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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Celtic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Romanisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_invasions_and_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_invasions_and_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Germanic invasions and settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_invasions_and_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_raids_and_foundation_of_the_Norman_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_raids_and_foundation_of_the_Norman_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Viking raids and foundation of the Norman state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viking_raids_and_foundation_of_the_Norman_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norman_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Norman expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13th_to_17th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13th_to_17th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>13th to 17th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13th_to_17th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>18th century to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sub-regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sub-regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainland_Normandy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainland_Normandy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Mainland Normandy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainland_Normandy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insular_Normandy_(Channel_Islands)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insular_Normandy_(Channel_Islands)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Insular Normandy (Channel Islands)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insular_Normandy_(Channel_Islands)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainland_Normandy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainland_Normandy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mainland Normandy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainland_Normandy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Channel_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Channel_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Channel Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Channel_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gastronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Gastronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Normandy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandi%C3%AB" title="Normandië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Normandië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandi%C4%A1" title="Normandiġ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Normandiġ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نرمندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نرمندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandie" title="Normandie – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Normandie" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandiya" title="Normandiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Normandiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="نورماندی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نورماندی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia_(wawengkon_administratip)" title="Normandia (wawengkon administratip) – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Normandia (wawengkon administratip)" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandie" title="Normandie – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Normandie" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Нармандыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нармандыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Нармандыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нармандыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandija" title="Normandija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Normandija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandi" title="Normandi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Normandi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Normandia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandie" title="Normandie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Normandie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandi" title="Normandi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Normandi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandiet" title="Normandiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Normandiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandija" title="Normandija – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Normandija" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Normandia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normand%C3%ADa" title="Normandía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Normandía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia_(eskualde_historikoa)" title="Normandia (eskualde historikoa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Normandia (eskualde historikoa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="نرماندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرماندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normand%C3%AD" title="Normandí – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Normandí" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandie" title="Normandie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Normandie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandje" title="Normandje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Normandje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Normainn" title="An Normainn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Normainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normand%C3%ADa_(rexi%C3%B3n_hist%C3%B3rica)" title="Normandía (rexión histórica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Normandía (rexión histórica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%9D%EB%94%94" title="노르망디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노르망디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նորմանդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նորմանդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandija" title="Normandija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Normandija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandija" title="Normandija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Normandija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Normandia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Normandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normand%C3%AD" title="Normandí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Normandí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Normandia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნორმანდია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნორმანდია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нормандия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нормандия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Normandy" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandiya" title="Normandiya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Normandiya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нормандия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нормандия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannia" title="Normannia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Normannia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandija_(v%C4%93sturisks_re%C4%A3ions)" title="Normandija (vēsturisks reģions) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Normandija (vēsturisks reģions)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandija" title="Normandija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Normandija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandi%C3%AB" title="Normandië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Normandië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandi" title="Normandi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Normandi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Normandia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Normandia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नोर्मंदी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नोर्मंदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="نورماندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نورماندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandie" title="Normandie – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Normandie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandi%C3%AB" title="Normandië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Normandië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC" title="ノルマンディー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノルマンディー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="НогӀманди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="НогӀманди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandie" title="Normandie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Normandie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normaundie" title="Normaundie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Normaundie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Normandia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandiya" title="Normandiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Normandiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C" title="نارمنڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نارمنڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurmindie" title="Neurmindie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Neurmindie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandie" title="Normandie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Normandie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia_(kraina_historyczna)" title="Normandia (kraina historyczna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Normandia (kraina historyczna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Normandia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandiya" title="Normandiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Normandiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Normandia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нормандія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нормандія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Normandia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Normandy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Normandia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Normandy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Normandia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandija" title="Normandija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Normandija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ویلایەتی نۆرماندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویلایەتی نۆرماندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Нормандија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нормандија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandija" title="Normandija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Normandija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Normandia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandie" title="Normandie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Normandie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandiya" title="Normandiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Normandiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandiya" title="Normandiya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Normandiya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нормандія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нормандія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandya" title="Normandya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Normandya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E7%AC%AC" title="諾曼第 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="諾曼第" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BA%95" title="诺曼底 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="诺曼底" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15878#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Normandy&params=48.88_N_0.17_E_region:FR-NOR_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°53′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°10′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.88°N 0.17°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.88; 0.17</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographical and cultural region of France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the geographical and cultural area. For the French administrative region, see <a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy (administrative region)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Normandy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Normandy (disambiguation)">Normandy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographical region</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Normandy</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Normandie</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><br /><span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">Normaundie</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Geographical region</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arromanches-les-Bains_port_artificiel_Mulberry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Artificial port at Arromanches-les-Bains"><img alt="Artificial port at Arromanches-les-Bains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Arromanches-les-Bains_port_artificiel_Mulberry.jpg/250px-Arromanches-les-Bains_port_artificiel_Mulberry.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Arromanches-les-Bains_port_artificiel_Mulberry.jpg/375px-Arromanches-les-Bains_port_artificiel_Mulberry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Arromanches-les-Bains_port_artificiel_Mulberry.jpg/500px-Arromanches-les-Bains_port_artificiel_Mulberry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Artificial port at <a href="/wiki/Arromanches-les-Bains" title="Arromanches-les-Bains">Arromanches-les-Bains</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Normandie.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Normandy"><img alt="Flag of Normandy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Normandie.svg/120px-Flag_of_Normandie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Normandie.svg/180px-Flag_of_Normandie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Normandie.svg/240px-Flag_of_Normandie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Normandy">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_(1066-1087).