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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_arrival_of_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_arrival_of_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The arrival of Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_arrival_of_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Duchy_of_Normandy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Duchy_of_Normandy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Duchy of Normandy</span> 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Guernsey_sm02.png/220px-Guernsey_sm02.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Guernsey_sm02.png 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of Guernsey</b> stretches back with evidence of Neolithic occupation, followed by Roman occupation. Christianity was brought to Guernsey by St Sampson. </p><p>The islands were annexed by the Duchy of Normandy and were ruled separately by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> even after becoming King of England. Over the centuries the islands experienced trade benefits and restrictions with attacks by pirates and naval forces leading to improvements in fortifications and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guernsey_Militia" title="Royal Guernsey Militia">Guernsey militia</a>. Guernsey has remained loyal to the English Crown for over 1,000 years. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, Guernsey supported the Parliamentarians, whilst <a href="/wiki/Castle_Cornet" title="Castle Cornet">Castle Cornet</a> sided with the Royalists. The Napoleonic Wars brought prosperity through <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateering</a> and maritime trade, with a later rise of the stone industry, quarrying, horticulture, and tourism. The language in common use began to change from <a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a> to English. </p><p>The islands were <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">occupied by German troops</a> in World War II, with the Islanders later rebuilding their lives through tourism, agriculture, trade and more recently, the finance industry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Martin%27s_statue_menhir_Guernsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/St_Martin%27s_statue_menhir_Guernsey.jpg/220px-St_Martin%27s_statue_menhir_Guernsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/St_Martin%27s_statue_menhir_Guernsey.jpg/330px-St_Martin%27s_statue_menhir_Guernsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/St_Martin%27s_statue_menhir_Guernsey.jpg/440px-St_Martin%27s_statue_menhir_Guernsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/La_Gran%27_M%C3%A8re_de_Chimquiere" title="La Gran' Mère de Chimquiere">La Gran'mère du Chimquière</a></i>, the Grandmother of Chimquiere, the <a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">statue menhir</a> at the gate of Saint Martin's church is an important prehistoric monument</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 6000 BC, the rising sea created the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and separated the <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Promontory" title="Promontory">promontories</a> that became the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey from <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> farmers then settled on its coast and built the <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">menhirs</a> found on the islands today. The island of Guernsey contains two <a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">sculpted menhirs</a> of great archaeological interest, while the dolmen known as <i>L'Autel du Dehus</i> contains a <a href="/wiki/Dolmen_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolmen deity">dolmen deity</a> known as <i>Le Gardien du Tombeau</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman occupation of western Europe induced people to flee, including to the Channel Islands where a number of hoards have been found, including the <a href="/wiki/Grouville_Hoard" title="Grouville Hoard">Grouville Hoard</a>. It later brought trade and Roman settlements. A 3rd-century Gallo-Roman ship wreck was found in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port_Harbour" title="Saint Peter Port Harbour">St Peter Port harbour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade was by ship down the west coast of Europe, silver from England, Breton pottery, wine amphorae, as discovered in the Kings Road excavation in <a href="/wiki/St_Peter_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter Port">St Peter Port</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PotS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PotS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> The Nunnery in Alderney, was a 5th-century Roman signal station fort.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_arrival_of_Christianity">The arrival of Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The arrival of Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During their migration to <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britons_(Celtic_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (Celtic people)">Britons</a> occupied the <i>Lenur</i> islands (the former name of the Channel Islands<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) including <i>Sarnia</i> or <i>Lisia</i> (Guernsey) and <i>Angia</i> (Jersey). It was formerly thought that the island's original name was <i>Sarnia</i>, but recent research indicates that this might have been the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name for <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Sarnia</i> nonetheless remains the island's traditional designation.) Travelling from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Kingdom of Gwent</a>, Saint <a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Dol" title="Samson of Dol">Sampson</a>, later the abbot of <a href="/wiki/Dol-de-Bretagne" title="Dol-de-Bretagne">Dol</a> in Brittany, is credited with the introduction of Christianity to Guernsey.<sup id="cite_ref-HoG_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A chapel, dedicated to St Magloire, stood in the Vale. St <a href="/wiki/Magloire" title="Magloire">Magloire</a> was a nephew of St Samson of Dol, and was born about the year 535. The chapel in his name was mentioned in a bull of Pope Adrian IV as being in the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a>, in Normandy; all traces of the chapel have gone. While the chapel would probably be of a much later date, St Magloire, the British <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a>, may well have set up a centre of Christian worship before A.D. 600. </p><p>Somewhere around A.D. 968, from the Benedictine monastery of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a>, came to Guernsey to establish a community in the North of the Island. The Priory of Mont Saint-Michel was a dependency of the famous Abbey of Mont Saint-Michel </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Duchy_of_Normandy">The Duchy of Normandy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Duchy of Normandy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of the Bailiwick of Guernsey goes back to 933 when the islands came under the control of <a href="/wiki/William_I_Longsword" class="mw-redirect" title="William I Longsword">William Longsword</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a> the first Duke of Normandy, having been annexed from the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Duchy of Brittany</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>. The island of Guernsey and the other island in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Island">Channel Islands</a> represent the last remnants of the medieval Duchy of Normandy.<sup id="cite_ref-HoG_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the islands, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Elizabeth II</a>'s traditional title as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> was <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The masculine nomenclature "Duke" is retained even when the monarch is female.) </p><p>In 1020, <a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Duke Richard II</a> split Guernsey in half, between the viscounts of the Cotentin and the viscounts of Bessin. However, when one of the former's ancestor died heirless in around 1137, the fief reverted to the Duke, hence why it is named <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Fief le Roi</i></span> (the King's fief).