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id="toc-The_Cold_War_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Cold_War_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Cold War world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Cold_War_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_UN_Charter_and_resolutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_UN_Charter_and_resolutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>The UN Charter and resolutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_UN_Charter_and_resolutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_communist_versus_capitalist_worlds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_communist_versus_capitalist_worlds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>The communist versus capitalist worlds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_communist_versus_capitalist_worlds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>After the Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defining_"peoples"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defining_"peoples""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Defining "peoples"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defining_"peoples"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-determination_versus_territorial_integrity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-determination_versus_territorial_integrity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Self-determination versus territorial integrity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-determination_versus_territorial_integrity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_increasing_minority_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_increasing_minority_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Methods of increasing minority rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_increasing_minority_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-determination_versus_majority_rule/equal_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-determination_versus_majority_rule/equal_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Self-determination versus majority rule/equal rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-determination_versus_majority_rule/equal_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Constitutional law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drawing_new_borders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drawing_new_borders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Drawing new borders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drawing_new_borders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artsakh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artsakh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Artsakh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artsakh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Assyria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azawad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azawad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Azawad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azawad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basque_Country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basque_Country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Basque Country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basque_Country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biafra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biafra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Biafra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biafra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Catalonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chechnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chechnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Chechnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chechnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Turkistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Turkistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>East Turkistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Turkistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Eastern Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falkland_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falkland_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Falkland Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falkland_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gibraltar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gibraltar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Gibraltar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gibraltar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Greenland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Indigenous peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kashmir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kashmir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Kashmir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kashmir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurdistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>Kurdistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nagalim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagalim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20</span> <span>Nagalim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nagalim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Borneo_and_Sarawak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Borneo_and_Sarawak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.21</span> <span>North Borneo and Sarawak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Borneo_and_Sarawak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.22</span> <span>Northern Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.23</span> <span>Palestine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.24</span> <span>Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sardinia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sardinia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.25</span> <span>Sardinia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sardinia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.26</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.27</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Tyrol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Tyrol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.28</span> <span>South Tyrol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Tyrol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Székely_Land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Székely_Land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.29</span> <span>Székely Land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Székely_Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.30</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.31</span> <span>Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.32</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Sahara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Sahara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.33</span> <span>Western Sahara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Sahara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Papua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Papua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.34</span> <span>West Papua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Papua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Cape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Cape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.35</span> <span>Western Cape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Cape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Self-determination</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfbeskikking" title="Selfbeskikking – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Selfbeskikking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="حق تقرير المصير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حق تقرير المصير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drechu_d%27autodeterm%C3%ADn" title="Drechu d'autodetermín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Drechu d'autodetermín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96z_m%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99rat%C4%B1n%C4%B1_t%C9%99yin_etm%C9%99" title="Öz müqəddəratını təyin etmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Öz müqəddəratını təyin etmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B2_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B9%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%87" title="اؤز موقدراتینی تعیین ائتمه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اؤز موقدراتینی تعیین ائتمه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-koat" title="Chū-koat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-koat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Права на самавызначэнне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Права на самавызначэнне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagdesisyon-sa-sadiri" title="Pagdesisyon-sa-sadiri – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagdesisyon-sa-sadiri" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Право на самоопределяне – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Право на самоопределяне" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodeterminaci%C3%B3" title="Autodeterminació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Autodeterminació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1vo_n%C3%A1rod%C5%AF_na_sebeur%C4%8Den%C3%AD" title="Právo národů na sebeurčení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Právo národů na sebeurčení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan-benderfyniad" title="Hunan-benderfyniad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hunan-benderfyniad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Self-determination" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_nationale_selvbestemmelsesret" title="Den nationale selvbestemmelsesret – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den nationale selvbestemmelsesret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="تقرير لمصير – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تقرير لمصير" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selbstbestimmungsrecht_der_V%C3%B6lker" title="Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Völker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Völker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enesem%C3%A4%C3%A4ramis%C3%B5igus" title="Enesemääramisõigus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Enesemääramisõigus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Εθνική αυτοδιάθεση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνική αυτοδιάθεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_autodeterminaci%C3%B3n" title="Derecho de autodeterminación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derecho