valen2009" class="citation book cs1">Mark N. Franklin; Thomas T. Mackie; Henry Valen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HcNMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA186"><i>Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries</i></a>. ECPR Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-955-82031-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-955-82031-1"><bdi>978-0-955-82031-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electoral+Change%3A+Responses+to+Evolving+Social+and+Attitudinal+Structures+in+Western+Countries&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=ECPR+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-955-82031-1&rft.au=Mark+N.+Franklin&rft.au=Thomas+T.+Mackie&rft.au=Henry+Valen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHcNMAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/249651/umfrage/ergebnisse-der-fdp-bei-den-landtagswahlen/">"Ergebnisse der FDP bei den jeweils letzten Landtagswahlen in den Bundesländern bis 2021"</a>. <i>Statista</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Ergebnisse+der+FDP+bei+den+jeweils+letzten+Landtagswahlen+in+den+Bundesl%C3%A4ndern+bis+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F249651%2Fumfrage%2Fergebnisse-der-fdp-bei-den-landtagswahlen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollachWischermannZeuner2000" class="citation book cs1">Pollach, Günter; Wischermann, Jörg; Zeuner, Bodo, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8z1BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA116J"><i>Ein nachhaltig anderes Parteiensystem: Profile und Beziehungen von Parteien in ostdeutschen Kommunen – Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Kommunalpolitikern</i></a>. Lesker + Budrich. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-322-93227-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-322-93227-3"><bdi>978-3-322-93227-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ein+nachhaltig+anderes+Parteiensystem%3A+Profile+und+Beziehungen+von+Parteien+in+ostdeutschen+Kommunen+%E2%80%93+Ergebnisse+einer+Befragung+von+Kommunalpolitikern&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Lesker+%2B+Budrich&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-322-93227-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh8z1BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA116J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Free-Democratic-Party-political-party-Germany">"Free Democratic Party (FDP)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Free+Democratic+Party+%28FDP%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FFree-Democratic-Party-political-party-Germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornsteinerSaalfeld2014" class="citation book cs1">Hornsteiner, Margret; Saalfeld, Thomas (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hD0dBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">"Parties and the Party System"</a>. In Padgett, Stephen; Paterson, William E.; Zohlnhöfer, Reimut (eds.). <i>Developments in German Politics 4</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-30164-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-30164-2"><bdi>978-1-137-30164-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parties+and+the+Party+System&rft.btitle=Developments+in+German+Politics+4&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-30164-2&rft.aulast=Hornsteiner&rft.aufirst=Margret&rft.au=Saalfeld%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhD0dBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefuriuc2013" class="citation book cs1">Stefuriuc, Irina (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdglbTpuLqQC&pg=PA135"><i>Government Formation in Multi-Level Settings: Party Strategy and Institutional Constraints</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-30074-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-30074-4"><bdi>978-1-137-30074-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+Formation+in+Multi-Level+Settings%3A+Party+Strategy+and+Institutional+Constraints&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-30074-4&rft.aulast=Stefuriuc&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmdglbTpuLqQC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswellHough2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christina_Boswell" title="Christina Boswell">Boswell, Christina</a>; Hough, Dan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jUiOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">"Politicizing Migration: opportunity or liability for the centre-right in Germany?"</a>. In Bale, Tim (ed.). <i>Immigration and Integration Policy in Europe: Why Politics and the Centre-Right Matter</i>. Routledge. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96827-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96827-6"><bdi>978-1-317-96827-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Politicizing+Migration%3A+opportunity+or+liability+for+the+centre-right+in+Germany%3F&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+Integration+Policy+in+Europe%3A+Why+Politics+and+the+Centre-Right+Matter&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-96827-6&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Hough%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjUiOAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertnerSloam2014" class="citation book cs1">Hertner, Isabelle; Sloam, James (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8T9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">"The Europeanisation of the German party system"</a>. In Külahci, Erol (ed.). <i>Europeanisation and Party Politics: How the EU affects Domestic Actors, Patterns and Systems</i>. ECPR Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907301-84-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907301-84-1"><bdi>978-1-907301-84-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Europeanisation+of+the+German+party+system&rft.btitle=Europeanisation+and+Party+Politics%3A+How+the+EU+affects+Domestic+Actors%2C+Patterns+and+Systems&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=ECPR+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-907301-84-1&rft.aulast=Hertner&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft.au=Sloam%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8T9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Padgett1989" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Padgett (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ5fCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">"The Party System"</a>. In Gordon Smith; William E. Paterson; Peter H. Merki (eds.). <i>Developments in West German Politics</i>. Springer. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-20346-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-20346-8"><bdi>978-1-349-20346-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Party+System&rft.btitle=Developments+in+West+German+Politics&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-349-20346-8&rft.au=Stephen+Padgett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTQ5fCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUgesh_A._Joseph2016" class="citation book cs1">Ugesh A. Joseph (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MX-1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143"><i>The 'Made in Germany' Champion Brands: Nation Branding, Innovation and World Export Leadership</i></a>. Routledge. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-02503-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-02503-0"><bdi>978-1-317-02503-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%27Made+in+Germany%27+Champion+Brands%3A+Nation+Branding%2C+Innovation+and+World+Export+Leadership&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-02503-0&rft.au=Ugesh+A.+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMX-1CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_F._Patton2023" class="citation book cs1">David F. Patton (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHPpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA134">"The Free Democratic Party and the 2021 Federal Election: The Road Back to Power"</a>. In Ross Campbell; Louise K. Davidson-Schmich (eds.). <i>The 2021 German Federal Election</i>. Springer Nature. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03138-930-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03138-930-6"><bdi>978-3-03138-930-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Free+Democratic+Party+and+the+2021+Federal+Election%3A+The+Road+Back+to+Power&rft.btitle=The+2021+German+Federal+Election&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-03138-930-6&rft.au=David+F.+Patton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGHPpEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudy_B._Andeweg2011" class="citation book cs1">Rudy B. Andeweg (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EfzIBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT78">"The consequence of representatives' role orientations: attitudes, behaviour, perspections"</a>. In Magnus Blomgren; Olivier Rozenberg (eds.). <i>Parliamentary Roles in Modern Legislatures</i>. Routledge/ECPR. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57568-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57568-3"><bdi>978-0-415-57568-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+consequence+of+representatives%E2%80%99+role+orientations%3A+attitudes%2C+behaviour%2C+perspections&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Roles+in+Modern+Legislatures&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Routledge%2FECPR&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-57568-3&rft.au=Rudy+B.+Andeweg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEfzIBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_Bittner2011" class="citation book cs1">Amanda Bittner (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ykUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151"><i>Platform Or Personality?: The Role of Party Leaders in Elections</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959536-5"><bdi>978-0-19-959536-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Platform+Or+Personality%3F%3A+The+Role+of+Party+Leaders+in+Elections&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959536-5&rft.au=Amanda+Bittner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ykUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawn_Donnelly2004" class="citation book cs1">Shawn Donnelly (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0Q9V1YCufwC&pg=PA59"><i>Reshaping Economic and Monetary Union: Membership Rules and Budget Policies in Germany, France and Spain</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-719-06850-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-719-06850-8"><bdi>978-0-719-06850-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reshaping+Economic+and+Monetary+Union%3A+Membership+Rules+and+Budget+Policies+in+Germany%2C+France+and+Spain&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-719-06850-8&rft.au=Shawn+Donnelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0Q9V1YCufwC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintzel1976" class="citation book cs1">Mintzel, Alf (1976). Staritz, Dietrich (ed.). <i>Besatzungspolitik und Entwicklung der bürgerlichen Parteien in den Westzonen (1945–1949)</i>. Leske + Budrich. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Besatzungspolitik+und+Entwicklung+der+b%C3%BCrgerlichen+Parteien+in+den+Westzonen+%281945%E2%80%931949%29&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Leske+%2B+Budrich&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Mintzel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903224113/http://www.freiheit.org/files/288/1948_Heppenheimer_Proklamation.pdf">"Heppenheimer Proklamation der Freien Demokratischen Partei"</a> [Heppenheim Proclamation of the Free Democratic Party] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 12 December 1948. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freiheit.org/files/288/1948_Heppenheimer_Proklamation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heppenheimer+Proklamation+der+Freien+Demokratischen+Partei&rft.date=1948-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freiheit.org%2Ffiles%2F288%2F1948_Heppenheimer_Proklamation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v07p1/d161">"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, Germany and Austria, Volume VII, Part 1"</a>. United States: Office of the Historian, State Department.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%2C+1952%E2%80%931954%2C+Germany+and+Austria%2C+Volume+VII%2C+Part+1&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Historian%2C+State+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1952-54v07p1%2Fd161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-udo-leuschner.de-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-udo-leuschner.de_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-udo-leuschner.de_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeuschner" class="citation web cs1">Leuschner, Udo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.udo-leuschner.de/liberalismus/fdp2.htm">"Schwarz-weiß-rot mit braunen Flecken – Die FDP muß erkennen, daß es rechts von der CDU/CSU nicht viel zu holen gibt"</a>. <i>Die Geschichte der FDP</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Die+Geschichte+der+FDP&rft.atitle=Schwarz-wei%C3%9F-rot+mit+braunen+Flecken+%E2%80%93+Die+FDP+mu%C3%9F+erkennen%2C+da%C3%9F+es+rechts+von+der+CDU%2FCSU+nicht+viel+zu+holen+gibt&rft.aulast=Leuschner&rft.aufirst=Udo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.udo-leuschner.de%2Fliberalismus%2Ffdp2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz2008" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, Hans-Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OThqlaLQjFIC&pg=PA65"><i>Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Eine Bilanz nach 60 Jahren</i></a>. Böhlau. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-20237-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-20237-8"><bdi>978-3-412-20237-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland%3A+Eine+Bilanz+nach+60+Jahren&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-412-20237-8&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Hans-Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOThqlaLQjFIC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merkl1989-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merkl1989_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merkl1989_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_H._Merkl1989" class="citation book cs1">Peter H. Merkl (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hO88DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA335"><i>The Federal Republic of Germany at Forty: Union Without Unity</i></a>. NYU Press. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81-475446-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81-475446-7"><bdi>978-0-81-475446-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Federal+Republic+of+Germany+at+Forty%3A+Union+Without+Unity&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-81-475446-7&rft.au=Peter+H.+Merkl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhO88DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923231614/http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/europawahlen/EU_BUND_09/ergebnisse/bundesergebnisse/">"Übersicht"</a>. <i>bundeswahlleiter.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/europawahlen/EU_BUND_09/ergebnisse/bundesergebnisse//">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bundeswahlleiter.de&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cbersicht&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeswahlleiter.de%2Fde%2Feuropawahlen%2FEU_BUND_09%2Fergebnisse%2Fbundesergebnisse%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4728511,00.html">Merkel to head new center-right government</a> <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> 27 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.de/20091017/22639/">"CDU and FDP form coalition in Schleswig-Holstein"</a>. <i>The Local Germany</i>. The Local Europe AB<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local+Germany&rft.atitle=CDU+and+FDP+form+coalition+in+Schleswig-Holstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.de%2F20091017%2F22639%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKundnani2009" class="citation news cs1">Kundnani, Hans (24 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/25/germany-liberal-collapse-free-democrats">"Germany's Liberal Collapse"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+Liberal+Collapse&rft.date=2009-08-24&rft.aulast=Kundnani&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Fmay%2F25%2Fgermany-liberal-collapse-free-democrats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Parkin and Tony Czuczka (23 September 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-22/german-king-makers-fdp-face-parliamentary-exile-after-64-years.html">German 'King Makers' FDP Face Parliamentary Exile</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitting2021" class="citation news cs1">Witting, Volker (25 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-christian-lindner-germanys-new-finance-minister/a-59627580">"Who is Christian Lindner, Germany's new Finance Minister?