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id="toc-Early_life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuncio_to_Poland_and_expulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuncio_to_Poland_and_expulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nuncio to Poland and expulsion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuncio_to_Poland_and_expulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elevation_to_the_papacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation_to_the_papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Elevation to the papacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation_to_the_papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_teaching:_"The_Peace_of_Christ_in_the_Reign_of_Christ"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_teaching:_"The_Peace_of_Christ_in_the_Reign_of_Christ""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Public teaching: "The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ"</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_teaching:_"The_Peace_of_Christ_in_the_Reign_of_Christ"-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public teaching: "The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ" subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_teaching:_"The_Peace_of_Christ_in_the_Reign_of_Christ"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Political teachings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Social teachings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Gender roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Private property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_and_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_and_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Capital and labour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_and_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Social order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_Church_affairs_and_ecumenism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_Church_affairs_and_ecumenism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Internal Church affairs and ecumenism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internal_Church_affairs_and_ecumenism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Internal Church affairs and ecumenism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internal_Church_affairs_and_ecumenism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beatifications_and_canonizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beatifications_and_canonizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Beatifications and canonizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beatifications_and_canonizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consistories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consistories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Consistories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consistories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_with_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Relations with France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Italy_and_the_Lateran_Treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Italy_and_the_Lateran_Treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Relations with Italy and the Lateran Treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Italy_and_the_Lateran_Treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Germany_and_Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Germany_and_Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Relations with Germany and Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Germany_and_Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mit_brennender_Sorge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mit_brennender_Sorge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span><i>Mit brennender Sorge</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mit_brennender_Sorge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_of_the_press_and_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_of_the_press_and_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Response of the press and governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_of_the_press_and_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kristallnacht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristallnacht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span><i>Kristallnacht</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristallnacht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Relations with East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_with_American_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_with_American_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Involvement with American efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_with_American_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Persecution of Christians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.3</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Condemnation_of_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condemnation_of_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Condemnation of racism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Condemnation_of_racism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Condemnation of racism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Condemnation_of_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Humani_generis_unitas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humani_generis_unitas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>Humani generis unitas</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humani_generis_unitas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death and burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Episcopal_genealogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episcopal_genealogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Episcopal genealogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episcopal_genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources and further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources and further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Pius_XI" title="Paus Pius XI – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Paus Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous_Pius_XI" title="Pous Pius XI – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pous Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="بيوس الحادي عشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيوس الحادي عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADo_XI" title="Pío XI – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pío XI" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyu_XI" title="Piyu XI – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Piyu XI" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_Piy" title="XI Piy – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XI Piy" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C3%B4ng_Pius_11-s%C3%A8" title="Kàu-hông Pius 11-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hông Pius 11-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B9_XI" title="Пій XI – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пій XI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%8E%D1%81_XI" title="Піюс XI – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Піюс XI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9_XI" title="Пий XI – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пий XI" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_XI" title="Pi XI – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pi XI" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab_P%C3%AFws_XI" title="Pab Pïws XI – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pab Pïws XI" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Pius_11." title="Pave Pius 11. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pave Pius 11." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%91%CE%84" title="Πάπας Πίος ΙΑ΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπας Πίος ΙΑ΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADo_XI" title="Pío XI – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pío XI" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_la_11-a" title="Pio la 11-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pio la 11-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_XI.a" title="Pio XI.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pio XI.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85" title="پاپ پیوس یازدهم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپ پیوس یازدهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_XI" title="Pie XI – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pie XI" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Piu_XI" title="Pape Piu XI – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pape Piu XI" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Pius_XI" title="Pápa Pius XI – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pápa Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0pa_Pius_XI" title="Pàpa Pius XI – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàpa Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADo_XI,_papa" title="Pío XI, papa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pío XI, papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-f%C3%B2ng_Pius_11-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Kau-fòng Pius 11-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-fòng Pius 11-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9_%EB%B9%84%EC%98%A4_11%EC%84%B8" title="교황 비오 11세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황 비오 11세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD_XI" title="Պիոս XI – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիոս XI" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_XI." title="Pio XI. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pio XI." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo_Pius_la_11ma" title="Papo Pius la 11ma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papo Pius la 11ma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pio_XI" title="Papa Pio XI – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papa Pio XI" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Pius_XI" title="Paus Pius XI – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADus_11." title="Píus 11. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Píus 11." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pio_XI" title="Papa Pio XI – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papa Pio XI" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%97%D7%93_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8" title="פיוס האחד עשר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיוס האחד עשר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Pius_XI" title="Paus Pius XI – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paus Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Piu_XI" title="Papa Piu XI – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Papa Piu XI" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_XI" title="პიუს XI – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიუს XI" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papi%C3%A9%C5%BC_Pius_XI" title="Papiéż Pius XI – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Papiéż Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pius_XI" title="Papa Pius XI – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijs_XI" title="Pijs XI – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pijs XI" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijus_XI" title="Pijus XI – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pijus XI" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Pie_XI" title="Pápa Pie XI – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Pápa Pie XI" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI._Piusz_p%C3%A1pa" title="XI. Piusz pápa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="XI. Piusz pápa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%98_XI" title="Папа Пиј XI – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папа Пиј XI" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_XI" title="Pio XI – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pio XI" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="पोप पायस अकरावा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोप पायस अकरावा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="بيوس الحداشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيوس الحداشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Pius_XI" title="Paus Pius XI – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-hu%C3%B2ng_Pius_11-si%C3%A9" title="Gáu-huòng Pius 11-sié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-huòng Pius 11-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Pius_XI" title="Paus Pius XI – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paus Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B911%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87)" title="ピウス11世 (ローマ教皇) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピウス11世 (ローマ教皇)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Pius_XI" title="Pave Pius XI – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pave Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piu_XI" title="Piu XI – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Piu XI" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="پاپ یوولسم پیوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاپ یوولسم پیوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_XI" title="Pio XI – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pio XI" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pio_XI" title="Papa Pio XI – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papa Pio XI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pius_al_XI-lea" title="Papa Pius al XI-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papa Pius al XI-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyu_XI" title="Piyu XI – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Piyu XI" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9_XI" title="Пий XI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пий XI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Pius_XI" title="Pape Pius XI – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pape Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piu_XI" title="Piu XI – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Piu XI" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piu_XI" title="Piu XI – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Piu XI" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pope Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI." title="Pius XI. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pius XI." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE_Pij_XI." title="Papež Pij XI. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papež Pij XI." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_XI" title="Папа Пије XI – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папа Пије XI" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_XI." title="Pio XI. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pio XI." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pio_XI" title="Papa Pio XI – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papa Pio XI" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88)" title="பதினொன்றாம் பயஸ் (திருத்தந்தை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பதினொன்றாம் பயஸ் (திருத்தந்தை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9_XI" title="Пий XI – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пий XI" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_11" title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาปิอุสที่ 11 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาปิอุสที่ 11" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI._Pius" title="XI. Pius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="XI. Pius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B9_XI" title="Пій XI – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пій XI" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%85" title="پیوس یازدہم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیوس یازدہم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Pio_XI" title="Papa Pio XI – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Papa Pio XI" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng_Pi%C3%B4_XI" title="Giáo hoàng Piô XI – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hoàng Piô XI" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Pius_XI" title="Paus Pius XI – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Paus Pius XI" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_P%C3%ADo_XI" title="Papa Pío XI – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papa Pío XI" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%87%E6%8A%A4%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="庇护十一世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="庇护十一世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3p%C3%B9_Pius_11k" title="Pópù Pius 11k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pópù Pius 11k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%A7%E5%B2%B3%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="碧岳十一世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="碧岳十一世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI" title="Pius XI – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pius XI" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%87%E8%AD%B7%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="庇護十一世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="庇護十一世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of the Catholic Church from 1922 to 1939</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #F7D79C;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">Pope</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Pius XI</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pius_XI,_by_Nicola_Perscheid_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pius_XI%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid_%28retouched%29.jpg/220px-Pius_XI%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pius_XI%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid_%28retouched%29.jpg/330px-Pius_XI%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pius_XI%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid_%28retouched%29.jpg/440px-Pius_XI%2C_by_Nicola_Perscheid_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1162" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pius XI <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1922</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy began</th><td class="infobox-data">6 February 1922</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy ended</th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1939</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosian Library">Ambrosian Library</a> (1907–1914)</li> <li>Vice-Prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> (1914–1915)</li> <li>Prefect of the Vatican Library (1915–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafpaktos" title="Nafpaktos">Titular Archbishop of Naupactus</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio_to_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio to Poland">Apostolic Nuncio to Poland</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li>Titular Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a> (1921–1922)</li> <li>Cardinal-Priest of <a href="/wiki/San_Martino_ai_Monti" title="San Martino ai Monti">Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti</a> (1921–1922)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">20 December 1879<br />by <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Monaco_La_Valletta" title="Raffaele Monaco La Valletta">Raffaele Monaco La Valletta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">28 October 1919<br />by <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kakowski" title="Aleksander Kakowski">Aleksander Kakowski</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">13 June 1921<br />by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1857-05-31</span>)</span>31 May 1857<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Desio" title="Desio">Desio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardy–Venetia">Lombardy–Venetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1939<span style="display:none">(1939-02-10)</span> (aged 81)<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a> (<a href="/wiki/ThD" class="mw-redirect" title="ThD">ThD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Canon Law">JCD</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Raptim Transit</i> ("It goes by swiftly", Job 6:15)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Pax Christi in Regno Christi</i> (The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ)<sup id="cite_ref-Metzler_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzler-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PiusPPXIsignature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pius XI's signature"><img alt="Pius XI's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PiusPPXIsignature.svg/130px-PiusPPXIsignature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PiusPPXIsignature.svg/195px-PiusPPXIsignature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PiusPPXIsignature.svg/260px-PiusPPXIsignature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="242" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pius XI's coat of arms"><img alt="Pius XI's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg/50px-C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg/75px-C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg/100px-C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pope Pius (disambiguation)">Other popes named Pius</a></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: gold;"><span style="font-size:80%">Papal styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Pope Pius XI</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg/60px-C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg/90px-C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg/120px-C_o_a_Pius_XI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Holiness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religious style</th><td class="infobox-data">Holy Father</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Posthumous style</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #FFCF00 ;"> <span style="font-size:100%">Ordination history of</span><br /><span style="font-size:125%;">Pope Pius XI</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee"><span style="font-size:100%;">History</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Priestly ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">20 December 1879</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Episcopal consecration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Principal consecrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kakowski" title="Aleksander Kakowski">Aleksander Kakowski</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Co-consecrators</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Sebastian_Pelczar" title="Józef Sebastian Pelczar">Józef Sebastian Pelczar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kazimierz_Zdzitowiecki" title="Stanisław Kazimierz Zdzitowiecki">Stanisław Kazimierz Zdzitowiecki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">28 October 1919</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #FF2400; border-top: 3px solid #FF2400">Cardinalate</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Elevated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">13 June 1921</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee"><span style="font-size:100%;">Episcopal succession</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Bishops consecrated by Pope Pius XI as principal consecrator</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oreste_Giorgi" title="Oreste Giorgi">Oreste Giorgi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1924</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Michele_Lega" title="Michele Lega">Michele Lega</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11 July 1926</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ildefonso_Schuster" title="Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster">Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 July 1929</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pope Pius XI</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Pio XI</i>), born <b>Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[amˈbrɔ:dʒo<span class="wrap"> </span>daˈmja:no<span class="wrap"> </span>aˈkille<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈratti]</a></span>; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a> and head of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> from 6 February 1922 to 10 February 1939. He also became the first <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> State upon its creation as an independent state on 11 February 1929. He remained pope until his death in February 1939. </p><p>Pius XI issued numerous <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclicals</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i> on the 40th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>'s groundbreaking social encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i>, highlighting the capitalistic <a href="/wiki/Greed_(deadly_sin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greed (deadly sin)">greed</a> of international finance, the dangers of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> issues, and <i><a href="/wiki/Quas_primas" title="Quas primas">Quas primas</a></i>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">feast of Christ the King</a> in response to <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a>. The encyclical <i>Studiorum ducem</i>, promulgated 29 June 1923, was written on the occasion of the 6th centenary of the canonization of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, whose thought is acclaimed as central to Catholic philosophy and theology. The encyclical also singles out the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a>, <i>Angelicum</i> as the preeminent institution for the teaching of Aquinas: "ante omnia Pontificium Collegium Angelicum, ubi Thomam tamquam domi suae habitare dixeris" (before all others the Pontifical Angelicum College, where Thomas can be said to dwell).