de autodeterminación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajto_de_memdetermino" title="Rajto de memdetermino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rajto de memdetermino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodeterminazio" title="Autodeterminazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Autodeterminazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="تعیین سرنوشت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تعیین سرنوشت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_des_peuples_%C3%A0_disposer_d%27eux-m%C3%AAmes" title="Droit des peuples à disposer d'eux-mêmes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit des peuples à disposer d'eux-mêmes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereito_de_autodeterminaci%C3%B3n" title="Dereito de autodeterminación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dereito de autodeterminación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B2%B0%EA%B6%8C" title="자결권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자결권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98addamar_da_kai" title="Ƙaddamar da kai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƙaddamar da kai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ինքնորոշում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինքնորոշում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AF" title="आत्मनिर्णय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आत्मनिर्णय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravo_na_samoodre%C4%91enje" title="Pravo na samoodređenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pravo na samoodređenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-determino" title="Su-determino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Su-determino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_menentukan_nasib_sendiri" title="Hak menentukan nasib sendiri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hak menentukan nasib sendiri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A1lfs%C3%A1kv%C3%B6r%C3%B0unarr%C3%A9ttur_%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0a" title="Sjálfsákvörðunarréttur þjóða – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjálfsákvörðunarréttur þjóða" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodeterminazione_dei_popoli" title="Autodeterminazione dei popoli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autodeterminazione dei popoli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הגדרה עצמית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הגדרה עצמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ერთა თვითგამორკვევა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერთა თვითგამორკვევა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maf%C3%AA_%C3%A7aren%C3%BBs%C3%AA" title="Mafê çarenûsê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mafê çarenûsê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taut%C5%B3_apsisprendimo_teis%C4%97" title="Tautų apsisprendimo teisė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tautų apsisprendimo teisė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodeterminazion" title="Autodeterminazion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Autodeterminazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Самоопределување – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Самоопределување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penentuan_nasib_sendiri" title="Penentuan nasib sendiri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penentuan nasib sendiri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelfbeschikkingsrecht" title="Zelfbeschikkingsrecht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zelfbeschikkingsrecht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B1%BA" title="民族自決 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="民族自決" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonal_selvr%C3%A5derett" title="Nasjonal selvråderett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nasjonal selvråderett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88-%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95" title="ਸਵੈ-ਨਿਰਨੇ ਦਾ ਹੱਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਵੈ-ਨਿਰਨੇ ਦਾ ਹੱਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%BC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%AD%D9%82" title="د برخه‌لیک ټاکنې حق – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د برخه‌لیک ټاکنې حق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samostanowienie_narod%C3%B3w" title="Samostanowienie narodów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samostanowienie narodów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodetermina%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Autodeterminação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Autodeterminação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodeterminare" title="Autodeterminare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Autodeterminare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Право на самоопределение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Право на самоопределение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodeterminatzione" title="Autodeterminatzione – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Autodeterminatzione" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vet%C3%ABvendosja" title="Vetëvendosja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vetëvendosja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autuditirminazzioni_di_li_p%C3%B2puli" title="Autuditirminazzioni di li pòpuli – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Autuditirminazzioni di li pòpuli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Self-determination" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1vo_na_samour%C4%8Denie_n%C3%A1rodov" title="Právo na samourčenie národov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Právo na samourčenie národov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aayo-katalinta" title="Aayo-katalinta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Aayo-katalinta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Самоопредељење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Самоопредељење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoopredjeljenje" title="Samoopredjeljenje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Samoopredjeljenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsem%C3%A4%C3%A4r%C3%A4%C3%A4misoikeus" title="Itsemääräämisoikeus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itsemääräämisoikeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationellt_sj%C3%A4lvbest%C3%A4mmande" title="Nationellt självbestämmande – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nationellt självbestämmande" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="தன்னாட்சி உரிமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தன்னாட்சி உரிமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BD%D2%AF" title="Үзбилгеләнү – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үзбилгеләнү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="การกำหนดการปกครองด้วยตนเอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การกำหนดการปกครองด้วยตนเอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendi_kaderini_tayin_hakk%C4%B1" title="Kendi kaderini tayin hakkı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kendi kaderini tayin hakkı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Національне самовизначення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національне самовизначення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="حق خودارادیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حق خودارادیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%81n_t%E1%BB%B1_quy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Quyền tự quyết – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quyền tự quyết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%87%AA%E5%86%B3" title="人民自决 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人民自决" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B1%BA" title="民族自決 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="民族自決" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_determinasyon" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about self-determination in international law. 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist ----"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HumanRightsLogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/75px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/113px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/150px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theoretical distinctions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claim_rights_and_liberty_rights" title="Claim rights and liberty rights">Claim rights and liberty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">Individual and group rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social and cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights" title="Three generations of human rights">Three generations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Rights by beneficiary</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_the_accused" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of the accused">Accused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creditors%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Creditors' rights">Creditors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_rights_movement" title="Deaf rights movement">Deaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disabled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_rights" title="Elder rights">Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Treaty_on_Plant_Genetic_Resources_for_Food_and_Agriculture#Farmers'_rights" title="International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture">Farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_movement" title="Men's movement">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_rights" title="Mothers' rights">Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patients%27_rights" title="Patients' rights">Patients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_rights" title="Plant rights">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence#Robot_rights" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Robots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_rights" title="Student rights">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims%27_rights" title="Victims' rights">Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other groups of rights</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self defense</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Self-determination of people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rights" title="Template:Rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rights" title="Template talk:Rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Nationalism" title="Category:Nationalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> forming</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core