<sup id="cite_ref-RL_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p><p>According to tradition, <a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Robert I, Duke of Normandy">Robert I, Duke of Normandy</a> (the father of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>) was journeying to England in 1032, to help Edward the Confessor. He was obliged to take shelter in Guernsey and gave land, now known as the <i>Clos du Valle</i>, to the monks. Furthermore, in 1061, when pirates attacked and pillaged the Island, a complaint was made to Duke William. He sent over Sampson D'Anneville, who succeeded, with the aid of the monks, in driving the pirates out. For this service, Sampson D' Anneville and the monks were rewarded with a grant of half the Island between them. The portion that went to the monastery was known as <i>Le Fief St Michel</i>, and included the parishes of <a href="/wiki/St_Saviour%27s,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Saviour's, Guernsey">St Saviour</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's, Guernsey">St Pierre du Bois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castel,_Guernsey" title="Castel, Guernsey">Ste. Marie du Catel</a>, and the Vale. The part of Sampson was called fief of Anneville. Another version <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says that Sampson followed Duke William and fought Neel de Saint Saveur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigel_de_Saint-Sauveur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nigel de Saint-Sauveur (page does not exist)">Nigel de Saint-Sauveur</a>, who held the fief of de Bessin in Guernsey. The rebels were eventually defeated at the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Val-%C3%A8s-Dunes" title="Battle of Val-ès-Dunes">Battle of Val-ès-Dunes</a> (1047) and on this occasion Nèel, Viscount of Cotentin, fled to Brittany and forfeited his fief in Guernsey. This battle is described by Wace in his poem "Roman du Rou". In any case, in this version too, Sampson d'Anneville stands at the beginning of the actual feudal settlement of the island. Sampson built a manor house called Manor d'Anneville and had two sons. The founding of the Seigneurie and fief d'Anneville in one quarter of the island, followed by the settlement of various Norman lords, means that feudal settlement and organisation of the island had already taken place before the Conquest. This tradition, of course, underlines the special character of Guernsey. It is echoed by many historians.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other historians, such as James Marr, suggest that this second phase of development was longer and continued after the death of William in 1087 and the rise of Geoffrey of Anjou. </p><p>In 1066, the Duke <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Hastings</a> to become the <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">King of England</a>; however, he continued to rule his French possessions, including Guernsey, as a separate entity,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">fealty</a> was owed to the King of France. This initial association of Guernsey with England did not last long, as William split his possessions between his sons: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert Curthose</a> became Duke of Normandy and <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William Rufus</a> gained the English Crown. William Rufus' brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a> recaptured Normandy for England in 1106.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> The island was then part of the English King's realm (though still part of Normandy and France). Around 1142, it is recorded that Guernsey was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Anjou" title="Counts and dukes of Anjou">Count of Anjou</a>, who administered Normandy for the Duke.<sup id="cite_ref-RL_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Middle_Ages">Late Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The loss of Normandy by <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a> in 1204 isolated the Channel Islands from mainland Europe. Each time England and France went to war over the coming centuries, trade to and from the Channel Islands was restricted or banned and even when not officially at war, the island was repeatedly attacked by continental pirates and naval forces.<sup id="cite_ref-PotS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PotS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Guernsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Battle_of_Guernsey.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Guernsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Battle_of_Guernsey.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Guernsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Battle_of_Guernsey.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Guernsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Battle 1342</figcaption></figure> <p>Fortifications were improved in the Channel Islands, manned by professional soldiers and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guernsey_Militia" title="Royal Guernsey Militia">Guernsey militia</a> who would help to defend the Island for the next 600 years. Service was compulsory in the militia for every man in the Island. Raids on Guernsey in 1336 and 1337 by exiled <a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David Bruce</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Charters_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charters-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> came at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years War">Hundred Years War</a>, they were followed by <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a> being captured and using this as a base, the next year when, <a href="/wiki/English_Channel_naval_campaign,_1338-1339" class="mw-redirect" title="English Channel naval campaign, 1338-1339">starting in 1339</a>, Guernsey was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetians</a>, holding the Island for two years and <a href="/wiki/Castle_Cornet" title="Castle Cornet">Castle Cornet</a> for seven.<sup id="cite_ref-PotS_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PotS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> The attacks would recur on several occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-HoG_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was 1348 when the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> reached the Island, ravaging the population. In 1372, the island was invaded by <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragonese</a> mercenaries under the command of <a href="/wiki/Owain_Lawgoch" title="Owain Lawgoch">Owain Lawgoch</a> (remembered as <i>Yvon de Galles</i>), who was in the pay of the French king. Lawgoch and his dark-haired mercenaries were later absorbed into Guernsey legend as an invasion by <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairies</a> from across the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1394 <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a> granted a new <a href="/wiki/Royal_charters_applying_to_the_Channel_Islands" title="Royal charters applying to the Channel Islands">Charter</a> to the islands. Because of great loyalty shown to the Crown, they were exempted for ever from English tolls, customs and duties.<sup id="cite_ref-Charters_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charters-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–10">: 5–10 </span></sup> </p><p>Shipbuilding skills improved and trade to and from Guernsey increased with a growing number of ports, sometimes using trading treaties and sometimes avoiding paying duties. Guernsey ships in the 14th century were small. 12-80 tons with crews of 8-20 men.