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Casti_connubii" title="Casti connubii">Casti connubii</a></i> promulgated on 31 December 1930 prohibited Catholics from using <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>. </p><p>To establish or maintain the position of the Catholic Church, Pius XI concluded a record number of <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordats</a>, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, whose betrayals of which he condemned four years later in the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i> ("With Burning Concern"). During his pontificate, the longstanding hostility with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italian</a> government over the status of the papacy and the Church in Italy was successfully resolved in the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> of 1929. He was unable to stop the persecution of the Church and the killing of clergy in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. He canonized important saints, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernadette_of_Lourdes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernadette of Lourdes">Bernadette of Lourdes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Bosco" title="John Bosco">Don Bosco</a>. He beatified and canonized <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_de_Lisieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Thérèse de Lisieux">Thérèse de Lisieux</a>, for whom he held special reverence, and gave <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_canonization" title="Equivalent canonization">equivalent canonization</a> to <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a>, naming him a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a> due to the spiritual power of his writings. He took a strong interest in fostering the participation of lay people throughout the Catholic Church, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a> movement. The end of his pontificate was dominated by speaking out against Hitler and Mussolini, and defending the Catholic Church from intrusions into Catholic life and education. </p><p>Pius XI died on 10 February 1939 in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> and was buried in the Papal Grotto of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a>. In the course of excavating space for his tomb, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Necropolis" title="Vatican Necropolis">two levels of burial grounds</a> were uncovered which revealed bones now venerated as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">the bones of St. Peter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neusner2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neusner2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Papal_Parentage.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Papal_Parentage.JPG/220px-The_Papal_Parentage.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Papal_Parentage.JPG/330px-The_Papal_Parentage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Papal_Parentage.JPG/440px-The_Papal_Parentage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The parents of Pius XI</figcaption></figure> <p>Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti was born in <a href="/wiki/Desio" title="Desio">Desio</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Milan" title="Province of Milan">province of Milan</a>, in 1857, the son of the owner of a <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> factory.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were Francesco Antonio <a href="/wiki/Ratti_family" title="Ratti family">Ratti</a> (1823–1881) and his wife Angela Teresa née Galli Cova (1832–1918);<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his siblings were Carlo (1853–1906), Fermo (1854–1929),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edoardo (1855–1896), Camilla (1860–1946),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Cipriano. He was ordained a priest in 1879 and his abilities meant he was selected for a life of academic studies within the Church. He obtained three doctorates (in <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Canon Law">canon law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sacred_Theology" title="Doctor of Sacred Theology">theology</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian University">Gregorian University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, and then from 1882 to 1888 was a professor at a seminary in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>. His scholarly speciality was as an expert <a href="/wiki/Paleographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleographer">paleographer</a>, a student of ancient and medieval Church manuscripts. Eventually, he was transferred from seminary teaching to work full-time at the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Ambrosiana" title="Biblioteca Ambrosiana">Ambrosian Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, where he worked in the years 1888 to 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papst_Pius_XI._als_Priester_JS_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Papst_Pius_XI._als_Priester_JS_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Papst_Pius_XI._als_Priester_JS_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Papst_Pius_XI._als_Priester_JS_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Papst_Pius_XI._als_Priester_JS_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Papst_Pius_XI._als_Priester_JS_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Papst_Pius_XI._als_Priester_JS_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>The young Ratti as a newly ordained priest</figcaption></figure> <p>During this time, Ratti edited and published an edition of the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosian rite">Ambrosian</a> <a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">Missal</a> (the rite of Mass used in a wide territory in northern Italy, coinciding above all with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">diocese of Milan</a>). He also engaged in research and writing on the life and works of the reforming Archbishop of Milan, St. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Charles Borromeo</a>. Ratti became head of the Ambrosian Library in 1907 and undertook a thorough programme of restoration and re-classification of its collections. In his spare time, he was also an avid <a href="/wiki/Mountaineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountaineer">mountaineer</a>, reaching the summits of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presolana" title="Presolana">Presolana</a>. The combination of a scholar-athlete pope would not be seen again until the pontificate of <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>. In 1911, Ratti was appointed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> Vice-Prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, and in 1914 was promoted to Prefect.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuncio_to_Poland_and_expulsion">Nuncio to Poland and expulsion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nuncio to Poland and expulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI_and_Poland" title="Pope Pius XI and Poland">Pope Pius XI and Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achille_Ratti_Alps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Achille_Ratti_Alps.jpg/220px-Achille_Ratti_Alps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Achille_Ratti_Alps.jpg/330px-Achille_Ratti_Alps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Achille_Ratti_Alps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Ratti (centre) circa 1900 in the Alps on a tour.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achille-Ratti_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Achille-Ratti_1919.jpg/220px-Achille-Ratti_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Achille-Ratti_1919.jpg/330px-Achille-Ratti_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Achille-Ratti_1919.jpg/440px-Achille-Ratti_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Achille Ratti in 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1918, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a> (1914–1922) appointed Ratti unusually to what was in effect a diplomatic post, as <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_visitor" title="Apostolic visitor">apostolic visitor</a> (that is, in this case unofficial papal representative) in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">Poland</a>. In the aftermath of the First World War a Polish state was restored, though the process was in practice incomplete, since the territory was still under the effective control of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. In October 1918, Pope Benedict was the first head of state to congratulate the Polish people on the occasion of the restoration of their independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_306_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_306-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1919, he appointed ten new bishops and on 6 June 1919 reappointed Ratti, this time to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Papal_nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal nuncio">papal nuncio</a> and on 3 July appointed him a <a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">titular archbishop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_306_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_306-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ratti was consecrated as a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> on 28 October 1919. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pius_XI_leaning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pius_XI_leaning.jpg/150px-Pius_XI_leaning.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pius_XI_leaning.jpg/225px-Pius_XI_leaning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pius_XI_leaning.jpg/300px-Pius_XI_leaning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Achille Ratti, shortly after his consecration as bishop</figcaption></figure><p>According to German theologian <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schmidlin" class="extiw" title="de:Joseph Schmidlin">Joseph Schmidlin</a>'s <i>Papstgeschichte der Neuesten Zeit</i> (Verlag Joseph Kösel & Friedrich Pustet, München 1933–1939. 4 volumes.), Benedict XV and Ratti repeatedly cautioned Polish authorities against persecuting the Lithuanian and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a> clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_307_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_307-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Bolshevik advance against <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet War">Polish-Soviet War</a>, the Pope asked for worldwide public prayers for Poland, while Ratti was the only foreign diplomat who refused to flee Warsaw when the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> was approaching the city in August 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 June 1921, Benedict XV asked Ratti to deliver his message to the Polish episcopate, warning against political misuses of spiritual power, urging again peaceful coexistence with neighbouring peoples and stating that "love of country has its limits in justice and obligations".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ratti intended to work for <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> by building bridges to men of goodwill in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, even to shedding his blood for Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Stehle_25_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stehle_25-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedict, however, needed Ratti as a diplomat, not as a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a>, and forbade his traveling into the USSR despite his being the official papal delegate for Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Stehle_25_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stehle_25-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nuncio's continued contacts with Russians did not generate much sympathy for him within Poland at the time. After Pope Benedict sent Ratti to <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> to forestall potential political agitation within the Polish Catholic clergy,<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_307_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_307-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the nuncio was asked to leave Poland. On 20 November, when German Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Bertram" title="Adolf Bertram">Adolf Bertram</a> announced a papal ban on all political activities of clergymen, calls for Ratti's expulsion climaxed.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidlin_IV,_15_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_IV,_15-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ratti was asked to leave. "While he tried honestly to show himself as a friend of Poland, Warsaw forced his departure, after his neutrality in <a href="/wiki/1921_Upper_Silesia_plebiscite" title="1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite">Silesian voting</a> was questioned"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Germans and Poles. Nationalistic Germans objected to the Polish nuncio supervising local elections, and patriotic Poles were upset because he curtailed political action among the clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidlin_IV,_15_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidlin_IV,_15-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_(sp%C3%A4tere_Papst_Pius_XI.),_1921_JS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_%28sp%C3%A4tere_Papst_Pius_XI.%29%2C_1921_JS.jpg/220px-Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_%28sp%C3%A4tere_Papst_Pius_XI.%29%2C_1921_JS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_%28sp%C3%A4tere_Papst_Pius_XI.%29%2C_1921_JS.jpg/330px-Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_%28sp%C3%A4tere_Papst_Pius_XI.%29%2C_1921_JS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_%28sp%C3%A4tere_Papst_Pius_XI.%29%2C_1921_JS.jpg/440px-Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_%28sp%C3%A4tere_Papst_Pius_XI.%29%2C_1921_JS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal Achille Ratti in 1921</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation_to_the_papacy">Elevation to the papacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elevation to the papacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1922_papal_conclave" title="1922 papal conclave">1922 papal conclave</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primera_bendici%C3%B3n_Pio_XI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Primera_bendici%C3%B3n_Pio_XI.jpg/220px-Primera_bendici%C3%B3n_Pio_XI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Primera_bendici%C3%B3n_Pio_XI.jpg/330px-Primera_bendici%C3%B3n_Pio_XI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Primera_bendici%C3%B3n_Pio_XI.jpg/440px-Primera_bendici%C3%B3n_Pio_XI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>Pius XI makes his first public appearance as pope in 1922. The coat of arms on the banner is that of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">consistory</a> of 3 June 1921, Pope Benedict XV created three new cardinals, including Ratti, who was appointed <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a> simultaneously. The pope joked with them, saying, "Well, today I gave you the red hat, but soon it will be white for one of you."<sup id="cite_ref-Fontenelle_40_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontenelle_40-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Vatican celebration, Ratti went to the Benedictine monastery at <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> for a retreat to prepare spiritually for his new role. He accompanied Milanese pilgrims to <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Lourdes</a> in August 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-Fontenelle_40_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontenelle_40-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ratti received a tumultuous welcome on a visit to his home town of <a href="/wiki/Desio" title="Desio">Desio</a>, and was enthroned in Milan on 8 September. On 22 January 1922, Pope Benedict XV died unexpectedly of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the conclave to choose a new pope, which proved to be the longest of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> was divided into two factions, one led by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Merry_del_Val" title="Rafael Merry del Val">Rafael Merry del Val</a> favoring the policies and style of Pope Pius X and the other favoring those of Pope Benedict XV led by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Pietro Gasparri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gasparri approached Ratti before voting began on the third day and told him he would urge his supporters to switch their votes to Ratti, who was shocked to hear this. When it became clear that neither Gasparri nor del Val could win, the cardinals approached Ratti, thinking him a compromise candidate not identified with either faction. Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_de_Lai" title="Gaetano de Lai">Gaetano de Lai</a> approached Ratti and was believed to have said: "We will vote for Your Eminence if Your Eminence will promise that you will not choose Cardinal Gasparri as your secretary of state". Ratti is said to have responded: "I hope and pray that among so highly deserving cardinals the Holy Spirit selects someone else. If I am chosen, it is indeed Cardinal Gasparri whom I will take to be my secretary of state".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ratti was elected pope on the conclave's fourteenth ballot on 6 February 1922 and took the name "Pius XI", explaining that Pius IX was the pope of his youth and Pius X had appointed him head of the Vatican Library. It was rumoured that immediately after the election, he decided to appoint Pietro Gasparri as his <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked if he accepted his election, Ratti was said to have replied: "In spite of my unworthiness, of which I am deeply aware, I accept". He went on to say that his choice in papal name was because "Pius is a name of peace".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was said after the dean Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Vannutelli" title="Vincenzo Vannutelli">Vincenzo Vannutelli</a> asked if he assented to the election that Ratti paused in silence for two minutes according to Cardinal <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a>. The Hungarian cardinal <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Csernoch" title="János Csernoch">János Csernoch</a> later commented: "We made Cardinal Ratti pass through the fourteen stations of the Via Crucis and then we left him alone on Calvary".<sup id="cite_ref-Fisherman_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisherman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Pius XI's first act as pope, he revived the traditional public blessing from the balcony, <i><a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a></i> ("to the city and to the world"), abandoned by his predecessors since the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">loss of Rome</a> to the Italian state in 1870. This suggested his openness to a rapprochement with the government of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than a month later, considering that all four cardinals from the Western Hemisphere had been unable to participate in his election, he issued <i><a href="/wiki/Cum_proxime" title="Cum proxime">Cum proxime</a></i> to allow the College of Cardinals to delay the start of a conclave for as long as eighteen days following the death of a pope.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_teaching:_"The_Peace_of_Christ_in_the_Reign_of_Christ""><span id="Public_teaching:_.22The_Peace_of_Christ_in_the_Reign_of_Christ.22"></span>Public teaching: "The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Public teaching: "The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malina,_J.B._-_Orbis_Catholicus,_1_(Papst_Pius_XI.)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Malina%2C_J.B._-_Orbis_Catholicus%2C_1_%28Papst_Pius_XI.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Malina%2C_J.B._-_Orbis_Catholicus%2C_1_%28Papst_Pius_XI.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Malina%2C_J.B._-_Orbis_Catholicus%2C_1_%28Papst_Pius_XI.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Malina%2C_J.B._-_Orbis_Catholicus%2C_1_%28Papst_Pius_XI.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Malina%2C_J.B._-_Orbis_Catholicus%2C_1_%28Papst_Pius_XI.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Malina%2C_J.B._-_Orbis_Catholicus%2C_1_%28Papst_Pius_XI.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1708" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption>Pius XI in 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>Pius XI's first encyclical as pope was directly related to his aim of Christianising all aspects of increasingly secular societies. <i><a href="/wiki/Ubi_arcano_Dei_consilio" title="Ubi arcano Dei consilio">Ubi arcano</a></i>, promulgated in December 1922, inaugurated the "Catholic Action" movement. </p><p>Similar goals were in evidence in two encyclicals of 1929 and 1930. <i>Divini illius magistri</i> ("That Divine Teacher's") (1929) made clear the need for Christian over secular education.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Casti_connubii" title="Casti connubii">Casti connubii</a></i> ("Chaste Wedlock") (1930) praised Christian marriage and family life as the basis for any good society; it condemned artificial means of contraception, but acknowledged the unitive aspect of intercourse: </p> <ul><li>...[A]ny use whatsoever of matrimony exercised in such a way that the act is deliberately frustrated in its natural power to generate life is an offense against the law of God and of nature, and those who indulge in such are branded with the guilt of a grave sin.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>....Nor are those considered as acting against nature who in the married state use their right in the proper manner although on account of natural reasons either of time or of certain defects, new life cannot be brought forth. For in matrimony as well as in the use of the matrimonial rights there are also secondary ends, such as mutual aid, the cultivating of mutual love, and the quieting of concupiscence which husband and wife are not forbidden to consider so long as they are subordinated to the primary end and so long as the intrinsic nature of the act is preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_teachings">Political teachings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to some of his predecessors in the nineteenth century who had favoured monarchy and dismissed democracy, Pius XI took a pragmatic approach toward the different forms of government. In his encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Dilectissima_Nobis" title="Dilectissima Nobis">Dilectissima Nobis</a></i> (1933), in which he addressed the situation of the Church in <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican Spain</a>, he proclaimed, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Universally known is the fact that the Catholic Church is never bound to one form of government more than to another, provided the Divine rights of God and of Christian consciences are safe. She does not find any difficulty in adapting herself to various civil institutions, be they monarchic or republican, aristocratic or democratic.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_teachings">Social teachings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_social_teaching" title="Category:Catholic social teaching">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of the Holy See" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/113px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">Emblem</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_teachings_of_the_papacy" title="Social teachings of the papacy">Social teachings of the papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tranquillitas_ordinis" title="Tranquillitas ordinis">Tranquillitas ordinis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Pius XI</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Divini_redemptoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Divini redemptoris">Divini redemptoris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non_abbiamo_bisogno" title="Non abbiamo bisogno">Non abbiamo bisogno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_teachings_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Social teachings of Pope Pius XII">Social teachings</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_et_magistra" title="Mater et magistra">Mater et magistra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dignitatis_humanae" title="Dignitatis humanae">Dignitatis humanae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaudium_et_spes" title="Gaudium et spes">Gaudium et spes</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Octogesima_adveniens" title="Octogesima adveniens">Octogesima adveniens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populorum_progressio" title="Populorum progressio">Populorum progressio</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laborem_exercens" title="Laborem exercens">Laborem exercens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sollicitudo_rei_socialis" title="Sollicitudo rei 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K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_social_teaching" title="Template:Catholic social teaching"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_social_teaching" title="Template talk:Catholic social teaching"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_social_teaching" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic social teaching"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pius XI argued for a reconstruction of economic and political life on the basis of religious values. <i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i> (1931) was written to mark 'forty years' since <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>'s (1878–1903) encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i>, and restated that encyclical's warnings against both socialism and unrestrained capitalism, as enemies to human freedom and dignity. Pius XI instead envisioned an economy based on co-operation and solidarity. </p><p>In <i>Quadragesimo anno</i>, Pius XI stated that social and economic issues are vital to the Church not from a technical point of view but in terms of moral and ethical issues involved. Ethical considerations include the nature of private property<sup id="cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_44-52_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_44-52-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in terms of its functions for society and the development of the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_114-115_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_114-115-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defined fair wages and branded the exploitation both materially and spiritually by international capitalism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_roles">Gender roles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gender roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pius XI wrote that mothers should work primarily <a href="/wiki/Housewife" title="Housewife">within the home</a>, or in its immediate vicinity, and concentrate on household duties. He argued that every effort in society must be made for fathers to possess high enough wages, so that it never becomes a necessity within families for mothers to work. These forced dual income situations in which mothers work he describes as an "intolerable abuse".