values</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_nationalism" title="Types of nationalism">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">populism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim nationalism">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexism">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-nationalism" title="Techno-nationalism">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism_(Japan)" title="Ultranationalism (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Francoism" title="Sociological Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Historiography and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postnationalism" title="Postnationalism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_nationalities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principle of nationalities (page does not exist)">Principle of nationalities</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_des_nationalit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Principe des nationalités">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Seasonal or cultural festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">in Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li>Self-determination</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Self-determination</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to a <a href="/wiki/People" title="People">people</a>'s right to form its own political entity, and internal self-determination is the right to representative government with <a href="/wiki/Full_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Full suffrage">full suffrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, binding, as such, on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> as an authoritative interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter</a>'s norms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle does not state how the decision is to be made, nor what the outcome should be (whether <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protection</a>, some form of <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> or full <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the right of self-determination does not necessarily include a right to an independent state for every ethnic group within a former colonial territory. Further, no right to secession is recognized under international law.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuid-Molukkers_demonstreren_bij_Indonesische_Ambassade_in_Den_Haag_tegen_schendi,_Bestanddeelnr_933-7169.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Zuid-Molukkers_demonstreren_bij_Indonesische_Ambassade_in_Den_Haag_tegen_schendi%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-7169.jpg/220px-Zuid-Molukkers_demonstreren_bij_Indonesische_Ambassade_in_Den_Haag_tegen_schendi%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-7169.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Zuid-Molukkers_demonstreren_bij_Indonesische_Ambassade_in_Den_Haag_tegen_schendi%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-7169.jpg/330px-Zuid-Molukkers_demonstreren_bij_Indonesische_Ambassade_in_Den_Haag_tegen_schendi%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-7169.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Zuid-Molukkers_demonstreren_bij_Indonesische_Ambassade_in_Den_Haag_tegen_schendi%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-7169.jpg/440px-Zuid-Molukkers_demonstreren_bij_Indonesische_Ambassade_in_Den_Haag_tegen_schendi%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-7169.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3745" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>A group of <a href="/wiki/Moluccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccan">Moluccans</a> protesting in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> against <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>'s treatment of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, 1986</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept emerged with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in the 19th century and came into prominent use in the 1860s, spreading rapidly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisch_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the principle was encouraged by both <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Soviet Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisch_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having announced his <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> on 8 January 1918, on 11 February 1918 Wilson stated: "National aspirations must be respected; people may now be dominated and governed only by their own consent. 'Self determination' is not a mere phrase; it is an imperative principle of action."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the principle was included in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a>, jointly declared on 14 August 1941 by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, President of the United States, and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, who pledged The Eight Principal points of the Charter.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was recognized as an international legal right after it was explicitly listed as a right in the <a href="/wiki/UN_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Charter">UN Charter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Implementing the right to self-determination can be politically difficult, in part because there are multiple interpretations of what <a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">constitutes a people</a> and which groups may legitimately claim the right to self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As World Court judge <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Jennings" title="Ivor Jennings">Ivor Jennings</a> put it: "the people cannot decide until somebody decides who are the people".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain original research or biased language and <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Self-determination" title="Special:EditPage/Self-determination">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section may contain original research or biased language and. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Self-determination%22">"Self-determination"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Self-determination%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Self-determination%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Self-determination%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Self-determination%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Self-determination%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-20th_century">Pre-20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The norm of self-determination can be originally traced to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French</a> revolutions, and the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a>, the post-World War I <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">settlement at Versailles</a>, and the decolonization movement after World War II shaped and established the norm in international law.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American Revolution has been seen<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as the earliest assertion of the right of national and democratic self-determination, as well as the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">sovereignty</a> by the people governed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These ideas were inspired particularly by <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>'s writings of the previous century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> further promoted the notion that the will of the people was supreme, especially through authorship of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>, which became an inspiration for European nationalist movements during the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French Revolution legitimatized the ideas of self-determination on that <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> continent.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (May 2024)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nationalist sentiments emerged inside traditional empires: <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a> in Russia; <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemalist_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemalist ideology">Kemalist ideology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> in the Ottoman Empire; <a href="/wiki/State_Shintoism" class="mw-redirect" title="State Shintoism">State Shintoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese identity</a> in Japan; and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Han identity</a> in juxtaposition to the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchurian ruling class</a> in China. Meanwhile, in Europe itself, the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">rise of nationalism</a> led to <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_Uprising_(1848)" title="Greater Poland Uprising (1848)">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_unification" title="Bulgarian unification">Bulgaria</a> all seeking or winning independence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> supported some of these nationalist movements, believing nationalism might be a "prior condition" to social reform and international alliances.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914 <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> wrote: "[It] would be wrong to interpret the right to self-determination as meaning anything but the right to existence as a separate state."<sup id="cite_ref-Lenin_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Wars_I_and_II">World Wars I and II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World Wars I and II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe,_Asia_and_Africa"><span id="Europe.2C_Asia_and_Africa"></span>Europe, Asia and Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe, Asia and Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Europe_1923-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/330px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/495px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/660px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">territorial changes</a> in Europe after World War I (as of 1923)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decolonization_-_World_In_1945_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Decolonization_-_World_In_1945_en.svg/330px-Decolonization_-_World_In_1945_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Decolonization_-_World_In_1945_en.svg/495px-Decolonization_-_World_In_1945_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Decolonization_-_World_In_1945_en.svg/660px-Decolonization_-_World_In_1945_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1421" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Map of the world in 1945, showing <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">United Nations Trusteeship Council</a> territories in green<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> revived America's commitment to self-determination, at least for European states, during World War I. When the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> came to power in Russia in the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, they called for Russia's immediate withdrawal as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies of World War I</a>. They also supported the right of all nations, including colonies, to self-determination."