<sup id="cite_ref-PotS_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PotS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> In times of war, ships could be seized as prizes, the practice continuing in times of peace, against all nationalities, as piracy. </p><p>In 1441, Guernsey's liberties, customs and usages were set out in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Précepte d'Assise</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-RL_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Reformation">The Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martyrs_of_Guernsey_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>The burning of the <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Martyrs" title="Guernsey Martyrs">Guernsey Martyrs</a> 1556</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-16th century, the island was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> reformers from Normandy. During the <a href="/wiki/Marian_persecutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian persecutions">Marian persecutions</a>, three local women, the <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Martyrs" title="Guernsey Martyrs">Guernsey Martyrs</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Burned_at_the_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Burned at the stake">burned at the stake</a> in 1556 for their <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> came to the throne and Catholicism faded in Guernsey. </p><p>The French and piracy were problems to trade with Guernsey in the 16th century, requiring English naval ships to keep them at bay. Guernsey and Jersey were given certain privileges as the English crown needed the Islands to be loyal, not least of which was the Islands neutrality, allowing trade to be pursued with France and England, even when these were at war.<sup id="cite_ref-PotS_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PotS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup> The trade creating revenue from taxes to pay for the Island garrisons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_history">Early modern history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Channel Islands in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Channel Islands in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_Cornet_Floodlit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Castle_Cornet_Floodlit.jpg/220px-Castle_Cornet_Floodlit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Castle_Cornet_Floodlit.jpg/330px-Castle_Cornet_Floodlit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Castle_Cornet_Floodlit.jpg/440px-Castle_Cornet_Floodlit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castle_Cornet" title="Castle Cornet">Castle Cornet</a> seen at night over the harbour of <a href="/wiki/St_Peter_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter Port">St Peter Port</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, Guernsey sided with the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a>, while Jersey remained <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guernsey's decision was mainly related to the higher proportion of Calvinists and other Reformed churches, as well as <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>'s refusal to invest in the defences of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allegiance was not total, however; there were a few Royalist uprisings in the southwest of the island, while <a href="/wiki/Castle_Cornet" title="Castle Cornet">Castle Cornet</a> was occupied by the Governor, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Osborne_(1584-1653)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Osborne (1584-1653)">Sir Peter Osborne</a>, and Royalist troops. Castle Cornet, which had been built to protect Guernsey, was turned on by the town of St. Peter Port, who constantly bombarded it. It was the penultimate Royalist stronghold to capitulate (in 1651)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_and_18th_trade_and_emigration">17th and 18th trade and emigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 17th and 18th trade and emigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Maritime history of the Channel Islands">Maritime history of the Channel Islands</a></div> <p>The Newfoundland cod trade was important to Guernsey until around 1700 when the small Guernsey ships found that the smuggling trade could prove more profitable, with Island businesses established to buy in goods for sale to smugglers until smuggling declined at the end of the 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-PotS_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PotS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 245">: 245 </span></sup> when legal privateering took over as the most profitable business. </p><p>Wars against France and Spain during the 17th and 18th centuries gave Guernsey shipowners and sea captains the opportunity to exploit the island's proximity to mainland Europe by applying for <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letters of Marque</a> and turning their <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">merchantmen</a> into licensed <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a>. It was very profitable. In the first ten years of 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, 608 prizes were taken by Guernsey privateers.<sup id="cite_ref-PotS_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PotS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup> there was however a downside with about 50 ships being lost. To spread the risk, people would buy a share in a ship, (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> for instance) receiving a portion of prize monies after costs, if successful. Many Islanders became rich without ever setting foot on a sailing vessel. Ships became larger, with more crew and were better armed as more money was invested. Late in the 18th century, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> which lasted for 8 years, Guernsey and Alderney privateers took 221 prizes worth £981,300<sup id="cite_ref-PotS_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PotS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 168">: 168 </span></sup> (in today's terms, about £100m). The Islands and Guernsey in particular provided an important element to the blockading of enemies of Britain. </p><p>During the late 17th century the grant by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> of an island to <a href="/wiki/George_Carteret" title="George Carteret">George Carteret</a> the Bailiff of Jersey, which was renamed <i>New Jersey</i>, combined with the Channel Island trading ships visiting New England saw Islanders setting up businesses and settling overseas. By the beginning of the 18th century, Guernsey's residents were starting to settle in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_County,_Ohio" title="Guernsey County, Ohio">Guernsey County</a> was founded in Ohio in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-PotS_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PotS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 281">: 281 </span></sup> </p><p>Ordinary trade continued, fishing had always been an important business. Knitting was an important home industry, overseas shipping carrying such diverse goods as wood, sugar, rum, coal, tobacco, salt, textiles, finished goods, glass, emigrants and wine. Trading mainly with Europe, the West Indies and the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-PotS_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PotS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 367">: 367 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Privateering during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> generated more profits, rolling on from the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. London issued 5,632 letters of Marque of which Guernsey captains received 602, amongst around 70 ships varying in size from 5 to 500 ton.<sup id="cite_ref-PotS_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PotS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 175">: 175 </span></sup> The Letter of Marque would set out which countries' ships could be taken, by which ship, owned by which people. Ships also became stronger and better armed. The war saw the introduction of a series of UK Privateer Acts, to set out rules of valuation of prizes to reduce disputes in Court. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fort_George,_Guernsey" title="Fort George, Guernsey">Fort George</a> was a former garrison for the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>. Construction started in 1780, and was completed in 1812. It was built to accommodate the increase in the number of troops stationed in the island in anticipation of a French invasion during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Braye_du_Valle,_Guernsey" title="Braye du Valle, Guernsey">Le Braye du Valle</a> was a tidal channel that made the northern extremity of Guernsey, Le Clos du Valle, a <a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">tidal island</a>. <a href="/wiki/Braye_du_Valle,_Guernsey" title="Braye du Valle, Guernsey">Le Braye du Valle</a> was drained and reclaimed in 1806 by the British Government as a defence measure. The eastern end of the former channel became the town and harbour (from 1820) of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sampson,_Guernsey" title="Saint Sampson, Guernsey">St. Sampson's</a>, now the second biggest port in Guernsey. The western end of La Braye is now Le Grand Havre. The roadway called "The Bridge" across the end of the harbour at St. Sampson's recalls the <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridge</a> that formerly linked the two parts of Guernsey at high tide. New roads were built and main roads metalled for ease of use by the military.