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Who+is+Christian+Lindner%2C+Germany%27s+new+Finance+Minister%3F&rft.date=2021-11-25&rft.aulast=Witting&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fwho-is-christian-lindner-germanys-new-finance-minister%2Fa-59627580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leon Mangasarian (17 September 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-16/merkel-s-fdp-ally-begs-for-her-party-s-votes-in-survival-fight.html">Merkel's FDP Ally Begs for Her Party's Votes in Survival Fight</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120925082144/http://www.stern.de/politik/deutschland/nach-der-wahl-in-bremen-eine-rundum-ratlose-kanzlerin-1688143-infographic.html">"Rot-Grün als "große Koalition"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stern_(magazine)" title="Stern (magazine)">Stern</a></i>, 23 May 2011, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stern.de/politik/deutschland/nach-der-wahl-in-bremen-eine-rundum-ratlose-kanzlerin-1688143-infographic.html">the original</a> on 25 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stern&rft.atitle=Rot-Gr%C3%BCn+als+%22gro%C3%9Fe+Koalition%22&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stern.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Fnach-der-wahl-in-bremen-eine-rundum-ratlose-kanzlerin-1688143-infographic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0919/1224304355656.html">"Berlin pirates force FDP to walk the plank"</a>. Irishtimes.com. 19 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Berlin+pirates+force+FDP+to+walk+the+plank&rft.date=2011-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fworld%2F2011%2F0919%2F1224304355656.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulish2012" class="citation news cs1">Kulish, Nicholas (13 May 2012). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/14/world/europe/in-rebuke-to-merkel-social-democrats-win-german-vote.html">"Angela Merkel's Party Loses State Election in Germany"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/14/world/europe/in-rebuke-to-merkel-social-democrats-win-german-vote.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Angela+Merkel%27s+Party+Loses+State+Election+in+Germany&rft.date=2012-05-13&rft.aulast=Kulish&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F05%2F14%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fin-rebuke-to-merkel-social-democrats-win-german-vote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughKoßOlsen2007" class="citation book cs1">Hough, Dan; Koß, Michael; Olsen, Jonathan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ACIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27"><i>The Left Party in Contemporary German Politics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59214-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59214-8"><bdi>978-0-230-59214-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Left+Party+in+Contemporary+German+Politics&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-230-59214-8&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Ko%C3%9F%2C+Michael&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ACIDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705072802/http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/europawahlen/EU_BUND_14/ergebnisse/bundesergebnisse/">"Übersicht"</a>. <i>bundeswahlleiter.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/europawahlen/EU_BUND_14/ergebnisse/bundesergebnisse/">the original</a> on 5 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bundeswahlleiter.de&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cbersicht&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeswahlleiter.de%2Fde%2Feuropawahlen%2FEU_BUND_14%2Fergebnisse%2Fbundesergebnisse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/german-election-preliminary-coalition-talks-collapse-after-fdp-walks-out/a-41445987">"German election: Preliminary coalition talks collapse after FDP walks out | DW | 19.11.2017"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=German+election%3A+Preliminary+coalition+talks+collapse+after+FDP+walks+out+%26%23124%3B+DW+%26%23124%3B+19.11.2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgerman-election-preliminary-coalition-talks-collapse-after-fdp-walks-out%2Fa-41445987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/19/german-coalition-talks-close-to-collapse-angela-merkel">"German coalition talks collapse after deadlock on migration and energy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 20 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=German+coalition+talks+collapse+after+deadlock+on+migration+and+energy&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fnov%2F19%2Fgerman-coalition-talks-close-to-collapse-angela-merkel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.de/20191028/five-extra-votes-put-free-democrats-in-thuringias-state-parliament">How five votes put Germany's Free Democrats in Thuringia state parliament</a>, <i>The Local</i> (28 October 2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51399445">"Germany AfD: Thuringia PM quits amid fury over far right"</a>. BBC. 8 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Germany+AfD%3A+Thuringia+PM+quits+amid+fury+over+far+right&rft.date=2020-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-51399445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/germanys-thuringia-gets-left-wing-state-premier-in-re-run-vote/">"Germany's 6Thuringia gets left-wing state premier in re-run vote"</a>. 4 March 2020.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Zukunft+der+Bundesregierung%3A+Wissing+%C3%BCbernimmt+Justizministerium%2C+%C3%96zdemir+Bildungsministerium&rft.date=2024-11-07&rft.issn=0044-2070&rft.aulast=Scheib&rft.aufirst=Katrin&rft.au=Daniel%2C+Isabelle&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2F2024-11%2Fwissing-uebernimmt-justizministerium-oezdemir-bildungsministerium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/political-wrangling-starts-after-german-coalition-collapse/a-70725678">"Political wrangling starts after German coalition collapse – DW – 11/07/2024"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Political+wrangling+starts+after+German+coalition+collapse+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+11%2F07%2F2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fpolitical-wrangling-starts-after-german-coalition-collapse%2Fa-70725678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_P._GreenBradley_PalmquistEric_Schickler2002" class="citation book cs1">Donald P. Green; Bradley Palmquist; Eric Schickler, eds. (2002). <i>Partisan Hearts and Minds: Political Parties and the Social Identities of Voters</i>. Yale University Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13200-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13200-7"><bdi>978-0-300-13200-7</bdi></a>. <q>In Germany, the centrist FDP has often held the balance of power in coalition governments, allying with either the SPD or the CDU/ CSU.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partisan+Hearts+and+Minds%3A+Political+Parties+and+the+Social+Identities+of+Voters&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13200-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/6d448ac6-a163-11e7-b797-b61809486fe2">"AfD takes hard-right nationalism to heart of German democracy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. 24 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2023</span>. <q>Christian Lindner, head of the centrist FDP party, said that from his experience in his home state, North Rhine-Westphalia, whenever it came to tough work of drawing up laws, "the AfD MPs were always to be found in the cafeteria".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=AfD+takes+hard-right+nationalism+to+heart+of+German+democracy&rft.date=2017-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F6d448ac6-a163-11e7-b797-b61809486fe2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Block2016-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Block2016_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Block2016" class="citation book cs1">Laura Block (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=71veCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA205"><i>Policy Frames on Spousal Migration in Germany: Regulating Membership, Regulating the Family</i></a>. Springer Nature. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-13296-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-658-13296-5"><bdi>978-3-658-13296-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policy+Frames+on+Spousal+Migration+in+Germany%3A+Regulating+Membership%2C+Regulating+the+Family&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-658-13296-5&rft.au=Laura+Block&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D71veCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Külahci-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Külahci_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErol_Külahci2014" class="citation book cs1">Erol Külahci, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8T9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35"><i>Europeanisation and Party Politics: How the EU affects Domestic Actors, Patterns and Systems</i></a>. ECPR Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907301-84-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907301-84-1"><bdi>978-1-907301-84-1</bdi></a>. <q>German politics ultimately evolved from an impressively stable two-and-a-half party system – the CDU-CSU, the SPD and the <b>centre-right</b> Free Democratic Party – in the fifty years after the formation of the Federal Republic ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europeanisation+and+Party+Politics%3A+How+the+EU+affects+Domestic+Actors%2C+Patterns+and+Systems&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=ECPR+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-907301-84-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8T9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/new-besties-german-greens-fdp-cosy-up-build-coalition-2021-09-29/">"German Greens, FDP cosy up as coalition dance begins"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 7 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>Both the centre-left SPD and Chancellor Angela Merkel's conservative bloc, which slumped to a record low result, would need the <b>centre-right</b> FDP and leftist Greens as partners to get a parliamentary majority for a coalition government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+Greens%2C+FDP+cosy+up+as+coalition+dance+begins&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2020-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fnew-besties-german-greens-fdp-cosy-up-build-coalition-2021-09-29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/bundestag-slams-far-right-afd-reaffirms-holocaust-remembrance/a-42712930">"Bundestag slams AfD, reaffirms Holocaust remembrance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 23 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>Members of the Social Democrats, the <b>center-right</b> Free Democratic Party and the Left Party echoed those sentiments.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bundestag+slams+AfD%2C+reaffirms+Holocaust+remembrance&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2018-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fbundestag-slams-far-right-afd-reaffirms-holocaust-remembrance%2Fa-42712930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Block2016_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block2016-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Külahci_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Külahci-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/achille-mbembe-and-fantasy-separation/">"Achille Mbembe and the fantasy of separation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OpenDemocracy" title="OpenDemocracy">openDemocracy</a>. 29 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Achille+Mbembe+and+the+fantasy+of+separation&rft.pub=openDemocracy&rft.date=2020-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fen%2Fcan-europe-make-it%2Fachille-mbembe-and-fantasy-separation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSona_N._GolderIgnacio_LagoAndré_BlaisElisabeth_Gidengil2017" class="citation book cs1">Sona N. Golder; Ignacio Lago; André Blais; Elisabeth Gidengil; Thomas Gschwend, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJc4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43"><i>Multi-Level Electoral Politics: Beyond the Second-Order Election Model</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-250917-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-250917-8"><bdi>978-0-19-250917-8</bdi></a>. <q>Germany In Germany, a coalition government composed of the CDU/CSU and the small right-wing FDP was in office at the national level from 2009 to 2013. At the subnational level, a coalition between the CSU and the FDP was in power ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multi-Level+Electoral+Politics%3A+Beyond+the+Second-Order+Election+Model&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-250917-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJc4DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langsæther2023-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Langsæther2023_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Egge_Langsæther2023" class="citation book cs1">Peter Egge Langsæther (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IqzBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1973"><i>Party Families in Western Europe</i></a>. Routledge. p. 1973. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429809934" title="Special:BookSources/9780429809934"><bdi>9780429809934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Families+in+Western+Europe&rft.pages=1973&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780429809934&rft.au=Peter+Egge+Langs%C3%A6ther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIqzBEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-König2010-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-König2010_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-König2010_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_KönigBernd_LuigSven-Oliver_ProkschJonathan_B._Slapin2010" class="citation book cs1">Thomas König; Bernd Luig; Sven-Oliver Proksch; Jonathan B. Slapin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YnLYajh8LxYC&pg=PA89">"Measuring Policy Positive of Veto Players in Parliamentary Democracies"</a>. In Thomas König; George Tsebelis; Marc Debus (eds.). <i>Reform Processes and Policy Change: Veto Players and Decision-Making in Modern Democracies</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-441-95809-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-441-95809-9"><bdi>978-1-441-95809-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Measuring+Policy+Positive+of+Veto+Players+in+Parliamentary+Democracies&rft.btitle=Reform+Processes+and+Policy+Change%3A+Veto+Players+and+Decision-Making+in+Modern+Democracies&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-441-95809-9&rft.au=Thomas+K%C3%B6nig&rft.au=Bernd+Luig&rft.au=Sven-Oliver+Proksch&rft.au=Jonathan+B.+Slapin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYnLYajh8LxYC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krouwel2020-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krouwel2020_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Krouwel2020" class="citation book cs1">André Krouwel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uz0HEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">"Political Parties"</a>. In Neil Robinson; Rory Costello (eds.). <i>Comparative European Politics: Distinctive Democracies, Common Challenges</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-881140-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-881140-4"><bdi>978-0-19-881140-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+Parties&rft.btitle=Comparative+European+Politics%3A+Distinctive+Democracies%2C+Common+Challenges&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-881140-4&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Krouwel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duz0HEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlomp2000" class="citation book cs1">Slomp, Hans (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIJH_mHgI68C&pg=PA55"><i>European Politics into the Twenty-first Century: Integration and Division</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96800-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96800-7"><bdi>978-0-275-96800-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Politics+into+the+Twenty-first+Century%3A+Integration+and+Division&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96800-7&rft.aulast=Slomp&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBIJH_mHgI68C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slomp2011-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Slomp2011_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlomp2011" class="citation book cs1">Slomp, Hans (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V1uzkNq8xfIC&pg=PA377"><i>Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39181-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39181-1"><bdi>978-0-313-39181-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+a+Political+Profile%3A+An+American+Companion+to+European+Politics&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39181-1&rft.aulast=Slomp&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV1uzkNq8xfIC%26pg%3DPA377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1996" class="citation book cs1">George, Stephen (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicspolicyin0000geor_x9f6/page/98/mode/2up"><i>Politics and Policy in the European Union</i></a> (3rd ed.). University Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878190-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878190-5"><bdi>978-0-19-878190-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Policy+in+the+European+Union&rft.pages=98&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-878190-5&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticspolicyin0000geor_x9f6%2Fpage%2F98%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BischofPlasser2008-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BischofPlasser2008_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGünter_BischofFritz_Plasser2008" class="citation book cs1">Günter Bischof; Fritz Plasser (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EK81N6akyEUC&pg=PA152"><i>The Changing Austrian Voter</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-412-81932-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-412-81932-9"><bdi>978-1-412-81932-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Austrian+Voter&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-412-81932-9&rft.au=G%C3%BCnter+Bischof&rft.au=Fritz+Plasser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEK81N6akyEUC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ImmerfallSobisch1997-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ImmerfallSobisch1997_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ImmerfallSobisch1997_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImmerfallSobisch1997" class="citation book cs1">Immerfall, Stefan; Sobisch, Andreas (1997). "Party System in Transition". In Zimmer, Matthias (ed.). <i>Germany: Phoenix in trouble?