<sup id="cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_71_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_71-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pius also criticized <a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">egalitarianist</a> stances, describing modern attempts to "<a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">liberate women</a>" as a "crime".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pius XI stated that attempts to liberate women from their husbands are a "false liberty and unnatural equality" and that the true emancipation of women "belongs to the noble office of a Christian woman and wife."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private_property">Private property</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Private property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Church has a role in discussing the issues related to the social order. Social and economic issues are vital to her not from a technical point of view but in terms of the moral and ethical issues involved. Ethical considerations include the nature of private property.<sup id="cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_44-52_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_44-52-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the Catholic Church, several conflicting views had developed. Pope Pius XI declared private property essential for the development and freedom of the individual, and those who deny private property also deny personal freedom and development. Pius also said that private property has a social function and loses its morality, if it is not subordinated to the common good, and governments have a right to redistribution policies. In extreme cases, the Pope grants the state a right of expropriation of private property.<sup id="cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_114-115_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_114-115-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capital_and_labour">Capital and labour</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Capital and labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A related issue, said Pius, is the relation between capital and labour and the determination of fair wages.<sup id="cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_63-75_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_63-75-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pius develops the following ethical mandate: The Church considers it a perversion of industrial society to have developed sharp opposite camps based on income. He welcomes all attempts to alleviate these differences. Three elements determine a fair wage: the worker's family, the economic condition of the enterprise, and the economy as a whole. The family has an innate right to development, but this is only possible within the framework of a functioning economy and a sound enterprise. Thus, Pius concludes that cooperation and not conflict is a necessary condition, given the mutual interdependence of the parties involved.<sup id="cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_63-75_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_63-75-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_order">Social order</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pius XI believed that industrialization results in less freedom at the individual and communal level because numerous free social entities get absorbed by larger ones. The society of individuals becomes the mass class-society. People are much more interdependent than in ancient times, and become egoistic or class-conscious in order to save some freedom for themselves. The pope demands more solidarity, especially between employers and employees, through new forms of cooperation and communication. Pius displays a negative view of capitalism, especially of the anonymous international finance markets.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He identifies certain dangers for small and medium-size enterprises, which have insufficient access to capital markets and are squeezed or destroyed by the larger ones. He warns that capitalist interests can become a danger for nations, which could be reduced to "chained slaves of individual interests"<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pius XI was the first Pope to utilise the power of modern communications technology in evangelising the wider world. He established <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a> in 1931, and he was the first Pope to broadcast on radio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_Church_affairs_and_ecumenism">Internal Church affairs and ecumenism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Internal Church affairs and ecumenism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his management of the Church's internal affairs, Pius XI mostly continued the policies of his predecessor. Like <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a>, he emphasised spreading Catholicism in Africa and Asia and on the training of native clergy in those mission territories. He ordered every religious order to devote some of its personnel and resources to missionary work. </p><p>Pius XI continued the approach of Benedict XV on the issue of how to deal with the threat of <a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">modernism</a> in Catholic theology. The Pope was thoroughly orthodox theologically and had no sympathy with modernist ideas that relativised fundamental Catholic teachings. He condemned modernism in his writings and addresses. However, his opposition to modernist theology was by no means a rejection of new scholarship within the Church, as long as it was developed within the framework of orthodoxy and compatible with the Church's teachings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Pius XI was interested in supporting serious scientific study within the Church, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_the_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Academy of the Sciences">Pontifical Academy of the Sciences</a> in 1936. In 1928 he formed the Gregorian Consortium of universities in Rome administered by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a>, fostering closer collaboration between their <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian University">Gregorian University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Institute" title="Pontifical Biblical Institute">Biblical Institute</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Oriental Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pius_XI_after_Coronation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pius_XI_after_Coronation.jpg/220px-Pius_XI_after_Coronation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pius_XI_after_Coronation.jpg/330px-Pius_XI_after_Coronation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pius_XI_after_Coronation.jpg/440px-Pius_XI_after_Coronation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Pope Pius XI (1922–1939). Warsaw forced his departure as Nuncio. Two years later, he was pope. He signed concordats with numerous countries, including Lithuania and Poland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pius XI strongly encouraged devotion to the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a> in his encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Miserentissimus_Redemptor" title="Miserentissimus Redemptor">Miserentissimus Redemptor</a></i> (1928). </p><p>Pius XI was the first pope to directly address the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Christian ecumenical movement</a>. Like Benedict XV he was interested in achieving reunion with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> (failing that, he determined to give special attention to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a> churches).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also allowed the dialogue between Catholics and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholics">Anglicans</a> which had been planned during Benedict XV's pontificate to take place at <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a>. However, these enterprises were firmly aimed at actually reuniting with the Catholic Church other Christians who basically agreed with Catholic doctrine, bringing them back under papal authority. To the broad pan-Protestant ecumenical movement he took a more negative attitude.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He rejected, in his 1928 encyclical, <i><a href="/wiki/Mortalium_animos" title="Mortalium animos">Mortalium animos</a></i>, the idea that Christian unity could be attained by establishing a broad federation of many bodies holding conflicting doctrines; rather, the Catholic Church was the true Church of Christ. "The union of Christians can only be promoted by promoting the return to the one true Church of Christ of those who are separated from it, for in the past they have unhappily left it." The pronouncement also prohibited Catholics from joining groups that encouraged interfaith discussion without distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next year, the Vatican was successful in lobbying the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Mussolini regime</a> to require Catholic religious education in all schools, even those with a majority of Protestants or Jews. The Pope expressed his "great pleasure" with the move.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143329_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143329-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, the Fascist government at the urging of the Vatican agreed to expand the probation on public gatherings of Protestants to include even private worship in homes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143323_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143323-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities">Activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beatifications_and_canonizations">Beatifications and canonizations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Beatifications and canonizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_beatified_by_Pope_Pius_XI" title="List of people beatified by Pope Pius XI">List of people beatified by Pope Pius XI</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_canonized_by_Pope_Pius_XI" title="List of saints canonized by Pope Pius XI">List of saints canonized by Pope Pius XI</a></div> <p>Pius XI canonised a total of 34 saints during his pontificate including such prominent individuals as: <a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a> (1933), <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a> (1925), <a href="/wiki/John_Vianney" title="John Vianney">John Vianney</a> (1925), <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> (1935), as also <a href="/wiki/John_Bosco" title="John Bosco">John Bosco</a> (1934). He also beatified a total of 464 of the faithful in the course of his pontificate, including <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Ren%C3%A9_Rogue" title="Pierre-René Rogue">Pierre-René Rogue</a> (1934) and <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Pinot" title="Noël Pinot">Noël Pinot</a> (1926). </p><p>Pius XI also declared Saints to be <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a>: </p> <ul><li>St <a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a> (21 May 1925)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a> (24 August 1926; naming him "<i>Doctor mysticus</i>" or "Mystical Doctor")</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a> (17 September 1931)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Albert_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert the Great">Albert the Great</a> (16 December 1931; naming him "<i>Doctor universalis</i>" or "Universal Doctor")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consistories">Consistories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Consistories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Pius_XI" title="Cardinals created by Pius XI">Cardinals created by Pius XI</a></div> <p>Pius XI created a total of 76 cardinals in 17 consistories, including notable individuals such as <a href="/wiki/August_Hlond" title="August Hlond">August Hlond</a> (1927), <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ildefonso_Schuster" title="Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster">Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster</a> (1929), <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Rossi" title="Raffaele Rossi">Raffaele Rossi</a> (1930), <a href="/wiki/Elia_Dalla_Costa" title="Elia Dalla Costa">Elia Dalla Costa</a> (1933), and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pizzardo" title="Giuseppe Pizzardo">Giuseppe Pizzardo</a> (1937). One of those cardinals he elevated, on 16 December 1929, was his eventual successor, Eugenio Pacelli, who would become <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>. Pius XI, in fact, believed that Pacelli would be his successor and dropped many hints that this was his hope. On one such occasion at a consistory for new cardinals on 13 December 1937, while posing with the new cardinals, Pius XI pointed to Pacelli and told them: "He'll make a good pope!"<sup id="cite_ref-Fisherman_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisherman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pius XI also accepted the resignation of a cardinal from the cardinalate during his pontificate in 1927: the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Louis_Billot" title="Louis Billot">Louis Billot</a>. </p><p>The pope deviated from the usual practice of naming cardinals in collective consistories, opting instead for smaller and more frequent consistories, with some of them being less than six months apart. Unlike his predecessors, he increased the number of non-Italian cardinals. </p><p>In 1923, Pius XI wanted to appoint Ricardo Sanz de Samper y Campuzano (<a href="/wiki/Majordomo" title="Majordomo">majordomo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_the_Papal_Household" title="Prefecture of the Papal Household">Papal Household</a>) to the College of Cardinals but was forced to abandon the idea when King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alfonso XIII</a> of Spain insisted that the pope appoint cardinals from <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> despite the fact that Sanz hailed from <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. Since Pius XI did not want to appear to be influenced by political considerations, he chose in the December 1923 consistory to name no South American cardinals at all. According to an article by the historian Monsignor Vicente Cárcel y Ortí, a 1928 letter from Alfonso XIII asked the pope to restore <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Valencia_in_Spain" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Valencia in Spain">Valencia</a> as a cardinalitial see and appoint its archbishop, Prudencio Melo y Alcalde, a cardinal. However, Pius XI responded saying that he could not do so because Spain already had the habitual number of cardinals (set at four) with two of them fixed (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Toledo" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo">Toledo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Seville" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville">Seville</a>) while the other two were variable appointments. While Pius XI recommended that Alfonso XIII wait for a future occasion, in fact he never did make the archbishop a cardinal, and it was not until 2007 that the diocese was given a cardinal archbishop. In December 1935, the pope intended to appoint the Jesuit priest <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Tacchi_Venturi" title="Pietro Tacchi Venturi">Pietro Tacchi Venturi</a> a cardinal. However, he abandoned the idea given that the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> government would have regarded the move as a friendly gesture toward <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> since the priest and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> were considered to be close.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_Alexius_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_(1869-1937)_-_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_XI_(1857%E2%80%931939)_-_JL_501_-_Bodleian_Libraries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Philip_Alexius_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%281869-1937%29_-_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_XI_%281857%E2%80%931939%29_-_JL_501_-_Bodleian_Libraries.jpg/220px-Philip_Alexius_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%281869-1937%29_-_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_XI_%281857%E2%80%931939%29_-_JL_501_-_Bodleian_Libraries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Philip_Alexius_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%281869-1937%29_-_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_XI_%281857%E2%80%931939%29_-_JL_501_-_Bodleian_Libraries.jpg/330px-Philip_Alexius_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%281869-1937%29_-_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_XI_%281857%E2%80%931939%29_-_JL_501_-_Bodleian_Libraries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Philip_Alexius_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%281869-1937%29_-_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_XI_%281857%E2%80%931939%29_-_JL_501_-_Bodleian_Libraries.jpg/440px-Philip_Alexius_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%281869-1937%29_-_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_XI_%281857%E2%80%931939%29_-_JL_501_-_Bodleian_Libraries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3349" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Pope Pius XI, by <a href="/wiki/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3" title="Philip de László">Philip de László</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1924-25</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The pontificate of Pius XI coincided with the early aftermath of the First World War. Many of the old European monarchies had been swept away and a new and precarious order formed across the continent. In the East, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> arose. In <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist</a> dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> took power, while in Germany, the fragile <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> collapsed with the Nazi seizure of power.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reign was one of busy diplomatic activity for the Vatican. The Church made advances on several fronts in the 1920s, improving relations with <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and, most spectacularly, settling the <a href="/wiki/Roman_question" title="Roman question">Roman question</a> with Italy and gaining recognition of an independent Vatican state. </p><p>Pius XI's major diplomatic approach was to make <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordats</a>. He concluded eighteen such treaties during the course of his pontificate. However, wrote <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hebblethwaite" title="Peter Hebblethwaite">Peter Hebblethwaite</a>, these concordats did not prove "durable or creditable" and "wholly failed in their aim of safeguarding the institutional rights of the Church" for "Europe was entering a period in which such agreements were regarded as mere scraps of paper".<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Hebblethwaite_p.118_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Hebblethwaite_p.118-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1933 to 1936 Pius wrote several protests against the Nazi regime, while his attitude to Mussolini's Italy changed dramatically in 1938, after Nazi racial policies were adopted in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pius XI watched the rising tide of totalitarianism with alarm and delivered three papal encyclicals challenging the new creeds: against <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Non_abbiamo_bisogno" title="Non abbiamo bisogno">Non abbiamo bisogno</a></i> (1931; "We Do Not Need [to Acquaint You]"); against Nazism <i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i> (1937; "With Deep Concern"), and against atheist Communism <i><a href="/wiki/Divini_redemptoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Divini redemptoris">Divini redemptoris</a></i> (1937; "Divine Redeemer"). He also challenged the extremist nationalism of the <a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a> movement and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_France">Relations with France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relations with France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>France's republican government had long been anti-clerical, and much of the French Catholic Church anti-republican. The <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State</a> had expelled many religious orders from France, declared all Church buildings to be government property, and had led to the closure of most Church schools. Since that time Pope Benedict XV had sought a rapprochement, but it was not achieved until the reign of Pope Pius XI. In <i>Maximam gravissimamque</i> (1924), many areas of dispute were tacitly settled and a bearable coexistence made possible.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, worried by the agnosticism of its leader <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a>, Pius XI condemned the monarchist movement <a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a>. The Pope also judged that it was folly for the French Church to continue to tie its fortunes to the unlikely dream of a monarchist restoration, and distrusted the movement's tendency to defend the Catholic religion in merely utilitarian and nationalistic terms.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to this, Action Française had operated with the support of a great number of French lay Catholics, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a>, as well as members of the clergy. Pius XI's decision was strongly criticized by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Louis_Billot" title="Louis Billot">Louis Billot</a> who believed that the political activities of <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchist</a> Catholics should not be censured by Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later resigned from his position as Cardinal, the only man to do so in the twentieth century, which is believed by some to have been the ultimate result of Pius XI's condemnation,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though these claims have been disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pius XI's successor, Pope Pius XII, repealed the papal ban on the group in 1939, once again allowing Catholics to associate themselves with the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite Pius XII's actions to rehabilitate the group, <i>Action Française</i> ultimately never recovered to their former status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Italy_and_the_Lateran_Treaties">Relations with Italy and the Lateran Treaties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Relations with Italy and the Lateran Treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></div> <p>Pius XI aimed to end the long breach between the papacy and the Italian government and to gain recognition once more of the sovereign independence of the Holy See. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> had been seized by the forces of King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a> of Italy (1861–1878) in 1860 at the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">foundation of the modern unified Italian state</a>, and the rest, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">including Rome</a>, in 1870. The Papacy and the Italian Government had been at loggerheads ever since: the Popes had refused to recognise the Italian state's seizure of the Papal States, instead withdrawing to become <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">prisoners in the Vatican</a>, and the Italian government's policies had always been <a href="/wiki/Anti-clerical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-clerical">anti-clerical</a>. Now Pius XI thought a compromise would be the best solution. </p><p>To bolster his own new regime, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> was also eager for an agreement. After years of negotiation, in 1929, the Pope supervised the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Treaties">Lateran Treaties</a> with the Italian government. According to the terms of the treaty that was one of the agreed documents, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> was given sovereignty as an independent nation in return for the Vatican relinquishing its claim to the former territories of the Papal States. Pius XI thus became a head of state (albeit the smallest state in the world), the first Pope who could be termed a head of state since the Papal States fell after the unification of Italy in the 19th century. The concordat that was another of the agreed documents of 1929 recognised Catholicism as the sole religion of the state (as it already was under Italian law, while other religions were tolerated), paid salaries to priests and bishops, gave civil recognition to church marriages (previously couples had to have a civil ceremony), and brought religious instruction into the public schools. In turn, the bishops swore allegiance to the Italian state, which had veto power over their selection.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church was not officially obligated to support the Fascist regime; the strong differences remained, but the seething hostility ended. Friction continued over the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a> youth network, which Mussolini wanted to merge into his <a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Italiana_del_Littorio" title="Gioventù Italiana del Littorio">Fascist youth group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third document in the agreement paid the Vatican 1.75 billion <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">lira</a> (about $100 million) for the seizures of church property since 1860. Pius XI invested the money in the stock markets and real estate. To manage these investments, the Pope appointed the lay-person <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Nogara" title="Bernardino Nogara">Bernardino Nogara</a>, who, through shrewd investing in stocks, gold, and futures markets, significantly increased the Catholic Church's financial holdings. The income largely paid for the upkeep of the expensive-to-maintain stock of historic buildings in the Vatican which until 1870 had been maintained through funds raised from the Papal States. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vatican_City_annex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Vatican_City_annex.jpg/220px-Vatican_City_annex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Vatican_City_annex.jpg/330px-Vatican_City_annex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Vatican_City_annex.jpg/440px-Vatican_City_annex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Boundary map of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, taken from the annex of the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Vatican's relationship with Mussolini's government deteriorated drastically after 1930 as Mussolini's totalitarian ambitions began to impinge more and more on the autonomy of the Church. For example, the Fascists tried to absorb the Church's youth groups. In response, Pius issued the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Non_abbiamo_bisogno" title="Non abbiamo bisogno">Non abbiamo bisogno</a></i> ("We Have No Need)" in 1931. It denounced the regime's persecution of the church in Italy and condemned "pagan worship of the State."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also condemned Fascism's "revolution which snatches the young from the Church and from Jesus Christ, and which inculcates in its own young people hatred, violence and irreverence".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the earliest days of the Nazi takeover in Germany, the Vatican was taking diplomatic action to attempt to defend the Jews of Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the spring of 1933, Pope Pius XI urged Mussolini to ask Hitler to restrain the anti-Semitic actions taking place in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mussolini urged Pius to excommunicate Hitler,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> as he thought it would render him less powerful in Catholic Austria and reduce the danger to Italy and wider Europe. The Vatican refused to comply and thereafter Mussolini began to work with Hitler, adopting his anti-Semitic and race theories.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, with the Church in Germany facing clear persecution, Italy and Germany agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Berlin-Rome Axis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Germany_and_Austria">Relations with Germany and Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Relations with Germany and Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI_and_Germany" title="Pope Pius XI and Germany">Pope Pius XI and Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church">Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391,_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Signing of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a></i> on 20 July 1933. From left to right: German prelate <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Kaas" title="Ludwig Kaas">Ludwig Kaas</a>, German Vice-Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a>, representing Germany, Monsignor <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pizzardo" title="Giuseppe Pizzardo">Giuseppe Pizzardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Cardinal Pacelli</a>, Monsignor <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ottaviani" title="Alfredo Ottaviani">Alfredo Ottaviani</a>, German ambassador <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Buttmann" title="Rudolf Buttmann">Rudolf Buttmann</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nazis, like the Pope, were unalterably opposed to Communism. In the years leading up to the 1933 election, the German bishops opposed the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> by proscribing German Catholics from joining and participating in it. This changed by the end of March after Cardinal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Von_Faulhaber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Von Faulhaber (page does not exist)">Michael Von Faulhaber</a> of Munich met with the Pope. One author claims that Pius expressed support for the regime soon after Hitler's rise to power, with the author asserting that he said, "I have changed my mind about Hitler, it is for the first time that such a government voice has been raised to denounce Bolshevism in such categorical terms, joining with the voice of the pope."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143359_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143359-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A threatening, though initially sporadic persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany followed the 1933 Nazi takeover in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the dying days of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, the newly appointed Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> moved quickly to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Political_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Catholicism">political Catholicism</a>. Vice Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a> was dispatched to Rome to negotiate a <a href="/wiki/Reich_concordat" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich concordat">Reich concordat</a> with the Holy See.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a> wrote that the Vatican was anxious to reach an agreement with the new government, despite "continuing molestation of Catholic clergy, and other outrages committed by Nazi radicals against the Church and its organisations".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations were conducted by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, who later became <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> (1939–1958). The <i>Reichskonkordat</i> was signed by Pacelli and by the German government in June 1933, and included guarantees of liberty for the Church, independence for Catholic organisations and youth groups, and religious teaching in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty was an extension of existing concordats already signed with <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Concordat" title="Prussian Concordat">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Concordat_(1924)" title="Bavarian Concordat (1924)">Bavaria</a>, but wrote Hebblethwaite, it seemed "more like a surrender than anything else: it involved the suicide of the [Catholic] <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Centre_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Centre Party">Centre Party</a>... ".<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Hebblethwaite_p.118_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Hebblethwaite_p.118-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The agreement", wrote <a href="/wiki/William_Shirer" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shirer">William Shirer</a>, "was hardly put to paper before it was being broken by the Nazi Government". On 25 July, the Nazis promulgated their <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">sterilization law</a>, an offensive policy in the eyes of the Catholic Church. Five days later, moves began to dissolve the Catholic Youth League. Clergy, nuns and lay leaders began to be targeted, leading to thousands of arrests over the ensuing years, often on trumped up charges of currency smuggling or "immorality".<sup id="cite_ref-William_L._Shirer_p234-5_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_L._Shirer_p234-5-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1936, Hitler sent Pius a telegram congratulating the Pope on the anniversary of his <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">coronation</a>, but Pius responded with criticisms of what was happening in Germany, so forcefully that the German foreign secretary <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a> wanted to suppress the response, but Pius insisted it be forwarded to Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pope supported the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Austria)" title="Christian Social Party (Austria)">Christian Socialists</a> in <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Austria</a>, a country with an overwhelmingly Catholic population but a powerful secular element.<sup id="cite_ref-William_L._Shirer_p_349-350_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_L._Shirer_p_349-350-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He especially supported the regime of <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a> (1932–1934), who wanted to remold society based on papal encyclicals. Dollfuss suppressed the anti-clerical factions and the socialists, but was assassinated by Austrian Nazis in 1934. His successor <a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schuschnigg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt von Schuschnigg">Kurt von Schuschnigg</a> (1934–1938) was also pro-Catholic and received Vatican support.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> saw the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in early 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the direction of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Innitzer" title="Theodor Innitzer">Theodor Innitzer</a>, the churches of Vienna pealed their bells and flew swastikas for Hitler's arrival in the city on 14 March.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, wrote <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mark Mazower</a>, such gestures of accommodation were "not enough to assuage the Austrian Nazi radicals, foremost among them the young <a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Gauleiter Globocnik</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Hitler_pp.51-52_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitler_pp.51-52-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globocnik launched a campaign against the Church, confiscating property, closing Catholic organisations, and sending many priests to <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitler_pp.51-52_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitler_pp.51-52-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anger at the treatment of the Church in Austria grew quickly and October 1938, wrote Mazower, saw the "very first act of overt mass resistance to the new regime", when a rally of thousands left Mass in Vienna chanting "Christ is our Fuehrer", before being dispersed by police.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Nazi mob ransacked Cardinal Innitzer's residence, after he denounced Nazi persecution of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-William_L._Shirer_p_349-350_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_L._Shirer_p_349-350-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">National Catholic Welfare Conference</a> wrote that Pope Pius, "again protested against the violence of the Nazis, in language recalling <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas the Betrayer</a>, comparing Hitler with <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Church_pp.29-30_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Church_pp.29-30-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mit_brennender_Sorge"><i>Mit brennender Sorge</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mit brennender Sorge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nazis claimed jurisdiction over all collective and social activity and interfered with Catholic schooling, youth groups, workers' clubs and cultural societies.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early 1937, the church hierarchy in Germany, which had initially attempted to co-operate with the new government, had become highly disillusioned. In March, Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i> accusing the Nazi Government of violations of the 1933 Concordat, and of sowing the "tares of suspicion, discord, hatred, calumny, of secret and open fundamental hostility to Christ and His Church". The Pope noted on the horizon the "threatening storm clouds" of religious wars of extermination over Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-William_L._Shirer_p234-5_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_L._Shirer_p234-5-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copies had to be smuggled into Germany so they could be read from church pulpits.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The encyclical, the only one ever written in German, was addressed to German bishops and was read in all parishes of Germany. The text is credited to Munich Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Faulhaber" title="Michael von Faulhaber">Michael von Faulhaber</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Pacelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenio Pacelli">Eugenio Pacelli</a>, who later became Pope Pius XII.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was no advance announcement of the encyclical, and its distribution was kept secret in an attempt to ensure the unhindered public reading of its contents in all the Catholic churches of Germany. The encyclical condemned particularly the paganism of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, the myth of race and blood, and fallacies in the Nazi conception of God: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whoever exalts race, or the people, or the State, or a particular form of State, or the depositories of power, or any other fundamental value of the human community – however necessary and honorable be their function in worldly things – whoever raises these notions above their standard value and divinizes them to an idolatrous level, distorts and perverts an order of the world planned and created by God; he is far from the true faith in God and from the concept of life which that faith upholds.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Nazis responded with an intensification of their <a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">campaign against the churches</a>, beginning around April.<sup id="cite_ref-Ian_Kershaw_p.381-382_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ian_Kershaw_p.381-382-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were mass arrests of clergy and church presses were expropriated.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musei_Vaticani_Papa_Pio_XI_Adolfo_Wildt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Musei_Vaticani_Papa_Pio_XI_Adolfo_Wildt.jpg/220px-Musei_Vaticani_Papa_Pio_XI_Adolfo_Wildt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Musei_Vaticani_Papa_Pio_XI_Adolfo_Wildt.jpg/330px-Musei_Vaticani_Papa_Pio_XI_Adolfo_Wildt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Musei_Vaticani_Papa_Pio_XI_Adolfo_Wildt.jpg/440px-Musei_Vaticani_Papa_Pio_XI_Adolfo_Wildt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7858" data-file-height="5695" /></a><figcaption> Pope Pius XI in a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Wildt" title="Adolfo Wildt">Adolfo Wildt</a> exposed in the Vatican Museums in Rome</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Response_of_the_press_and_governments">Response of the press and governments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Response of the press and governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While numerous German Catholics, including those who participated in the secret printing and distribution of the encyclical, went to jail and concentration camps, the Western democracies remained silent, which Pius XI labeled bitterly a "conspiracy of silence".<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen,_395_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen,_395-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-divinired_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divinired-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the extreme nature of Nazi racial <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> became obvious, and as Mussolini in the late 1930s began imitating Hitler's anti-Jewish race laws in Italy, Pius XI continued to make his position clear. After Fascist Italy's <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a> was published, the pope said in a public address in the Vatican to Belgian pilgrims in 1938: "Mark well that in the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> is our Patriarch and forefather. Anti-Semitism is incompatible with the lofty thought which that fact expresses. It is a movement with which we Christians can have nothing to do. No, no, I say to you it is impossible for a Christian to take part in anti-Semitism. It is inadmissible. Through Christ and in Christ we are the spiritual progeny of Abraham. Spiritually, we [Christians] are all Semites".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These comments were reported by neither <a href="/wiki/Osservatore_Romano" class="mw-redirect" title="Osservatore Romano">Osservatore Romano</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were reported in Belgium on 14 September 1938 issue of <a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Belgique" title="La Libre Belgique">La Libre Belgique</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 17 September 1938 issue of French Catholic daily <a href="/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were then published worldwide but had little resonance at the time in the secular media.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen,_395_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen,_395-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "conspiracy of silence" included not only the silence of secular powers against the horrors of Nazism but also their silence on the persecution of the Church in Mexico, the Soviet Union and Spain. Despite these public comments, Pius was reported to have suggested privately that the Church's problems in those three countries were "reinforced by the anti-Christian spirit of Judaism".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kristallnacht"><i>Kristallnacht</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Kristallnacht"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1933, when the new Nazi government began to instigate its program of anti-Semitism, Pius XI ordered the papal nuncio in Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Orsenigo" title="Cesare Orsenigo">Cesare Orsenigo</a>, to "look into whether and how it may be possible to become involved" in aiding Jews. Orsenigo proved ineffective in this, concerned more with anti-church Nazi policies, and how these might affect German Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 November 1938, following the Nazi <i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i> pogrom, Pius XI joined Western leaders in condemning the pogrom. In response, the Nazis organised mass demonstrations against Catholics and Jews in Munich, and the Bavarian <a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Wagner" title="Adolf Wagner">Adolf Wagner</a> declared before 5,000 protesters: "Every utterance the Pope makes in Rome is an incitement of the Jews throughout the world to agitate against Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 November, in an address to the world's Catholics, the Pope rejected the Nazi claim of racial superiority, and insisted instead that there is only a single human race. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a>, the Nazi Minister of Labour declared the following day in Vienna: "No compassion will be tolerated for the Jews. We deny the Pope's statement that there is but one human race. The Jews are parasites." Catholic leaders, including Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ildefonso_Schuster" title="Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster">Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster</a> of Milan, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jozef-Ernest_van_Roey" title="Jozef-Ernest van Roey">Jozef-Ernest van Roey</a> in Belgium and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jean_Verdier" title="Jean Verdier">Jean Verdier</a> in Paris, backed the Pope's strong condemnation of <i>Kristallnacht</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_East_Asia">Relations with East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Relations with East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Pius XI, papal relations with East Asia were marked by the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a> to prominence, as well as the unification of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-1949)">China</a> under <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>. In 1922 he established the position of Apostolic Delegate to China, and the first person in that capacity was <a href="/wiki/Celso_Benigno_Luigi_Costantini" title="Celso Benigno Luigi Costantini">Celso Benigno Luigi Costantini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 August 1928, the Pope addressed a message of support for the political unification of China. Following the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> in 1931 and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, the Holy See recognized the new state. On 10 September 1938, the Pope held a reception at <a href="/wiki/Castel_Gandolfo" title="Castel Gandolfo">Castel Gandolfo</a> for an official delegation from Manchukuo, headed by Manchukuoan Minister of Foreign Affairs Ts'ai Yün-sheng.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involvement_with_American_efforts">Involvement with American efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Involvement with American efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TIMEMagazine16Jun1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/TIMEMagazine16Jun1924.jpg/220px-TIMEMagazine16Jun1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/TIMEMagazine16Jun1924.jpg/330px-TIMEMagazine16Jun1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/TIMEMagazine16Jun1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> cover, 16 June 1924</figcaption></figure> <p>Mother <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">Katharine Drexel</a>, who founded the American order of <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament">Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament</a> for Indians and Colored People, corresponded with Pius XI, as she had with his papal predecessors. (In 1887, Pope Leo XIII had encouraged Katharine Drexel—then a young Philadelphia socialite— to do missionary work with America's disadvantaged people of color). In the early 1930s, Mother Drexel wrote Pius XI asking him to bless a publicity campaign to acquaint white Catholics with the needs of the disadvantaged races among them. An emissary had shown him photos of <a href="/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana" title="Xavier University of Louisiana">Xavier University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">college for blacks</a> in New Orleans which Mother Drexel had founded to provide higher education to Catholic African-Americans. Pius XI replied promptly, sending his blessing and encouragement. Upon his return, the emissary told Mother Katharine that the Pope said he had read the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> as a boy, and it had ignited his lifelong concern for the American Negro.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pius_xi_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pius_xi_1.jpg/220px-Pius_xi_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pius_xi_1.jpg/330px-Pius_xi_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pius_xi_1.jpg/440px-Pius_xi_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Pope Pius XI at his workdesk</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1930, Pius XI declared the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> under the title of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Aparecida" title="Our Lady of Aparecida">Our Lady of Aparecida</a> as the Queen and <a href="/wiki/Patroness" class="mw-redirect" title="Patroness">Patroness</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_Christians">Persecution of Christians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Persecution of Christians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution of Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></div> <p>Pius XI was faced with unprecedented persecution of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="Catholic Church in Mexico">Catholic Church in Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="Catholic Church in Spain">Spain</a> and with the persecution of all Christians, especially the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. He called this the "terrible triangle".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Holy See–Soviet Union relations</a></div> <p>Worried by the persecution of Christians in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Pius XI mandated Berlin nuncio <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Pacelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenio Pacelli">Eugenio Pacelli</a> to work secretly on diplomatic arrangements between the Vatican and the Soviet Union. Pacelli negotiated food shipments for Russia and met with Soviet representatives, including Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Chicherin" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgi Chicherin">Georgi Chicherin</a>, who rejected any kind of religious education and the ordination of priests and bishops but offered agreements without the points vital to the Vatican.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Vatican pessimism and a lack of visible progress, Pacelli continued the secret negotiations, until Pius XI ordered them discontinued in 1927 because they generated no results and would be dangerous to the Church if made public. </p><p>The "harsh persecution short of total annihilation of the clergy, monks, and nuns and other people associated with the Church",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963617_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963617-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continued well into the 1930s. In addition to executing and exiling many clerics, monks and laymen, the confiscation of Church implements "for victims of famine" and the closing of churches were common.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963634_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963634-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet according to an official report based on the census of 1936, some 55% of Soviet citizens identified themselves openly as religious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963634_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963634-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></div> <p>During the pontificate of Pius XI, the Catholic Church was subjected to extreme persecutions in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, which resulted in the death of over 5,000 priests, bishops and followers.