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossan_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossan-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 241">: 241 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1813, the States requested to the Privy Council permission to issue Guernsey coinage. The Council agreed on the condition it was struck at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a>. However, when the first coins were issued in 1830, they had not been minted at the Royal Mint, but by R. Boulton & Co. of Birmingham. It is likely for this reason that coins of the <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_pound" title="Guernsey pound">Guernsey pound</a> did not traditionally feature the sovereign. French currency remained legal tender in Guernsey until 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> Guernsey <a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">created money</a> debt-free for building roads in 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1821, the population of Guernsey was 20,302, 11,173 of whom were living in St. Peter Port. By 1901, the island population had doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossan_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossan-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> </p><p>The 19th century saw a dramatic increase in prosperity of the island, due to its success in the global maritime trade, and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Stone_industry" title="Stone industry">stone industry</a>. Ships were travelling further to trade, one notable Guernseyman, <a href="/wiki/William_Le_Lacheur" title="William Le Lacheur">William Le Lacheur</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a> coffee trade with Europe and the Corbet Family who created the Fruit Export Company<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shipbuilding also increased in the 1840-70 era, declining when iron ships were demanded.<sup id="cite_ref-PotS_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PotS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 291">: 291 </span></sup> </p><p>The quarrying industry was an important employer in the 19th century, Guernsey granite was highly prized, with London Bridge and many important London roads being repaved in Guernsey granite, resulting in hundreds of quarries appearing in the northern parishes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horticulture developed from the use of glasshouses for growing grapes to the growing of tomatoes, becoming a very important industry from the 1860s. Tourism during the Victorian era and the use of Guernsey as a refuge or retirement location brought money to the Island, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> being one of the most distinguished refugees. </p><p>Light industry businesses would regularly appear and after a few decades would move on, such as the Dundee firm James Keiller, who set up in Guernsey in 1857 and lasting until 1879 to avoid the high taxes on sugar in the UK, with marmalade manufactured in Guernsey exported all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was normal for the island to deport vagrants, criminals and anyone who had fallen on hard times who were not "local". Between 1842 and 1880, 10,000 people were deported.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossan_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossan-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165">: 165 </span></sup> This included local-born widows and local-born children of "foreign" men and people who, whilst not born in Guernsey, had resided in Guernsey for over 50 years. This reduced the burden on the parish requirement to look after their poor and discouraged France, England and Ireland encouraging their poor to emigrate to Guernsey.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossan_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossan-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the century, long resisted, the time had arrived for change, to schools, where English would be taught as a language,<sup id="cite_ref-Crossan_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossan-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 268">: 268 </span></sup> to the government, including the use of English as a language in Court together with voting reform,<sup id="cite_ref-Crossan_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossan-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 273">: 273 </span></sup> and some changes to the unfair treatment of non-locals as regards their deportation if unwanted and their summary arrest and detention for petty debt offences, it being almost impossible for an immigrant to ever be recognised as a local, irrespective of their wealth and the number of decades residing in Guernsey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, approximately 3,000 island men served in the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a>. Of these, about 1,000 served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guernsey_Light_Infantry" title="Royal Guernsey Light Infantry">Royal Guernsey Light Infantry</a> regiment formed from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guernsey_Militia" title="Royal Guernsey Militia">Royal Guernsey Militia</a> in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1917, Guernsey hosted an anti submarine French flying boat squadron, erecting hangars near Castle Cornet. The base is credited with having destroyed 25 German submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Guernsey Roll of Honour includes 1,343 who were Bailiwick of Guernsey individuals or who served in the Royal Guernsey Light Infantry. </p><p>The economic depression in the 1930s also affected Guernsey. Unemployed labourers being given jobs such as building sea defences and constructing roads, including Le Val des Terres, opened in 1935 by <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII"><i>Le Prince de Galles</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">German occupation of the Channel Islands</a></div> <p>For most of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Bailiwick was <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">occupied by German troops</a>. Before the occupation, many Guernsey children had been evacuated to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> to live with relatives or strangers during the war. Some children were never reunited with their families.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guernsey_July_2010_Plaque_50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Guernsey_July_2010_Plaque_50.jpg/220px-Guernsey_July_2010_Plaque_50.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Guernsey_July_2010_Plaque_50.jpg/330px-Guernsey_July_2010_Plaque_50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Guernsey_July_2010_Plaque_50.jpg/440px-Guernsey_July_2010_Plaque_50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="1435" /></a><figcaption>Plaque to the memory of Guernsey civilians killed, particularly in the 28 June 1940 bombing raid</figcaption></figure> <p>The occupying German forces deported some of the Bailiwick's residents to camps in the southwest of Germany, notably to the <i>Lager Lindele</i> (Lindele Camp) near <a href="/wiki/Biberach_an_der_Ri%C3%9F" title="Biberach an der Riß">Biberach an der Riß</a>. Among those deported was Ambrose (later Sir Ambrose) Sherwill, who, as the President of the States Controlling Committee, was <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> head of the civilian population. Sir Ambrose, who was Guernsey-born, had served in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and later became <a href="/wiki/Bailiff_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiff of Guernsey">Bailiff of Guernsey</a>. Three islanders of Jewish descent were deported to France and from there to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> where they were killed in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a>, four camps were built to house forced labourers, mostly from Eastern Europe, two were handed for the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> to