</i>. Edmonton: University of Alberta. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88864-305-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88864-305-6"><bdi>978-0-88864-305-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Party+System+in+Transition&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+Phoenix+in+trouble%3F&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-88864-305-6&rft.aulast=Immerfall&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Sobisch%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunlicks2003-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gunlicks2003_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunlicks2003_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunlicks2003" class="citation book cs1">Gunlicks, Arthur B. (2003). <i>The Länder and German federalism</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6533-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6533-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-6533-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+L%C3%A4nder+and+German+federalism&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6533-0&rft.aulast=Gunlicks&rft.aufirst=Arthur+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuignan2013" class="citation book cs1">Duignan, Brian, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ye-cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121"><i>The Science and Philosophy of Politics</i></a>. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-748-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-748-7"><bdi>978-1-61530-748-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+and+Philosophy+of+Politics&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-748-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dye-cAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1995-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith1995_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_Smith1995" class="citation book cs1">Gordon Smith (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ste-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269">"The Moderate Right in the German Party System"</a>. In Peter H. Merkl (ed.). <i>The Federal Republic of Germany at Forty-Five: Union without Unity</i>. Peter Lang. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-13520-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-13520-2"><bdi>978-1-349-13520-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Moderate+Right+in+the+German+Party+System&rft.btitle=The+Federal+Republic+of+Germany+at+Forty-Five%3A+Union+without+Unity&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-349-13520-2&rft.au=Gordon+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSte-DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanOers2013-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VanOers2013_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicky_Van_Oers2013" class="citation book cs1">Ricky Van Oers (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWdUAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA263"><i>Deserving Citizenship: Citizenship Tests in Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00-425107-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00-425107-6"><bdi>978-9-00-425107-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deserving+Citizenship%3A+Citizenship+Tests+in+Germany%2C+the+Netherlands+and+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9-00-425107-6&rft.au=Ricky+Van+Oers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWdUAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrotzSchroeder2023-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GrotzSchroeder2023_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GrotzSchroeder2023_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorian_GrotzWolfgang_Schroeder2023" class="citation book cs1">Florian Grotz; Wolfgang Schroeder (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wq7QEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA216"><i>The Political System of Germany</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-32479-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-32479-6"><bdi>978-3-031-32479-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+System+of+Germany&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-031-32479-6&rft.au=Florian+Grotz&rft.au=Wolfgang+Schroeder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwq7QEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen2004-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allen2004_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_S._Allen2004" class="citation book cs1">Christopher S. Allen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPpZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214">"Ordoliberalism Trumps Keynesianism: Economic Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany and the EU"</a>. In Bernard H. Moss (ed.). <i>Monetary Union in Crisis: The European Union as a Neo-Liberal Construction</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230524002" title="Special:BookSources/9780230524002"><bdi>9780230524002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ordoliberalism+Trumps+Keynesianism%3A+Economic+Policy+in+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany+and+the+EU&rft.btitle=Monetary+Union+in+Crisis%3A+The+European+Union+as+a+Neo-Liberal+Construction&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780230524002&rft.au=Christopher+S.+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPpZCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MorrisJungjohann2016-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MorrisJungjohann2016_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_MorrisArne_Jungjohann2016" class="citation book cs1">Craig Morris; Arne Jungjohann (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6jsEDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA113"><i>Energy Democracy: Germany's Energiewende to Renewables</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-31891-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-31891-2"><bdi>978-3-319-31891-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+Democracy%3A+Germany%27s+Energiewende+to+Renewables&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-31891-2&rft.au=Craig+Morris&rft.au=Arne+Jungjohann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6jsEDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidsonSchmich2016-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DavidsonSchmich2016_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouise_K._Davidson-Schmich2016" class="citation book cs1">Louise K. Davidson-Schmich (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gV-2CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27"><i>Gender Quotas and Democratic Participation: Recruiting Candidates for Elective Offices in Germany</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11974-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11974-5"><bdi>978-0-472-11974-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+Quotas+and+Democratic+Participation%3A+Recruiting+Candidates+for+Elective+Offices+in+Germany&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11974-5&rft.au=Louise+K.+Davidson-Schmich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgV-2CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen2024-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hansen2024_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_A._Hansen2024" class="citation book cs1">Michael A. Hansen (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N2P8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119"><i>Political Entrepreneurship in the Age of Dealignment: The Populist Far-right Alternative for Germany</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-50890-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-50890-5"><bdi>978-3-031-50890-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Entrepreneurship+in+the+Age+of+Dealignment%3A+The+Populist+Far-right+Alternative+for+Germany&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-3-031-50890-5&rft.au=Michael+A.+Hansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN2P8EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitschelt2004-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kitschelt2004_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert_Kitschelt2004" class="citation book cs1">Herbert Kitschelt (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=10KQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127">"Political-Economic Context and Partisan Strategies in the German Federal Elections, 1990–2002"</a>. In Herbert Kitschelt; Wolfgang Streeck (eds.). <i>Germany: Beyond the Stable State</i>. Routledge. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75518-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75518-8"><bdi>978-1-135-75518-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political-Economic+Context+and+Partisan+Strategies+in+the+German+Federal+Elections%2C+1990%E2%80%932002&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+Beyond+the+Stable+State&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-75518-8&rft.au=Herbert+Kitschelt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D10KQAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Cold_War-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Cold_War_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuud_van_Dijk2008" class="citation book cs1">Ruud van Dijk, ed. (2008). <i>Encyclopedia of the Cold War, Volume 1</i>. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 541. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97515-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97515-5"><bdi>978-0-415-97515-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Cold+War%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=London&rft.pages=541&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97515-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chase-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jefferson Chase, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/what-you-need-to-know-about-germanys-liberals-the-free-democratic-party/a-38645446">What you need to know about Germany's liberals, the Free Democratic Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> (24 September 2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKommers1997" class="citation book cs1">Kommers, Donald P. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHZfkgxtoZQC&pg=PA31"><i>The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany</i></a>. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1838-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1838-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-1838-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+Jurisprudence+of+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1838-5&rft.aulast=Kommers&rft.aufirst=Donald+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsHZfkgxtoZQC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesselman1997" class="citation book cs1">Kesselman, Mark (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cwckAQAAIAAJ"><i>European Politics in Transition</i></a>. Durham: D.C. Heath. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-669-24443-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-669-24443-4"><bdi>978-0-669-24443-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Politics+in+Transition&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=D.C.+Heath&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-669-24443-4&rft.aulast=Kesselman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcwckAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Gunlicks2003_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunlicks2003-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Cold_War_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Cold_War-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ImmerfallSobisch1997_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImmerfallSobisch1997-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chase_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-“Donnelly2004”-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-“Donnelly2004”_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawn_Donnelly2004" class="citation book cs1">Shawn Donnelly (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0Q9V1YCufwC&pg=PA59"><i>Reshaping Economic and Monetary Union: Membership Rules and Budget Policies in Germany, France and Spain</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-719-06850-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-719-06850-8"><bdi>978-0-719-06850-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reshaping+Economic+and+Monetary+Union%3A+Membership+Rules+and+Budget+Policies+in+Germany%2C+France+and+Spain&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-719-06850-8&rft.au=Shawn+Donnelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0Q9V1YCufwC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Hein2021" class="citation news cs1">von Hein, Matthias (10 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/germany-sends-firefighters-to-wildfires-in-greece/a-58823070">"Germany sends firefighters to wildfires in Greece"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle (DW)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle+%28DW%29&rft.atitle=Germany+sends+firefighters+to+wildfires+in+Greece&rft.date=2021-08-10&rft.aulast=von+Hein&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermany-sends-firefighters-to-wildfires-in-greece%2Fa-58823070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/german-election-2021-results/a-59313269">"Germany votes: Projections give Social Democrats narrow lead"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle (DW)</i>. 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>. <q>The neoliberal Free Democrats' (FDP) color is yellow</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle+%28DW%29&rft.atitle=Germany+votes%3A+Projections+give+Social+Democrats+narrow+lead&rft.date=2021-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgerman-election-2021-results%2Fa-59313269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Mayer, Catherine (17 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world.time.com/2013/09/17/germanys-election-merkel-europes-most-important-leader-faces-a-complex-challenge/">"Germany's Elections: Merkel, Europe's Most Important Leader, Faces a Complex Challenge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+Elections%3A+Merkel%2C+Europe%27s+Most+Important+Leader%2C+Faces+a+Complex+Challenge&rft.date=2013-09-17&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld.time.com%2F2013%2F09%2F17%2Fgermanys-election-merkel-europes-most-important-leader-faces-a-complex-challenge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockenos2016" class="citation news cs1">Hockenos, Paul (21 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/21/axe-terrorists-germanys-stiff-upper-lip-islamic-state/">"Ax-Wielding Terrorists and Germany's Stiff Upper Lippe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Ax-Wielding+Terrorists+and+Germany%27s+Stiff+Upper+Lippe&rft.date=2016-07-21&rft.aulast=Hockenos&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2016%2F07%2F21%2Faxe-terrorists-germanys-stiff-upper-lip-islamic-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hancock-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Donald Hancock et al., <i>Politics in Europe</i> (CQ Press, 2015), pp. 265–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmilie_van_HauteCaroline_Close2019" class="citation book cs1">Emilie van Haute; Caroline Close, eds. (2019). <i>Liberal parties in Europe</i>. <q>... the classical-liberal German FDP, which has tried to keep a centrist position between the CDU/CSU and the SPD; the social-liberal D66; and the conservative-liberal Fiannal Fail (although it has recently tended to move towards a more ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberal+parties+in+Europe&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Picot2013-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Picot2013_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_Picot2013" class="citation book cs1">Georg Picot (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vNrwmI5zuzEC&pg=PT111"><i>Politics of Segmentation: Party Competition and Social Protection in Europe</i></a>. Routledge. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-47681-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-47681-5"><bdi>978-1-136-47681-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Segmentation%3A+Party+Competition+and+Social+Protection+in+Europe&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-47681-5&rft.au=Georg+Picot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvNrwmI5zuzEC%26pg%3DPT111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galpin2017-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galpin2017_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlotte_Galpin2017" class="citation book cs1">Charlotte Galpin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G2gpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83"><i>The Euro Crisis and European Identities: Political and Media Discourse in Germany, Ireland and Poland</i></a>. Springer. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51611-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51611-0"><bdi>978-3-319-51611-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Euro+Crisis+and+European+Identities%3A+Political+and+Media+Discourse+in+Germany%2C+Ireland+and+Poland&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-51611-0&rft.au=Charlotte+Galpin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG2gpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callision2022-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Callision2022_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Callison2022" class="citation book cs1">William Callison (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WWiLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">"The Historical Context of Ordoliberalism's Theoretical Development"</a>. In Thomas Biebricher; Werner Bonefeld; Peter Nedergaard (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ordoliberalism</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-260543-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-260543-6"><bdi>978-0-19-260543-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Context+of+Ordoliberalism%27s+Theoretical+Development&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ordoliberalism&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-260543-6&rft.au=William+Callison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWWiLEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andry2022-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andry2022_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAurélie_Dianara_Andry2022" class="citation book cs1">Aurélie Dianara Andry (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0iyWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223"><i>Social Europe, the Road Not Taken: The Left and European Integration in the Long 1970s</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286709-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286709-4"><bdi>978-0-19-286709-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Europe%2C+the+Road+Not+Taken%3A+The+Left+and+European+Integration+in+the+Long+1970s&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-286709-4&rft.au=Aur%C3%A9lie+Dianara+Andry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0iyWEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uekotter2017-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Uekotter2017_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Uekotter2017" class="citation book cs1">Frank Uekotter (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cjoiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90"><i>The Greenest Nation?: A New History of German Environmentalism</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-26-253469-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-26-253469-7"><bdi>978-0-26-253469-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenest+Nation%3F%3A+A+New+History+of+German+Environmentalism&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-26-253469-7&rft.au=Frank+Uekotter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcjoiEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tipton2003-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tipton2003_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Titpon2003" class="citation book cs1">Frank Titpon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQGMYLJRdXoC&pg=PA656"><i>A History of Modern Germany Since 1815</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 656. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82-644910-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82-644910-8"><bdi>978-0-82-644910-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Germany+Since+1815&rft.pages=656&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-82-644910-8&rft.au=Frank+Titpon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQGMYLJRdXoC%26pg%3DPA656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman2008-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newman2008_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_L._Newman2008" class="citation book cs1">Abraham L. 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Cornell University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4549-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4549-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-4549-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protectors+of+Privacy%3A+Regulating+Personal+Data+in+the+Global+Economy&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4549-1&rft.au=Abraham+L.+Newman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN6NhDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Søe2005-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Søe2005_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Søe2005" class="citation book cs1">Christian Søe (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zfig1l8FYPYC&pg=PA117">"A False Dawn for Germany's Liberals: The Rise and Fall of Project 18"</a>. In David P. Conradt; Gerald R. Kleinfeld; Christian Søe (eds.). <i>Precarious Victory: The 2002 German Federal Election and Its Aftermath</i>. Berghahn. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-571-81864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-571-81864-5"><bdi>978-1-571-81864-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+False+Dawn+for+Germany%E2%80%99s+Liberals%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Project+18&rft.btitle=Precarious+Victory%3A+The+2002+German+Federal+Election+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-571-81864-5&rft.au=Christian+S%C3%B8e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfig1l8FYPYC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braunthal2009-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Braunthal2009_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braunthal2009_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerard_Braunthal2009" class="citation book cs1">Gerard Braunthal (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1iOHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA158"><i>Right-Wing Extremism in Contemporary Germany</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-23025-116-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-23025-116-8"><bdi>978-0-23025-116-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right-Wing+Extremism+in+Contemporary+Germany&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-23025-116-8&rft.au=Gerard+Braunthal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1iOHDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Art2006-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Art2006_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Art2006_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Art2006" class="citation book cs1">David Art (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3oLu8I8hVMC&pg=PA171"><i>The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44883-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44883-3"><bdi>978-1-139-44883-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+the+Nazi+Past+in+Germany+and+Austria&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44883-3&rft.au=David+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3oLu8I8hVMC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-“Søe2000”-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-“Søe2000”_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Søe2000" class="citation book cs1">Christian Søe (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iugE7mVrDd0C&pg=PA68">"Neoliberal Stirrings: The "New" FDP and Some Old Habits"</a>. In David P. Conradt; Gerald R. Kleinfeld; Christian Søe (eds.). <i>Power Shift in Germany: The 1998 Election and the End of the Kohl Era</i>. Berghahn. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-571-81200-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-571-81200-1"><bdi>978-1-571-81200-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neoliberal+Stirrings%3A+The+%E2%80%9CNew%E2%80%9D+FDP+and+Some+Old+Habits&rft.btitle=Power+Shift+in+Germany%3A+The+1998+Election+and+the+End+of+the+Kohl+Era&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-571-81200-1&rft.au=Christian+S%C3%B8e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiugE7mVrDd0C%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RensmannRensmann2011-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RensmannRensmann2011_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLars_RensmannJulius_H._Rensmann2011" class="citation book cs1">Lars Rensmann; Julius H. Rensmann (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vtnfw3YMNjcC&pg=PA59">"Politics and Resentment: Examining antisemitism and counter-cosmopolitanism in the European Union and beyond"</a>. In Lars Rensmann; Julius H. Schoeps (eds.). <i>Politics and Resentment: Antisemitism and Counter-Cosmopolitanism in the European Union</i>. BRILL. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-19046-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-19046-7"><bdi>978-9-004-19046-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Politics+and+Resentment%3A+Examining+antisemitism+and+counter-cosmopolitanism+in+the+European+Union+and+beyond&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Resentment%3A+Antisemitism+and+Counter-Cosmopolitanism+in+the+European+Union&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9-004-19046-7&rft.au=Lars+Rensmann&rft.au=Julius+H.+Rensmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVtnfw3YMNjcC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patton2005-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patton2005_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_F._Patton2005" class="citation book cs1">David F. Patton (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zfig1l8FYPYC&pg=PA181">"Dogs That Did Not Bark: German Exceptionalism Reconsidered"</a>. In David P. Conradt; Gerald R. Kleinfeld; Christian Søe (eds.). <i>Precarious Victory: The 2002 German Federal Election and Its Aftermath</i>. Berghahn. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-571-81864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-571-81864-5"><bdi>978-1-571-81864-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dogs+That+Did+Not+Bark%3A+German+Exceptionalism+Reconsidered&rft.btitle=Precarious+Victory%3A+The+2002+German+Federal+Election+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-571-81864-5&rft.au=David+F.+Patton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfig1l8FYPYC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joel Lewin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/6d9e1814-8108-11e7-a4ce-15b2513cb3ff">How the policies of Germany's political parties match up</a>, <i>Financial Times</i> (28 August 2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/germany-delays-roll-out-of-medical-marijuana/a-46872556">Germany delays roll-out of medical marijuana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> (27 December 2018).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen Schuster, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/cda/en/5-facts-about-cannabis-laws-in-germany/a-42709969">5 facts about cannabis laws in Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> (10 March 2018).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louise K. Davidson-Schmich, "Amending Germany's Life Partnership Law: Emerging Attention to Lesbians' Concerns" in <i>Gender, Intersections, and Institutions: Intersectional Groups Building Alliances and Gaining Voice in Germany</i> (ed. Louise K. Davidson-Schmich: University of Michigan Press, 2017), p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson-Schmich2017" class="citation journal cs1">Davidson-Schmich, Louise K. (2 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2017.1370705">"LGBT Politics in Germany: Unification as a Catalyst for Change"</a>. <i>German Politics</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 534–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09644008.2017.1370705">10.1080/09644008.2017.1370705</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0964-4008">0964-4008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158602084">158602084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Politics&rft.atitle=LGBT+Politics+in+Germany%3A+Unification+as+a+Catalyst+for+Change&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=534-55&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158602084%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0964-4008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09644008.2017.1370705&rft.aulast=Davidson-Schmich&rft.aufirst=Louise+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09644008.2017.1370705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2019" class="citation web cs1">Cook, Michael (18 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioedge.org/beginning-of-life-issues/surrogacy/push-in-germany-for-legalisation-of-surrogacy/">"Push in Germany for legalisation of surrogacy"</a>. <i>BioEdge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BioEdge&rft.atitle=Push+in+Germany+for+legalisation+of+surrogacy&rft.date=2019-08-18&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbioedge.org%2Fbeginning-of-life-issues%2Fsurrogacy%2Fpush-in-germany-for-legalisation-of-surrogacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biotexcom.com/fdp-expert-seeks-legalizing-surrogacy/">"FDP expert seeks legalizing surrogacy – BioTexCom – Center for Human Reproduction"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDP+expert+seeks+legalizing+surrogacy+%E2%80%93+BioTexCom+%E2%80%93+Center+for+Human+Reproduction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiotexcom.com%2Ffdp-expert-seeks-legalizing-surrogacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eve Hepburn, <i>Using Europe: Territorial Party Strategies in a Multi-level System</i> (Manchester University Press, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebastian U. Bukow, "It's (not only) the Economy, Stupid?: Past and Future of the German Liberal Party" in <i>Liberal Parties in Europe</i> (eds. Emilie van Haute & Caroline Close: Routledge, 2019), p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Schweiger, "Germany" in <i>The 2009 Elections to the European Parliament</i> (ed. Julia Lodge: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stierle-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stierle_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stierle_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steffen Stierle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/news/german-liberal-fdp-agrees-european-election-programme/">Germany's liberals sign off on European election programme</a>, <i>EURACTIV</i> (29 January 2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miki Caul Kittilson, <i>Challenging Parties, Changing Parliaments: Women and Elected Office in Contemporary Western Europe</i> (Ohio State University Press, 2006), pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biesinger-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biesinger_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biesinger_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph A. Biesinger, <i>Germany: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present</i> (Facts on File: 2006), p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-political-parties-cdu-csu-spd-afd-fdp-left-party-greens-what-you-need-to-know/a-38085900">Germany's political parties CDU, CSU, SPD, AfD, FDP, Left party, Greens – what you need to know</a>, Deutsche Welle, 25 March 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart Parkes, <i>Understanding Contemporary Germany</i> (Routledge, 1997), p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Søe, "Neoliberal Stirrings: The 'New' FDP and Some Old Habits" in <i>Power Shift in Germany: The 1998 Election and the End of the Kohl Era</i> (ed. George K. Romoser), p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Wehrmann, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/green-party-fdp-most-popular-parties-among-young-voters-german-election">Green Party, FDP most popular parties among young voters in German election</a>, <i>Clean Energy Wire</i> (28 September 2021).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forschungsgruppe.de/Aktuelles/Wahlanalyse_Bundestagswahl/Newsl_Bund210927.pdf">Politbarometer, September 26, 2021</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028120543/https://www.forschungsgruppe.de/Aktuelles/Wahlanalyse_Bundestagswahl/Newsl_Bund210927.pdf">Archived</a> 28 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Forschungsgruppe Wahlen, E.V.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-kingmaker-the-fdp-has-returned-to-government/a-57559569">"FDP: The return of the kingmaker"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>. 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>The FDP's natural voters are the same as the Green party's — younger, politically centrist professionals living in cities, unmoored both from the traditional working-class voter base of the SPD and the traditional Christian voter base of the CDU.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=FDP%3A+The+return+of+the+kingmaker&rft.date=2021-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermanys-kingmaker-the-fdp-has-returned-to-government%2Fa-57559569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197437/NICOLA_BEER/home">"Home | Nicola BEER | MEPs | European Parliament"</a>. <i>europarl.europa.eu</i>. 