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Normandy"><img alt="Coat of arms of Normandy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg/86px-Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg/129px-Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg/171px-Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Normandy">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Localisation_Normandie.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location and extent of Normandy"><img alt="Location and extent of Normandy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Localisation_Normandie.png/250px-Localisation_Normandie.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Localisation_Normandie.png/375px-Localisation_Normandie.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Localisation_Normandie.png/500px-Localisation_Normandie.png 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location and extent of Normandy</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Normandy&params=48.88_N_0.17_E_region:FR-NOR_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°53′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°10′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.88°N 0.17°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.88; 0.17</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/40px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/60px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a><sup id="cite_ref-first_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a><sup id="cite_ref-first_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helier">Saint Helier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">French Departments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">British Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Calvados_(department)" title="Calvados (department)">Calvados</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Eure" title="Eure">Eure</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Manche" title="Manche">Manche</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Orne" title="Orne">Orne</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Seine-Maritime" title="Seine-Maritime">Seine-Maritime</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">30,627 km<sup>2</sup> (11,825 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2017)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,499,280</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">110/km<sup>2</sup> (300/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Norman<sup id="cite_ref-Denonym_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denonym-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B00:00" title="UTC+00:00">UTC+00:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">FR-NOR</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.normandie.fr/">www<wbr />.normandie<wbr />.fr</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Normandy</b> (French: <i lang="fr">Normandie</i>; <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>: <i lang="nrf">Normaundie</i> or <span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">Nouormandie</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a geographical and cultural region in northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>. </p><p>Normandy comprises <a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">mainland Normandy</a> (a part of France) and insular Normandy (mostly the British <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>). It covers 30,627 square kilometres (11,825 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its population in 2017 was 3,499,280. The inhabitants of Normandy are known as <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Denonym_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denonym-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the region is the historic homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman language</a>. Large settlements include <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg-en-Cotentin" title="Cherbourg-en-Cotentin">Cherbourg</a>. </p><p>The cultural region of Normandy is roughly similar to the historical Duchy of Normandy, which includes small areas now part of the departments of <a href="/wiki/Mayenne" title="Mayenne">Mayenne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarthe" title="Sarthe">Sarthe</a>. The Channel Islands (French: <i>Îles Anglo-Normandes</i>) are also historically part of Normandy; they cover 194 square kilometres (75 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and comprise two <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">bailiwicks</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, which are British Crown Dependencies. </p><p>Normandy's name comes from the settlement of the territory by <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Vikings</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Northmen</a>") starting in the 9th century, and confirmed by treaty in the 10th century between King <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles III of France</a> and the Viking <i><a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">jarl</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a>. For almost 150 years following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a> in 1066, Normandy and England were linked by having the same person reign as both <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological finds, such as <a href="/wiki/Cave_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">cave paintings</a>, prove that humans were present in the region in prehistoric times. Normandy also has many <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic monument">megalithic monuments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_period">Celtic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Celtic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>) have populated Normandy since at least the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> invaded Gaul (58–50 BC), there were nine different Celtic tribes living in this part of Gaul.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanisation">Romanisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Romanisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheatreLillebonne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TheatreLillebonne.jpg/220px-TheatreLillebonne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TheatreLillebonne.jpg/330px-TheatreLillebonne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TheatreLillebonne.jpg/440px-TheatreLillebonne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Gallo-Roman theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lillebonne" title="Lillebonne">Lillebonne</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanisation</a> of this region partly included in the <i><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Celtica" title="Gallia Celtica">Gallia Celtica</a></i> and in the <i><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></i> (the Seine being more or less the limit between them) was achieved by the usual methods: <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roman roads</a> and a policy of urbanisation. <a href="/wiki/Classicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classicist">Classicists</a> mention many <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villas</a> and archeology found their traces in the past 30 years. In the <a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Roman Empire">Late Roman Empire</a> a new province was created and called <i><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Lugdunensis Secunda</a></i>, it sketched the later <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Rouen">ecclesiastical province of Rouen</a>, with the <i>Metropolis civitas Rotomagensium</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>), <i>Civitas Baiocassium</i> (<i>Augustodorum</i>, Bayeux), <i>Civitas Abrincatum</i> (<i>Ingena</i>, Avranches), <i>Civitas Ebroicorum</i> (<i>Mediolanum</i>, Évreux), <i>Civitas Saiorum</i> (Sées), <i>Civitas Lexoviorum</i> (<i>Noviomagus</i>, Lisieux / Lieuvin) and <i>Civitas Constantia</i> (Coutances).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_invasions_and_settlements">Germanic invasions and settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germanic invasions and settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 3rd century AD, Germanic raids devastated "Lugdunensis Secunda", as the modern area of Normandy was known at the time. The Romans built a system of coastal defences known as <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Shore" title="Saxon Shore">Saxon Shore</a> on both sides of the English Channel. Coastal settlements were raided by <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a> pirates that finally settled mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Bessin" title="Bessin">Bessin</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern archeology reveals their presence in different Merovingian cemeteries excavated east of Caen.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity also began to enter the area during this period and Rouen already had a metropolitan bishop by the 4th century. The ecclesiastical province of Rouen was based on the frame of the Roman <i>Lugdunensis Secunda</i>, whose limits corresponded almost exactly to the future <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a> of Normandy. In 406, <a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> began invading from the east, followed by dispersed settlements mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Bray" title="Pays de Bray">Pays de Bray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Caux" title="Pays de Caux">Pays de Caux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vexin" title="Vexin">Vexin</a>. As early as 487, the area between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Somme_(river)" title="Somme (river)">Somme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> lord <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viking_raids_and_foundation_of_the_Norman_state">Viking raids and foundation of the Norman state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Viking raids and foundation of the Norman state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> started to raid along the river Seine during the middle of the 9th century. As early as 841, a Viking fleet appeared at the mouth of the Seine, the principal route by which they entered the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After attacking and destroying monasteries, including one at <a href="/wiki/Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="Jumièges">Jumièges</a>, they took advantage of the power vacuum created by the disintegration of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s empire to take Northern France. The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">fiefdom of Normandy</a> was created for the Viking leader <i>Hrólfr</i>, known in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> as <i>Rollo</i>. Rollo had <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(885%E2%80%93886)" title="Siege of Paris (885–886)">besieged Paris</a> but in 911 entered <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassalage</a> to the king of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Francia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Francia">West Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Clair-sur-Epte" title="Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte">Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte</a>. In exchange for his <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">homage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">fealty</a>, Rollo legally gained the territory that he and his Viking allies had previously conquered. The name "Normandy" reflects Rollo's Viking ("<a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norseman</a>") origins. </p><p>The descendants of <i>Rollo</i> and his followers created an aristocracy that step by step adopted the local <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance language</a>, intermarried with the area's native Gallo-Frankish inhabitants, and adopted Christianity. Nevertheless, the first generations of Scandinavian and Anglo-Scandinavian settlers brought slaves, mainly from the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, and often turned the women into <i><a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">frilla</a></i>, a Scandinavian tradition which became known as <i><a href="/wiki/More_danico" title="More danico">more Danico</a></i>, medieval Latin meaning "Danish marriage". The first counts of Rouen and the dukes of Normandy had concubines too. While very little archeological excavations about the Vikings were done in Normandy, the <a href="/wiki/Norman_toponymy" title="Norman toponymy">Norman toponymy</a> retains a large Scandinavian and Anglo-Scandinavian heritage, due to a constant use of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> during four or five generations in certain parts of Normandy. </p><p>They then became the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman French</a>-speaking mixture of Norsemen and indigenous Gallo-Franks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/220px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/330px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/440px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="1644" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a> (Scene 23): <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold II</a> swearing oath on holy relics to <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rollo's descendant <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William</a> became king of England in 1066 after defeating <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a>, the last of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon kings</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a>, while retaining the <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdom</a> of Normandy for himself and his descendants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norman_expansion">Norman expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Norman expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_Conquests_copy_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Norman_Conquests_copy_%281%29.jpg/250px-Norman_Conquests_copy_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Norman_Conquests_copy_%281%29.jpg/330px-Norman_Conquests_copy_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Norman_Conquests_copy_%281%29.jpg/500px-Norman_Conquests_copy_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12892" data-file-height="8428" /></a><figcaption>A chronological map of the Norman Conquests, including England (1066–1485, not always in personal union with Normandy), Normandy (911–1204), <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">southern Italy and