run. They were the only concentration camps run on British soil and are commemorated on memorials under Alderney's French name <i>Aurigny</i>. </p><p>Occupation laws were enforced by the German garrison. For example, rewards were offered to informants who reported anyone for painting <a href="/wiki/V_sign" title="V sign">"V-for Victory" signs</a> on walls and buildings; a practice that had become popular among islanders wishing to express their loyalty to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173">: 173 </span></sup> </p><p>Guernsey was very heavily fortified during World War II out of all proportion to the island's strategic value, for example four captured vintage Russian <a href="/wiki/Obukhovskii_12-inch/52-caliber_Pattern_1907_gun" title="Obukhovskii 12-inch/52-caliber Pattern 1907 gun">305mm naval guns</a> were installed at <a href="/wiki/Batterie_Mirus" title="Batterie Mirus">Batterie Mirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TLR_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLR-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nvo.ng.ru_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nvo.ng.ru-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German defences and alterations remain visible, including additions made to <a href="/wiki/Castle_Cornet" title="Castle Cornet">Castle Cornet</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Windmills_in_the_Channel_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Windmills in the Channel Islands">windmill</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> had become obsessed with the idea that the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> would try to regain the islands at any price, so over 20 per cent of the materials used to construct the "<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a>" (the Nazi attempt to defend continental Europe from seaborne invasion) was committed to the Channel Islands, including 47,000 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">cu m</a> of concrete used for gun bases.<sup id="cite_ref-nvo.ng.ru_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nvo.ng.ru-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the German fortifications remain intact and although the majority of them stand on private property, several are open to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starvation threatened the Island in late 1944 after the German forces were cut off and supplies could not be brought in from France. The <a href="/wiki/SS_Vega_(1913)" title="SS Vega (1913)">SS <i>Vega</i></a>, chartered by the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">Red Cross</a>, brought <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_parcel" title="Red Cross parcel">Red Cross food parcels</a> and other essential supplies into the Island.<sup id="cite_ref-BRC_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Island was liberated on 9 May 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war">Post-war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1945 the Islanders had to rebuild their lives, the return of evacuees, especially children who could hardly remember their relatives. Many properties had been damaged through wood being stripped from them for fuel, the island had an enormous debt, tourism was destroyed and the growing industry was damaged. The amount of scrap metal collected is now regretted. Rationing continued as in the UK, until the mid-1950s. </p><p>Many traditional businesses, such as fishing and quarrying, would not return. So the Islanders looked to other opportunities, the physical import/export of goods was difficult as the harbours were too small and freight cost too expensive, so control of trade was looked at, the right to supply <a href="/wiki/Mateus_(wine)" title="Mateus (wine)">Mateus Rosé</a> to the UK was controlled by a Guernsey business and it became the top selling wine in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1960s the island had recovered, tourism was important again, the <a href="/wiki/Horticulture_industry" title="Horticulture industry">horticulture industry</a> was booming, 500 million tomatoes being exported annually, then came the crash. Cheap North Sea fuel allowed the Netherlands to provide cheap heating to their growers, the Guernsey industry was undercut on price, which combined with rising fuel prices saw the complete demise of the tomato industry after 100 years by the end of the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restrictions were introduced to make it harder and more expensive for people to move to the island as there was a fear of a massive population increase. </p><p>During the 1970s and 1980s the island began to boom in the finance industry. Not an easy transition for people from the growing industry to an office environment. Profits and salaries were good and the Island had revenues to support long term capital expenditure plans. Continuing through the 1990s with divergence to related industries, such as captive insurance and fund management have managed to keep unemployment low. Tourism declined in the 1980s when the price of a holiday in Spain became much cheaper than coming to Guernsey, leaving the island aiming to attract the higher end of the market. </p><p>Light industry businesses had continued to appear and operate for a few decades in Guernsey including electronic (<a href="/wiki/Tektronix" title="Tektronix">Tektronix</a> from 1957 to the 1980s) and the current <a href="/wiki/Specsavers" title="Specsavers">Specsavers</a> which was established in 1984. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Archaeology of the Channel Islands">Archaeology of the Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Guernsey" title="Fortifications of Guernsey">Fortifications of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Maritime history of the Channel Islands">Maritime history of the Channel Islands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mawson, Gillian (2012) <i>Guernsey Evacuees: Forgotten Evacuees of the Second World War</i>, History Press </p><p>Mawson, Gillian (2016) <i>Britain's Wartime Evacuees</i>, Frontline Books </p><p>Johnston, Peter (2014), <i>A Short History of Guernsey</i>, 6th edition, Guernsey Society, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0992886004" title="Special:BookSources/978-0992886004">978-0992886004</a> </p><p>Sarnia, novel by guernesiais writer G.B. Edwards (life on Guernsey from 1900 until 1970). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guernsey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080323050028/http://www.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/lacotte1.htm">"La Cotte Cave, St Brelade"</a>. Société Jersiaise. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/lacotte1.htm">the original</a> on 23 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Cotte+Cave%2C+St+Brelade&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Jersiaise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.societe-jersiaise.org%2Fwhitsco%2Flacotte1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvendon2001" class="citation web cs1">Evendon, J (11 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=287103092">"Le Dehus – Burial Chamber (Dolmen)"</a>. <i>The Megalithic Portal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Megalithic+Portal&rft.atitle=Le+Dehus+%E2%80%93+Burial+Chamber+%28Dolmen%29&rft.date=2001-02-11&rft.aulast=Evendon&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.megalithic.co.uk%2Farticle.php%3Fsid%3D287103092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-guernsey-30852076">"Gallo-Roman wreck Asterix returns to Guernsey"</a>. BBC. 17 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gallo-Roman+wreck+Asterix+returns+to+Guernsey&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2015-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-guernsey-30852076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PotS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PotS_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PotS_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PotS_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PotS_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PotS_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PotS_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PotS_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PotS_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PotS_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PotS_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PotS_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PotS_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamieson1986" class="citation book cs1">Jamieson, A.G. (1986). <i>A people of the sea</i>. Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0416405401" title="Special:BookSources/0416405401"><bdi>0416405401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+people+of+the+sea&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0416405401&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.aufirst=A.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.co.uk/articles/news/alderney-a-new-roman-fort.htm">"Alderney: A New Roman Fort?"</a>. Current archaeology. 4 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alderney%3A+A+New+Roman+Fort%3F&rft.pub=Current+archaeology&rft.date=2011-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Falderney-a-new-roman-fort.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A590302">"Guernsey, Channel Islands, UK"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Guernsey%2C+Channel+Islands%2C+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Fh2g2%2FA590302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlY6unhtCEAC&q=but+recent+research+indicates+that+this+might+have+been+the+Latin+name+for+Sark&pg=PA45">"The Channel Islands"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Channel+Islands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUlY6unhtCEAC%26q%3Dbut%2Brecent%2Bresearch%2Bindicates%2Bthat%2Bthis%2Bmight%2Bhave%2Bbeen%2Bthe%2BLatin%2Bname%2Bfor%2BSark%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoG-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HoG_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoG_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoG_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marr, J., <i>The History of Guernsey – the Bailiwick's story</i>, Guernsey Press (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921052748/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/ChannelIslands.aspx">"Channel Islands"</a>. The Royal Household Royal.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/ChannelIslands.aspx">the original</a> on 21 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Channel+Islands&rft.pub=The+Royal+Household+Royal.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FMonarchUK%2FQueenandCrowndependencies%2FChannelIslands.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RL-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RL_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RL_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RL_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLempriére1974" class="citation book cs1">Lempriére, Raoul (27 March 1974). <i>History of the Channel Islands</i>. Robert Hale Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0709142522" title="Special:BookSources/978-0709142522"><bdi>978-0709142522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Channel+Islands&rft.pub=Robert+Hale+Ltd&rft.date=1974-03-27&rft.isbn=978-0709142522&rft.aulast=Lempri%C3%A9re&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarey1936" class="citation book cs1">Carey, Edith Frances (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z27TAAAAMAAJ"><i>Essays on Guernsey History Edith Frances Carey Essays on Guernsey History</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Guernsey+History+Edith+Frances+Carey+Essays+on+Guernsey+History&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Edith+Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ27TAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTupper2024" class="citation book cs1">Tupper, Ferdinand Brock (23 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NphJAAAAMAAJ&q=The+History+of+Guernsey+and+Its+Bailiwick:+With+Occasional+Notices+of+Jersey+by+Ferdinand+Brock+Tupper"><i>The History of Guernsey and Its Bailiwick: With Occasional Notices of Jersey by Ferdinand Brock Tupper</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Guernsey+and+Its+Bailiwick%3A+With+Occasional+Notices+of+Jersey+by+Ferdinand+Brock+Tupper&rft.date=2024-01-23&rft.aulast=Tupper&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand+Brock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNphJAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BHistory%2Bof%2BGuernsey%2Band%2BIts%2BBailiwick%3A%2BWith%2BOccasional%2BNotices%2Bof%2BJersey%2Bby%2BFerdinand%2BBrock%2BTupper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206062513/http://www.voisinlaw.com/default.asp?contentID=368">"A Short Constitutional History of Jersey"</a>. Voisin & Co. 18 May 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voisinlaw.com/default.asp?contentID=368">the original</a> on 6 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+Constitutional+History+of+Jersey&rft.pub=Voisin+%26+Co&rft.date=1999-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voisinlaw.com%2Fdefault.asp%3FcontentID%3D368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLempière1976" class="citation book cs1">Lempière, Raoul (1976). <i>Customs, Ceremonies and Traditions of the Channel Islands</i>. Great Britain: Robert Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7091-5731-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7091-5731-2"><bdi>0-7091-5731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Customs%2C+Ceremonies+and+Traditions+of+the+Channel+Islands&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-7091-5731-2&rft.aulast=Lempi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charters-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charters_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charters_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThornton2004" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, Tim (2004). <i>The Charters of Guernsey</i>. Woodfield Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903953655" title="Special:BookSources/978-1903953655"><bdi>978-1903953655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Charters+of+Guernsey&rft.pub=Woodfield+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1903953655&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Garis1986" class="citation book cs1">de Garis, Marie (1986). <i>Folklore of Guernsey</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19840362">19840362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore+of+Guernsey&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19840362&rft.aulast=de+Garis&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBDT2ZJPLOYC&dq=guernsey+martyrs+calvinism&pg=PA54">Darryl Mark Ogier, Reformation And Society In Guernsey, Boydell Press, 1997</a>, p.62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood2009" class="citation cs2">Wood, Norman (26 February 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jerseymilitia.co.uk/jerseyhistory.html"><i>Royal Jersey Militia Regimental History</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Jersey+Militia+Regimental+History&rft.date=2009-02-26&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerseymilitia.co.uk%2Fjerseyhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLemprière1974" class="citation book cs1">Lemprière, Raoul (1974). <i>History of the Channel Islands</i>. Hale. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709142528" title="Special:BookSources/0709142528"><bdi>0709142528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Channel+Islands&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Hale&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0709142528&rft.aulast=Lempri%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUttley1977" class="citation book cs1">Uttley, John (1977). <i>The Channel Islands: A New Study</i>. David & Charles. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0715373331" title="Special:BookSources/0715373331"><bdi>0715373331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Channel+Islands%3A+A+New+Study&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0715373331&rft.aulast=Uttley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLemprière1970" class="citation cs2">Lemprière, Raoul (1970), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitofchanne00lemp/page/"><i>Portrait of the Channel Islands</i></a></span>, London: Hale, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitofchanne00lemp/page/">[1]</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7091-1541-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7091-1541-5"><bdi>0-7091-1541-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portrait+of+the+Channel+Islands&rft.place=London&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportraitofchanne00lemp%2Fpage%2F+Category%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+page+number+citations+from+December+2015%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3ACiting+sources%7C%3Cspan+title%3D%22This+citation+requires+a+reference+to+the+specific+page+or+range+of+pages+in+which+the+material+appears.