<sup id="cite_ref-Lenin_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1918 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia_Constitution_of_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia Constitution of 1918">Constitution of the Soviet Union</a> acknowledged the right of <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> for its constituent republics.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This presented a challenge to Wilson's more limited demands. In January 1918 Wilson issued his <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> of January 1918 which, among other things, called for adjustment of colonial claims, insofar as the interests of colonial powers had equal weight with the claims of subject peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Russia%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> in March 1918 led to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a>'s exit from the war and the nominal independence of Armenia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine, Lithuania, Georgia and Poland, though in fact those territories were under German control.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The end of the war led to the dissolution of the defeated <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and the union of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> as new states out of the wreckage of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg empire</a>. However, this imposition of states where some nationalities (especially <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>) were given power over nationalities who disliked and distrusted them was eventually used as a pretext for German aggression in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>Wilson publicly argued that the agreements made in the aftermath of the war would be a "readjustment of those great injustices which underlie the whole structure of European and Asiatic society", which he attributed to the absence of democratic rule. The new order emerging in the postwar period would, according to Wilson, place governments "in the hands of the people and taken out of the hands of coteries and of sovereigns, who had no right to rule over the people." The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> was established as the symbol of the emerging postwar order; one of its earliest tasks was to legitimize the territorial boundaries of the new <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation-states</a> created in the territories of the former <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, Asia, and Africa. The principle of self-determination did not extend so far as to end colonialism; under the reasoning that the local populations were not civilized enough the League of Nations was to assign each of the post-Ottoman, Asian and African states and colonies to a European power by the grant of a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the German objections to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> was a somewhat selective application of the principle of self-determination as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">Republic of German-Austria</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, was seen as representing the will to join Germany in those regions, while the majority of people in <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a> wanted to remain within the <i>Reich</i>. However, the Allies ignored the German objections; Wilson's 14 Points had called for <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1918%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Poland (1918–1939)">Polish independence</a> to be restored and Poland to have "secure access to the sea", which would imply that the German city of Danzig (modern <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>), which occupied a strategic location where the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula River</a> flowed into the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, be ceded to Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> in 1919, the Polish delegation led by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Roman Dmowski</a> asked for Wilson to honor point 14 of the 14 points by transferring Danzig to Poland, arguing that the city was rightfully part of Poland because it was Polish until 1793, and that Poland would not be economically viable without it.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">First Partition</a> of Poland in 1772, the inhabitants of Danzig fought fiercely for it to remain a part of Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> process in the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 90% of the people in Danzig were <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> by 1919, which made the Allied leaders at the Paris peace conference compromise by creating the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a>, a city-state in which Poland had certain special rights.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the city of Danzig was 90% German and 10% Polish, the surrounding countryside around Danzig was overwhelmingly Polish, and the ethnically Polish rural areas included in the Free City of Danzig objected, arguing that they wanted to be part of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither the Poles nor the Germans were happy with this compromise and the Danzig issue became a flash-point of German-Polish tension throughout the interwar period.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1920s and 1930s there were some successful movements for self-determination in the beginnings of the process of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> granted independence to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> after the <a href="/wiki/British_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British parliament">British parliament</a> declared itself as incapable of passing laws over them without their consent. Although the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> had already gained internationally recognized independence at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>, as established in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a>, it was still included in the Statute of Westminster. This statute built on the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</a> which recognized the autonomy of these British dominions, representing the first phase of the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth of Nations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a> also achieved independence from Britain. Other efforts were unsuccessful, like the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>. And Italy, Japan and Germany all initiated new efforts to bring certain territories under their control, leading to World War II. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a> invoked this right of nations in its first point (out of 25), as it was publicly proclaimed on 24 February 1920 by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. </p><p>In Asia, Japan became a rising power and gained more respect from Western powers after its victory in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>. Japan joined the Allied Powers in World War I and <a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">attacked German colonial possessions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>, adding former German possessions to its own empire. In the 1930s, Japan gained significant influence in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> after it <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">invaded Manchuria</a>. It established <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>. This was essentially the model Japan followed as it invaded other areas in Asia and established the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>. Japan went to considerable trouble to argue that Manchukuo was justified by the principle of self-determination, claiming that people of Manchuria wanted to break away from China and asked the <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a> to intervene on their behalf. However, the <a href="/wiki/Lytton_Report" title="Lytton Report">Lytton commission</a> which had been appointed by the League of Nations to decide if Japan had committed aggression or not, stated the majority of people in Manchuria who were <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> who did not wish to leave China. </p><p>In 1912, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> officially <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">succeeded</a> the Qing Dynasty, while <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tannu_Uriankhai" title="Tannu Uriankhai">Tuva</a> proclaimed their independence. Independence was not accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">government of China</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1915)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)">Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)</a> <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia,_1911-1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Mongolia, 1911-1919">Outer Mongolia</a> recognized China's sovereignty. However, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> threat of seizing parts of Inner Mongolia induced China to recognize <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Outer Mongolia's independence</a>, provided that a referendum was held. The referendum took place on October 20, 1945, with (according to official numbers) 100% of the electorate voting for independence. </p><p>Many of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>'s current disputes to sovereignty and self-determination stem from unresolved disputes from World War II. After its fall, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> renounced control over many of its former possessions including <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakhalin Island">Sakhalin Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. In none of these areas were the opinions of affected people consulted, or given significant priority. Korea was specifically granted independence but the receiver of various other areas was not stated in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a>, giving Taiwan <i>de facto</i> independence although its political status continues to be ambiguous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Cold_War_world">The Cold War world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Cold War world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_UN_Charter_and_resolutions">The UN Charter and resolutions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The UN Charter and resolutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1941 <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a> declared the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> and accepted the principle of self-determination. In January 1942 twenty-six states signed the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a>, which accepted those principles. The ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">United Nations Charter</a> in 1945 at the end of World War II placed the right of self-determination into the framework of international law and diplomacy. </p> <ul><li>Chapter 1, Article 1, part 2 states that purpose of the UN Charter is: "To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Article 1 in both the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> (ICCPR)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> (ICESCR)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reads: "All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. "</li> <li>The United Nations <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> article 15 states that everyone has the right to a nationality and that no one should be arbitrarily deprived of a nationality or denied the right to change nationality.