Sicily</a> (1030–1263), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Africa" title="Kingdom of Africa">parts of Africa around Tripoli</a> (1146–1158), and the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader state">Crusader state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a> along with associated vassals, the Principality of Ancyra (1073–1075), the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Tarragona" title="Principality of Tarragona">Principality of Tarragona</a> (1129–1173), and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Kingdom of the Canary Islands">Kingdom of the Canary Islands</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aside from the conquest of England and the subsequent invasions of Wales and Ireland, the Normans expanded into other areas. Norman families, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Tancred_of_Hauteville" title="Tancred of Hauteville">Tancred of Hauteville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainulf_Drengot" title="Rainulf Drengot">Rainulf Drengot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guimond_de_Moulins" title="Guimond de Moulins">Guimond de Moulins</a> played important parts in the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">conquest of southern Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Drengot_family" title="Drengot family">Drengot</a> lineage, de Hauteville's sons <a href="/wiki/William_Iron_Arm" title="William Iron Arm">William Iron Arm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Hauteville" title="Drogo of Hauteville">Drogo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_of_Hauteville" title="Humphrey of Hauteville">Humphrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger the Great Count</a> progressively claimed territories in southern Italy until founding the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> in 1130. They also carved out a place for themselves and their descendants in the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>. </p><p>The 14th-century explorer <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_B%C3%A9thencourt" title="Jean de Béthencourt">Jean de Béthencourt</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Kingdom of the Canary Islands">kingdom</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> in 1404. He received the title King of the Canary Islands from Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a> but recognized <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III of Castile</a> as his overlord, who had provided him with military and financial aid during the conquest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13th_to_17th_centuries">13th to 17th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 13th to 17th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_of_arc_burning_at_stake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Joan_of_arc_burning_at_stake.jpg/250px-Joan_of_arc_burning_at_stake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Joan_of_arc_burning_at_stake.jpg/330px-Joan_of_arc_burning_at_stake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Joan_of_arc_burning_at_stake.jpg/500px-Joan_of_arc_burning_at_stake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> about to be burned at the stake in the city of <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Eug%C3%A8ne_Lenepveu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Eugène Lenepveu">Jules Eugène Lenepveu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1204, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John, King of England</a>, mainland Normandy was captured from the English by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a>, ending some 293 years of relative Norman independence from the French crown. Insular Normandy (the Channel Islands) remained under control of the English, though still attached to the ecclesiastical province of Rouen. In the 1259 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)" title="Treaty of Paris (1259)">Treaty of Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a> recognized the legitimacy of the French possession of mainland Normandy. His successors, however, often fought to regain control of their ancient fiefdom. </p><p>The <i>Charte aux Normands</i> granted by <a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X of France</a> in 1315 (and later re-confirmed in 1339) – like the analogous <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> granted in England in the aftermath of 1204 – guaranteed the liberties and privileges of the province of Normandy. </p><p>Normandy was devastated by various civil wars and the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>. Between 1419 and 1450, the English controlled all of Normandy apart from <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a>, and made Rouen the seat of their power in France. Normandy ultimately saw its population decline by three quarters as a result of the various conflicts which took place in the region during the late Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, prosperity returned to Normandy until the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a>. When many Norman towns (<a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on" title="Alençon">Alençon</a>, Rouen, <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coutances" title="Coutances">Coutances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayeux" title="Bayeux">Bayeux</a>) joined the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, battles ensued throughout the province. In the Channel Islands, a period of <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> following the Reformation was suppressed when <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> was imposed following the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> left the port of <a href="/wiki/Honfleur" title="Honfleur">Honfleur</a> in 1604 and founded <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>. Four years later, he founded the City of Québec. From then onwards, Normans engaged in a policy of expansion in North America. They continued the exploration of the New World: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier_de_La_Salle" class="mw-redirect" title="René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle</a> travelled in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, then on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Lemoyne_de_Bienville" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemoyne de Bienville">Lemoyne de Bienville</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a>, Mobile and New Orleans. Territories located between Québec and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a> were opened up to establish <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>. Colonists from Normandy were among the most active in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, comprising <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>, Canada, and Louisiana. </p><p>Honfleur and <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> were two of the principal <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a> ports of France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century_to_present">18th century to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 18th century to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although agriculture remained important, industries such as weaving, metallurgy, sugar refining, ceramics, and shipbuilding were introduced and developed. </p><p>In the 1780s, the economic crisis and the crisis of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i> struck Normandy as well as other parts of the nation, leading to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Bad harvests, technical progress and the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Eden_Agreement" title="Eden Agreement">Eden Agreement</a> signed in 1786 affected employment and the economy of the province. Normans laboured under a heavy fiscal burden. </p><p>In 1790, the five departments of Normandy replaced the former province. </p><p>On 13 July 1793, the Norman <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a> assassinated <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a>. </p><p>The Normans reacted little to the many political upheavals which characterized the 19th century. Overall, they warily accepted the changes of régime (<a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>, <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">French Second Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>). </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1792–1815), there was an economic revival that included the mechanization of textile manufacturing and the introduction of the first trains. </p><p>Also, with seaside tourism in the 19th century came the advent of the first beach resorts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NormandySupply_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NormandySupply_edit.jpg/330px-NormandySupply_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NormandySupply_edit.jpg/495px-NormandySupply_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NormandySupply_edit.jpg/660px-NormandySupply_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="2150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a> during the Allied invasion of Normandy, mid-June 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Second World War, following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Armistice_at_Compi%C3%A8gne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Armistice at Compiègne">armistice of 22 June 1940</a>, continental Normandy was part of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_France_(Nazi_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Administration in France (Nazi Germany)">German occupied zone of France</a>. The Channel Islands were <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">occupied by German forces</a> between 30 June 1940 and 9 May 1945. The town of <a href="/wiki/Dieppe" title="Dieppe">Dieppe</a> was the site of the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a> by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> forces. </p><p>The Allies coordinated a massive build-up of troops and supplies to support a large-scale invasion of Normandy in the <a href="/wiki/D-Day_landings" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day landings">D-Day landings</a> on 6 June 1944 under the code name <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>. German forces dug into fortified emplacements above the beaches. <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carentan" title="Carentan">Carentan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falaise,_Calvados" title="Falaise, Calvados">Falaise</a> and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Battle of Normandy</a>, which continued until the closing of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Falaise gap</a> between <a href="/wiki/Chambois,_Orne" title="Chambois, Orne">Chambois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mont_Ormel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Ormel">Mont Ormel</a>. The liberation of <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> followed. This was a significant turning point in the war in western Europe and led to the restoration of the French Republic. </p><p>The remainder of Normandy was liberated by Allied forces only on 9 May 1945 at the end of the war, when the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Liberation of the German-occupied Channel Islands">Channel Island occupation</a> effectively ended. </p><p>Despite the renunciation of the Duke of Normandy title by <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a> in the 1259 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)" title="Treaty of Paris (1259)">Treaty of Paris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the extinction of the duchy itself in modern-day, republican France, in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarch of the United Kingdom</a> (whether a king or queen) is regardless still sometimes informally referred to by the title "Duke of Normandy". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Saint_Michel_bordercropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mont_Saint_Michel_bordercropped.jpg/220px-Mont_Saint_Michel_bordercropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mont_Saint_Michel_bordercropped.jpg/330px-Mont_Saint_Michel_bordercropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mont_Saint_Michel_bordercropped.jpg/440px-Mont_Saint_Michel_bordercropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>The island of <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a>, the most visited monument in Normandy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falaises_Etretat_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Falaises_Etretat_2012.jpg/220px-Falaises_Etretat_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Falaises_Etretat_2012.jpg/330px-Falaises_Etretat_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Falaises_Etretat_2012.jpg/440px-Falaises_Etretat_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4825" data-file-height="3128" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Arche</i> and the <i>Aiguille</i> of the cliffs of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tretat" title="Étretat">Étretat</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonquerets-de-Livret-_batiment_du_Pressoir.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jonquerets-de-Livret-_batiment_du_Pressoir.JPG/250px-Jonquerets-de-Livret-_batiment_du_Pressoir.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jonquerets-de-Livret-_batiment_du_Pressoir.JPG/330px-Jonquerets-de-Livret-_batiment_du_Pressoir.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jonquerets-de-Livret-_batiment_du_Pressoir.JPG/500px-Jonquerets-de-Livret-_batiment_du_Pressoir.