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_398_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_398-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the state of <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a> the Church was in effect outlawed altogether. In his encyclical <i>Iniquis afflictisque</i><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 18 November 1926, Pope Pius protested against the slaughter and persecution. The United States intervened in 1929 and moderated an agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_398_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_398-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The persecutions resumed in 1931. Pius XI condemned the Mexican government again in his 1932 encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Acerba_animi" title="Acerba animi">Acerba animi</a></i>. Problems continued with reduced hostilities until 1940, when in the new pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_%C3%81vila_Camacho" title="Manuel Ávila Camacho">Manuel Ávila Camacho</a> returned the Mexican churches to the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_398_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_398-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were 4,500 Mexican priests serving Mexican believers before the rebellion. In 1934 over 90% of them suffered persecution as only 334 priests were licensed by the government to serve fifteen million people. Excluding foreign religious, over 4,100 Mexican priests were eliminated by emigration, expulsion and assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1935, 17 Mexican states were left with no priests at all.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI_and_Spain" title="Pope Pius XI and Spain">Pope Pius XI and Spain</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican government</a> which came to power in Spain in 1931 was strongly anti-clerical, secularising education, prohibiting religious education in the schools, and expelling the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> from the country. On <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> 1932, Pope Pius XI protested against these measures and demanded <a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">restitution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Syro-Malankara Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pius XI accepted the Reunion Movement of <a href="/wiki/Mar_Ivanios" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Ivanios">Mar Ivanios</a> along with four other members of the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Church</a> in 1930. As a result of the Reunion Movement, the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> is in full communion with the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a> and the Catholic Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Condemnation_of_racism">Condemnation of racism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Condemnation of racism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fascist government in Italy abstained from copying Germany's racial and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> laws and regulations until 1938, when Italy introduced <a href="/wiki/Italian_racial_laws" title="Italian racial laws">anti-Semitic legislation</a>. In a public speech, the Pope sought to dissuade Italy from adopting demeaning racist legislation, stating that the term "race" is divisive, more appropriate to differentiate animals.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said the Catholic view sees instead "the unity of human society" whose differences are like the different tones in music. Italy, a civilized country, should not be led by the barbarian German legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-Confalioneri_352_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confalioneri_352-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also criticized the Italian government for attacking <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a> and even the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a> itself. </p><p>In April 1938, at the request of Pius XI, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Catholic_Education" title="Congregation for Catholic Education">Sacred Congregation of seminaries and universities</a> developed a <a href="/wiki/Syllabus_against_racism" title="Syllabus against racism">syllabus condemning racist theories</a>. Its publication was postponed.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one historian's view: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By the time of his death ... Pius XI had managed to orchestrate a swelling chorus of Church protests against the racial legislation and the ties that bound Italy to Germany. He had single-mindedly continued to denounce the evils of the Nazi regime at every possible opportunity and feared above all else the re-opening of the rift between Church and State in his beloved Italy. He had, however, few tangible successes. There had been little improvement in the position of the Church in Germany and there was growing hostility to the Church in Italy on the part of the fascist regime. Almost the only positive result of the last years of his pontificate was a closer relationship with the liberal democracies and yet, even this was seen by many as representing a highly partisan stance on the part of the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PacelliBavaria1922a.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PacelliBavaria1922a.JPG/220px-PacelliBavaria1922a.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PacelliBavaria1922a.JPG/330px-PacelliBavaria1922a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PacelliBavaria1922a.JPG/440px-PacelliBavaria1922a.JPG 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Eugenio Pacelli—1922—Nuncio to Germany</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humani_generis_unitas"><i>Humani generis unitas</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Humani generis unitas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pius XI planned an encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Humani_generis_unitas" title="Humani generis unitas">Humani generis unitas</a></i> (The Unity of the Human Race) to denounce racism in the United States, Europe and elsewhere, as well as antisemitism, colonialism and violent German nationalism. He died without issuing it.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pius XI's successor, Pius XII, who was not aware of the draft encyclical,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chose not to publish it. However, Pius XII's first encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Summi_Pontificatus" title="Summi Pontificatus">Summi Pontificatus</a></i> ("On the Supreme Pontificate", 12 October 1939), published after the beginning of World War II, bore the subtitle <i>On the Unity of Human Society</i> and used many of the arguments of the document drafted for Pius XI, while avoiding its negative characterizations of the Jewish people. </p><p>To denounce racism and anti-Semitism, Pius XI sought out the American journalist priest <a href="/wiki/John_LaFarge_Jr." title="John LaFarge Jr.">John LaFarge</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">SJ</a></span> and summoned him to Castel Gandolfo on 25 June 1938. The pope told the Jesuit that he planned to write an encyclical denouncing racism, and asked LaFarge to help write it while swearing him to strict silence. LaFarge took up this task in secret in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, but the Jesuit Superior-General <a href="/wiki/Wlodimir_Led%C3%B3chowski" title="Wlodimir Ledóchowski">Wlodimir Ledóchowski</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">SJ</a></span> promised the pope and LaFarge that he would facilitate the encyclical's production. This proved to be a hindrance since Ledóchowski was privately an anti-Semite and conspired to block LaFarge's efforts whenever and wherever possible. In late September 1938, the Jesuit had finished his work and returned to Rome, where Ledóchowski welcomed him and promised to deliver the work to the pope immediately. LaFarge was directed to return to the United States, while Ledóchowski concealed the draft from the pope, who remained wholly unaware of what had transpired.<sup id="cite_ref-Last_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Last-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But in the fall of 1938, LaFarge had realized the Pope still had not received the draft and sent a letter to Pius XI where he implied that Ledóchowski had the document in his possession. Pius XI demanded that the draft be delivered to him, but did not receive it until 21 January 1939 with a note from Ledóchowski, who warned that the draft's language was excessive and advised caution. Pius XI planned to issue the encyclical following his meeting with bishops on 11 February, but died before both the meeting and encyclical's promulgation could take place.<sup id="cite_ref-Last_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Last-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality">Personality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pius XI was seen as a blunt-spoken and no-nonsense man, qualities he shared with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>. He was passionate about science and was fascinated with the power of radio, which would soon result in the founding and inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a>. He was intrigued by new forms of technology that he employed during his pontificate. He was also known for a rare smile.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pius XI was known<sup id="cite_ref-Kertzer_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to have a temper at times<sup id="cite_ref-Kertzer_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was someone who had a keen sense of knowledge and dignity of the office he held.<sup id="cite_ref-Kertzer_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In keeping with a papal tradition discarded by his immediate predecessors he insisted that he eat alone with no one around him<sup id="cite_ref-Kertzer_116-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would not allow his assistants or any other priests or clergy to dine with him.<sup id="cite_ref-Kertzer_116-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would frequently meet with political figures<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but would always greet them seated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He insisted that when his brother and sister wanted to see him, they had to refer to him as "Your Holiness"<sup id="cite_ref-Kertzer_116-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and book an appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-Kertzer_116-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pius XI was also a very demanding individual, certainly one of the stricter pontiffs at that time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He held very high standards and did not tolerate any sort of behaviour that was not up to that standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Kertzer_116-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regard to Angelo Roncalli, the future <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>, a diplomatic blunder in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, where Roncalli was stationed, led Pius XI to make Roncalli kneel for 45 minutes as a punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kertzer_116-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kertzer-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when in due course Pius learned that Roncalli had made the error in circumstances for which he could not fairly be considered culpable, he apologized to him. Aware of the implied impropriety of a Supreme Pontiff's going back on a reprimand in a matter concerning Catholic faith and morals,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also deeply conscious that on a human level he had failed to keep his temper in check, he made his apology "as Achille Ratti" and in doing so stretched out his hand in friendship to Monsignor Roncalli.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pie_XI_6_f%C3%A9vrier_1939.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pie_XI_6_f%C3%A9vrier_1939.JPG/220px-Pie_XI_6_f%C3%A9vrier_1939.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pie_XI_6_f%C3%A9vrier_1939.JPG/330px-Pie_XI_6_f%C3%A9vrier_1939.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pie_XI_6_f%C3%A9vrier_1939.JPG/440px-Pie_XI_6_f%C3%A9vrier_1939.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3257" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Pius XI on 6 February 1939, 4 days before his death</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pie_XI_Fun%C3%A9railles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pie_XI_Fun%C3%A9railles.JPG/220px-Pie_XI_Fun%C3%A9railles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pie_XI_Fun%C3%A9railles.JPG/330px-Pie_XI_Fun%C3%A9railles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pie_XI_Fun%C3%A9railles.JPG/440px-Pie_XI_Fun%C3%A9railles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4298" data-file-height="3453" /></a><figcaption>The funeral of Pius XI.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pius XI had been ill for some time when, on 25 November 1938, he suffered two heart attacks within several hours. He had serious breathing problems and could not leave his apartment.<sup id="cite_ref-Confalonieri_356_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confalonieri_356-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave his last major pontifical address to the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a>, which he had founded, speaking without a prepared text on the relation between science and the Catholic religion.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical specialists reported that heart insufficiency combined with bronchial attacks had hopelessly complicated his already poor prospects. </p><p>Pius XI died at 5:31 a.m. (Rome time) of a third heart attack on 10 February 1939, at the age of 81. His last words to those near him at the time of his death were spoken with clarity and firmness: "My soul parts from you all in peace."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some believe he was murdered, based on the fact that his primary physician was Dr. Francesco Petacci, father of <a href="/wiki/Claretta_Petacci" class="mw-redirect" title="Claretta Petacci">Claretta Petacci</a>, Mussolini's mistress.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant" title="Eugène Tisserant">Eugène Tisserant</a> wrote in his diary that the pope had been murdered, which was a statement that <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Confalonieri" title="Carlo Confalonieri">Carlo Confalonieri</a> later strongly denied.<sup id="cite_ref-Last_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Last-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffin_of_Pius_XI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coffin_of_Pius_XI.png/238px-Coffin_of_Pius_XI.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coffin_of_Pius_XI.png/357px-Coffin_of_Pius_XI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coffin_of_Pius_XI.png/476px-Coffin_of_Pius_XI.png 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pius XI's tomb as seen on 4 March 1939.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PiusXItomb2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PiusXItomb2.jpg/238px-PiusXItomb2.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PiusXItomb2.jpg/357px-PiusXItomb2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PiusXItomb2.jpg/476px-PiusXItomb2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The tomb of Pius XI in the grottoes of Saint Peter's Basilica.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Pope's last audible words were reported to have been: "peace, peace" as he died. Those at his bedside at 4:00 am realized that the pontiff's end was near, at which stage the sacrist was summoned to administer the final sacrament to the pope 11 minutes before the pope's death. The pontiff's confessor Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Lauri" title="Lorenzo Lauri">Lorenzo Lauri</a> arrived a few seconds too late. After his final words, the pope's lips moved slowly with Dr. Rocchi saying it was occasionally possible to discern that the pope was making an effort to recite a Latin prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-TV_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TV-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About half a minute before his death, Pius XI raised his right hand weakly and tried making the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign of the Cross">sign of the Cross</a> to impart his last blessing to those gathered at his bedside. One of the last things the pontiff was reported to have said was "We still had so many things to do" and died among a low murmur of psalms recited from those present. Upon his death, his face was covered by a white veil. Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli, in accordance with his duties as <a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church">Camerlengo</a> lifted the veil and gently struck the pope's forehead three times with a small, ceremonial, silver hammer reciting his Christian name (Achille) and pausing for an answer to confirm truly if the pope had died, before turning to those present and in Latin saying: "Truly the pope is dead."<sup id="cite_ref-TV_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TV-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon Pius XI's death, the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> <a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmo Lang">Cosmo Lang</a> paid tribute to the pope's efforts for world peace, calling him a man of "sincere piety" who bore his duties with exceptional "dignity and courage". Others who sent messages of condolences were Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, the former visiting the Vatican to pay his respects to the deceased pontiff. Flags were flown half-staff in Rome, Paris, and Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-TV_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TV-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pius XI's body was placed in a wooden coffin, placed in a bronze casket, which was then placed in a lead casket.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The casket was designed by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Berti_(sculptor)" title="Antonio Berti (sculptor)">Antonio Berti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spike_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spike-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the funeral, Pius XI was buried in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">crypt of St. Peter's Basilica</a> on 14 February 1939, in the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Sebastian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapel of Saint Sebastian">Chapel of Saint Sebastian</a>, close to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's tomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pilot_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pilot-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day of the funeral was a day of mourning in Italy and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014188_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014188-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His tomb was modified in 1944 to be more ornate.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacies">Legacies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Legacies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desio_basilica_san_siro_e_materno_Monumento_a_papa_Pio_XI_DSC_0223.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Desio_basilica_san_siro_e_materno_Monumento_a_papa_Pio_XI_DSC_0223.jpg/220px-Desio_basilica_san_siro_e_materno_Monumento_a_papa_Pio_XI_DSC_0223.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Desio_basilica_san_siro_e_materno_Monumento_a_papa_Pio_XI_DSC_0223.jpg/330px-Desio_basilica_san_siro_e_materno_Monumento_a_papa_Pio_XI_DSC_0223.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Desio_basilica_san_siro_e_materno_Monumento_a_papa_Pio_XI_DSC_0223.jpg/440px-Desio_basilica_san_siro_e_materno_Monumento_a_papa_Pio_XI_DSC_0223.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1534" /></a><figcaption>Statue in Desio</figcaption></figure> <p>Pius XI is remembered as the pope who reigned between the two great wars of the 20th century. The onetime librarian also reorganized the Vatican archives. Nevertheless, Pius XI was hardly a withdrawn and bookish figure. He was also a well-known mountain climber with many peaks in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> named after him, he having been the first to scale them.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a> glacier bears Pius XI's name.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, Bishop T. B. Pearson founded the Achille Ratti Climbing Club, based in the United Kingdom and named for Pius XI.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pius XI also refounded the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a> in 1936, with the aim of turning it into the "scientific senate" of the Church. Hostile to any form of ethnic or religious discrimination, he appointed over eighty academicians from a variety of countries, backgrounds and areas of research.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his honour, <a href="/wiki/John_XXIII" class="mw-redirect" title="John XXIII">John XXIII</a> established the Pius XI Medal that the Council of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences awards to a young scientist under the age of 45 who has distinguished himself or herself at the international level.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> founded a school in his name in <a href="/wiki/Kattanam" title="Kattanam">Kattanam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alappuzha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Pope Pius XI Higher Secondary School, Kattanam).<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pius_XI_High_School" title="Pius XI High School">Pius XI High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, founded in 1929, is named in honor of the pontiff. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Episcopal_genealogy">Episcopal genealogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Episcopal genealogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Scipione_Rebiba" title="Scipione Rebiba">Scipione Rebiba</a></li> <li>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Antonio_Santorio" title="Giulio Antonio Santorio">Giulio Antonio Santorio</a></li> <li>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Bernerio" title="Girolamo Bernerio">Girolamo Bernerio</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Rangoni" class="mw-disambig" title="Claudio Rangoni">Claudio Rangoni</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Wawrzyniec_Gembicki" title="Wawrzyniec Gembicki">Wawrzyniec Gembicki</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Jan_W%C4%99%C5%BCyk" title="Jan Wężyk">Jan Wężyk</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Gembicki" title="Piotr Gembicki">Piotr Gembicki</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Gembicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Gembicki (page does not exist)">Jan Gembicki</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonawentura_Madali%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonawentura Madaliński (page does not exist)">Bonawentura Madaliński</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Ma%C5%82achowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Małachowski (page does not exist)">Jan Małachowski</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Szembek" title="Stanisław Szembek">Stanisław Szembek</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felicjan_Konstanty_Szaniawski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felicjan Konstanty Szaniawski (page does not exist)">Felicjan Konstanty Szaniawski</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Stanis%C5%82aw_Za%C5%82uski" title="Andrzej Stanisław Załuski">Andrzej Stanisław Załuski</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ignacy_Komorowski" title="Adam Ignacy Komorowski">Adam Ignacy Komorowski</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Aleksander_%C5%81ubie%C5%84ski" title="Władysław Aleksander Łubieński">Władysław Aleksander Łubieński</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_Mikolaj_Stanis%C5%82aw_Kostka_Mlodziejowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrzej Mikolaj Stanisław Kostka Mlodziejowski (page does not exist)">Andrzej Mikolaj Stanisław Kostka Mlodziejowski</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasper_Kazimierz_Cieciszowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasper Kazimierz Cieciszowski (page does not exist)">Kasper Kazimierz Cieciszowski</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Borgiasz_Mackiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franciszek Borgiasz Mackiewicz (page does not exist)">Franciszek Borgiasz Mackiewicz</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_Piwnicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michał Piwnicki (page does not exist)">Michał Piwnicki</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignacy_Ludwik_Paw%C5%82owski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignacy Ludwik Pawłowski (page does not exist)">Ignacy Ludwik Pawłowski</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_Roch_Dmochowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazimierz Roch Dmochowski (page does not exist)">Kazimierz Roch Dmochowski</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wac%C5%82aw_%C5%BByli%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wacław Żyliński (page does not exist)">Wacław Żyliński</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kazimierz_Beresniewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksander Kazimierz Beresniewicz (page does not exist)">Aleksander Kazimierz Beresniewicz</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Szymon_Marcin_Kozlowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szymon Marcin Kozlowski (page does not exist)">Szymon Marcin Kozlowski</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Leonard_Pallulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieczysław Leonard Pallulon">Mieczysław Leonard Pallulon</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boles%C5%82aw_Hieronim_Klopotowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolesław Hieronim Klopotowski (page does not exist)">Bolesław Hieronim Klopotowski</a></li> <li>Archbishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_J%C3%B3zef_Elizeusz_Szembek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Józef Elizeusz Szembek (page does not exist)">Jerzy Józef Elizeusz Szembek</a></li> <li>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kazimierz_Zdzitowiecki" title="Stanisław Kazimierz Zdzitowiecki">Stanisław Kazimierz Zdzitowiecki</a></li> <li>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kakowski" title="Aleksander Kakowski">Aleksander Kakowski</a></li> <li>Pope <b>Pius XI</b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Pius_XI" title="Cardinals created by Pius XI">Cardinals created by Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_encyclicals_of_Pope_Pius_XI" title="List of encyclicals of Pope Pius XI">List of encyclicals of Pope Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI_and_Judaism" title="Pope Pius XI and Judaism">Pope Pius XI and Judaism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.araldicavaticana.com/ratti_ambrogio_damiano_achille.htm">"Ratti Ambrogio Damiano Achille"</a>. Araldicavaticana.