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonization_1945.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Colonization_1945.png/370px-Colonization_1945.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Colonization_1945.png/555px-Colonization_1945.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Colonization_1945.png/740px-Colonization_1945.png 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Western European <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empires</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> disintegrated after World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>On 14 December 1960, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1514_(XV)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV)">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV)</a> subtitled "<a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples">Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples</a>", which supported the granting of <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> to <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> countries and people by providing an inevitable legal linkage between self-determination and its goal of decolonisation. It postulated a new international law-based right of <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">freedom</a> to exercise economic self-determination. Article 5 states: Immediate steps shall be taken in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or all other territories which have not yet attained independence, to transfer all powers to the people of those territories, without any conditions or reservations, in accordance with their freely expressed will and desire, without any distinction as to race, creed or colour, in order to enable them to enjoy complete independence and freedom. </p><p>On 15 December 1960 the United Nations General Assembly adopted <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1541_(XV)" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV)">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV)</a>, subtitled "Principles which should guide members in determining whether or nor an obligation exists to transmit the information called for under <a href="/wiki/Chapter_XI_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XI of the United Nations Charter">Article 73e</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a> in Article 3", which provided that "[t]he inadequacy of political, economic, social and educational preparedness should never serve as a pretext for delaying the right to self-determination and independence." To monitor the implementation of Resolution 1514, in 1961 the General Assembly created the Special Committee referred to popularly as the <a href="/wiki/Special_Committee_on_Decolonization" title="Special Committee on Decolonization">Special Committee on Decolonization</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to ensure <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> complete compliance with the principles of self-determination in General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the charter and other resolutions did not insist on full independence as the best way of obtaining <a href="/wiki/Self-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-government">self-government</a>, nor did they include an enforcement mechanism. Moreover, new states were recognized by the legal doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Uti_possidetis_juris" title="Uti possidetis juris">uti possidetis juris</a>, meaning that old administrative boundaries would become international boundaries upon independence if they had little relevance to linguistic, ethnic, and cultural boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Hensel_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hensel-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gudeleviciute_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gudeleviciute-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, justified by the language of self-determination, between 1946 and 1960, thirty-seven new nations in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East gained independence from colonial powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territoriality issue inevitably would lead to more conflicts and independence movements within many states and challenges to the assumption that <a href="/wiki/Territorial_integrity" title="Territorial integrity">territorial integrity</a> is as important as self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-Hensel_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hensel-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_communist_versus_capitalist_worlds">The communist versus capitalist worlds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The communist versus capitalist worlds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></div> <p>Decolonization in the world was contrasted by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s successful post-war expansionism. <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Tuva" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Tuva">Tuva</a> and several regional states in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Central Asia</a> had been fully annexed by the Soviet Union during World War II. Now, it extended its influence by establishing the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite states">satellite states</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">Eastern Germany</a> and the countries of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Europe</a>, along with support for revolutionary movements in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. Although satellite states were independent and possessed sovereignty, the Soviet Union violated principles of self-determination by suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_revolution_of_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian revolution of 1956">Hungarian revolution of 1956</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> Czechoslovak reforms of 1968. It <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">invaded Afghanistan</a> to support a communist government assailed by local tribal groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> and its theory of imperialism were also strong influences in the national emancipation movements of <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> nations rebelling against colonial or puppet regimes. In many <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> countries, communism became an ideology that united groups to oppose imperialism or colonization. </p><p>Soviet actions were <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">contained</a> by the United States which saw communism as a menace to its interests. Throughout the cold war, the United States created, supported, and sponsored regimes with various success that served their economic and political interests, among them <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> regimes such as that of <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. To achieve this, a variety of means was implemented, including the orchestration of coups, sponsoring of anti-communist countries and military interventions. Consequently, many self-determination movements, which spurned some type of anti-communist government, were accused of being Soviet-inspired or controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Asia, the Soviet Union had already converted Mongolia into a satellite state but abandoned propping up the <a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> and gave up its <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchurian claims</a> to China. The new <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> had gained control of mainland China in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> shifted the focus of the Cold War from Europe to Asia, where competing superpowers took advantage of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> to spread their influence. </p><p>In 1947, India gained independence from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. The empire was in decline but adapted to these circumstances by creating the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a>—since 1949 the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>—which is a free association of equal states. As India obtained its independence, multiple ethnic conflicts emerged in relation to the formation of a statehood during the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> which resulted in Islamic Pakistan and Secular India. Before the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">advent of the British</a>, no empire based in mainland India had controlled any part of what now makes up the country's Northeast, part of the reason for the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">insurgency in Northeast India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971 <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh obtained independence</a> from Pakistan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a> also gained independence from the British Empire, but declined membership in the Commonwealth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> gained independence from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a> in 1949 after the latter failed to restore colonial control. As mentioned above, Indonesia also wanted a powerful position in the region that could be lessened by the creation of united <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. The Netherlands retained <a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">its New Guinea part</a> from the previous <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, but Indonesia threatened to invade and annex it. A vote was supposedly taken under the UN sponsored <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Free_Choice" title="Act of Free Choice">Act of Free Choice</a> to allow West New Guineans to decide their fate, although many dispute its veracity. Later, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a> relinquished control over <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> in 1975, at which time <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">Indonesia promptly invaded and annexed it</a>. In 1999, Indonesian president <a href="/wiki/B._J._Habibie" title="B. J. Habibie">B. J. Habibie</a> was pressured by <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to give East Timor independence. The people of former Indonesian East Timor were given a choice of either greater autonomy within <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> or <a href="/wiki/East_Timor_independence" title="East Timor independence">independence</a>. 