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>A typical Norman <a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">thatched</a> building. This is now a village hall</figcaption></figure> <p>The historical Duchy of Normandy was a formerly independent duchy occupying the lower Seine area, the <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Caux" title="Pays de Caux">Pays de Caux</a> and the region to the west through the <a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27Auge" title="Pays d'Auge">Pays d'Auge</a> as far as the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a> and Channel Islands. </p><p>Western Normandy belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Armorican_Massif" title="Armorican Massif">Armorican Massif</a>, while most of the region lies in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Basin" title="Paris Basin">Paris Basin</a>. France's oldest rocks are exposed in Jobourg, on the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotentin">Cotentin</a> peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is bounded to the north and west by the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. There are granite cliffs in the west and limestone cliffs in the east. There are also long stretches of beach in the centre of the region. The <i><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">bocage</a></i> typical of the western areas caused problems for the invading forces in the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Battle of Normandy</a>. A notable feature of the landscape is created by the <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">meanders</a> of the Seine as it approaches its estuary. </p><p>The highest point is the Signal d'Écouves (417 m), in the Armorican Massif. </p><p>Normandy is sparsely forested:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12.8% of the territory is wooded, compared to a French average of 23.6%, although the proportion varies between the departments. Eure has the most cover, at 21%, while Manche has the least, at 4%, a characteristic shared with the Channel Islands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-regions">Sub-regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sub-regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mainland_Normandy">Mainland Normandy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mainland Normandy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avranchin" title="Avranchin">Avranchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessin" title="Bessin">Bessin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baupte" title="Baupte">Bauptois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vire" title="Vire">Bocage virois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on" title="Alençon">Campagne d'Alençon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentan" title="Argentan">Campagne d'Argentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Campagne de Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Campagne de Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Neubourg" title="Le Neubourg">Campagne du Neubourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vreux" title="Évreux">Campagne de Saint-André</a> (or d’Évreux)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotentin">Cotentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perche" title="Perche">Perche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domfront,_Orne" title="Domfront, Orne">Domfrontais</a> or Passais</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exmes" title="Exmes">Hiémois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieuvin" title="Lieuvin">Lieuvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortain" title="Mortain">Mortainais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27Auge" title="Pays d'Auge">Pays d'Auge</a>, central Normandy, is characterized by excellent agricultural land.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Bray" title="Pays de Bray">Pays de Bray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Caux" title="Pays de Caux">Pays de Caux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Houlme" title="Le Houlme">Pays d'Houlme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merey,_Eure" title="Merey, Eure">Pays de Madrie</a>, area between the Seine and the Eure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27Ouche" title="Pays d'Ouche">Pays d'Ouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roumois" title="Roumois">Roumois</a> et <a href="/wiki/Marais-Vernier" title="Marais-Vernier">Marais-Vernier</a></li> <li>Suisse Normande (<a href="/wiki/Norman_Switzerland" title="Norman Switzerland">Norman Switzerland</a>), in the south, presents hillier terrain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_de_Saire" title="Val de Saire">Val de Saire</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picardy_countryside_(8930216616).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Picardy_countryside_%288930216616%29.jpg/220px-Picardy_countryside_%288930216616%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Picardy_countryside_%288930216616%29.jpg/330px-Picardy_countryside_%288930216616%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Picardy_countryside_%288930216616%29.jpg/440px-Picardy_countryside_%288930216616%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3583" data-file-height="1963" /></a><figcaption>Normandy countryside</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexin_normand" class="mw-redirect" title="Vexin normand">Vexin normand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insular_Normandy_(Channel_Islands)"><span id="Insular_Normandy_.28Channel_Islands.29"></span>Insular Normandy (Channel Islands)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Insular Normandy (Channel Islands)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">bailiwick</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">bailiwick of Guernsey</a> (Fr. <i>Bailliage de Guernesey</i>)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> are considered culturally and historically a part of Normandy. However, they are British <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>, and are not part of the modern French <a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">administrative region of Normandy</a>. </p><p>Although the British surrendered claims to mainland Normandy, France, and other French possessions in 1801, the monarch of the United Kingdom retains the title Duke of Normandy in respect to the Channel Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Channel Islands (except for <a href="/wiki/Chausey" title="Chausey">Chausey</a>) remain <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a> in the present era. Thus the <a href="/wiki/Loyal_Toast" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyal Toast">Loyal Toast</a> in the Channel Islands is <i>Le Roi, notre Duc</i> ("The King, our Duke"). The British monarch is understood to <i>not</i> be the Duke with regards to mainland Normandy described herein, by virtue of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)" title="Treaty of Paris (1259)">Treaty of Paris of 1259</a>, the surrender of French possessions in 1801, and the belief that the rights of succession to that title are subject to <a href="/wiki/Salic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Salic Law">Salic Law</a> which excludes inheritance through female heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petit-andely-depuis-chateau-gaillard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Petit-andely-depuis-chateau-gaillard.jpg/250px-Petit-andely-depuis-chateau-gaillard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Petit-andely-depuis-chateau-gaillard.jpg/330px-Petit-andely-depuis-chateau-gaillard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Petit-andely-depuis-chateau-gaillard.jpg/500px-Petit-andely-depuis-chateau-gaillard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>The Seine in <a href="/wiki/Les_Andelys" title="Les Andelys">Les Andelys</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Bresle_au_centre_d%27Eu_(vue_vers_l%27amont).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/La_Bresle_au_centre_d%27Eu_%28vue_vers_l%27amont%29.jpg/220px-La_Bresle_au_centre_d%27Eu_%28vue_vers_l%27amont%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/La_Bresle_au_centre_d%27Eu_%28vue_vers_l%27amont%29.jpg/330px-La_Bresle_au_centre_d%27Eu_%28vue_vers_l%27amont%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/La_Bresle_au_centre_d%27Eu_%28vue_vers_l%27amont%29.jpg/440px-La_Bresle_au_centre_d%27Eu_%28vue_vers_l%27amont%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Bresle</figcaption></figure> <p>Rivers in Normandy include: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> and its tributaries: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Andelle" title="Andelle">Andelle</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Epte" title="Epte">Epte</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Eure_(river)" title="Eure (river)">Eure</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Risle" title="Risle">Risle</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Robec" title="Robec">Robec</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>And many coastal rivers: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Bresle_(river)" title="Bresle (river)">Bresle</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Couesnon" title="Couesnon">Couesnon</a>, which traditionally marks the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Duchy of Brittany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Dives_(river)" title="Dives (river)">Dives</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Orne_(river)" title="Orne (river)">Orne</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9e" title="Sée">Sée</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lune" title="Sélune">Sélune</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Touques_(river)" title="Touques (river)">Touques</a></li> <li>the Veules, the shortest French coastal river</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Vire_(river)" title="Vire (river)">Vire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Normandy" title="Politics of Normandy">Politics of Normandy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caserne_Jeanne_d%27Arc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Caserne_Jeanne_d%27Arc.jpg/250px-Caserne_Jeanne_d%27Arc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Caserne_Jeanne_d%27Arc.jpg/330px-Caserne_Jeanne_d%27Arc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Caserne_Jeanne_d%27Arc.jpg/500px-Caserne_Jeanne_d%27Arc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2632" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption>Historic photograph of the <i>Caserne Jeanne d'Arc</i> in Rouen, today seat of the Norman regional assembly</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainland_Normandy_2">Mainland Normandy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mainland Normandy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern region of <a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy</a> was created by the territorial reform of French Regions in 2014 by the merger of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Normandy" title="Lower Normandy">Lower Normandy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Normandy" title="Upper Normandy">Upper Normandy</a>. The new region took effect on 1 January 2016, after the <a href="/wiki/2015_French_regional_elections" title="2015 French regional elections">regional elections in December 2015</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Council (France)">Regional Council</a> has 102 members who are elected under a system of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>. The executive consists of a president and vice-presidents. <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Morin" title="Hervé Morin">Hervé Morin</a> from the Centre party was elected president of the council in January 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Channel_Islands">Channel Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Channel Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Channel Islands are not part of French territory, but are instead British <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>. They are self-governing, each having its own parliament, government and legal system. The head of state of both territories is <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> and each have an appointed <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor" title="Lieutenant governor">Lieutenant-Governor</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> comprises three separate jurisdictions: <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>. Administratively, Herm forms part of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of Normandy is predominantly agricultural in character, with cattle breeding the most important sector (although in decline from the peak levels of the 1970s and 1980s). The <i><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">bocage</a></i> is a patchwork of small fields with high hedges, typical of western areas. Areas near the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> (the former <a href="/wiki/Upper_Normandy" title="Upper Normandy">Upper Normandy</a> region) contain a higher concentration of industry. Normandy is a significant <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a>-producing region, and also produces <a href="/wiki/Calvados_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvados (spirit)">calvados</a>, a distilled cider or <a href="/wiki/Apple_brandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple brandy">apple brandy</a>. Other activities of economic importance are dairy produce, <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> (60% of production in France), <a href="/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">horse breeding</a> (including two French national stud farms), fishing, seafood, and tourism. The region contains three French <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power station">nuclear power stations</a>. There is also easy access to and from the UK using the ports of <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ouistreham" title="Ouistreham">Ouistreham</a>), <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dieppe,_Seine-Maritime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieppe, Seine-Maritime">Dieppe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jersey and Guernsey are often considered to be tax havens, due to having large financial services sectors and low tax rates.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Area</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Labour force in agriculture</th> <th>Labour force in industry</th> <th>Labour force in services </th></tr> <tr> <th>Upper Normandy<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>2003</td> <td>2.30%</td> <td>36.10%</td> <td>61.60% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lower Normandy<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>2006</td> <td>6.50%</td> <td>25.00%</td> <td>68.50% </td></tr> <tr> <th>France<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>2006</td> <td>2.20%</td> <td>20.60%</td> <td>77.20% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Area</th> <th>GDP (in million of Euros)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2006)</th> <th>Unemployment (% of the labour force)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2007) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Upper Normandy </th> <td>46,853</td> <td>6.80% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lower Normandy </th> <td>34,064</td> <td>7.90% </td></tr> <tr> <th>France </th> <td>1,791,956</td> <td>7.50% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2006 the population of French Normandy (including the part of <a href="/wiki/Perche" title="Perche">Perche</a> which lies inside the <a href="/wiki/Orne" title="Orne">Orne</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">département</a></i> but excluding the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>) was estimated at 3,260,000 with an average population density of 109 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup>, just under the French national average, but rising to 147 for <a href="/wiki/Upper_Normandy" title="Upper Normandy">Upper Normandy</a>. The population of the Channel Islands is estimated around 174,000 (2021).