23 January 1970<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Home+%7C+Nicola+BEER+%7C+MEPs+%7C+European+Parliament&rft.date=1970-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fmeps%2Fen%2F197437%2FNICOLA_BEER%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197443/ANDREAS_GLUCK/home">"Home | Andreas GLÜCK | MEPs | European Parliament"</a>. <i>europarl.europa.eu</i>. 8 March 1975<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Home+%7C+Andreas+GL%C3%9CCK+%7C+MEPs+%7C+European+Parliament&rft.date=1975-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fmeps%2Fen%2F197443%2FANDREAS_GLUCK%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197444/SVENJA_HAHN/home">"Home | Svenja HAHN | MEPs | European Parliament"</a>. <i>europarl.europa.eu</i>. 25 July 1989<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Home+%7C+Svenja+HAHN+%7C+MEPs+%7C+European+Parliament&rft.date=1989-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fmeps%2Fen%2F197444%2FSVENJA_HAHN%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197445/MORITZ_KORNER/home">"Home | Moritz KÖRNER | MEPs | European Parliament"</a>. <i>europarl.europa.eu</i>. 3 August 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Home+%7C+Moritz+K%C3%96RNER+%7C+MEPs+%7C+European+Parliament&rft.date=1990-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fmeps%2Fen%2F197445%2FMORITZ_KORNER%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197432/JAN-CHRISTOPH_OETJEN/home">"Home | Jan-Christoph OETJEN | MEPs | European Parliament"</a>. <i>europarl.europa.eu</i>. 21 February 1978<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Home+%7C+Jan-Christoph+OETJEN+%7C+MEPs+%7C+European+Parliament&rft.date=1978-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fmeps%2Fen%2F197432%2FJAN-CHRISTOPH_OETJEN%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memberspage.cor.europa.eu/#/?mandate=mem&language=en&country=DE&politicalgroup=2020112&v=1615201538112">"Member Page CoR"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Member+Page+CoR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemberspage.cor.europa.eu%2F%23%2F%3Fmandate%3Dmem%26language%3Den%26country%3DDE%26politicalgroup%3D2020112%26v%3D1615201538112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memberspage.cor.europa.eu/#/?mandate=alt&language=en&country=DE&politicalgroup=2020112&v=1615201532479">"CoR Members Page"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CoR+Members+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemberspage.cor.europa.eu%2F%23%2F%3Fmandate%3Dalt%26language%3Den%26country%3DDE%26politicalgroup%3D2020112%26v%3D1615201532479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirchnerBroughton1988" class="citation book cs1">Kirchner, Emil; Broughton, David (1988). "The FDP in the Federal Republic of Germany". In Kirchner, Emil (ed.). <i>Liberal Parties in Western Europe</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32394-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32394-9"><bdi>978-0-521-32394-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+FDP+in+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft.btitle=Liberal+Parties+in+Western+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=62-93&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-32394-9&rft.aulast=Kirchner&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft.au=Broughton%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1997" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Geoffrey K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=baa_OhYsv6wC"><i>Party Politics in the New Germany</i></a>. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85567-311-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85567-311-3"><bdi>978-1-85567-311-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Politics+in+the+New+Germany&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85567-311-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbaa_OhYsv6wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguilera_de_PratRosenstein2009" class="citation book cs1">Aguilera de Prat, Cesáreo R.; Rosenstein, Jed (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ctGllqdyg7oC"><i>Political Parties and European Integration</i></a>. New York: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5201-535-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5201-535-4"><bdi>978-90-5201-535-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+and+European+Integration&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-5201-535-4&rft.aulast=Aguilera+de+Prat&rft.aufirst=Ces%C3%A1reo+R.&rft.au=Rosenstein%2C+Jed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DctGllqdyg7oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Democratic+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Template talk:Free Democratic Party (Germany)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free Democratic Party (Germany)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free Democratic Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFED00;color:black;;width:1%">President of Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFED00;color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Leader of the Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Federal chairmen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Heuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Franz Blücher">Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dehler" title="Thomas Dehler">Dehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Maier" title="Reinhold Maier">Maier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Scheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Genscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bangemann" title="Martin Bangemann">Bangemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Graf_Lambsdorff" title="Otto Graf Lambsdorff">Lambsdorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kinkel" title="Klaus Kinkel">Kinkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Gerhardt" title="Wolfgang Gerhardt">Gerhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Westerwelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_R%C3%B6sler" title="Philipp Rösler">Rösler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Lindner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFED00;color:black;;width:1%">Leaders in the <br /> Bundestag</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Heuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Hermann Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August-Martin_Euler" title="August-Martin Euler">Euler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Hermann Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dehler" title="Thomas Dehler">Dehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Becker_(politician)" title="Max Becker (politician)">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_von_K%C3%BChlmann-Stumm" title="Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm">Kühlmann-Stumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick" title="Wolfgang Mischnick">Mischnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Otto_Solms" title="Hermann Otto Solms">Solms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Gerhardt" title="Wolfgang Gerhardt">Gerhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Westerwelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Homburger" title="Birgit Homburger">Homburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Br%C3%BCderle" title="Rainer Brüderle">Brüderle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Lindner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFED00;color:black;;width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Adenauer_cabinet" title="First Adenauer cabinet">Adenauer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Adenauer_cabinet" title="Second Adenauer cabinet">Adenauer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Adenauer_cabinet" title="Fourth Adenauer cabinet">Adenauer IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Adenauer_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Adenauer cabinet">Adenauer V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Erhard_cabinet" title="First Erhard cabinet">Erhard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Erhard_cabinet" title="Second Erhard cabinet">Erhard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Brandt_cabinet" title="First Brandt cabinet">Brandt I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Brandt_cabinet" title="Second Brandt cabinet">Brandt II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Schmidt_cabinet" title="First Schmidt cabinet">Schmidt I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Schmidt_cabinet" title="Second Schmidt cabinet">Schmidt II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Schmidt_cabinet" title="Third Schmidt cabinet">Schmidt III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Kohl_cabinet" title="First Kohl cabinet">Kohl I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kohl_cabinet" title="Second Kohl cabinet">Kohl II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Kohl_cabinet" title="Third Kohl cabinet">Kohl III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Kohl_cabinet" title="Fourth Kohl cabinet">Kohl IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Kohl_cabinet" title="Fifth Kohl cabinet">Kohl V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Merkel_cabinet" title="Second Merkel cabinet">Merkel II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholz_cabinet" title="Scholz cabinet">Scholz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFED00;color:black;;width:1%">Affiliated <br /> organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Association_of_Liberal_Students_Groups" title="Federal Association of Liberal Students Groups">Federal Association of Liberal Students Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Naumann_Foundation" title="Friedrich Naumann Foundation">Friedrich Naumann Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Liberals_(Germany)" title="Young Liberals (Germany)">Young Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party">European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFED00;color:black;;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_coalition_(politics)" title="Jamaica coalition (politics)">Jamaica coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-liberal_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-liberal coalition">Social-liberal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_coalition" title="Traffic light coalition">Traffic light coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_parties_of_international_liberal_organisations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_liberal_organisations" title="Template:International liberal organisations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_liberal_organisations" title="Template talk:International liberal organisations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_liberal_organisations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International liberal organisations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_parties_of_international_liberal_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Member parties of international liberal organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liberal_International" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Andorra: <a href="/wiki/Liberals_of_Andorra" title="Liberals of Andorra">LA</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Reformist_Movement" title="Reformist Movement">MR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Liberals_and_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish Liberals and Democrats">VLD</a></li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">LDS</a>*</li> <li>Botswana: <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Movement_for_Democracy" title="Botswana Movement for Democracy">BMD</a>*</li> <li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Movement for Rights and Freedoms">DPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_Stability_and_Progress" title="National Movement for Stability and Progress">NDSV</a></li> <li>Burkina Faso: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Democracy_and_Federation%E2%80%93African_Democratic_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance for Democracy and Federation–African Democratic Rally">ADF-RDA</a>*</li> <li>Burma: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_League_for_Democracy-Liberated_Areas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National League for Democracy-Liberated Areas (page does not exist)">NLD-LA</a>*</li> <li>Burundi: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Alliance_for_Renewal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Alliance for Renewal (page does not exist)">ADR</a></li> <li>Cambodia: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rainsy_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Rainsy Party">PSR</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a></li> <li>Colombia: <a href="/wiki/Social_Party_of_National_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Party of National Unity">U</a>*</li> <li>DR Congo: <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_of_Democrats_for_Reconstruction" title="National Alliance of Democrats for Reconstruction">ANADER</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alliance_for_Congo%27s_Renewal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alliance for Congo's Renewal (page does not exist)">ARC</a>*, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_Congo%27s_Reconstruction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union for Congo's Reconstruction (page does not exist)">URC</a>*</li> <li>Costa Rica: <a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Libertario" class="mw-redirect" title="Movimiento Libertario">PML</a></li> <li>Côte d'Ivoire: <a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_Republicans" title="Rally of the Republicans">RDR</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Croatian Social Liberal Party">HSLS</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Cuba" title="Liberal Party of Cuba">PLC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Solidarity_Party" title="Democratic Solidarity Party">PSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Liberal_Union" title="Cuban Liberal Union">ULC</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Det_Radikale_Venstre" class="mw-redirect" title="Det Radikale Venstre">RV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">Venstre</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Free_Egyptians_Party" title="Free Egyptians Party">FEP</a>, <a href="/wiki/El-Ghad_Party" title="El-Ghad Party">Ghad</a>*</li> <li>Equatorial Guinea: <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Union_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="National Democratic Union of Equatorial Guinea">UDENA</a></li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Reform_Party" title="Estonian Reform Party">RE</a></li> <li>Ethiopia: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Democratic_Party" title="Ethiopian Democratic Party">EDP</a>*</li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)" title="Centre Party (Finland)">Keskusta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_People%27s_Party_(Finland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish People's Party (Finland)">SFP</a></li> <li>Georgia: <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Georgia" title="Republican Party of Georgia">RPG</a>*</li> <li>Germany: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">FDP</a></li> <li>Gibraltar: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Gibraltar" title="Liberal Party of Gibraltar">Liberal Party</a></li> <li>Guatemala: <a href="/wiki/Reform_Movement_(Guatemala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Movement (Guatemala)">MR</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Party_(Guatemala)" title="Patriotic Party (Guatemala)">PP</a></li> <li>Guinea: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_of_Guinea" title="Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea">UFDG</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Republican_Forces" title="Union of Republican Forces">UFR</a>*</li> <li>Honduras: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Honduras" title="Liberal Party of Honduras">PLH</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Liberal_Party" title="Hungarian Liberal Party">MLP</a></li> <li>Iceland: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Iceland)" title="Progressive Party (Iceland)">FSF</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Indonesia)" title="Democratic Party (Indonesia)">PD</a>*</li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">FF</a>*</li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Yesh_Atid" title="Yesh Atid">Yesh Atid</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Radicals" title="Italian Radicals">Rad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Liberals" title="Federation of Liberals">FdL</a>*</li> <li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Kenya)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Kenya)">LDP</a>*</li> <li>Kosovo: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Kosovo" title="Liberal Party of Kosovo">PLK</a>*</li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/wiki/Latvia%27s_First_Party/Latvian_Way" title="Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way">LPP/LC</a></li> <li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Future Movement</a>*</li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_Centre_Union" title="Liberal and Centre Union">LCU</a></li> <li>Luxembourg: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Luxembourg)" title="Democratic Party (Luxembourg)">DP</a></li> <li>Madagascar: <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Progress_of_Madagascar" title="Movement for the Progress of Madagascar">MFM</a>*</li> <li>Malawi: <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Malawi)" title="United Democratic Front (Malawi)">UDF</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia">Gerakan</a>*</li> <li>Mali: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizens_Party_for_the_Renewal_(Mali)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citizens Party for the Renewal (Mali) (page does not exist)">PCR</a>*</li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party_(Mexico)" title="New Alliance Party (Mexico)">NA</a>*</li> <li>Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Reformist_Party_(Moldova)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Reformist Party (Moldova)">PRL</a>*</li> <li>Mongolia: <a href="/wiki/Civil_Will_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Will Party">IZN</a></li> <li>Montenegro: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Alliance_of_Montenegro" title="Liberal Alliance of Montenegro">LSCG</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberties" title="Alliance of Liberties">AdL</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_(Morocco)" title="Constitutional Union (Morocco)">UC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popular_Movement_(Morocco)" title="Popular Movement (Morocco)">MP</a></li> <li>Mozambique: <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Peace,_Democracy,_and_Development" title="Party for Peace, Democracy, and Development">PPDD</a>*</li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">D66</a> , <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">VVD</a></li> <li>Nicaragua: <a href="/wiki/Independent_Liberal_Party_(Nicaragua)" title="Independent Liberal Party (Nicaragua)">PLI</a>*</li> <li>North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(North_Macedonia)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (North Macedonia)">LDP</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Venstre</a></li> <li>Paraguay: <a href="/wiki/Authentic_Radical_Liberal_Party" title="Authentic Radical Liberal Party">PLRA</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">LP</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania)">PNL</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Yabloko" title="Yabloko">Yabloko</a></li> <li>Senegal: <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Democratic_Party" title="Senegalese Democratic Party">PDS</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Serbia)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Serbia)">LDP</a></li> <li>Seychelles: <a href="/wiki/Seychelles_National_Party" title="Seychelles National Party">SNP</a>*</li> <li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_the_New_Citizen" title="Alliance of the New Citizen">ANO</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democracy_of_Slovenia" title="Liberal Democracy of Slovenia">LDS</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">DA</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Convergence_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Convergence of Catalonia">CDC</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party of Sri Lanka">LP</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Sweden)" title="Centre Party (Sweden)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberals_(Sweden)" title="Liberals (Sweden)">L</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/The_Liberals_(Switzerland)" title="The Liberals (Switzerland)">FDP.The Liberals</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">DPP</a></li> <li>Tanzania: <a href="/wiki/Civic_United_Front" title="Civic United Front">CCW/CUF</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Thailand)" title="Democrat Party (Thailand)">DP</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine of the Future">UM</a>*</li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">APNI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Lib Dems</a></li> <li>Zambia: <a href="/wiki/United_Party_for_National_Development" title="United Party for National Development">UNDP</a>*</li></ul> <p>National groups: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_Group_of_Liberal_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brazilian Group of Liberal International (page does not exist)">Brazilian Group</a>*</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Gruppe_der_LI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsche Gruppe der LI (page does not exist)">German Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israeli_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israeli Group (page does not exist)">Israeli Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nederlandse_Groep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nederlandse Groep (page does not exist)">Netherlands Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Llibertat_i_Democracia_Social&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llibertat i Democracia Social (page does not exist)">Catalan Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_International_British_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal International British Group (page does not exist)">British Group</a></li></ul> <p>* observer </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold; color:black;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Template:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Template talk:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold; color:black;"><div>European Parliament group: <a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Renew Europe</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; color:black;;width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; color:black;;width:1%">Member parties (<a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/NEOS_(Austria)" title="NEOS (Austria)">NEOS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/13px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/26px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Open_Vlaamse_Liberalen_en_Democraten" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten">Open Vld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_R%C3%A9formateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement Réformateur">MR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Movement for Rights and Freedoms">DPS/ДПС</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Liberal_Democrats" title="Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats">HNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Croatian Social Liberal Party">HSLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Democratic_Assembly" title="Istrian Democratic Assembly">IDS/DDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Liberal_Alliance" title="Civic Liberal Alliance">Glas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_(Croatian_political_party)" title="Centre (Croatian political party)">Centar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(Croatian_political_party)" title="Focus (Croatian political party)">Fokus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Democrats" title="United Democrats">EDI/Ε.ΔΗ.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alignment_(Cyprus)" title="Democratic Alignment (Cyprus)">DiPa/ΔηΠα</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Danish_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Danish Social Liberal Party">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">V</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Centre_Party" title="Estonian Centre Party">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Reform_Party" title="Estonian Reform Party">RE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)" title="Centre Party (Finland)">Kesk./C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_People%27s_Party_of_Finland" title="Swedish People's Party of Finland">RKP/SFP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_and_Independents" title="Union of Democrats and Independents">UDI</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">FDP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Liberal_Party" title="Hungarian Liberal Party">Liberálisok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momentum_Movement" title="Momentum Movement">Momentum</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">FF</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Action_(Italian_political_party)" title="Action (Italian political party)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_Europe" title="More Europe">+E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Radicals" title="Italian Radicals">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrats" title="European Liberal Democrats">LDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_K%C3%B6llensperger" class="mw-redirect" title="Team Köllensperger">TK</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Development">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_For!" title="Movement For!">Par!</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_(Lithuania)" title="Freedom Party (Lithuania)">LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Movement_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Movement (Lithuania)">LRLS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/15px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Luxembourg)" title="Democratic Party (Luxembourg)">DP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">D66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">VVD</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Modern_(political_party)" title="Modern (political party)">Nowoczesna</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Initiative_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Initiative (Portugal)">IL</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Save_Romania_Union" title="Save Romania Union">USR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Slovakia" title="Progressive Slovakia">PS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Citizens (Spanish political party)">C's</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Sweden)" title="Centre Party (Sweden)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberals_(Sweden)" title="Liberals (Sweden)">L</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; color:black;;width:1%">Member parties (non-EU)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra"><img alt="Andorra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/15px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/23px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/30px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Action_for_Andorra" title="Action for Andorra">ACC!Ó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party of Andorra">PLA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Congress" title="Armenian National Congress">ANC/ՀԱԿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Armenia" title="Bright Armenia">BA/ԼՀ</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Müsavat</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Liberal_Party_of_Freedom_and_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian Liberal Party of Freedom and Progress">PFP/ПСП</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Our_Party_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Our Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">NS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Georgia" title="Republican Party of Georgia">RP/რპ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democrats_(Georgia)" title="Free Democrats (Georgia)">FD/თდ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_Aghmashenebeli" title="Strategy Aghmashenebeli">SA/სა</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelo_for_Georgia" title="Lelo for Georgia">Lelo/ლელო</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girchi_-_More_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Girchi - More Freedom">Girchi-MF/გირჩი-მთ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droa" title="Droa">Droa/დროა</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(Iceland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party (Iceland)">Viðreisn</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Kosovo_Alliance" title="New Kosovo Alliance">AKR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Kosovo" title="Democratic Party of Kosovo">PDK</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/15px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/30px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party of Moldova">PL</a></li> <li>CUB</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/15px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/30px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Montenegro" title="Liberal Party of Montenegro">LPCG</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(North_Macedonia)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (North Macedonia)">LDP/ЛДП</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/15px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">V</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Russia_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Freedom_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party">RPR-PARNAS/РПР-ПАРНАС</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabloko" title="Yabloko">Yabloko/Я́блоко</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Free_Citizens_(Serbia)" title="Movement of Free Citizens (Serbia)">PSG</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/11px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/17px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/FDP.The_Liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="FDP.The Liberals">FDP/PLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Liberal Party of Switzerland">glp/pvl</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Party_of_Ukraine" title="European Party of Ukraine">EPU/ЄПУ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Position" title="Civil Position">CP/ГП</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_of_the_People" title="Power of the People">SL/Сл</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_the_People" title="Servant of the People">SN/СН</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_(Ukrainian_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice (Ukrainian political party)">Holos/Голос</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Lib Dems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Gibraltar" title="Liberal Party of Gibraltar">Libs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; color:black;;width:1%">Party Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Thorn" title="Gaston Thorn">Gaston Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_De_Clercq" title="Willy De Clercq">Willy De Clercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Flesch" title="Colette Flesch">Colette Flesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_De_Clercq" title="Willy De Clercq">Willy De Clercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uffe_Ellemann-Jensen" title="Uffe Ellemann-Jensen">Uffe Ellemann-Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Hoyer" title="Werner Hoyer">Werner Hoyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemie_Neyts-Uyttebroeck" title="Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck">Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Watson" title="Graham Watson">Graham Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_van_Baalen" title="Hans van Baalen">Hans van Baalen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; color:black;;width:1%">European Parliament<br />Group Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Delbos" title="Yvon Delbos">Yvon Delbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">René Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Berkhouwer" title="Cornelis Berkhouwer">Cornelis Berkhouwer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Durieux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Durieux (page does not exist)">Jean Durieux</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Durieux" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Durieux">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Pintat" title="Jean-François Pintat">Jean-François Pintat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bangemann" title="Martin Bangemann">Martin Bangemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Giscard_d%27Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Valery Giscard d'Estaing">Valery Giscard d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Galland" title="Yves Galland">Yves Galland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gijs_de_Vries" title="Gijs de Vries">Gijs de Vries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Cox" title="Pat Cox">Pat Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Watson" title="Graham Watson">Graham Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Guy Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_Ciolo%C8%99" title="Dacian Cioloș">Dacian Cioloș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_S%C3%A9journ%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Séjourné">Stéphane Séjourné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_Hayer" title="Valérie Hayer">Valérie Hayer</a></li> <li><b>see <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; color:black;;width:1%">European Commissioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%9Bra_Jourov%C3%A1" title="Věra Jourová">Věra Jourová</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Lenar%C4%8Di%C4%8D" title="Janez Lenarčič">Janez Lenarčič</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didier_Reynders" title="Didier Reynders">Didier Reynders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadri_Simson" title="Kadri Simson">Kadri Simson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_Vestager" title="Margrethe Vestager">Margrethe Vestager</a></li> <li><b>see <a href="/wiki/Von_der_Leyen_Commission" title="Von der Leyen Commission">Von der Leyen Commission</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; color:black;;width:1%">Heads of government<br />at the European Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_De_Croo" title="Alexander De Croo">Alexander De Croo</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Michal" title="Kristen Michal">Kristen Michal</a> (Estonia)</li> <li><b>see <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; color:black;;width:1%">Affiliated organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a> (LYMEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Forum" title="European Liberal Forum">European Liberal Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:gold; color:black;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Category:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liberal_South_East_European_Network" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">LDS</a></li> <li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Movement for Rights and Freedoms">DPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_Stability_and_Progress" title="National Movement for Stability and Progress">NSDV</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Liberal_Democrats" title="Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats">HNS-LD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Croatian Social Liberal Party">HSLS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istrian_Democratic_Assembly" title="Istrian Democratic Assembly">IDS</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Free_Democrats" title="Alliance of Free Democrats">SzDSz</a></li> <li>Kosovo: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Kosovo" title="Liberal Party of Kosovo">PLK</a></li> <li>North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Macedonia" title="Liberal Party of Macedonia">LPM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(North_Macedonia)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (North Macedonia)">LDP</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania)">PNL</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Liberals_of_Serbia" title="Liberals of Serbia">LS</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democracy_of_Slovenia" title="Liberal Democracy of Slovenia">LDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cambodia: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rainsy_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Rainsy Party">PSR</a></li> <li>Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Party (Hong Kong)">DP</a> (represented through two individual members)</li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party_of_Struggle" title="Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle">PDI-P</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Awakening_Party" title="National Awakening Party">PKB</a>**</li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Japan" title="Democratic Party of Japan">DPJ</a>**</li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia">PGRM</a></li> <li>Mongolia: <a href="/wiki/Civil_Will_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Will Party">IZN</a></li> <li>Myanmar: <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="National Council of the Union of Burma">NCUB</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Forum_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal Forum Pakistan (page does not exist)">LFP</a>*</li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">LP</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Democratic_Party" title="Singapore Democratic Party">SDP</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party of Sri Lanka">LP</a></li> <li>ROC Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">DPP</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Thailand)" title="Democrat Party (Thailand)">DP</a></li></ul> <p>*associate member **observer </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa_Liberal_Network" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angola: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Angola)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Angola)">PLD</a></li> <li>Burkina Faso: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Democracy_and_Federation%E2%80%93African_Democratic_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance for Democracy and Federation–African Democratic Rally">ADF-RDA</a></li> <li>DR Congo: <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_of_Democrats_for_Reconstruction" title="National Alliance of Democrats for Reconstruction">ANADER</a></li> <li>Côte d'Ivoire: <a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_Republicans" title="Rally of the Republicans">RDR</a></li> <li>Equatorial Guinea: <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Union_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="National Democratic Union of Equatorial Guinea">UDENA</a></li> <li>Madagascar: <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Progress_of_Madagascar" title="Movement for the Progress of Madagascar">MFM</a></li> <li>Malawi: <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Malawi)" title="United Democratic Front (Malawi)">UDF</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Popular_Movement_(Morocco)" title="Popular Movement (Morocco)">MP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_(Morocco)" title="Constitutional Union (Morocco)">UC</a></li> <li>Mozambique: <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Peace,_Democracy,_and_Development" title="Party for Peace, Democracy, and Development">PDD</a></li> <li>Senegal: <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Democratic_Party" title="Senegalese Democratic Party">PDS</a></li> <li>Seychelles: <a href="/wiki/Seychelles_National_Party" title="Seychelles National Party">SNP</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">DA</a></li> <li>Tanzania: <a href="/wiki/Civic_United_Front" title="Civic United Front">CUF</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Party_(Tanzania)" title="United Democratic Party (Tanzania)">UDP</a></li> <li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Social_Liberal_Party_(Tunisia)" title="Social Liberal Party (Tunisia)">PSL</a></li> <li>Zambia: <a href="/wiki/United_Party_for_National_Development" title="United Party for National Development">UNDP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Recreate_for_Growth" title="Recreate for Growth">Recrear</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partido_Primero_de_Gente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partido Primero de Gente (page does not exist)">PPG</a></li> <li>Costa Rica: <a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Libertario" class="mw-redirect" title="Movimiento Libertario">PML</a></li> <li>Guatemala: <a href="/wiki/Reform_Movement_(Guatemala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Movement (Guatemala)">MR</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party_(Mexico)" title="New Alliance Party (Mexico)">NA</a></li> <li>Peru: <a href="/wiki/National_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="National Justice">JN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arab_Liberal_Federation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Comoros: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Alliance_of_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Alliance of the Comoros (page does not exist)">NAC</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_Party" title="Democratic Front Party">DFP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Egyptians_Party" title="Free Egyptians Party">FEP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghad_El-Thawra_Party" title="Ghad El-Thawra Party">GTP</a></li> <li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Lebanon)" title="National Liberal Party (Lebanon)">NLP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">FM</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Popular_Movement_(Morocco)" title="Popular Movement (Morocco)">MP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_(Morocco)" title="Constitutional Union (Morocco)">UC</a></li> <li>Sudan: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Sudan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Sudan)">LDP</a></li> <li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Tunisia)" title="Republican Party (Tunisia)">PR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_political_parties" title="Template:German political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:German_political_parties" title="Template talk:German political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties in Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a><br />(733 seats)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> (206)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> (153)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">The Greens</a> (117)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FDP</a> (90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> (77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> (43)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance" title="Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance">BSW</a> (10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">SSW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stefan_Seidler" title="Stefan Seidler">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a><br />(96 seats for Germany)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> (23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> (15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> (14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">The Greens</a> (12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance" title="Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance">BSW</a> (6)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FDP</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a> (3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volt_Germany" title="Volt Germany">Volt</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">PMUT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Everding" title="Sebastian Everding">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">ÖDP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manuela_Ripa" title="Manuela Ripa">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Helmut_Geuking" title="Helmut Geuking">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Progress_(Germany)" title="Party of Progress (Germany)">Party of Progress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lukas_Sieper" title="Lukas Sieper">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented in the 16 <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_German_state_parliaments" title="Composition of the German state parliaments">state parliaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> (16/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> (15/16; not in Bavaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> (14/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">The Greens</a> (13/16)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FDP</a> (9/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (7/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance" title="Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance">BSW</a> (6/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a> (3/16)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regional parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> (85; only in <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">BD</a> (10; only in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerschaft_of_Bremen" title="Bürgerschaft of Bremen">Bremen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">SSW</a> (4; only in <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor parties (without representation<br />above the district level)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_C_%E2%80%93_Christians_for_Germany" title="Alliance C – Christians for Germany">Alliance C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Human_Rights,_Animal_and_Nature_Protection" title="Alliance for Human Rights, Animal and Nature Protection">Animal Protection Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Pogo_Party_of_Germany" title="Anarchist Pogo Party of Germany">APPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Income_Alliance" title="Basic Income Alliance">Basic Income Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergpartei,_die_%C3%9CberPartei" title="Bergpartei, die ÜberPartei">Bergpartei, die ÜberPartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerrechtsbewegung_Solidarit%C3%A4t" title="Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität">BüSo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_United_Civic_Movements/Free_Voters" title="Brandenburg United Civic Movements/Free Voters">BVB/Free Voters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_Diversity_and_Awakening" title="Democratic Alliance for Diversity and Awakening">DAVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Motion" title="Democracy in Motion">Democracy in Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany">dieBasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Party_of_Germany" title="Feminist Party of Germany">Feminist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freie_Sachsen" title="Freie Sachsen">Free Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Communist_Party" title="German Communist Party">German Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(East_Germany)" title="German Social Union (East Germany)">DSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wir_B%C3%BCrger" title="Wir Bürger">Wir Bürger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_Germany" title="Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany">Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">NPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Biomedical_Rejuvenation_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Party for Biomedical Rejuvenation Research">Verjüngungsforschung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Humanists" title="Party of Humanists">The Humanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Reason" title="Party of Reason">Party of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Urbane._Eine_HipHop_Partei" title="Die Urbane. Eine HipHop Partei">The Urbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(Germany)" title="Socialist Equality Party (Germany)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statt_Party" title="Statt Party">Statt Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Notes: <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>CDU</b>: does not participate in the state election in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>; instead, an associated party CSU is participating here.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Greens</b>: are currently not in the state parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saarland" title="Landtag of Saarland">Saarland</a></span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>FDP</b>: is currently not in state parliaments of <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Brandenburg" title="Landtag of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Landtag of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saarland" title="Landtag of Saarland">Saarland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saxony" title="Landtag of Saxony">Saxony</a>.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>AfD</b>: is currently not in the state parliament of <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>The Left</b>: is currently not in the state parliaments of <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Landtag of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Hesse" title="Landtag of Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Landtag of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saarland" title="Landtag of Saarland">Saarland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Free Voters</b>: are currently only in the state parliaments of Bavaria and Rhineland-Palatinate.</span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Template:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Template talk:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold; color:black;"><div>European Parliament group: <a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Renew Europe</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; color:black;;width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; color:black;;width:1%">Member parties (<a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/NEOS_(Austria)" title="NEOS (Austria)">NEOS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/13px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/26px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Open_Vlaamse_Liberalen_en_Democraten" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten">Open Vld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_R%C3%A9formateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement Réformateur">MR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Movement for Rights and Freedoms">DPS/ДПС</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Liberal_Democrats" title="Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats">HNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Croatian Social Liberal Party">HSLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Democratic_Assembly" title="Istrian Democratic Assembly">IDS/DDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Liberal_Alliance" title="Civic Liberal Alliance">Glas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_(Croatian_political_party)" title="Centre (Croatian political party)">Centar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(Croatian_political_party)" title="Focus (Croatian political party)">Fokus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Democrats" title="United Democrats">EDI/Ε.ΔΗ.