78.5% of East Timorese voted for independence, rejecting Indonesia's special autonomy proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Cold_War">After the Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: After the Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_War_border_changes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cold_War_border_changes.png/330px-Cold_War_border_changes.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cold_War_border_changes.png/495px-Cold_War_border_changes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Cold_War_border_changes.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_border_changes_since_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national border changes since World War I">Changes in national boundaries</a> after the end of the Cold War</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cold War began to wind down after <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> assumed power as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet General Secretary</a> in March 1985. With the cooperation of the U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, Gorbachev wound down the size of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> and reduced nuclear arms in Europe, while liberalizing the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Soviet economy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">revolutions of 1989–90</a>, the communist regimes of Soviet satellite states collapsed in rapid succession in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, and Mongolia. East and West Germany united, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, while in the 1990s Yugoslavia began a <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">violent break up</a> into 6 states. Macedonia became an independent nation and broke off from Yugoslavia peacefully. <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, which was previously an autonomous unit of Serbia declared independence in 2008, but has received less international recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union dissolved</a> relatively peacefully into <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">fifteen sovereign republics</a>, all of which rejected <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> and most of which adopted democratic reforms and free-market economies. Inside those new republics, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Unrecognized_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Unrecognized States">four major areas</a> have claimed their own independence, but not received widespread international recognition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After decades of civil war, Indonesia finally recognized the independence of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> in 2002.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1949, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> government retreated to <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, its jurisdiction now limited to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and several outlying islands. Since then, the People's Republic of China has been involved in disputes with the ROC over issues of sovereignty and the political status of Taiwan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As noted, self-determination movements remain <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_autonomist_and_secessionist_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active autonomist and secessionist movements">strong in some areas of the world</a>. Some areas possess <i>de facto</i> independence, such as Taiwan, <a href="/wiki/North_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="North Cyprus">North Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>, but their independence is disputed by one or more major states. Significant movements for self-determination also persist for locations that lack <i>de facto</i> independence, such as <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkistan">East Turkistan</a> ("Xinjiang"), <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_issues">Current issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Current issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Sudan_Independence_Celebration_(5963420792).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/South_Sudan_Independence_Celebration_%285963420792%29.jpg/220px-South_Sudan_Independence_Celebration_%285963420792%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/South_Sudan_Independence_Celebration_%285963420792%29.jpg/330px-South_Sudan_Independence_Celebration_%285963420792%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/South_Sudan_Independence_Celebration_%285963420792%29.jpg/440px-South_Sudan_Independence_Celebration_%285963420792%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">Southern Sudanese</a> expressed joy and jubilation on their day of independence, July 9, 2011, from Sudan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the early 1990s, the legitimatization of the principle of national self-determination has led to an increase in the number of conflicts within states, as sub-groups seek greater self-determination and full secession, and as their conflicts for leadership within groups and with other groups and with the dominant state become violent.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The international reaction to these new movements has been uneven and often dictated more by politics than principle. The 2000 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">United Nations Millennium Declaration</a> failed to deal with these new demands, mentioning only "the right to self-determination of peoples which remain under colonial domination and foreign occupation."<sup id="cite_ref-Gudeleviciute_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gudeleviciute-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_University" title="Macquarie University">Macquarie University</a> Law Journal</i> Associate Professor Aleksandar Pavkovic and Senior Lecturer Peter Radan outlined current legal and political issues in self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-Pavkovic_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavkovic-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defining_"peoples""><span id="Defining_.22peoples.22"></span>Defining "peoples"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Defining "peoples""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is not a recognized legal definition of "peoples" in international law.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Jennings" title="Ivor Jennings">Ivor Jennings</a> called Wilson's doctrine "ridiculous" because, though on the surface it seems reasonable to "let the people decide", in practice "the people cannot decide until someone decides who are the people".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reviewing various international judgements and UN resolutions, Vita Gudeleviciute of <a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Magnus_University" title="Vytautas Magnus University">Vytautas Magnus University</a> Law School finds that, in cases of non-self-governing peoples (colonized and/or indigenous) and foreign military occupation, "a people" is defined as the entire population of the occupied territorial unit, no matter their other differences. Meanwhile, in cases where people lack representation by a state's government, the unrepresented become a defined as a separate people. Present international law does not recognize ethnic and other minorities as separate peoples, with the notable exception of cases in which such groups are systematically disenfranchised by the government of the state they live in.<sup id="cite_ref-Gudeleviciute_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gudeleviciute-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other definitions offered are "peoples" as self-evident (from ethnicity, language, history, etc.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (May 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, or defined by "ties of mutual affection or sentiment" ("loyalty", or by mutual obligations among peoples).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professor Uriel Abulof suggests that self-determination entails the "moral double helix" of duality: 1. personal right to align with a people, and the people's right to determine their politics; and 2. and mutuality (the right is as much the other's as the self's). Thus, self-determination grants individuals the right to form "a people," which then has the right to establish an independent state, as long as they grant the same to all other individuals and peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Abulof_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abulof-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-determination_versus_territorial_integrity">Self-determination versus territorial integrity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Self-determination versus territorial integrity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosova_independence_Vienna_17-02-2008_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kosova_independence_Vienna_17-02-2008_b.jpg/200px-Kosova_independence_Vienna_17-02-2008_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kosova_independence_Vienna_17-02-2008_b.jpg/300px-Kosova_independence_Vienna_17-02-2008_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kosova_independence_Vienna_17-02-2008_b.jpg/400px-Kosova_independence_Vienna_17-02-2008_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption>Celebration of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">Declaration of Independence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>National self-determination appears to challenge the principle of <a href="/wiki/Territorial_integrity" title="Territorial integrity">territorial integrity</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>) of