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HalftimberedHousesRouen2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/HalftimberedHousesRouen2.JPG/220px-HalftimberedHousesRouen2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/HalftimberedHousesRouen2.JPG/330px-HalftimberedHousesRouen2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/HalftimberedHousesRouen2.JPG/440px-HalftimberedHousesRouen2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Half-timbered houses in Rouen</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Norman_toponymy" title="Norman toponymy">Norman toponymy</a></div> <p>The main cities (population given from the 1999 census) are Rouen (518,316 in the metropolitan area), the capital since 2016 of the province and formerly of Upper Normandy; <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> (420,000 in the metropolitan area) and formerly the capital of Lower Normandy; <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> (296,773 in the metropolitan area); and <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> (117,855 in the metropolitan area). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flag">Flag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional provincial <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Normandy">flag of Normandy</a>, <i>gules, two leopards passant or</i>, is used in the region and its predecessors. The three-leopard version (known in the Norman language as <i>les treis cats</i>, "the three cats") is used by some associations and individuals, especially those who support cultural links with the Channel Islands and England. Jersey and Guernsey use three leopards in their national symbols. The leopards represents the strength and courage Normandy has towards the neighbouring provinces. </p><p>The unofficial anthem of the region is the song "<a href="/wiki/Ma_Normandie" title="Ma Normandie">Ma Normandie</a>". </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Normandie.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Two-leopard" version, which is the main one."><img alt=""Two-leopard" version, which is the main one." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Normandie.svg/120px-Flag_of_Normandie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Normandie.svg/180px-Flag_of_Normandie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Normandie.svg/240px-Flag_of_Normandie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Two-leopard" version, which is the main one.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Normandie_(three-leopard_version).svg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Three-leopard" version"><img alt=""Three-leopard" version" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Normandie_%28three-leopard_version%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Normandie_%28three-leopard_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Normandie_%28three-leopard_version%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Normandie_%28three-leopard_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Normandie_%28three-leopard_version%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Normandie_%28three-leopard_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Three-leopard" version</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Normandy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nordic Cross version"><img alt="Nordic Cross version" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Normandy.svg/120px-Flag_of_Normandy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Normandy.svg/250px-Flag_of_Normandy.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Cross_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Cross flag">Nordic Cross</a> version</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Two-leopard" flag of Sark"><img alt=""Two-leopard" flag of Sark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Sark.svg/120px-Flag_of_Sark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Sark.svg/180px-Flag_of_Sark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Sark.svg/240px-Flag_of_Sark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Two-leopard" flag of <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_(1066-1087).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Duchy of Normandy"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Duchy of Normandy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg/103px-Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg/154px-Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg/206px-Arms_of_William_the_Conqueror_%281066-1087%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Guernsey"><img alt="Coat of arms of Guernsey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/82px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/123px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/163px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey" title="Coat of arms of Guernsey">Coat of arms of Guernsey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jersey_arms_on_Piquet_House_in_St_Helier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Jersey"><img alt="Coat of arms of Jersey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jersey_arms_on_Piquet_House_in_St_Helier.jpg/95px-Jersey_arms_on_Piquet_House_in_St_Helier.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jersey_arms_on_Piquet_House_in_St_Helier.jpg/142px-Jersey_arms_on_Piquet_House_in_St_Helier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jersey_arms_on_Piquet_House_in_St_Helier.jpg/190px-Jersey_arms_on_Piquet_House_in_St_Helier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jersey" title="Coat of arms of Jersey">Coat of arms of Jersey</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_toponymy" title="Norman toponymy">Norman toponymy</a></div> <p>The Norman language, including its insular variations <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">regional language</a>, spoken by a minority of the population on the continent and the islands, with a concentration in the Cotentin Peninsula in the far west (the <a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a> dialect), and in the <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Caux" title="Pays de Caux">Pays de Caux</a> in the East (the <a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois dialect</a>). </p><p>Many words and place names demonstrate the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Norse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scandinavian" title="Anglo-Scandinavian">Anglo-Scandinavian</a>) influence in this <a href="/wiki/O%C3%AFl_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oïl languages">Oïl language</a>; for example, words : <i>mauve</i> (seagull), <i>fifotte</i> (starfish), <i>hâ</i> (catshark), <i>mucre</i> (humid, wet), <i>(é)griller</i> (slide, slip), <i>fale</i> (throat), etc. place-names : <i>-bec</i> (stream), <i>-fleur</i> (river), <i><a href="/wiki/-hou" title="-hou">-hou</a></i> (island), <i>-tot</i> (homestead), <i>-dal</i> / <i>-dalle</i> (valley), <i>Hogue</i> / <i>Hougue</i> (hill, mound), <i>-lon</i> / <i>-londe</i> (grove, wood), <i>-vy</i> / <i>-vic</i> (bay, cove), <i>-mare</i> (pond), <i>-beuf</i> (booth, cabin), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French is the only <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> in continental Normandy and English is also an official language in the Channel Islands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dauville_Hotel_Normandie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Dauville_Hotel_Normandie.jpg/220px-Dauville_Hotel_Normandie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Dauville_Hotel_Normandie.jpg/330px-Dauville_Hotel_Normandie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Dauville_Hotel_Normandie.jpg/440px-Dauville_Hotel_Normandie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A Norman style construction in <a href="/wiki/Deauville" title="Deauville">Deauville</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Normandy" title="Architecture of Normandy">Architecture of Normandy</a></div> <p>Architecturally, Norman cathedrals, abbeys (such as the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Bec">Abbey of Bec</a>) and castles characterise the former duchy in a way that mirrors the similar pattern of <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman architecture</a> in England following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of 1066. </p><p>Domestic architecture in upper Normandy is typified by <a href="/wiki/Half-timbered_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-timbered construction">half-timbered</a> buildings that also recall vernacular English architecture, although the farm enclosures of the more harshly landscaped Pays de Caux are a more idiosyncratic response to socio-economic and climatic imperatives. Much urban architectural heritage was destroyed during the Battle of Normandy in 1944 – post-war urban reconstruction, such as in Le Havre and Saint-Lô, could be said to demonstrate both the virtues and vices of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brutalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutalism">brutalist</a> trends of the 1950s and 1960s. Le Havre, the city rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Perret" title="Auguste Perret">Auguste Perret</a>, was added to Unesco's World Heritage List in 2005. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a> in lower Normandy takes its form from <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, the predominant local building material. The Channel Islands also share this influence – <a href="/wiki/Chausey" title="Chausey">Chausey</a> was for many years a source of quarried granite, including that used for the construction of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a>. </p><p>The south part of <a href="/wiki/Bagnoles-de-l%27Orne" title="Bagnoles-de-l'Orne">Bagnoles-de-l'Orne</a> is filled with bourgeois villas in <i><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i> style with polychrome façades, bow windows and unique roofing. This area, built between 1886 and 1914, has an authentic "Bagnolese" style and is typical of high-society country vacation of the time. The Chapel of Saint Germanus (<i>Chapelle Saint-Germain</i>) at <a href="/wiki/Querqueville" title="Querqueville">Querqueville</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Trefoil" title="Trefoil">trefoil</a> floorplan incorporates elements of one of the earliest surviving places of Christian worship in the Cotentin – perhaps second only to the Gallo-Roman baptistry at <a href="/wiki/Port-Bail" class="mw-redirect" title="Port-Bail">Port-Bail</a>. It is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Germanus_of_Normandy" title="Germanus of Normandy">Germanus of Normandy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastronomy">Gastronomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gastronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vachesnormandes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vachesnormandes.jpg/220px-Vachesnormandes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vachesnormandes.jpg/330px-Vachesnormandes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vachesnormandes.jpg/440px-Vachesnormandes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Normande_Cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Normande Cattle">Normande cow</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Parts of Normandy consist of rolling countryside typified by pasture for dairy cattle and apple orchards. A wide range of dairy products are produced and exported. Norman cheeses include <a href="/wiki/Camembert_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camembert (cheese)">Camembert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livarot_cheese" title="Livarot cheese">Livarot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pont-l%27%C3%89v%C3%AAque_cheese" title="Pont-l'Évêque cheese">Pont l'Évêque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brillat-Savarin_cheese" title="Brillat-Savarin cheese">Brillat-Savarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neufch%C3%A2tel_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neufchâtel (cheese)">Neufchâtel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petit_suisse_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petit suisse (cheese)">Petit Suisse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boursin_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boursin (cheese)">Boursin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normandy butter and Normandy cream are lavishly used in gastronomic specialties. <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_cattle" title="Guernsey cattle">Guernsey cattle</a> are famous cattle breeds worldwide, especially to North America. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reflets_de_France_Cidre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Reflets_de_France_Cidre.jpg/170px-Reflets_de_France_Cidre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Reflets_de_France_Cidre.jpg/255px-Reflets_de_France_Cidre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Reflets_de_France_Cidre.jpg/340px-Reflets_de_France_Cidre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a> from Normandy</figcaption></figure> <p>Turbot and oysters from the Cotentin Peninsula are major delicacies throughout France. Normandy is the chief <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a>-cultivating, scallop-exporting, and mussel-raising region in France. </p><p>Normandy is a major <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a>-producing region (very little wine is produced). <a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">Perry</a> is also produced, but in less significant quantities. Apple brandy, of which the most famous variety is <a href="/wiki/Calvados_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvados (spirit)">calvados</a>, is also popular. The mealtime <i>trou normand</i>, or "Norman hole", is a pause between meal courses in which diners partake of a glassful of calvados in order to improve the appetite and make room for the next course, and this is still observed in many homes and restaurants. <i><a href="/wiki/Pommeau" title="Pommeau">Pommeau</a></i> is an <i><a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif" class="mw-redirect" title="Apéritif">apéritif</a></i> produced by blending unfermented cider and apple brandy. Another aperitif is the <i><a href="/wiki/Kir_(cocktail)" title="Kir (cocktail)">kir</a> normand</i>, a measure of <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">crème de cassis</a> topped up with cider. <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bénédictine">Bénédictine</a></i> is produced in <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9camp" title="Fécamp">Fécamp</a>. </p><p>Other regional specialities include <i><a href="/wiki/Tripes_%C3%A0_la_mode_de_Caen" title="Tripes à la mode de Caen">tripes à la mode de Caen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Andouille" title="Andouille">andouilles</a></i> and <i>andouillettes</i>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salade_cauchoise" title="Salade cauchoise">salade cauchoise</a></span></span>, salt meadow (<i>pré salé</i>) lamb, seafood (mussels, <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scallops</a>, lobsters, mackerel...), and <i><a href="/wiki/Teurgoule" title="Teurgoule">teurgoule</a></i> (spiced rice pudding). </p><p>Normandy dishes include duckling <i>à la rouennaise</i>, sautéed chicken <i>yvetois</i>, and goose <i>en daube</i>. Rabbit is cooked with <a href="/wiki/Morel" class="mw-redirect" title="Morel">morels</a>, or <i>à la havraise</i> (stuffed with truffled pigs' trotters). Other dishes are sheep's trotters <i>à la rouennaise</i>, casseroled veal, larded calf's liver braised with carrots, and veal (or turkey) in cream and mushrooms. </p><p>Normandy is also noted for its pastries. Normandy turns out <i>douillons</i> (pears baked in pastry), <i>craquelins</i>, <i>roulettes</i> in Rouen, <i>fouaces</i> in Caen, <i>fallues</i> in <a href="/wiki/Lisieux" title="Lisieux">Lisieux</a>, <i>sablés</i> in Lisieux. It is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Brioche" title="Brioche">brioches</a> (especially those from <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vreux" title="Évreux">Évreux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gisors" title="Gisors">Gisors</a>). Confectionery of the region includes Rouen apple sugar, Isigny caramels, <a href="/wiki/Bayeux" title="Bayeux">Bayeux</a> mint chews, Falaise berlingots, <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> marzipans, <a href="/wiki/Argentan" title="Argentan">Argentan</a> <i>croquettes</i>, and Rouen <a href="/wiki/Macaroons" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaroons">macaroons</a>. </p><p>Normandy is the native land of <a href="/wiki/Taillevent" class="mw-redirect" title="Taillevent">Taillevent</a>, cook of the kings of France <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a>. He wrote the earliest French cookery book named <i>Le Viandier</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Confiture_de_lait" class="mw-redirect" title="Confiture de lait">Confiture de lait</a></i> was also made in Normandy around the 14th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wace_illustration_Roman_de_Rou_1824.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wace_illustration_Roman_de_Rou_1824.jpg/170px-Wace_illustration_Roman_de_Rou_1824.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wace_illustration_Roman_de_Rou_1824.jpg/255px-Wace_illustration_Roman_de_Rou_1824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wace_illustration_Roman_de_Rou_1824.jpg/340px-Wace_illustration_Roman_de_Rou_1824.jpg 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wace" title="Wace">Wace</a> presents his <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Rou" title="Roman de Rou">Roman de Rou</a></i> to Henry II, Illustration 1824</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_literature" title="Anglo-Norman literature">Anglo-Norman literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Normannorum_Ducum" title="Gesta Normannorum Ducum">Gesta Normannorum Ducum</a></div> <p>The dukes of Normandy commissioned and inspired epic literature to record and legitimise their rule. <a href="/wiki/Wace" title="Wace">Wace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orderic_Vitalis" title="Orderic Vitalis">Orderic Vitalis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen of Rouen">Stephen of Rouen</a> were among those who wrote in the service of the dukes. After the division of 1204, French literature provided the model for the development of literature in Normandy. <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Basselin" title="Olivier Basselin">Olivier Basselin</a> wrote of the Vaux de Vire, the origin of literary <i><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a></i>. Notable Norman writers include <a href="/wiki/Jean_Marot" title="Jean Marot">Jean Marot</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Belleau" title="Rémy Belleau">Rémy Belleau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" title="Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly">Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octave_Mirbeau" title="Octave Mirbeau">Octave Mirbeau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Remy_de_Gourmont" title="Remy de Gourmont">Remy de Gourmont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>. The Corneille brothers, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corneille" title="Thomas Corneille">Thomas</a>, born in Rouen, were great figures of French classical literature. </p><p>David Ferrand (1591–1660) in his <i>Muse Normande</i> established a landmark of Norman language literature. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the workers and merchants of Rouen established a tradition of polemical and satirical literature in a form of language called the <i>parler purin</i>. At the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century, a new movement arose in the Channel Islands, led by writers such as <a href="/wiki/George_M%C3%A9tivier" title="George Métivier">George Métivier</a>, which sparked a literary renaissance on the Norman mainland. In exile in Jersey and then Guernsey, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> took an interest in the vernacular literature. <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Travailleurs_de_la_mer" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Travailleurs de la mer">Les Travailleurs de la mer</a></i> is a well-known novel by Hugo set in the Channel Islands. The boom in insular literature in the early 19th century encouraged production especially in La Hague and around Cherbourg, where Alfred Rossel, Louis Beuve and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tis-Capel" title="Côtis-Capel">Côtis-Capel</a> became active. The typical medium for literary expression in Norman has traditionally been newspaper columns and almanacs. The novel <i>Zabeth</i> by André Louis which appeared in 1969 was the first novel published in Norman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting">Painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Claude_Monet_-_Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6001" data-file-height="7455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_a_Parasol_%E2%80%93_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son" title="Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son">Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son</a></i>, 1875</figcaption></figure> <p>Normandy has a rich tradition of painting and gave to France some of its most important artists. </p><p>In the 17th century, some major French painters were Normans like <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Les_Andelys" title="Les Andelys">Les Andelys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jouvenet" title="Jean Jouvenet">Jean Jouvenet</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> drew painters to the Channel coasts of Normandy. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Richard Parkes Bonington</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> crossed the Channel from Great Britain, attracted by the light and landscapes. <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Théodore Géricault</a>, a native of Rouen, was a notable figure in the Romantic movement, its famous <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Radeau_de_la_M%C3%A9duse" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Radeau de la Méduse">Radeau de la Méduse</a></i> being considered come the breakthrough of pictorial romanticism in France when it was officially presented at the <a href="/wiki/Salon_of_1819" title="Salon of 1819">Salon of 1819</a>. The competing Realist tendency was represented by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a>, a native of La Hague. The landscape painter <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Boudin" title="Eugène Boudin">Eugène Boudin</a>, born in Honfleur, was a determining influence on the impressionists and was highly considered by Monet. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Chigot_(French),_Printemps_en_Normandie_(Springtime_in_Normandy).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Eug%C3%A8ne_Chigot_%28French%29%2C_Printemps_en_Normandie_%28Springtime_in_Normandy%29.jpg/220px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Chigot_%28French%29%2C_Printemps_en_Normandie_%28Springtime_in_Normandy%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Eug%C3%A8ne_Chigot_%28French%29%2C_Printemps_en_Normandie_%28Springtime_in_Normandy%29.jpg/330px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Chigot_%28French%29%2C_Printemps_en_Normandie_%28Springtime_in_Normandy%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Eug%C3%A8ne_Chigot_%28French%29%2C_Printemps_en_Normandie_%28Springtime_in_Normandy%29.jpg/440px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Chigot_%28French%29%2C_Printemps_en_Normandie_%28Springtime_in_Normandy%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3816" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Chigot" title="Eugène Chigot">Eugène Chigot</a> (1860–1923), Printemps en Normandie (Springtime in Normandy) (1914/15)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Antoine_Pinchon,_Un_apr%C3%A8s-midi_%C3%A0_l%27Ile_aux_Cerises,_Rouen,_oil_on_canvas,_50_x_61.2_cm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Robert_Antoine_Pinchon%2C_Un_apr%C3%A8s-midi_%C3%A0_l%27Ile_aux_Cerises%2C_Rouen%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_50_x_61.2_cm.jpg/220px-Robert_Antoine_Pinchon%2C_Un_apr%C3%A8s-midi_%C3%A0_l%27Ile_aux_Cerises%2C_Rouen%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_50_x_61.2_cm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Robert_Antoine_Pinchon%2C_Un_apr%C3%A8s-midi_%C3%A0_l%27Ile_aux_Cerises%2C_Rouen%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_50_x_61.2_cm.jpg/330px-Robert_Antoine_Pinchon%2C_Un_apr%C3%A8s-midi_%C3%A0_l%27Ile_aux_Cerises%2C_Rouen%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_50_x_61.2_cm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Robert_Antoine_Pinchon%2C_Un_apr%C3%A8s-midi_%C3%A0_l%27Ile_aux_Cerises%2C_Rouen%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_50_x_61.2_cm.jpg/440px-Robert_Antoine_Pinchon%2C_Un_apr%C3%A8s-midi_%C3%A0_l%27Ile_aux_Cerises%2C_Rouen%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_50_x_61.2_cm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Antoine_Pinchon" title="Robert Antoine Pinchon">Robert Antoine Pinchon</a>, <i>Un après-midi à l'Ile aux Cerises, Rouen</i>, oil on canvas, 50 x 61.2 cm</figcaption></figure> <p>Breaking away from the more formalised and classical themes of the early part of the 19th century, Impressionist painters preferred to paint outdoors, in natural light, and to concentrate on landscapes, towns and scenes of daily life. </p><p>Leader of the movement and father of modern painting, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> is one of the best known Impressionists and a major character in Normandy's artistic heritage. His <a href="/wiki/Fondation_Monet_in_Giverny" title="Fondation Monet in Giverny">house and gardens</a> at <a href="/wiki/Giverny" title="Giverny">Giverny</a> are one of the region's major tourist sites, much visited for their beauty and their water lilies, as well as for their importance to Monet's artistic inspiration. Normandy was at the heart of his creation, from the paintings of Rouen's cathedral to the famous depictions of the cliffs at <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tretat" title="Étretat">Étretat</a>, the beach and port at <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9camp" title="Fécamp">Fécamp</a> and the sunrise at <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a>. It was <i><a href="/wiki/Impression,_Sunrise" title="Impression, Sunrise">Impression, Sunrise</a></i>, Monet's painting of Le Havre, that led to the movement being dubbed <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>. After Monet, all the main <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> painters of the 1870s and 1880s came to Normandy to paint its landscapes and its changing lights, concentrating along the Seine valley and the Norman coast. </p><p>Landscapes and scenes of daily life were also immortalised on canvas by artists that have included : <a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Turner (artist)">William Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>, the Honfleur born Eugène Boudin, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Alfred Sisley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Renoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste Renoir">Auguste Renoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Caillebotte" title="Gustave Caillebotte">Gustave Caillebotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Chigot" title="Eugène Chigot">Eugène Chigot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Pierre Bonnard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>. While Monet's work adorns galleries and collections all over the world, a remarkable quantity of Impressionist works can be found in galleries throughout Normandy, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Rouen" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen">Museum of Fine Arts</a> in Rouen, the Musée Eugène Boudin in <a href="/wiki/Honfleur" title="Honfleur">Honfleur</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Malraux" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée Malraux">André Malraux Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Denis" title="Maurice Denis">Maurice Denis</a>, one of the leaders and theoricists of the <a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Nabis</a> movement in the 1890s, was a native of Granville, in the department of Manche. <a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Auffray" title="Marie-Thérèse Auffray">Marie-Thérèse Auffray</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionist</a> painter and member of the French resistance during WWII, lived and painted in the village of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89chauffour" title="Échauffour">Échauffour</a>. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Normande_de_Peinture_Moderne" title="Société Normande de Peinture Moderne">Société Normande de Peinture Moderne</a></i> was founded in 1909 by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dumont_(painter)" title="Pierre Dumont (painter)">Pierre Dumont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Antoine_Pinchon" title="Robert Antoine Pinchon">Robert Antoine Pinchon</a>, Yvonne Barbier and Eugène Tirvert. Among members were <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Raoul Dufy</a>, a native of Le Havre, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Marquet" title="Albert Marquet">Albert Marquet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Utrillo" title="Maurice Utrillo">Maurice Utrillo</a>. Also in this movement were the Duchamp brothers, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Villon" title="Jacques Villon">Jacques Villon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>, considered one of the father of modern art, also natives of Normandy. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet" title="Jean Dubuffet">Jean Dubuffet</a>, one of the leading French artist of the 1940s and the 1950s was born in Le Havre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rouen_Cathedral_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Rouen_Cathedral_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_4.jpg/170px-Rouen_Cathedral_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Rouen_Cathedral_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_4.jpg/255px-Rouen_Cathedral_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Rouen_Cathedral_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_4.jpg/340px-Rouen_Cathedral_as_seen_from_Gros_Horloge_140215_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3953" data-file-height="6328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Christian missionaries implanted <a href="/wiki/Monastic_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic communities">monastic communities</a> in the territory in the 5th and 6th centuries. Some of these missionaries came from across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">Channel</a>. The influence of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a> can still be found in the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotentin">Cotentin</a>. By the terms of the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, Rollo, a Viking pagan, accepted Christianity and was baptised. The Duchy of Normandy was therefore formally a Christian state from its foundation. The cathedrals of Normandy have exerted influence down the centuries in matters of both faith and politics. <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">King Henry II</a> of England did <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a> at the cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Avranches_Cathedral" title="Avranches Cathedral">Avranches</a> on 21 May 1172 and was absolved from the censures incurred by the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a> is a historic <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> site. </p><p>Normandy does not have one generally agreed <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>, although this title has been ascribed to Saint <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ouen">Saint Ouen</a>. Many saints have been revered in Normandy down the centuries, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Aubert" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Aubert">Aubert</a> who's remembered as the founder of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Marcouf" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Marcouf">Marcouf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laud_of_Coutances" title="Laud of Coutances">Laud</a> who are important saints in Normandy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helier" title="Helier">Helier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Dol" title="Samson of Dol">Samson of Dol</a> who are evangelizers of the Channel Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman</a> whose parents were from Rouen, who was the object of a considerable following in mainland Normandy following his martyrdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> who was <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyred</a> in Rouen, and who is especially remembered in that city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_de_Lisieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Thérèse de Lisieux">Thérèse de Lisieux</a> whose birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on" title="Alençon">Alençon</a> and later home in Lisieux are a focus for religious pilgrims.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanus_of_Normandy" title="Germanus of Normandy">Germanus of Normandy</a></li></ul> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State</a>, there is no established church in mainland Normandy. In the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>See <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Normandy" title="Category:People from Normandy">Category:People from Normandy</a></i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSM_sunset_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mont Saint-Michel"><img alt="Mont Saint-Michel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MSM_sunset_02.JPG/273px-MSM_sunset_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MSM_sunset_02.JPG/410px-MSM_sunset_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MSM_sunset_02.JPG/546px-MSM_sunset_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_Gaillard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Château Gaillard"><img alt="Château Gaillard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ch%C3%A2teau_Gaillard.jpg/330px-Ch%C3%A2teau_Gaillard.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ch%C3%A2teau_Gaillard.jpg/500px-Ch%C3%A2teau_Gaillard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ch%C3%A2teau_Gaillard.jpg/507px-Ch%C3%A2teau_Gaillard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Gaillard" title="Château Gaillard">Château Gaillard</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Honfleur_vieux_bassin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Honfleur"><img alt="Honfleur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Honfleur_vieux_bassin.jpg/240px-Honfleur_vieux_bassin.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Honfleur_vieux_bassin.jpg/360px-Honfleur_vieux_bassin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Honfleur_vieux_bassin.jpg/480px-Honfleur_vieux_bassin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Honfleur" title="Honfleur">Honfleur</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Havre_(skatepark).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Le Havre"><img alt="Le Havre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Le_Havre_%28skatepark%29.jpg/240px-Le_Havre_%28skatepark%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Le_Havre_%28skatepark%29.jpg/360px-Le_Havre_%28skatepark%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Le_Havre_%28skatepark%29.jpg/480px-Le_Havre_%28skatepark%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arromanches-les-Bains_port_artificiel_Mulberry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arromanches, Mulberry Harbour"><img alt="Arromanches, Mulberry Harbour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Arromanches-les-Bains_port_artificiel_Mulberry.jpg/271px-Arromanches-les-Bains_port_artificiel_Mulberry.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Arromanches-les-Bains_port_artificiel_Mulberry.jpg/407px-Arromanches-les-Bains_port_artificiel_Mulberry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Arromanches-les-Bains_port_artificiel_Mulberry.jpg/542px-Arromanches-les-Bains_port_artificiel_Mulberry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arromanches" class="mw-redirect" title="Arromanches">Arromanches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry Harbour">Mulberry Harbour</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colombages.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Half-timbered houses in Rouen"><img alt="Half-timbered houses in Rouen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Colombages.jpg/271px-Colombages.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Colombages.jpg/406px-Colombages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Colombages.jpg/542px-Colombages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Half-timbered houses in <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Cen%C3%A9ri-Le-Gerei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint-Céneri-le-Gérei"><img alt="Saint-Céneri-le-Gérei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Saint-Cen%C3%A9ri-Le-Gerei.jpg/274px-Saint-Cen%C3%A9ri-Le-Gerei.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Saint-Cen%C3%A9ri-Le-Gerei.jpg/411px-Saint-Cen%C3%A9ri-Le-Gerei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Saint-Cen%C3%A9ri-Le-Gerei.jpg/548px-Saint-Cen%C3%A9ri-Le-Gerei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint-C%C3%A9neri-le-G%C3%A9rei" title="Saint-Céneri-le-Gérei">Saint-Céneri-le-Gérei</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Etelan0706ZF_-_Basse_Def..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Château d'Ételan (1494)"><img alt="Château d'Ételan (1494)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Etelan0706ZF_-_Basse_Def..jpg/250px-Etelan0706ZF_-_Basse_Def..jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Etelan0706ZF_-_Basse_Def..jpg/500px-Etelan0706ZF_-_Basse_Def..jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="2232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27%C3%89telan" title="Château d'Ételan">Château d'Ételan</a> (1494)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Honfleur_Harbour,_June_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decorated boats in Honfleur harbour"><img alt="Decorated boats in Honfleur harbour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Honfleur_Harbour%2C_June_2012.jpg/281px-Honfleur_Harbour%2C_June_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Honfleur_Harbour%2C_June_2012.jpg/421px-Honfleur_Harbour%2C_June_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Honfleur_Harbour%2C_June_2012.jpg/562px-Honfleur_Harbour%2C_June_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="854" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decorated boats in <a href="/wiki/Honfleur" title="Honfleur">Honfleur</a> harbour</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 78.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 76.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RouenCathedral_Monet_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rouen Cathedral by Claude Monet"><img alt="Rouen Cathedral by Claude Monet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/RouenCathedral_Monet_1894.jpg/115px-RouenCathedral_Monet_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/RouenCathedral_Monet_1894.jpg/173px-RouenCathedral_Monet_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/RouenCathedral_Monet_1894.jpg/230px-RouenCathedral_Monet_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="874" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a> by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NormandyCourcelles2JM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="World War II 15 cm TbtsK C/36 German coastal gun."><img alt="World War II 15 cm TbtsK C/36 German coastal gun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/NormandyCourcelles2JM.jpg/330px-NormandyCourcelles2JM.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/NormandyCourcelles2JM.jpg/500px-NormandyCourcelles2JM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/NormandyCourcelles2JM.jpg/555px-NormandyCourcelles2JM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> 15 cm TbtsK C/36 German coastal gun.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pegasus_Bridge,_June_1944_B5288.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pegasus Bridge"><img alt="Pegasus Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pegasus_Bridge%2C_June_1944_B5288.jpg/180px-Pegasus_Bridge%2C_June_1944_B5288.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pegasus_Bridge%2C_June_1944_B5288.jpg/270px-Pegasus_Bridge%2C_June_1944_B5288.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pegasus_Bridge%2C_June_1944_B5288.jpg/360px-Pegasus_Bridge%2C_June_1944_B5288.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Bridge" title="Pegasus Bridge">Pegasus Bridge</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial,_June_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial near Colleville-sur-Mer"><img alt="The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial near Colleville-sur-Mer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial%2C_June_2012.jpg/270px-Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial%2C_June_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial%2C_June_2012.jpg/405px-Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial%2C_June_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial%2C_June_2012.jpg/540px-Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial%2C_June_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial near <a href="/wiki/Colleville-sur-Mer" title="Colleville-sur-Mer">Colleville-sur-Mer</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/120px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_of_Normandy_into_the_royal_domain_of_the_Kingdom_of_France" title="Integration of Normandy into the royal domain of the Kingdom of France">Integration of Normandy into the royal domain of the Kingdom of France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-first-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-first_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dependency of the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a>, not part of the United Kingdom but not a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Normanz</i></span>, plural of <i>Normant</i>, originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages.)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Denonym-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denonym_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denonym_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordreference.com/definition/norman">"Norman"</a>. <i>WordReference.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824013130/http://www.wordreference.com/definition/norman">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>3. a native or inhabitant of Normandy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WordReference.com&rft.atitle=Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordreference.com%2Fdefinition%2Fnorman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Norman">"Norman"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009001507/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Norman">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DNorman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://195.7.104.1/normandy/gb/01bienv/index.html">Administrative Normandy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501135826/http://195.7.104.1/normandy/gb/01bienv/index.html">Archived</a> 1 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichel_Badet2010" class="citation web cs1">Michel Badet (29 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capbreizh.com/pratique/anglo-normandes/anglo-normandes.htm">"Découvertes touristiques Cap Breizh – Les îles Anglo-Normandes"</a>. capbreizh.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708114636/http://www.capbreizh.com/pratique/anglo-normandes/anglo-normandes.