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126045447/http://www.araldicavaticana.com/ratti_ambrogio_damiano_achille.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ratti+Ambrogio+Damiano+Achille&rft.pub=Araldicavaticana.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.araldicavaticana.com%2Fratti_ambrogio_damiano_achille.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metzler-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metzler_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzler1993" class="citation web cs1">Metzler, Josef (1 April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+legacy+of+Pius+XI.-a014377467">"The legacy of Pius XI"</a>. <i>International Bulletin of Missionary Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Bulletin+of+Missionary+Research&rft.atitle=The+legacy+of+Pius+XI&rft.date=1993-04-01&rft.aulast=Metzler&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FThe%2Blegacy%2Bof%2BPius%2BXI.-a014377467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19230629_studiorum-ducem_lt.html">"Studiorum ducem"</a>. Vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302231755/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19230629_studiorum-ducem_lt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Studiorum+ducem&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpius_xi%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xi_enc_19230629_studiorum-ducem_lt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/ENCYC/P11STUDI.HTM">"STUDIORUM DUCEM (On St. Thomas Aquinas)[English translation]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072238/http://www.ewtn.com/library/ENCYC/P11STUDI.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STUDIORUM+DUCEM+%28On+St.+Thomas+Aquinas%29%5BEnglish+translation%5D&rft.pub=EWTN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FENCYC%2FP11STUDI.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRev._William_P._Saunders2014" class="citation web cs1">Rev. William P. Saunders (13 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicstraightanswers.com/church-possess-actual-bones-st-peter/">"Does the church possess the actual bones of St. Peter?"</a>. <i>Catholic Straight Answers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223055335/http://catholicstraightanswers.com/church-possess-actual-bones-st-peter/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Straight+Answers&rft.atitle=Does+the+church+possess+the+actual+bones+of+St.+Peter%3F&rft.date=2014-02-13&rft.au=Rev.+William+P.+Saunders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicstraightanswers.com%2Fchurch-possess-actual-bones-st-peter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/vatican-st-peters-bones-display-pope-francis">"Vatican displays Saint Peter's bones for the first time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 24 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160121054327/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/vatican-st-peters-bones-display-pope-francis">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Vatican+displays+Saint+Peter%27s+bones+for+the+first+time&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fnov%2F24%2Fvatican-st-peters-bones-display-pope-francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neusner2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neusner2004_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob_Neusner2004" class="citation book cs1">Jacob Neusner (9 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyZLAwAAQBAJ"><i>Christianity, Judaism and Other Greco-Roman Cults, Part 2: Early Christianity</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-740-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59244-740-4"><bdi>978-1-59244-740-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209090528/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyZLAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%2C+Judaism+and+Other+Greco-Roman+Cults%2C+Part+2%3A+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2004-07-09&rft.isbn=978-1-59244-740-4&rft.au=Jacob+Neusner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJyZLAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Orazi, 15–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/9Q4D-6Y4">"Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, aka Pope Pius XI"</a>. <i>www.familysearch.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.familysearch.org&rft.atitle=Ambrogio+Damiano+Achille+Ratti%2C+aka+Pope+Pius+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.familysearch.org%2Ftree%2Fperson%2F9Q4D-6Y4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1930/01/01/archives/popes-brother-dies-count-fermo-ratti-ill-two-days-succumbs-suddenly.html">"POPE'S BROTHER DIES.; Count Fermo Ratti, Ill Two Days, Succumbs Suddenly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 1 January 1930. p. 29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=POPE%27S+BROTHER+DIES.%3B+Count+Fermo+Ratti%2C+Ill+Two+Days%2C+Succumbs+Suddenly.&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1930-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1930%2F01%2F01%2Farchives%2Fpopes-brother-dies-count-fermo-ratti-ill-two-days-succumbs-suddenly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/9Q4D-XKT">"Maria Camilla Ratti"</a>. <i>www.familysearch.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.familysearch.org&rft.atitle=Maria+Camilla+Ratti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.familysearch.org%2Ftree%2Fperson%2F9Q4D-XKT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Orazi, 14–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Orazi, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_306-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_306_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_306_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidlin III, 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidlin_III,_307-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_307_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_III,_307_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidlin III, 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fontenelle, 34–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AAS 1921, 566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stehle_25-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stehle_25_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stehle_25_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stehle, 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidlin_IV,_15-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_IV,_15_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidlin_IV,_15_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidlin IV, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stehle, 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fontenelle_40-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fontenelle_40_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontenelle_40_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fontenelle, 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fontenelle, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2014">Kertzer 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuca_Frigerio2022" class="citation web cs1">Luca Frigerio (3 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chiesadimilano.it/news/arte-cultura/achille-ratti-cento-anni-fa-la-sua-elezione-a-papa-492751.html">"Achille Ratti: cento anni fa la sua elezione a Papa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Achille+Ratti%3A+cento+anni+fa+la+sua+elezione+a+Papa&rft.pub=Roman+Catholic+Archdiocese+of+Milan&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft.au=Luca+Frigerio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chiesadimilano.it%2Fnews%2Farte-cultura%2Fachille-ratti-cento-anni-fa-la-sua-elezione-a-papa-492751.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisherman-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisherman_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisherman_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn-Peter_Pham2004" class="citation book cs1">John-Peter Pham (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ahTU3koVfLEC&q=PIUS+XI+CONCLAVE+1922&pg=PA360"><i>Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534635-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534635-0"><bdi>978-0-19-534635-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heirs+of+the+Fisherman%3A+Behind+the+Scenes+of+Papal+Death+and+Succession&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534635-0&rft.au=John-Peter+Pham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DahTU3koVfLEC%26q%3DPIUS%2BXI%2BCONCLAVE%2B1922%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fontenelle, 44–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrythall2010" class="citation book cs1">Trythall, Marisa Patrulli (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNQOWkFVp1EC&pg=PA28">"Pius XI and American Pragmatism"</a>. In Gallagher, Charles R.; Kertzer, David I.; Melloni, Alberto (eds.). <i>Pius XI and America: Proceedings of the Brown University Conference</i>. Lit Verlag. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90146-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90146-0"><bdi>978-3-643-90146-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209090528/https://books.google.com/books?id=CNQOWkFVp1EC&pg=PA28&">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pius+XI+and+American+Pragmatism&rft.btitle=Pius+XI+and+America%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Brown+University+Conference&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Lit+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90146-0&rft.aulast=Trythall&rft.aufirst=Marisa+Patrulli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNQOWkFVp1EC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Pius_XI1922" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pope Pius XI (1 March 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-xi_motu-proprio_19220301_cum-proxime.html">"Cum proxime"</a> (in Italian). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228155340/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-xi_motu-proprio_19220301_cum-proxime.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cum+proxime&rft.date=1922-03-01&rft.au=Pope+Pius+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-xi%2Fit%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xi_motu-proprio_19220301_cum-proxime.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522174309/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri.html">"Divini Illius Magistri (December 31, 1929) | PIUS XI"</a>. <i>w2.vatican.va</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri.html">the original</a> on 22 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w2.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Divini+Illius+Magistri+%28December+31%2C+1929%29+%26%23124%3B+PIUS+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-xi%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii.html"><i>Casti Connubii</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151218164230/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii.html">Archived</a> 18 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Section 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii.html"><i>Casti Connubii</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151218164230/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii.html">Archived</a> 18 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Section 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPius_XI1933" class="citation web cs1">Pius XI (3 June 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_03061933_dilectissima-nobis_en.html">"Vatican website information re pontificate and policies of Pius XI"</a>. Vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005090028/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_03061933_dilectissima-nobis_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican+website+information+re+pontificate+and+policies+of+Pius+XI&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft.date=1933-06-03&rft.au=Pius+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpius_xi%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xi_enc_03061933_dilectissima-nobis_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_44-52-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_44-52_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_44-52_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Quadragesimo anno</i>, 44–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_114-115-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_114-115_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_114-115_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Quadragesimo anno</i>, 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_71-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_71_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Quadragesimo Anno</i>, 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Casti Connubii</i>, 74."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Casti Connubii</i>, 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quadragesimo_Anno_63-75-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_63-75_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quadragesimo_Anno_63-75_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Quadragesimo anno</i>, 63–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Quadragesimo anno</i>, 99 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Quadragesimo anno</i>, 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unipio.org/it/storia/">"Storia del P.I.O."</a> <i>Orientale</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050804/https://unipio.org/it/storia/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientale&rft.atitle=Storia+del+P.I.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funipio.org%2Fit%2Fstoria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Pius_XI1928" class="citation web cs1">Pope Pius XI (30 September 1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-xi_motu-proprio_19280914_motuproprio-quod-maxime.html">"Motu Proprio Quod Maxime"</a>. <i>w2.vatican.va</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209090529/https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-xi_motu-proprio_19280914_motuproprio-quod-maxime.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w2.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Motu+Proprio+Quod+Maxime&rft.date=1928-09-30&rft.au=Pope+Pius+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw2.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-xi%2Fla%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xi_motu-proprio_19280914_motuproprio-quod-maxime.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pas.va/en/magisterium/pius-xi.html">"Pius XI"</a>. <i>The Potifical Academy of Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Potifical+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Pius+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pas.va%2Fen%2Fmagisterium%2Fpius-xi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Pius XI, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19280106_mortalium-animos.html"><i>Mortalium animos</i></a>, 6 January 1928.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143329-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143329_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2014">Kertzer 2014</a>, 3329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143323-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143323_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2014">Kertzer 2014</a>, 3323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvador_Miranda" class="citation web cs1">Salvador Miranda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xx.htm#PiusXI">"Pius XI (1922–1939)"</a>. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pius+XI+%281922%E2%80%931939%29&rft.pub=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church&rft.au=Salvador+Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcardinals.fiu.edu%2Fconsistories-xx.htm%23PiusXI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Pius XI; web Apr. 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter_Hebblethwaite_p.118-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_Hebblethwaite_p.118_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_Hebblethwaite_p.118_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Hebblethwaite; Paul VI, the First Modern Pope; Harper Collins Religious; 1993; p.118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Scott Latourette, <i>Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: A History of Christianity in the 19th and 20th Century: Vol 4 The 20th Century In Europe</i> (1961) pp 129–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latourette, <i>Christianity in a Revolutionary Age</i> pp 37–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugen_Weber1962" class="citation book cs1">Eugen Weber (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actionfrancaiser0000webe"><i>Action Française: Royalism and Reaction in Twentieth-Century France</i></a></span>. Stanford U.P. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actionfrancaiser0000webe/page/249">249</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0134-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0134-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-0134-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Action+Fran%C3%A7aise%3A+Royalism+and+Reaction+in+Twentieth-Century+France&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Stanford+U.P.&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0134-1&rft.au=Eugen+Weber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Factionfrancaiser0000webe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TIME Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125034607/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731030,00.html">Billot v. Pope</a> 3 October 1927</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/10/16/101509065.pdf">"French Cardinal Resigns Purple to Enter Monastery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 16 October 1927<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=French+Cardinal+Resigns+Purple+to+Enter+Monastery&rft.date=1927-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1927%2F10%2F16%2F101509065.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-purple-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-purple_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purple_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/10/16/101509065.pdf">"French Cardinal Resigns Purple to Enter Monastery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 16 October 1927<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=French+Cardinal+Resigns+Purple+to+Enter+Monastery&rft.date=1927-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1927%2F10%2F16%2F101509065.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/09/21/119073467.pdf">"Say Cardinal Resigned over French Paper Ban"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 21 September 1927<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Say+Cardinal+Resigned+over+French+Paper+Ban&rft.date=1927-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1927%2F09%2F21%2F119073467.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedländer, Saul. <i>Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution</i>, 1997, New York: HarperCollins, p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyprian_Blamires2006" class="citation book cs1">Cyprian Blamires (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&pg=PA120"><i>World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-940-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-940-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-940-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528185950/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Fascism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-940-9&rft.au=Cyprian+Blamires&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvD2rZSVau4C%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Scott Latourette, <i>Christianity in a Revolutionary Age A History of Christianity in the 19th and 20th Century: Vol 4 The 20th Century In Europe</i> (1961) pp 32–35, 153, 156, 371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEamon_Duffy2002" class="citation book cs1">Eamon Duffy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTWM6PjNvBMC&pg=PA340"><i>Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes; Second Edition</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09165-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09165-6"><bdi>978-0-300-09165-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119154824/https://books.google.com/books?id=MTWM6PjNvBMC&pg=PA340">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Sinners%3A+A+History+of+the+Popes%3B+Second+Edition&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09165-6&rft.au=Eamon+Duffy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMTWM6PjNvBMC%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica Online: <i>Fascism – identification with Christianity</i>; web Apr. 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul O'Shea; A Cross Too Heavy; Rosenberg Publishing; p. 230 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-71-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-71-4">978-1-877058-71-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank J. Coppa, <i>The papacy, the Jews, and the Holocaust</i>, Catholic University of America Press, 2006, p. 166-167, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8132-1449-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8132-1449-1">0-8132-1449-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Hebblethwaite; Paul VI, the First Modern Pope; Harper Collins Religious; 1993; p.129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143359-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer20143359_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2014">Kertzer 2014</a>, 3359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Kershaw; <i>Hitler a Biography</i>; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Company; London; p.332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Kershaw; <i>Hitler a Biography</i>; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Company; London; p.290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London; p.295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latourette, <i>Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: A History of Christianity in the 19th and 20th Century: Vol 4 The 20th Century in Europe</i> (1961) pp 176–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_L._Shirer_p234-5-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_L._Shirer_p234-5_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_L._Shirer_p234-5_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William L. Shirer; The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich; Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; p234-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>The papacy, the Jews, and the Holocaust"</i>, Frank J. Coppa, p. 160, Catholic University Press of America, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8132-1449-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8132-1449-1">0-8132-1449-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_L._Shirer_p_349-350-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_L._Shirer_p_349-350_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_L._Shirer_p_349-350_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William L. Shirer; The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich; Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; pp. 349–350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latourette, Christianity in a Revolutionary Age A History of Christianity in the 19th and 20th Century: Vol 4 The 20th Century In Europe (1961) pp 188–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William L. Shirer; The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich; Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; pp. 325–329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Co; London; p. 413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitler_pp.51-52-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitler_pp.51-52_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitler_pp.51-52_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mark Mazower</a>; <i>Hitler's Empire – Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe</i>; Penguin; 2008; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9681-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9681-4">978-0-7139-9681-4</a>; pp.51–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mark Mazower</a>; <i>Hitler's Empire – Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe</i>; Penguin; 2008; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9681-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9681-4">978-0-7139-9681-4</a>; p.52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_Church_pp.29-30-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Church_pp.29-30_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church</i>; <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">National Catholic Welfare Conference</a>; Washington D.C.; 1942; pp.29–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore S. Hamerow; On the Road to the Wolf's Lair – German Resistance to Hitler; Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 1997; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-63680-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-63680-5">0-674-63680-5</a>; p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manners 2002, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">August Franzen, Remigius Bäumer Papstgeschichte Herder Freiburg, 1988, p. 