states as it is the will of the people that makes a state legitimate. This implies a people should be free to choose their own state and its territorial boundaries. However, there are far more self-identified nations than there are existing states and there is no legal process to redraw state boundaries according to the will of these peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Pavkovic_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavkovic-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Helsinki Final Act of 1975, the UN, ICJ and international law experts, there is no contradiction between the principles of self-determination and territorial integrity, with the latter taking precedence. <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-05-11._%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2014-05-11._%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_011.jpg/220px-2014-05-11._%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2014-05-11._%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_011.jpg/330px-2014-05-11._%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2014-05-11._%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_011.jpg/440px-2014-05-11._%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2014_Donetsk_and_Luhansk_status_referendums" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Donetsk and Luhansk status referendums">Donetsk status referendum</a> organized by separatists in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. A line to enter a polling place, 11 May 2014</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Allen_Buchanan" title="Allen Buchanan">Allen Buchanan</a>, author of seven books on self-determination and secession, supports territorial integrity as a moral and legal aspect of constitutional democracy. However, he also advances a "Remedial Rights Only Theory" where a group has "a general right to secede if and only if it has suffered certain injustices, for which secession is the appropriate remedy of last resort." He also would recognize secession if the state grants, or the constitution includes, a right to secede.<sup id="cite_ref-Gudeleviciute_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gudeleviciute-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vita Gudeleviciute holds that in cases of non-self-governing peoples and foreign military occupation the principle of self-determination trumps that of territorial integrity. In cases where people lack representation by a state's government, they also may be considered a separate people, but under current law cannot claim the right to self-determination. On the other hand, she finds that secession within a single state is a domestic matter not covered by international law. Thus, there are no on what groups may constitute a seceding people.<sup id="cite_ref-Gudeleviciute_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gudeleviciute-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_IMG_20190616_171444_(48073669892).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hong_Kong_IMG_20190616_171444_%2848073669892%29.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_IMG_20190616_171444_%2848073669892%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hong_Kong_IMG_20190616_171444_%2848073669892%29.jpg/330px-Hong_Kong_IMG_20190616_171444_%2848073669892%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hong_Kong_IMG_20190616_171444_%2848073669892%29.jpg/440px-Hong_Kong_IMG_20190616_171444_%2848073669892%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption>During the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–20 Hong Kong protests</a>, calls rose for self-determination by <a href="/wiki/Hongkongers" title="Hongkongers">Hongkongers</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of states have laid claim to territories, which they allege were removed from them as a result of colonialism. This is justified by reference to Paragraph 6 of UN Resolution 1514(XV), which states that any attempt "aimed at partial or total disruption of the national unity and the territorial integrity of a country is incompatible with the purposes and principles of the Charter". This, it is claimed, applies to situations where the territorial integrity of a state had been disrupted by colonisation, so that the people of a territory subject to a historic territorial claim are prevented from exercising a right to self-determination. This interpretation is rejected by many states, who argue that Paragraph 2 of UN Resolution 1514(XV) states that "all peoples have the right to self-determination" and Paragraph 6 cannot be used to justify territorial claims. The original purpose of Paragraph 6 was "to ensure that acts of self-determination occur within the established boundaries of colonies, rather than within sub-regions". Further, the use of the word <i>attempt</i> in Paragraph 6 denotes future action and cannot be construed to justify territorial redress for past action.<sup id="cite_ref-Musgrave2000_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musgrave2000-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attempt sponsored by Spain and Argentina to qualify the right to self-determination in cases where there was a territorial dispute was rejected by the UN General Assembly, which re-iterated the right to self-determination was a universal right.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods_of_increasing_minority_rights">Methods of increasing minority rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Methods of increasing minority rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to accommodate demands for minority rights and avoid secession and the creation of a separate new state, many states <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralize</a> or <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolve</a> greater decision-making power to new or existing subunits or <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomous areas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-determination_versus_majority_rule/equal_rights"><span id="Self-determination_versus_majority_rule.2Fequal_rights"></span>Self-determination versus majority rule/equal rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Self-determination versus majority rule/equal rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Self-determination can be at odds with the principle of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a> and equal rights, especially when there is a sizable minority group. In democratic societies, majority rule is often used to determine the outcome in electoral and voting processes. However, a major critique of majority rule is that it may result in the <a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">tyranny of the majority</a>, especially in cases in which a simple majority is used in order to determine outcome. This flaw is particularly poignant when there is a large minority group whose interests are not being represented, and who may then seek to secede. </p><p> The right to self-determination by a minority has long been contested in democracies with majority rule. For instance, in his first inaugural speech <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> argued that:</p><blockquote><p>Plainly the central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy. A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people. Whoever rejects it does of necessity fly to anarchy or to despotism. Unanimity is impossible. The rule of a minority, as a permanent arrangement, is wholly inadmissible; so that, rejecting the majority principle, anarchy or despotism in some form is all that is left.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>However, liberal proponents for the right to self-determination by minority groups contradict this notion by arguing that, in cases where the minority is not able to become the majority, and that minority is territorially concentrated and does not want to be governed by the majority, it may serve the best interest of the state to allow the secession of this group.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_law">Constitutional law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Constitutional law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> do not recognize the right to self-determination through secession in their constitutions. Many expressly forbid it. However, there are several existing models of self-determination through greater autonomy and through secession.<sup id="cite_ref-Kreptul_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kreptul-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In liberal constitutional democracies the principle of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a> has dictated whether a minority can secede. In the United States <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> acknowledged that secession might be possible through <a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="List of amendments to the United States Constitution">amending</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._White" title="Texas v. White">Texas v. White</a></i> held secession could occur "through revolution, or through consent of the States."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a> in 1933 held that <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> only could secede from Australia upon vote of a majority of the country as a whole; the previous two-thirds majority vote for secession via referendum in Western Australia was insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-Pavkovic_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavkovic-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Chinese Communist Party</a> followed the Soviet Union in including the right of secession in its 1931 constitution in order to entice ethnic nationalities and Tibet into joining. However, the Party eliminated the right to secession in later years and had anti-secession clause written into the Constitution before and after the founding the People's Republic of China. The 1947 Constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Union of Burma</a> contained an express state right to secede from the union under a number of procedural conditions. It was eliminated in the 1974 constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (officially the "Union of Myanmar"). Burma still allows "local autonomy under central leadership".<sup id="cite_ref-Kreptul_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kreptul-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 1996 the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Austria" title="Constitution of Austria">constitutions of Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_Ethiopia" title="Constitutions of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Constitution of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> have express or implied rights to secession. Switzerland allows for the secession from current and the creation of new <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a>. In the case of proposed <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> separation from Canada the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> in 1998 ruled that only both a clear majority of the province and a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</a> confirmed by all participants in the Canadian federation could allow secession.