%26%2332%3B%28December+2015%29%22%3Epage-needed%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.pub=Hale&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-7091-1541-5&rft.aulast=Lempri%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportraitofchanne00lemp%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Guernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/channel_islands/guernsey/article_1.shtml">Guernsey's emigrant children</a>. BBC – Legacies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crossan-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crossan_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crossan_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crossan_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crossan_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crossan_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crossan_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrossan2007" class="citation book cs1">Crossan, Rose-Marie (2007). <i>Guernsey 1814-1914: Migration and Modernisation</i>. 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"A very distinguished Guernseyman – Capt William le Lacheur, his ships and his impact on the early development, both economic and spiritual of Costa Rica". <i>Transactions of la Société Guernesiaise</i>. <b>XX</b> (1). 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Template:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Template talk:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_British_Isles409" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History of the British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">Overview</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Wight" title="History of the Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly#History" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Orkney" title="History of Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides#History" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Outer_Hebrides" title="History of the Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglesey#History" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (Mann)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands#History" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernsey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/75px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/113px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/150px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Prehistoric" title="History of the British Isles">Prehistoric period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England#Prehistory" title="History of England">Prehistoric England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Shetland" title="Prehistoric Shetland">Prehistoric Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Orkney" title="Prehistoric Orkney">Prehistoric Orkney</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistoric Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistoric Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Prehistory" title="History of the Isle of Man">Prehistoric Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Classical_period" title="History of the British Isles">Classical period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Roman Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistoric Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Roman_relations" title="Hiberno-Roman relations">Roman Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">End of Roman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Medieval_period" title="History of the British Isles">Medieval period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">Medieval England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Early medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">High medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Medieval Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early medieval Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High medieval Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Middle Ages">Medieval Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Early Middle Ages">Early medieval Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the High Middle Ages">High medieval Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Ireland in the Middle Ages">Medieval Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early medieval Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">High medieval Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">Late medieval Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Middle_Ages" title="History of the Isle of Man">Medieval Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Early_Modern_period" title="History of the British Isles">Early modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">Early modern Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Early modern England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Early modern Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period_in_Wales" title="Early modern period in Wales">Early modern Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">Early modern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Early_Modern_period" title="History of the Isle of Man">Early modern Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#19th_century" title="History of the British Isles">Late modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (since 1707) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Second_World_War_1939–1945" title="History of the United Kingdom">Second World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">World Wars (Wales)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1945%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)">Post-war period (political history)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1945%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)">Post-war period (social history)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Late modern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man#Modern_period" title="History of the Isle of Man">Late modern Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_monarchs_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of monarchs in the British Isles">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries159" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries159" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_articles227" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Bailiwick of Guernsey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Bailiwick of Guernsey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bailiwick of Guernsey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_articles227" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Guernsey" title="Geology of Guernsey">Geology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Archaeology of the Channel Islands">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braye_du_Valle,_Guernsey" title="Braye du Valle, Guernsey">Braye du Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guernsey" title="History of the Jews in Guernsey">Jews in Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Guernsey_Light_Infantry" title="Royal Guernsey Light Infantry">Royal Guernsey Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Guernsey_Militia" title="Royal Guernsey Militia">Royal Guernsey Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Maritime history of the Channel Islands">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Guernsey" title="List of windmills in Guernsey">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Witch_Trials" title="Channel Islands Witch Trials">Witch trials</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Guernsey" title="Fortifications of Guernsey">Fortifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9hon_Tower" title="Bréhon Tower">Bréhon Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Cornet" title="Castle Cornet">Castle Cornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chateau_des_Marais,_Guernsey" title="Chateau des Marais, Guernsey">Chateau des Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doyle_Monument" title="Doyle Monument">Doyle Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Grey" title="Fort Grey">Fort Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hommet" title="Fort Hommet">Fort Hommet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Castle,_Guernsey" title="Vale