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alignment_(Cyprus)" title="Democratic Alignment (Cyprus)">DiPa/ΔηΠα</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Danish_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Danish Social Liberal Party">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">V</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Centre_Party" title="Estonian Centre Party">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Reform_Party" title="Estonian Reform Party">RE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)" title="Centre Party (Finland)">Kesk./C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_People%27s_Party_of_Finland" title="Swedish People's Party of Finland">RKP/SFP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_and_Independents" title="Union of Democrats and Independents">UDI</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">FDP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Liberal_Party" title="Hungarian Liberal Party">Liberálisok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momentum_Movement" title="Momentum Movement">Momentum</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">FF</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Action_(Italian_political_party)" title="Action (Italian political party)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_Europe" title="More Europe">+E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Radicals" title="Italian Radicals">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrats" title="European Liberal Democrats">LDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_K%C3%B6llensperger" class="mw-redirect" title="Team Köllensperger">TK</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Development">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_For!" title="Movement For!">Par!</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_(Lithuania)" title="Freedom Party (Lithuania)">LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Movement_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Movement (Lithuania)">LRLS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/15px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Luxembourg)" title="Democratic Party (Luxembourg)">DP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">D66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">VVD</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Modern_(political_party)" title="Modern (political party)">Nowoczesna</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Initiative_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Initiative (Portugal)">IL</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Save_Romania_Union" title="Save Romania Union">USR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Slovakia" title="Progressive Slovakia">PS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Citizens (Spanish political party)">C's</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Sweden)" title="Centre Party (Sweden)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberals_(Sweden)" title="Liberals (Sweden)">L</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; color:black;;width:1%">Member parties (non-EU)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra"><img alt="Andorra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/15px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/23px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/30px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Action_for_Andorra" title="Action for Andorra">ACC!Ó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party of Andorra">PLA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Congress" title="Armenian National Congress">ANC/ՀԱԿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Armenia" title="Bright Armenia">BA/ԼՀ</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Müsavat</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Liberal_Party_of_Freedom_and_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian Liberal Party of Freedom and Progress">PFP/ПСП</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Our_Party_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Our Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">NS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Georgia" title="Republican Party of Georgia">RP/რპ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democrats_(Georgia)" title="Free Democrats (Georgia)">FD/თდ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_Aghmashenebeli" title="Strategy Aghmashenebeli">SA/სა</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelo_for_Georgia" title="Lelo for Georgia">Lelo/ლელო</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girchi_-_More_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Girchi - More Freedom">Girchi-MF/გირჩი-მთ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droa" title="Droa">Droa/დროა</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(Iceland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party (Iceland)">Viðreisn</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Kosovo_Alliance" title="New Kosovo Alliance">AKR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Kosovo" title="Democratic Party of Kosovo">PDK</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/15px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/30px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party of Moldova">PL</a></li> <li>CUB</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/15px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/30px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Montenegro" title="Liberal Party of Montenegro">LPCG</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(North_Macedonia)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (North Macedonia)">LDP/ЛДП</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/15px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">V</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Russia_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Freedom_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party">RPR-PARNAS/РПР-ПАРНАС</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabloko" title="Yabloko">Yabloko/Я́блоко</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Free_Citizens_(Serbia)" title="Movement of Free Citizens (Serbia)">PSG</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/11px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/17px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/FDP.The_Liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="FDP.The Liberals">FDP/PLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Liberal Party of Switzerland">glp/pvl</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Party_of_Ukraine" title="European Party of Ukraine">EPU/ЄПУ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Position" title="Civil Position">CP/ГП</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_of_the_People" title="Power of the People">SL/Сл</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_the_People" title="Servant of the People">SN/СН</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_(Ukrainian_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice (Ukrainian political party)">Holos/Голос</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Lib Dems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Gibraltar" title="Liberal Party of Gibraltar">Libs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; color:black;;width:1%">Party Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Thorn" title="Gaston Thorn">Gaston Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_De_Clercq" title="Willy De Clercq">Willy De Clercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Flesch" title="Colette Flesch">Colette Flesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_De_Clercq" title="Willy De Clercq">Willy De Clercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uffe_Ellemann-Jensen" title="Uffe Ellemann-Jensen">Uffe Ellemann-Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Hoyer" title="Werner Hoyer">Werner Hoyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemie_Neyts-Uyttebroeck" title="Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck">Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Watson" title="Graham Watson">Graham Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_van_Baalen" title="Hans van Baalen">Hans van Baalen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; color:black;;width:1%">European Parliament<br />Group Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Delbos" title="Yvon Delbos">Yvon Delbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">René Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Berkhouwer" title="Cornelis Berkhouwer">Cornelis Berkhouwer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Durieux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Durieux (page does not exist)">Jean Durieux</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Durieux" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Durieux">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Pintat" title="Jean-François Pintat">Jean-François Pintat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bangemann" title="Martin Bangemann">Martin Bangemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Giscard_d%27Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Valery Giscard d'Estaing">Valery Giscard d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Galland" title="Yves Galland">Yves Galland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gijs_de_Vries" title="Gijs de Vries">Gijs de Vries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Cox" title="Pat Cox">Pat Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Watson" title="Graham Watson">Graham Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Guy Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_Ciolo%C8%99" title="Dacian Cioloș">Dacian Cioloș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_S%C3%A9journ%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Séjourné">Stéphane Séjourné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_Hayer" title="Valérie Hayer">Valérie Hayer</a></li> <li><b>see <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; color:black;;width:1%">European Commissioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%9Bra_Jourov%C3%A1" title="Věra Jourová">Věra Jourová</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Lenar%C4%8Di%C4%8D" title="Janez Lenarčič">Janez Lenarčič</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didier_Reynders" title="Didier Reynders">Didier Reynders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadri_Simson" title="Kadri Simson">Kadri Simson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_Vestager" title="Margrethe Vestager">Margrethe Vestager</a></li> <li><b>see <a href="/wiki/Von_der_Leyen_Commission" title="Von der Leyen Commission">Von der Leyen Commission</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; color:black;;width:1%">Heads of government<br />at the European Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_De_Croo" title="Alexander De Croo">Alexander De Croo</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Michal" title="Kristen Michal">Kristen Michal</a> (Estonia)</li> <li><b>see <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; color:black;;width:1%">Affiliated organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a> (LYMEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Forum" title="European Liberal Forum">European Liberal Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:gold; color:black;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Category:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renew_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renew_Europe" title="Template:Renew Europe"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Renew_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Renew Europe (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renew_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renew Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renew_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Renew Europe</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700; color:black;"><div><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">European Parliament group</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700; color:black;;width:1%">Member parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">European parties</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700; color:black;;width:1%">National parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/NEOS_(Austria)" title="NEOS (Austria)">NEOS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/13px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/26px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reformist_Movement" title="Reformist Movement">MR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Flemish_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats">Open Vld</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Movement for Rights and Freedoms">DPS/ДПС</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Istrian_Democratic_Assembly" title="Istrian Democratic Assembly">IDS/DDI</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ANO_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="ANO 2011">ANO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Danish Social Liberal Party">B</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Centre_Party" title="Estonian Centre Party">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Reform_Party" title="Estonian Reform Party">RE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)" title="Centre Party (Finland)">Kesk./C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_People%27s_Party_of_Finland" title="Swedish People's Party of Finland">RKP/SFP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_(French_political_party)" title="Renaissance (French political party)">RE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Movement_(France)" title="Democratic Movement (France)">MoDem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">PR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">FDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">FW</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Momentum_Movement" title="Momentum Movement">Momentum</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">FF</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italia_Viva" title="Italia Viva">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(Italian_political_party)" title="Action (Italian political party)">A</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Development/For!" title="Development/For!">AP!</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Movement_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Movement (Lithuania)">LRLS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/15px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Luxembourg)" title="Democratic Party (Luxembourg)">DP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">D66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">VVD</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Poland_2050" title="Poland 2050">PL2050</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Save_Romania_Union" title="Save Romania Union">USR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Slovakia" title="Progressive Slovakia">PS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Movement_(Slovenia)" title="Freedom Movement (Slovenia)">GS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Citizens (Spanish political party)">C's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party" title="Basque Nationalist Party">EAJ-PNV</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Sweden)" title="Centre Party (Sweden)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberals_(Sweden)" title="Liberals (Sweden)">L</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD700; color:black;;width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_S%C3%A9journ%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Séjourné">Stéphane Séjourné</a></li> <li>First Vice-President: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malik_Azmani" title="Malik Azmani">Malik Azmani</a></li> <li>Vice-Presidents: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sylvie_Brunet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylvie Brunet">Sylvie Brunet</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Cseh" title="Katalin Cseh">Katalin Cseh</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jordi_Ca%C3%B1as_P%C3%A9rez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordi Cañas Pérez">Jordi Cañas Pérez</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Morten_L%C3%B8kkegaard" title="Morten Løkkegaard">Morten Løkkegaard</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iskra_Mihaylova" title="Iskra Mihaylova">Iskra Mihaylova</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique_Ries" title="Frédérique Ries">Frédérique Ries</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Riquet" title="Dominique Riquet">Dominique Riquet</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michal_%C5%A0ime%C4%8Dka" title="Michal Šimečka">Michal Šimečka</a></li> <li>Secretary General: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> Anders Rasmussen</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13124#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13124#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13124#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81033199">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12215663r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12215663r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Freie Demokratische Partei"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20120312004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261357305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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