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mit brennender Sorge</i>, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ian_Kershaw_p.381-382-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ian_Kershaw_p.381-382_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a>; <i>Hitler a Biography</i>; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London; p.381-382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Joachim Fest</a>; <i>Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933–1945</i>; Weidenfeld & Nicolson; London; p.374</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franzen,_395-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen,_395_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen,_395_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzen, 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-divinired-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-divinired_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Divini_Redemptoris" title="Divini Redemptoris">Divini Redemptoris</a></i>, § 18 (AAS 29 [1937], 74). 1937. <i>Libreria Editrice Vaticana</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19031937_divini-redemptoris.html">English translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909124153/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19031937_divini-redemptoris.html">Archived</a> 9 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marchione 1997, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Connelly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commonwealmagazine.org/nazi-racism-church">Nazi Racism & the Church: How Converts Showed the Way to Resist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130321053148/http://commonwealmagazine.org/nazi-racism-church">Archived</a> 21 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Commonweal, 24 February 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanni Miccoli, " Les Dilemmes et les silences de Pie XII: Vatican, Seconde Guerre mondiale et Shoah », Éditions Complexe, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87027-937-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87027-937-3">978-2-87027-937-3</a>, p. 401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k443437h.langEN">La Croix, 17 September 1938, page 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202124149/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k443437h.langEN">Archived</a> 2 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Gallica, accessed 12 November 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeert2004" class="citation book cs1">Geert, Mak (2004). <i>In Europe:Travels through the 20th century</i>. p. 295.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Europe%3ATravels+through+the+20th+century&rft.pages=295&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Geert&rft.aufirst=Mak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul O'Shea; A Cross Too Heavy; Rosenberg Publishing; p. 232 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-71-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-71-4">978-1-877058-71-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Gilbert; <i>Kristallnacht – Prelude to Disaster</i>; HarperPress; 2006; p.143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Gilbert; <i>Kristallnacht – Prelude to Disaster</i>; HarperPress; 2006; p.172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323144112/http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_148_03.html">"Celso Costantini's Contribution to the Localization and Inculturation of the Church in China"</a>. Holy Spirit Study Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_148_03.html">the original</a> on 23 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celso+Costantini%27s+Contribution+to+the+Localization+and+Inculturation+of+the+Church+in+China&rft.pub=Holy+Spirit+Study+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsstudyc.org.hk%2Fen%2Ftripod_en%2Fen_tripod_148_03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323144055/http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_153_06.html">"Chen Fang-Chung, "Lou Tseng-Tsiang, A Lover of His Church and of His Country"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Holy Spirit Study Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsstudyc.org.hk/en/tripod_en/en_tripod_153_06.html">the original</a> on 23 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chen+Fang-Chung%2C+%22Lou+Tseng-Tsiang%2C+A+Lover+of+His+Church+and+of+His+Country%22&rft.pub=Holy+Spirit+Study+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsstudyc.org.hk%2Fen%2Ftripod_en%2Fen_tripod_153_06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Golden Door: The Life of Katharine Drexel, by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Burton" title="Katherine Burton">Katherine Burton</a> (P. J. Kenedy & Sons, New York, 1957, p. 261)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosalesOlivera2013" class="citation book cs1">Rosales, Luis; Olivera, Daniel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fX-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96"><i>Francis: A Pope for our Time: The Definitive Biography</i></a>. Humanix Books. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63006-002-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63006-002-2"><bdi>978-1-63006-002-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513085130/https://books.google.com/books?id=7fX-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis%3A+A+Pope+for+our+Time%3A+The+Definitive+Biography&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Humanix+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-63006-002-2&rft.aulast=Rosales&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft.au=Olivera%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fX-AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fontenelle, 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansjakob Stehle, Die Ostpolitik des Vatikans, Piper, München, 1975, pp. 139–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963617-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963617_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiasanovsky1963">Riasanovsky 1963</a>, p. 617.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963634-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963634_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovsky1963634_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiasanovsky1963">Riasanovsky 1963</a>, p. 634.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franzen_398-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_398_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_398_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_398_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzen, 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Pius_XI1926" class="citation web cs1">Pope Pius XI (18 November 1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_18111926_iniquis-afflictisque_en.html">"Iniquis afflictisque"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091108133917/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_18111926_iniquis-afflictisque_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iniquis+afflictisque&rft.date=1926-11-18&rft.au=Pope+Pius+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpius_xi%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xi_enc_18111926_iniquis-afflictisque_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, Robert L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aWQ_7oKJfkC&dq=cristero+war+priests+killed&pg=PA33"><i>Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519041505/https://books.google.com/books?id=8aWQ_7oKJfkC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=cristero+war+priests+killed&source=web&ots=YNDpLM2ukb&sig=YWccvtnJKnSpaI15bTHCOX3zoyc">Archived</a> 19 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 33 (2003 Brassey's) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-452-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-452-2">1-57488-452-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Hove, Brian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/HOMELIBR/FR94204.TXT"><i>Blood-Drenched Altars</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080315054458/http://www.ewtn.com/library/HOMELIBR/FR94204.TXT">Archived</a> 15 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Faith & Reason 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Eduardo_Ruiz" title="Ramón Eduardo Ruiz">Ruiz, Ramón Eduardo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triumphstragedyh00ruiz/page/392"><i>Triumphs and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117164553/https://books.google.com/books?id=AfdjWl1xKpwC&pg=PA392&dq=Tom%C3%A1s+Garrido+Canabal&as_brr=3&sig=HkfPtdqMt3qrdcMuprgfjnfnq60">Archived</a> 17 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 393 (1993 W. W. Norton & Company) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31066-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31066-3">0-393-31066-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Confalioneri, 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Confalioneri_352-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Confalioneri_352_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Confalioneri, 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubert Wolf, Kenneth Kronenberg, <i>Pope and Devil: The Vatican's Archives and the Third Reich</i> (2010), p. 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter C. Kent, "A Tale of Two Popes: Pius XI, Pius XII and the Rome-Berlin Axis", <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (1988) 23#4 pp 589–608 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260836">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107163924/http://www.jstor.org/stable/260836">Archived</a> 7 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The draft text was published in 1995 by Georges Passelecq and Berard Suchecky as <i>L'Encyclique Cachée De Pie XI</i>. La Découverte, Paris 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter of Father Maher to Father La Farge, 16 March 1939.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Last-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Last_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Last_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Last_115-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Eisner2013" class="citation news cs1">Peter Eisner (15 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-eisner/popes-last-crusade_b_3071556.html">"Pope Pius XI's Last Crusade"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Pope+Pius+XI%27s+Last+Crusade&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.au=Peter+Eisner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fpeter-eisner%2Fpopes-last-crusade_b_3071556.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kertzer-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kertzer_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kertzer_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kertzer_116-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kertzer_116-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kertzer_116-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kertzer_116-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kertzer_116-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kertzer_116-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kertzer_116-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2014/01/27/265794658/pope-and-mussolini-tells-the-secret-history-of-fascism-and-the-church">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pope And Mussolini' Tells The 'Secret History' Of Fascism and the Church : NPR"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140204033927/http://www.npr.org/2014/01/27/265794658/pope-and-mussolini-tells-the-secret-history-of-fascism-and-the-church">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=%27Pope+And+Mussolini%27+Tells+The+%27Secret+History%27+Of+Fascism+and+the+Church+%3A+NPR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2014%2F01%2F27%2F265794658%2Fpope-and-mussolini-tells-the-secret-history-of-fascism-and-the-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yves Chiron, Pius XI, Perrin, 2004, 418 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebblethwaite1994" class="citation cs2">Hebblethwaite, Peter (1994), <i>John XXIII, Pope of the Council</i> (rev ed.), Glasgow: Harper Collins</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+XXIII%2C+Pope+of+the+Council&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.edition=rev&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Hebblethwaite&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliott, L, 1974, I will be called John – A Biography of Pope John XXIII, London, Collins.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Confalonieri_356-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Confalonieri_356_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Confalonieri, 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Confalonieri, 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Confalonieri, 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710031328/http://jcs.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/12/23/jcs.csr120.short">Frank J. Coppa, <i>Pope Pius XII: From the Diplomacy of Impartiality to the Silence of the Holocaust</i></a>, <i>Journal of Church and State</i>, 23 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saul Friedländer, <i>Nazi Germany and the Jews: I. The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939</i>, New York: Harper-Collins, 1997, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harry_J._Cargas" title="Harry J. Cargas">Harry J. Cargas</a>, <i>Holocaust scholars write to the Vatican</i>, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30487-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30487-4">0-313-30487-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Cornwell, <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Pope:_The_Secret_History_of_Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII">Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII</a>. Viking, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88693-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88693-7">978-0-670-88693-7</a>, p.204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, Volume 79, 1972, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TV-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TV_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TV_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TV_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68539640">"DEATH OF POPE PIUS XI. AFTER REIGN OF 17 YEARS Last Words Typified His Life"</a>. <i>Advocate</i>. 11 February 1939. p. 1 – via Trove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advocate&rft.atitle=DEATH+OF+POPE+PIUS+XI.+AFTER+REIGN+OF+17+YEARS+Last+Words+Typified+His+Life&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1939-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article68539640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReardon2010" class="citation book cs1">Reardon, Wendy J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EYbeCQAAQBAJ&q=%22bronze+casket%22+%22Pius+XI%22&pg=PA240"><i>The Deaths of the Popes: Comprehensive Accounts, Including Funerals, Burial Places and Epitaphs</i></a>. McFarland. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6116-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6116-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-6116-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deaths+of+the+Popes%3A+Comprehensive+Accounts%2C+Including+Funerals%2C+Burial+Places+and+Epitaphs&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6116-5&rft.aulast=Reardon&rft.aufirst=Wendy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEYbeCQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522bronze%2Bcasket%2522%2B%2522Pius%2BXI%2522%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spike-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spike_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpike2007" class="citation web cs1">Spike, John T. (19 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lapieta.com/the-marinelli-foundry.aspx/vescovo-buonarroti-art.aspx">"The Marinelli Foundry Of Florence – An Overview"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Marinelli+Foundry+Of+Florence+%E2%80%93+An+Overview&rft.date=2007-02-19&rft.aulast=Spike&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flapieta.com%2Fthe-marinelli-foundry.aspx%2Fvescovo-buonarroti-art.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pilot-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pilot_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19390214.2.18&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1">"PIUS ENTOMBED BENEATH ALTAR OF ST. PETER'S"</a>. <i>San Pedro News Pilot</i>. Vol. 11, no. 293. 14 February 1939.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Pedro+News+Pilot&rft.atitle=PIUS+ENTOMBED+BENEATH+ALTAR+OF+ST.+PETER%27S&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=293&rft.date=1939-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSPNP19390214.2.18%26e%3D-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014188-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer2014188_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2014">Kertzer 2014</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeogh1995" class="citation book cs1">Keogh, Dermot (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3jOLGy127mMC&q=ireland+declares+day+of+mourning+1939&pg=PA141"><i>Ireland and the Vatican: The Politics and Diplomacy of Church-state Relations, 1922-1960</i></a>. Cork University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-902561-96-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-902561-96-0"><bdi>978-0-902561-96-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+the+Vatican%3A+The+Politics+and+Diplomacy+of+Church-state+Relations%2C+1922-1960&rft.pub=Cork+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-902561-96-0&rft.aulast=Keogh&rft.aufirst=Dermot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3jOLGy127mMC%26q%3Direland%2Bdeclares%2Bday%2Bof%2Bmourning%2B1939%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fonderiamarinelli.it/en/monuments/1931-1940/sepolcro-di-papa-pio-xi/">"Given the high quality of the monumental reliefs that adorn the ramp of the restored entry of the Vatican Museum, executed by the Fonderia Marinelli, the Vatican also commissioned the construction of a new bronze tomb of Pope Pius XI"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722234345/http://www.fonderiamarinelli.it/en/monuments/1931-1940/sepolcro-di-papa-pio-xi/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Given+the+high+quality+of+the+monumental+reliefs+that+adorn+the+ramp+of+the+restored+entry+of+the+Vatican+Museum%2C+executed+by+the+Fonderia+Marinelli%2C+the+Vatican+also+commissioned+the+construction+of+a+new+bronze+tomb+of+Pope+Pius+XI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fonderiamarinelli.it%2Fen%2Fmonuments%2F1931-1940%2Fsepolcro-di-papa-pio-xi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D02EED61130EE3ABC4F53DFB4668389639EDE"><i>The New York Times</i>. Tuesday, 7 February 1922, Page 1 (continued on page 3)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306150521/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D02EED61130EE3ABC4F53DFB4668389639EDE">Archived</a> 6 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 3059 words.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIlvain2009" class="citation book cs1">McIlvain, Josh (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Km8bLsEvP8kC&pg=PA45"><i>Fodor's Patagonia</i></a>. Fodor's Travel. pp. 45–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-0684-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-0684-7"><bdi>978-1-4000-0684-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424070424/https://books.google.com/books?id=Km8bLsEvP8kC&pg=PA45&">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fodor%27s+Patagonia&rft.pages=45-6&rft.pub=Fodor%27s+Travel&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-0684-7&rft.aulast=McIlvain&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKm8bLsEvP8kC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achille-ratti-climbing-club.co.uk/?page_id=681">"About the ARCC"</a>. Achille Ratti Climbing Club<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+ARCC&rft.pub=Achille+Ratti+Climbing+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachille-ratti-climbing-club.co.uk%2F%3Fpage_id%3D681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/magisterium/piusxi.html">"Pius XI"</a>. Casinapioiv.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130713114946/http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/magisterium/piusxi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pius+XI&rft.pub=Casinapioiv.va&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casinapioiv.va%2Fcontent%2Faccademia%2Fen%2Fmagisterium%2Fpiusxi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/magisterium/johnxxiii.html">"John XXIII, Blessed"</a>. Casinapioiv.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130713010521/http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/magisterium/johnxxiii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+XXIII%2C+Blessed&rft.pub=Casinapioiv.va&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casinapioiv.va%2Fcontent%2Faccademia%2Fen%2Fmagisterium%2Fjohnxxiii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sametham.kite.kerala.gov.in/36002">"Sametham – Kerala School Data Bank"</a>. <i>SAMETHAM – Kerala School Bank</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAMETHAM+%E2%80%93+Kerala+School+Bank&rft.atitle=Sametham+%E2%80%93+Kerala+School+Data+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsametham.kite.kerala.gov.in%2F36002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Action Française claimed Billot's resignation was in direct response to the Pope's censure of their organization,<sup id="cite_ref-purple_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purple-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however this narrative contrasts with official statements released by the Holy See, affirming that Billot's relationship with the Pope remained amicable and his reason for resigning was due to his advanced age, which was 81.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Church officials, Billot had only an academic interest in Action Française.<sup id="cite_ref-purple_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purple-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sources and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Browne-Olf, Lillian. <i>Their Name Is Pius</i> (1941) pp 305–59 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheirNameIsPius">online</a></li> <li>Confalonieri, Carlo (1975). <i>Pius XI – A Close Up</i>. (1975). Altadena, California: The Benzinger Sisters Press.</li> <li>Eisner, Peter, (2013), <i>The Pope's Last Crusade: How an American Jesuit Helped Pope Pius XI's Campaign to Stop Hitler</i>, New York, New York: HarperCollins |<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-204914-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-204914-8">978-0-06-204914-8</a></li> <li>Fattorini, Emma (2011), <i>Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican: Pope Pius XI and the Speech that was Never Made</i>, Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA: Polity Press</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKertzer2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kertzer" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kertzer">Kertzer, David I.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc3QAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871616-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871616-7"><bdi>978-0-19-871616-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pope+and+Mussolini%3A+The+Secret+History+of+Pius+XI+and+the+Rise+of+Fascism+in+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871616-7&rft.aulast=Kertzer&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXc3QAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManners2002" class="citation cs2">Manners, John (2002), <i>The Oxford History of Christianity</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280336-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280336-8"><bdi>978-0-19-280336-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Christianity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280336-8&rft.aulast=Manners&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchione1997" class="citation cs2">Marchione, Margherita (1997), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yoursispreciousw0000marc"><i>Yours Is a Precious Witness: Memoirs of Jews and Catholics in Wartime Italy</i></a></span>, Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0485-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0485-7"><bdi>978-0-8091-0485-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yours+Is+a+Precious+Witness%3A+Memoirs+of+Jews+and+Catholics+in+Wartime+Italy&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-0485-7&rft.aulast=Marchione&rft.aufirst=Margherita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyoursispreciousw0000marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Morgan, Thomas B. (1937) <i>A Reporter at the Papal Court – A Narrative of the Reign of Pope Pius XI</i>. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.</li> <li>Wolf, Hubert (2010), <i>Pope and Devil: The Vatican Archives and the Third Reich</i>. Trans. Kenneth Kronenberg, Cambridge, MA and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.amazon.ca/Pope-Devil-Vaticans-Archives-Third/dp/0674064267">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ceci, Lucia (2013), <i>L'interesse superiore. Il Vaticano e l'Italia di Mussolini</i>, Laterza, Roma-Bari</li> <li>Chiron, Yves (2004), <i>Pie XI (1857–1939)</i>, Perrin, Paris, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-262-01846-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-262-01846-4">2-262-01846-4</a>.</li> <li>D'Orazi, Lucio (1989), <i>Il Coraggio Della Verita Vita do Pio XI</i>, Edizioni logos, Roma</li> <li>Ceci, Lucia (2010), Il papa non-deve parlare. Chiesa, fascismo e guerra di Etiopia", Laterza, Roma-Bari</li> <li>Fontenelle, Mrg R (1939), <i>Seine Heiligkeit Pius XI.