Castle, Guernsey">Vale Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Occupation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_civilians_from_the_Channel_Islands_in_1940" title="Evacuation of civilians from the Channel Islands in 1940">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_life_under_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands#Collaboration" title="Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands">Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_life_under_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands">Civilian life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Deportations from the German-occupied Channel Islands">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hommet_10.5_cm_Coastal_Defence_Gun_Casement_Bunker" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Hommet 10.5 cm Coastal Defence Gun Casement Bunker">Fort Hommet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fortification_of_Guernsey" title="German fortification of Guernsey">German fortification of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Occupation_Society" title="Channel Islands Occupation Society">Channel Islands Occupation Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey" title="Coat of arms of Guernsey"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="264" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Guernsey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brecqhou" title="Brecqhou">Brecqhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm" title="Herm">Herm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jethou" title="Jethou">Jethou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihou" title="Lihou">Lihou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Guernsey" title="Parishes of Guernsey">Parishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castel,_Guernsey" title="Castel, Guernsey">Castel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest,_Guernsey" title="Forest, Guernsey">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Andrew, Guernsey">St Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Martin, Guernsey">St Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter Port">St Peter Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's, Guernsey">St Pierre du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Sampson,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Sampson, Guernsey">St Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Saviour,_Guernsey" title="Saint Saviour, Guernsey">St Saviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torteval,_Guernsey" title="Torteval, Guernsey">Torteval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale,_Guernsey" title="Vale, Guernsey">Vale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">State schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Grammar_School_and_Sixth_Form_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey Grammar School and Sixth Form Centre">Guernsey Grammar School and Sixth Form Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mare_de_Carteret_School" title="La Mare de Carteret School">La Mare de Carteret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Sampson%27s_High_School" title="St Sampson's High School">St Sampson's High</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Independent schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanchelande_College" title="Blanchelande College">Blanchelande College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_College,_Guernsey" title="Elizabeth College, Guernsey">Elizabeth College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ladies%27_College,_Guernsey" title="The Ladies' College, Guernsey">The Ladies' College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiff of Guernsey">Bailiff of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bailiffs_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bailiffs of Guernsey">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Guernsey" title="Courts of Guernsey">Courts of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guernsey" title="Elections in Guernsey">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greffier" title="Greffier">Greffier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laws_of_Guernsey" title="List of laws of Guernsey">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Guernsey">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Guernsey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey">Lieutenant Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_%26_Resources_Committee" title="Policy & Resources Committee">Policy & Resources Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Policy_and_Resources_Committee_of_Guernsey" title="President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guernsey">Politics of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Election" title="States of Election">States of Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey">States Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Guernsey" title="List of banks in Guernsey">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Post" title="Guernsey Post">Guernsey Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_pound" title="Guernsey pound">Guernsey pound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Guernsey_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins of the Guernsey pound">coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Stock_Exchange" title="The International Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guernsey" title="Telecommunications in Guernsey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Guernsey" title="Transport in Guernsey">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Airport" title="Guernsey Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurigny" title="Aurigny">Aurigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Guernsey" title="Rail transport in Guernsey">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port_Harbour" title="Saint Peter Port Harbour">Harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emergency Services <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Ambulance_and_Rescue_Service" title="Guernsey Ambulance and Rescue Service">Ambulance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Guernsey Fire and Rescue Service">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port_Lifeboat_Station" title="Saint Peter Port Lifeboat Station">Lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Guernsey Police Service">Police</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guernsey" title="Catholic Church in Guernsey">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Guernsey">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Bean_Jar" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey Bean Jar">Bean Jar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Guernsey">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Languages of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Guernsey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James,_Guernsey" title="St James, Guernsey">St James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches,_chapels_and_meeting_halls_in_the_Channel_Islands" title="List of churches, chapels and meeting halls in the Channel Islands">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Guernsey" title="Dean of Guernsey">Dean of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Church,_Guernsey" title="Town Church, Guernsey">Town Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Parish_Church,_Guernsey" title="St Martin's Parish Church, Guernsey">St Martin's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vale_Church,_Guernsey" title="The Vale Church, Guernsey">Vale Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_St_Apolline,_Guernsey" title="Chapel of St Apolline, Guernsey">Chapel of St Apolline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Guernsey" title="Sport in Guernsey">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_RFC" title="Guernsey RFC">Rugby club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Television in Guernsey">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man#Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarnia_Cherie" title="Sarnia Cherie">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey" title="Coat of arms of Guernsey">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guernsey" title="Flag of Guernsey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerine_sarniensis" title="Nerine sarniensis">Floral emblem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" 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