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9couvertes+touristiques+Cap+Breizh+%E2%80%93+Les+%C3%AEles+Anglo-Normandes&rft.pub=capbreizh.com&rft.date=2010-05-29&rft.au=Michel+Badet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capbreizh.com%2Fpratique%2Fanglo-normandes%2Fanglo-normandes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeannine Rouch, <i>Mégalithes de Normandie: Pierres de légendes</i>, OREP Edition, Caen, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pagesperso-orange.fr/ridel/histnorm/Gaulois1.htm">"César et les Gaulois"</a> (in French). pagesperso-orange.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227063130/http://pagesperso-orange.fr/ridel/histnorm/Gaulois1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%C3%A9sar+et+les+Gaulois&rft.pub=pagesperso-orange.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpagesperso-orange.fr%2Fridel%2Fhistnorm%2FGaulois1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">René Herval, "Les origines chrétiennes de la Seconde Lyonnaise (Normandie actuelle)" in <i>Études Normandes</i>, 1963, n° 163, p. 1–11 (online reading in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/etnor_0014-2158_1963_num_49_163_3197">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331220422/https://www.persee.fr/doc/etnor_0014-2158_1963_num_49_163_3197">Archived</a> 31 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Soulat, La présence saxonne et anglo-saxonne sur le littoral de la Manche, in <i>Quentovic</i> : <i>Environnement, archéologie, histoire</i>, 2010, p. 146 – 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Pilet, <i>Quelques témoignages de la présence Anglo-Saxonne dans le Calvados, Basse-Normandie (France)</i>, Band 13, edited by Karl Hauck, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. 357–381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeveux2008" class="citation book cs1">Neveux, Francois (3 June 2008). <i>The Normans: The conquests that changed the face of Europe</i>. Running Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-3371-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-3371-1"><bdi>978-0-7624-3371-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Normans%3A+The+conquests+that+changed+the+face+of+Europe&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2008-06-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7624-3371-1&rft.aulast=Neveux&rft.aufirst=Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmmanuel_Le_Roy_Ladurie1987" class="citation book cs1">Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero"><i>The French Peasantry: 1450–1660</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05523-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05523-0"><bdi>978-0-520-05523-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Peasantry%3A+1450%E2%80%931660&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05523-0&rft.au=Emmanuel+Le+Roy+Ladurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrenchpeasantry10000lero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhi.ac.uk/normans/history.html">"The historical background and the 'Lands of the Normans'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Digital Humanities Institute</i>. University of Sheffield.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Digital+Humanities+Institute&rft.atitle=The+historical+background+and+the+%27Lands+of+the+Normans%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhi.ac.uk%2Fnormans%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etab.ac-caen.fr/discip/geologie/precamb/lahagueEcalgrain/ecalgrain.htm"><i>Bay of Écalgrain and Bay of Cul-Rond</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819194049/http://www.etab.ac-caen.fr/discip/geologie/precamb/lahagueEcalgrain/ecalgrain.htm">Archived</a> 19 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Website Lithothèque de Normandie.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Normandie</i>, Bonneton, Paris 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86253-272-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-86253-272-X">2-86253-272-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/ChannelIslands.aspx">"Channel Islands"</a>. The official website of The British Monarchy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921052748/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/ChannelIslands.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Channel+Islands&rft.pub=The+official+website+of+The+British+Monarchy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FMonarchUK%2FQueenandCrowndependencies%2FChannelIslands.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaron_de_Montesquieu,_M._de_Secondat1873" class="citation book cs1">Baron de Montesquieu, M. de Secondat (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ie8vXUqHkKIC&q=Salic+Law&pg=PA316"><i>The Spirit of Laws: Translated from the French of M. de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu by Thomas Nugent, LL.D</i></a>. ROBERT CLARKE & CO. p. 328<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>It would be easy for me to prove that the Salic law did not absolutely exclude the daughters from the possession of the Salic land, but only in the case where they were de barred by their brothers. This appears from the letter of the Salic law; which after having said, that the women shall possess none of the Salic land, but only the males, interprets and restrains itself by adding, "that is, the son shall succeed to the inheritance of the father."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Laws%3A+Translated+from+the+French+of+M.+de+Secondat%2C+Baron+de+Montesquieu+by+Thomas+Nugent%2C+LL.D&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=ROBERT+CLARKE+%26+CO.&rft.date=1873&rft.au=Baron+de+Montesquieu%2C+M.+de+Secondat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIe8vXUqHkKIC%26q%3DSalic%2BLaw%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/12/17/la-carte-a-13-regions-definitivement-adoptee_4542278_823448.html">"La carte à 13 régions définitivement adoptée"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 17 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515014944/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/12/17/la-carte-a-13-regions-definitivement-adoptee_4542278_823448.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=La+carte+%C3%A0+13+r%C3%A9gions+d%C3%A9finitivement+adopt%C3%A9e&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fpolitique%2Farticle%2F2014%2F12%2F17%2Fla-carte-a-13-regions-definitivement-adoptee_4542278_823448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://normandyproperty.com/">Houses and properties for sale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917024526/http://normandyproperty.com/">Archived</a> 17 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Normandy Property. Retrieved on 19 September 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180331040220/https://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/introduction/fsi-2018-results">"View 2018 Results"</a>. <i>Financial Secrecy Index</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/introduction/fsi-2018-results">the original</a> on 31 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Secrecy+Index&rft.atitle=View+2018+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialsecrecyindex.com%2Fintroduction%2Ffsi-2018-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> L'état des régions françaises 2004, page 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques">"Résultats de la recherche"</a>. <i>Insee</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803075143/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?ref_id=bilan-demo&reg_id=99&page=donnees-detaillees%2Fbilan-demo%2Fpop_age2b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.insee.fr&rft.atitle=Insee+%E2%88%92+Institut+national+de+la+statistique+et+des+%C3%A9tudes+%C3%A9conomiques+%26%23124%3B+Insee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Faccueil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/channel-islands-population/">"Channel Islands Population (2021) – Worldometer"</a>. <i>www.worldometers.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204175518/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/channel-islands-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldometers.info&rft.atitle=Channel+Islands+Population+%282021%29+%E2%80%93+Worldometer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2Fchannel-islands-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viking.no/e/france/contribution.html">"The Vikings in Normandy: The Scandinavian contribution in Normandy"</a>. <i>www.viking.no</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100123193858/http://www.viking.no/e/france/contribution.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.viking.no&rft.atitle=The+Vikings+in+Normandy%3A+The+Scandinavian+contribution+in+Normandy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viking.no%2Fe%2Ffrance%2Fcontribution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fromages.org/fdn/fdn_histoire_en.html">"Norman cheeses: History"</a>. fromages.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330012940/http://www.fromages.org/fdn/fdn_histoire_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norman+cheeses%3A+History&rft.pub=fromages.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fromages.org%2Ffdn%2Ffdn_histoire_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normandy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Normandy" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Normandy">Normandy</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.normandie-heritage.com/">Normandie Héritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824171123/http://www.normandie-heritage.com/">Archived</a> 24 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry,_France" title="Berry, France">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais" title="Bourbonnais">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Foix" title="County of Foix">Foix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franche-Comté (province)">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Hainaut" title="French Hainaut">Hainaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="History of Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_(province)" title="Limousin (province)">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_and_Barrois" title="Lorraine and Barrois">Lorraine and Barrois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonnais" title="Lyonnais">Lyonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_(province)" title="Maine (province)">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_La_Marche" title="County of La Marche">Marche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Navarre" title="Lower Navarre">Lower Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivernais" title="Nivernais">Nivernais</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais" title="Orléanais">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perche" title="Perche">Perche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Saintonge" title="County of Saintonge">Saintonge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touraine" title="Touraine">Touraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Trois-Évêchés</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_of_France_(numered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Provinces of France before the revolution"><img alt="Provinces of France before the revolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/80px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/120px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/160px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor provinces and regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenais" title="Agenais">Agenais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Armagnac" title="County of Armagnac">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaujolais_(province)" title="Beaujolais (province)">Beaujolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigorre" title="Bigorre">Bigorre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bresse" title="Bresse">Bresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugey" title="Bugey">Bugey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Cambrésis">Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9vennes" title="Cévennes">Cévennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comminges" title="Comminges">Comminges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couserans" title="Couserans">Couserans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombes" title="Dombes">Dombes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forez" title="Forez">Forez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2tinais" title="Gâtinais">Gâtinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9vaudan" title="Gévaudan">Gévaudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Gex" class="mw-redirect" title="Pays de Gex">Gex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labourd" title="Labourd">Labourd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9bouzan" title="Nébouzan">Nébouzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigord" title="Périgord">Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponthieu" title="Ponthieu">Ponthieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercy" title="Quercy">Quercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouergue" title="Rouergue">Rouergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soule" title="Soule">Soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valromey" class="mw-redirect" title="Valromey">Valromey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velay" title="Velay">Velay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermandois" title="Vermandois">Vermandois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarais" title="Vivarais">Vivarais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign territories in 1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Kriechingen" title="County of Kriechingen">Créhange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Dagsburg" title="County of Dagsburg">Dabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cities_of_Menton_and_Roquebrune" title="Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune">Menton and Roquebrune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Montb%C3%A9liard" title="County of Montbéliard">Montbéliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mulhouse" title="Republic of Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm-Salm" title="Salm-Salm">Salm-Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Saarwerden" title="County of Saarwerden">Sarrewerden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">Tende</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_de_Tende" class="extiw" title="fr:Comté de Tende">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin">Comtat Venaissin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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