</i> Alsactia, France</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiasanovsky1963" class="citation cs2">Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (1963), <i>A History of Russia</i>, New York: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Riasanovsky&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Pius+XI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schmidlin, Josef (1922–1939), <i>Papstgeschichte,</i> Vol I-IV, Köstel-Pusztet München</li> <li>Peter Rohrbacher (2012), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8940475/V%C3%B6lkerkunde_und_Afrikanistik_f%C3%BCr_den_Papst._Missionsexperten_und_der_Vatikan_1922_1939_in_R%C3%B6mische_Historische_Mitteilungen_54_2012_583_610">Völkerkunde und Afrikanistik für den Papst</a>". Missionsexperten und der Vatikan 1922–1939 in: Römische Historische Mitteilungen 54: 583–610</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Pius_XI&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pope_Pius_XI" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530005816/http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-of-pope-pius-xi-concordat-encyclicals-quadragesimo-anno-casti-connubii-of-the-catholic-church.html">The Life of Pope Pius XI, also about his encyclical <i>Quadragesimo anno</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/index.htm">Vatican Website for Pope Pius XI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/about/medal.html">Pius XI Medal of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/magisterium/piusxi.html">Pius XI biography and his addresses to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050420235926/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/pope0259.htm">Catholic Forum Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mv.vatican.va/3_EN/pages/x-Schede/METs/METs_Main_02.html">Vatican Museum Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoJcvhxonEI"><span class="plainlinks">Pius XI and the mystery of the disappeared encyclical</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/article-16469?l=english">Pope Benedict XVI opens the Archives for the pontificate (1922–1939) of Pope Pius XI – VATICAN CITY, 2 July 2006</a> "...researchers will be able to consult <i>all</i> the documents of the period kept in the different series of archives of the Holy See, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Secret_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Secret Archives">Vatican Secret Archives</a> and the Archive of the Second Section of the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Vatican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of State (Vatican)">Secretariat of State</a>...."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achille-ratti-climbing-club.co.uk/index.php">Achille Ratti climbing club</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/BritishPathe/I1i1oPJA">Pathe News archive footage of Pius XI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/013669">Newspaper clippings about Pope Pius XI</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Giovanni Francesco Compagnoni Marefoschi</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio_to_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio to Poland">Apostolic Nuncio to Poland</a> </b><br />3 July 1919 – 13 June 1921 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Lauri" title="Lorenzo Lauri">Lorenzo Lauri</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Biagio Pisani</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><small><b>— TITULAR —</b></small><br /><i><b> <a href="/wiki/Nafpaktos" title="Nafpaktos">Titular Archbishop of Naupactus</a> </b></i><br />3 July 1919 – 19 April 1921 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Tedeschini" title="Federico Tedeschini">Federico Tedeschini</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Corradino Maria Cavriani</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><small><b>— TITULAR —</b></small><br /><i><b> <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Titular Archbishop of Adana</a> </b></i><br />19 April 1921 – 13 June 1921 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ermenegildo_Pellegrinetti" title="Ermenegildo Pellegrinetti">Ermenegildo Pellegrinetti</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Carlo_Ferrari" title="Andrea Carlo Ferrari">Andrea Ferrari</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a> </b><br />13 June 1921 – 6 February 1922 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Tosi" title="Eugenio Tosi">Eugenio Tosi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Tonti" title="Giulio Tonti">Giulio Tonti</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/San_Martino_ai_Monti" title="San Martino ai Monti">Cardinal-Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti</a> </b><br />16 June 1921 – 6 February 1922 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Tosi" title="Eugenio Tosi">Eugenio Tosi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> </b><br />6 February 1922 – 10 February 1939 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sovereigns_of_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State">Sovereign of the State of Vatican City</a> </b><br />11 February 1929 – 10 February 1939 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Carter Glass</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_People_on_the_Cover_of_Time_Magazine:_1920s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of People on the Cover of Time Magazine: 1920s">Cover of Time Magazine</a> </b><br />16 June 1924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hiram_W._Evans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiram W. Evans">Hiram W. Evans</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Popes" title="Template:Popes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Popes" title="Template talk:Popes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Popes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Popes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)" title="List of popes (graphical)">graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">canonised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">extant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs" title="List of non-extant papal tombs">non-extant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Pope-elect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V" title="Pope Boniface V">Boniface V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Honorius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Donus" title="Pope Donus">Donus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Valentine" title="Pope Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI" title="Pope Stephen VI">Stephen VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Benedict IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III" title="Pope Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VIII" title="Pope Stephen VIII">Stephen VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Honorius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Innocent VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Urban VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Gregory XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IX" title="Pope Innocent IX">Innocent IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">17th–21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Paul V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IX" title="Pope Clement IX">Clement IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Clement X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Alexander VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Innocent XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Clement XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Antiquity and Early<br /> Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire" title="Papal selection before 1059">During the Roman Empire</a> (until 493) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Rome_under_Constantine_the_Great" title="Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great">Under Constantine</a> (312–337)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Papacy" title="Ostrogothic Papacy">Ostrogothic Papacy</a> (493–537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Papacy" title="Frankish Papacy">Frankish Papacy</a> (756–857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a></i> (904–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii era</a> (974–1012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">High and Late<br />Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a> (1012–1044 / 1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflicts with the HRE</a> (1048–1257)</li> <li>Wandering Papacy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo_Papacy" title="Viterbo Papacy">Viterbo</a>, 1257–1281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvieto Papacy">Orvieto</a>, 1262–1297</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>, 1228–1304</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early Modern and<br /> Modern Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a> (1417–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">Reformation Papacy</a> (1534–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Papacy">Baroque Papacy</a> (1585–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions" title="History of the Catholic Church">Age of Enlightenment</a> (c. 1640–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Revolutionary Papacy</a> (1775–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> (1870–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Cold War</a> (1945–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_and_archbishops_of_Milan" title="Template:Bishops and archbishops of Milan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_and_archbishops_of_Milan" title="Template talk:Bishops and archbishops of Milan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_and_archbishops_of_Milan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops and archbishops of Milan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_Milan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Bishops and Archbishops of Milan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Ancient age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>St <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> (50–55)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Anathalon" title="Anathalon">Anathalon</a> (53–63)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Caius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Caius (bishop of Milan)">Caius</a> (63–85)</li> <li><i>sede vacante</i></li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Castritian" title="Castritian">Castricianus</a> (97–138)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Calimerius" title="Calimerius">Calimerius</a> (138–191)</li> <li><i>sede vacante</i></li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Monas_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Monas (bishop of Milan)">Monas</a> (283–313?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Mirocles_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Mirocles (bishop of Milan)">Mirocles</a> (313–316?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Maternus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Maternus (bishop of Milan)">Maternus</a> (316–328?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Protasius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Protasius (bishop of Milan)">Protasius</a> (328–343?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Eustorgius_I" title="Eustorgius I">Eustorgius I</a> (343–349?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Dionysius (bishop of Milan)">Dionysius</a> (349–355)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxentius_of_Milan" title="Auxentius of Milan">Auxentius</a>$ (355–374)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> (374–397)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Simplician" title="Simplician">Simplician</a> (397–400)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Venerius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Venerius (bishop of Milan)">Venerius</a> (400–408)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Marolus" title="Marolus">Marolus</a> (408–423)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Martinianus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Martinianus (bishop of Milan)">Martinianus</a> (423–435)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Glycerius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Glycerius (bishop of Milan)">Glycerius</a> (436–438)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Lazarus (bishop of Milan)">Lazarus</a> (438–449)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Eusebius (bishop of Milan)">Eusebius</a> (449–462)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Gerontius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Gerontius (bishop of Milan)">Gerontius</a> (462–465)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Benignus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Benignus (bishop of Milan)">Benignus</a> (465–472)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Senator_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Senator (bishop of Milan)">Senator</a> (472–475)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_I_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Theodorus I (bishop of Milan)">Theodorus I</a> (475–490)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_I_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Lawrence I (bishop of Milan)">Lawrence I</a> (490–512)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Eustorgius_II" title="Eustorgius II">Eustorgius II</a> (512–518)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Magnus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Magnus (bishop of Milan)">Magnus</a> (518–530?)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Dacius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Dacius (bishop of Milan)">Dacius</a> (530–552)</li> <li>Vitale (552–556)</li> <li>St Ausanus (556–559?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Genoa period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>St Honoratus (560–571?)</li> <li>Frontone (571–573?)</li> <li>Lawrence II (573–592)</li> <li>Constantius (593–600)</li> <li>Deodatus (601–628)</li> <li>Asterius (629–639)</li> <li>Forte (639–641)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>St <a href="/wiki/John_the_Good_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="John the Good (bishop of Milan)">John the Good</a> (641–669)</li> <li>St Antonino (669–671)</li> <li>St Maurilio (671)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Ampelius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Ampelius (bishop of Milan)">Ampelius</a> (671–676)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Mansuetus_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Mansuetus (bishop of Milan)">Mansuetus</a> (676–685)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Benedict_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Benedict (bishop of Milan)">Benedict</a> (685–732)</li> <li>Theodorus II (732–746)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Natalis_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Natalis (bishop of Milan)">Natalis</a> (746–747)</li> <li>Arifred (747–748)</li> <li>Stabile (748–750)</li> <li>Leto (751–755)</li> <li>Thomas (755–783)</li> <li>Peter (784–803)</li> <li>Odelpert (803–813)</li> <li>St Anselm I (813–818)</li> <li>St Buono (818–822)</li> <li>Angilbert I (822–823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angilbert_II" title="Angilbert II">Angilbert II Pusterla</a> (824–859)</li> <li>Tadone (860–868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anspert" title="Anspert">Anspert</a> (868–881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_II_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Anselm II (archbishop of Milan)">Anselmo II Capra</a> (882–896)</li> <li>Landulf I (896–899)</li> <li>Andrea of Canciano (899–906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aicone" title="Aicone">Aicone</a> (906–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gariberto_of_Besana" title="Gariberto of Besana">Gariberto of Besana</a> (918–921)</li> <li>Lambert (921–931)</li> <li>Elduin (931–936)</li> <li>Arderico (936–948)</li> <li>Adelman (948–953)</li> <li>Walpert (953–970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_I_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Arnulf I (archbishop of Milan)">Arnulf I</a> (970–974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotofredo_I_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Gotofredo I (archbishop of Milan)">Gotofredo I</a> (974–979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landulf_of_Carcano" title="Landulf of Carcano">Landulf II of Carcano</a> (980–998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_II_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Arnulf II (archbishop of Milan)">Arnolfo II da Arsago</a> (998–1018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribert_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Aribert (archbishop of Milan)">Ariberto da Intimiano</a> (1018–1045)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_da_Velate" title="Guido da Velate">Guido da Velate</a> (1045–1069)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atto_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Atto (archbishop of Milan)">Attone</a> (1070–1075)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotofredo_da_Castiglione" title="Gotofredo da Castiglione">Gotofredo II da Castiglione</a> (1070–1075, antibishop)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedald_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Tedald (archbishop of Milan)">Tebald da Castiglione</a> (1075–1080)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_III_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Anselm III (archbishop of Milan)">Anselmo III da Rho</a> (1086–1093)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_III_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Arnulf III (archbishop of Milan)">Arnolfo III</a> (1093–1097)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_IV_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Anselm IV (archbishop of Milan)">Anselmo IV da Bovisio</a> (1097–1101)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosolanus" title="Grosolanus">Grosolanus</a> (1102–1112)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Jordan (archbishop of Milan)">Giordano da Clivio</a> (1112–1120)</li> <li>Ulrich da Corte (1120–1126)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselmo_della_Pusterla" title="Anselmo della Pusterla">Anselmo della Pusterla</a> (1126–1135)</li> <li>Robaldo (1135–1145)</li> <li>Umberto I da Pirovano (1146–1166)</li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Galdino_della_Sala" class="mw-redirect" title="Galdino della Sala">Galdino della Sala</a> (1166–1176)</li> <li>Algisio da Pirovano (1176–1185)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Umberto II Crivelli</a> (1185–1187, elected Pope Urban III)</li> <li>Milone da Cardano (1187–1195)</li> <li>Umberto III da Terzago (1195–1196)</li> <li>Filippo I da Lampugnano (1196–1206)</li> <li>Umberto IV da Pirovano (1206–1211)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_da_Sesso" title="Gerardo da Sesso">Gerardo da Sesso</a> (1211, elect)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_da_Settala" title="Enrico da Settala">Enrico I da Settala</a> (1213–1230)</li> <li>Guglielmo I da Rizolio (1230–1241)</li> <li>Leon da Perego (1241–1257)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottone_Visconti" title="Ottone Visconti">Ottone Visconti</a> (1262–1295)</li> <li>Ruffino da Frisseto (1295–1296)</li> <li>Francesco I da Parma (1296–1308)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassone_della_Torre" title="Cassone della Torre">Cassone della Torre</a> (1308–1317)</li> <li>Aicardo da Intimiano (1317–1339)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Visconti_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Giovanni Visconti (archbishop of Milan)">Giovanni II Visconti</a> (1342–1354)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Visconti" title="Roberto Visconti">Roberto Visconti</a> (1354–1361)</li> <li>Guglielmo II della Pusterla (1361–1370)</li> <li>Simon da Borsano (1370–1380)</li> <li>Antonio de' Saluzzi (1380–1401)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope_Alexander_V" title="Antipope Alexander V">Pietro II di Candia</a> (1402–1410)</li> <li>Francesco II Crippa (1409–1414)</li> <li>Bartolommeo Capra (1414–1433)</li> <li>Francesco III Piccolpasso (1433–1443)</li> <li>Enrico II Rampini (1443–1450)</li> <li>Giovanni III Visconti (1450–1453)</li> <li>Nicolò Amidano (1453–1454)</li> <li>Timoteo Maffei (1454)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Sforza" title="Gabriele Sforza">Gabriele Sforza</a> (1454–1457)</li> <li>Carlo I da Forlì (1457–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Nardini" title="Stefano Nardini">Stefano Nardini</a> (1461–1484)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arcimboldi" title="Giovanni Arcimboldi">Giovanni Arcimboldi</a> (1484–1488)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Antonio_Arcimboldi" title="Guido Antonio Arcimboldi">Guido Antonio Arcimboldi</a> (1488–1497)</li> <li>Ottaviano Arcimboldi (1497)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_d%27Este" title="Ippolito d'Este">Ippolito d'Este</a> (1497–1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_II_d%27Este" title="Ippolito II d'Este">Ippolito II d'Este</a> (1520–1550)</li> <li>Giovan Angelo Arcimboldi (1550–1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Archinto" title="Filippo Archinto">Filippo II Archinto</a> (1556–1558)</li> <li><i>sede vacante</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Modern age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>St. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Carlo Borromeo</a> (1564–1584)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Visconti" title="Gaspare Visconti">Gaspare Visconti</a> (1584–1595)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Borromeo" title="Federico Borromeo">Federico I Borromeo</a> (1595–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Monti" title="Cesare Monti">Cesare Monti</a> (1632–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Litta" title="Alfonso Litta">Alfonso Litta</a> (1652–1679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Visconti" title="Federico Visconti">Federico II Visconti</a> (1681–1693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Caccia" title="Federico Caccia">Federico III Caccia</a> (1693–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Archinto" title="Giuseppe Archinto">Giuseppe Archinto</a> (1699–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Erba_Odescalchi" title="Benedetto Erba Odescalchi">Benedetto II Erba Odescalchi</a> (1712–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gaetano_Stampa" title="Carlo Gaetano Stampa">Carlo Gaetano Stampa</a> (1737–1742)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pozzobonelli" title="Giuseppe Pozzobonelli">Giuseppe II Pozzobonelli</a> (1743–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti_(bishop)" title="Filippo Maria Visconti (bishop)">Filippo Maria Visconti</a> (1784–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Caprara" title="Giovanni Battista Caprara">Giovanni Battista Caprara</a> (1802–1810)</li> <li><i>sede vacante</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gaetano_Gaisruck" title="Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck">Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck</a> (1818–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Carlo_Romilli" title="Bartolomeo Carlo Romilli">Bartolomeo Carlo Romilli</a> (1847–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Angelo_Ballerini" title="Paolo Angelo Ballerini">Paolo Angelo Ballerini</a> (1859–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nazari_di_Calabiana" title="Luigi Nazari di Calabiana">Luigi Nazari di Calabiana</a> (1867–1893)</li> <li>Bl. <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Carlo_Ferrari" title="Andrea Carlo Ferrari">Andrea Ferrari</a> (1894–1921)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti</a> (1921–1922, elected Pope Pius XI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Tosi" title="Eugenio Tosi">Eugenio Tosi</a> (1922–1929)</li> <li>Bl. <a href="/wiki/Ildefonso_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Ildefonso Schuster">Ildefonso Schuster</a> (1929–1954)</li> <li>St. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Giovanni Battista Montini</a> (1954–1963, elected Pope Paul VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Colombo" title="Giovanni Colombo">Giovanni Colombo</a> (1963–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a>, SJ (1979–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionigi_Tettamanzi" title="Dionigi Tettamanzi">Dionigi Tettamanzi</a> (2002–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Scola" title="Angelo Scola">Angelo Scola</a> (2011–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Delpini" title="Mario Delpini">Mario Delpini</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div>$=considered an intruder by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/42px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Pope Pius XI</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" class="extiw" title="c:Pope Pius XI">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" class="extiw" title="q:Pope Pius XI">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Pius_XI" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Pius XI">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42323#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42323#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42323#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000457281210">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88598915">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/15296/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyMbGTHFwpWWcGwXXP84q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118594745">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50044410">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11919956b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11919956b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00525192">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pius XI <papa>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV063544">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35740671">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001987&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1090632">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069345791">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p315484721">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90799107">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000157182&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000073895&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000043608">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=166919">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz25c650lmfwqn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810572206205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/57120">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007433757705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514022206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/15677448">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03792095?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500356467">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102068">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1066089">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="PIO XI, papa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-pio-xi_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118594745.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118594745">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027075532">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582773">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6z45mbq">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/38139">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" 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