<sup id="cite_ref-Kreptul_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kreptul-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2003 draft of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">European Union Constitution</a> allowed for the voluntary withdrawal of member states from the union, although the State which wanted to leave could not be involved in the vote deciding whether or not they can leave the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Kreptul_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kreptul-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was much discussion about such self-determination by minorities<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the final document underwent the unsuccessful ratification process in 2005. </p><p>As a result of the successful <a href="/wiki/2003_Liechtenstein_constitutional_referendum" title="2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum">constitutional referendum</a> held in 2003, every municipality in the <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Principality of Liechtenstein</a> has the right to secede from the Principality by a vote of a majority of the citizens residing in this municipality.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drawing_new_borders">Drawing new borders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Drawing new borders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partition (politics)</a></div><p>In determining international borders between sovereign states, self-determination has yielded to a number of other principles.<sup id="cite_ref-Anstis_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anstis-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once groups exercise self-determination through secession, the issue of the proposed borders may prove more controversial than the fact of secession. The bloody <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> in the 1990s were related mostly to border issues because the international community applied a version of <a href="/wiki/Uti_possidetis_juris" title="Uti possidetis juris">uti possidetis juris</a> in transforming the existing internal borders of the various Yugoslav republics into international borders, despite the conflicts of ethnic groups within those boundaries. In the 1990s indigenous populations of the northern two-thirds of Quebec province opposed being incorporated into a Quebec nation and stated a determination to resist it by force.<sup id="cite_ref-Pavkovic_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavkovic-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The border between <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> was based on the borders of existing counties and did not include all of historic <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Irish_Boundary_Commission" title="Irish Boundary Commission">Boundary Commission</a> was established to consider re-drawing it. Its proposals, which amounted to a small net transfer to the Free State, were leaked to the press and then not acted upon. In December 1925, the governments of the Irish Free State, Northern Ireland, and the United Kingdom agreed to accept the existing border. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notable cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Self-determination##" title="Talk:Self-determination">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There have been a number of notable cases of self-determination. For more information on past movements see <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_separatist_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical separatist movements">list of historical separatist movements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decolonization#Timeline_of_independence" title="Decolonization">lists of decolonized nations</a>. Also see <a href="/wiki/List_of_autonomous_areas_by_country" title="List of autonomous areas by country">list of autonomous areas by country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">lists of active separatist movements</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artsakh">Artsakh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Artsakh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artsakh_Movement,_February_13,_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Artsakh_Movement%2C_February_13%2C_1988.jpg/220px-Artsakh_Movement%2C_February_13%2C_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Artsakh_Movement%2C_February_13%2C_1988.jpg/330px-Artsakh_Movement%2C_February_13%2C_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Artsakh_Movement%2C_February_13%2C_1988.jpg/440px-Artsakh_Movement%2C_February_13%2C_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>The first major demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Stepanakert" title="Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a> on February 13, 1988. Traditionally considered the start of the <a href="/wiki/Artsakh_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Artsakh movement">Artsakh movement</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> (also known as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic), in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region, declared its independence in a <a href="/wiki/1991_Nagorno-Karabakh_independence_referendum" title="1991 Nagorno-Karabakh independence referendum">1991 referendum</a>, which had an approval of 99% of voters; however, the breakaway state remained unrecognized by UN states and was disbanded on January 1, 2024, after Azerbaijan's <a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">military offensive</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Armenians" title="Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians">evacuation of 99% of the population</a>. It was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a> along with three other <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet">Post-Soviet</a> disputed republics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyria">Assyria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Assyria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian People">Assyrian People</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a> is a political movement and nationalist desire of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a> to live in their traditional Assyrian homeland under the self-governance of an Assyrian state. The Assyrian territory is currently in parts of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_self-determination" title="Indigenous Australian self-determination">Indigenous Australian self-determination</a></div> <p>Self-determination has become the topic of some debate in Australia in relation to <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>. In the 1970s, Aboriginal requested the right to administer their own remote communities as part of the <a href="/wiki/Homelands_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelands movement">homelands movement</a>, also known as the outstation movement. These grew in number through the 1980s, but funding dried up in the 2000s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azawad">Azawad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Azawad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_rebelles_touaregs_joignent_leurs_forces_dans_le_nord_du_Mali_(8248043080).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Les_rebelles_touaregs_joignent_leurs_forces_dans_le_nord_du_Mali_%288248043080%29.jpg/220px-Les_rebelles_touaregs_joignent_leurs_forces_dans_le_nord_du_Mali_%288248043080%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Les_rebelles_touaregs_joignent_leurs_forces_dans_le_nord_du_Mali_%288248043080%29.jpg/330px-Les_rebelles_touaregs_joignent_leurs_forces_dans_le_nord_du_Mali_%288248043080%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Les_rebelles_touaregs_joignent_leurs_forces_dans_le_nord_du_Mali_%288248043080%29.jpg/440px-Les_rebelles_touaregs_joignent_leurs_forces_dans_le_nord_du_Mali_%288248043080%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Tuareg rebels in the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">proto-state</a> of Azawad in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> peoples was divided up by the modern borders of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>. Numerous rebellions occurred over the decades, but in 2012 the Tuaregs succeeded in occupying their land and declaring the independence of <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a>. However, their movement was hijacked by the Islamist terrorist group <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basque_Country">Basque Country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Basque Country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giza_katea_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Giza_katea_3.jpg/220px-Giza_katea_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Giza_katea_3.jpg/330px-Giza_katea_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Giza_katea_3.jpg/440px-Giza_katea_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2014_human_chain_for_Basque_Country%27s_right_to_decide" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 human chain for Basque Country's right to decide">2014 human chain for Basque Country's right to decide</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Basque Country (<a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>: <i lang="eu">Euskal Herria</i>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">País Vasco</i>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Pays Basque</i>) as a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural region">cultural region</a> (not to be confused with the homonym <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Community">Autonomous Community</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque country</a>) is a European region in the western <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> that spans the border between France and Spain, on the Atlantic coast. It comprises the autonomous communities of the Basque Country and <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> in Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Basque Country">Northern Basque Country</a> in France. Since the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque nationalism</a> has demanded the right of some kind of self-determination. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This desire for independence is particularly stressed among <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a> Basque nationalists. The right of self-determination was asserted by the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Parliament" title="Basque Parliament">Basque Parliament</a> in 1990, 2002 and 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> self-determination is not recognized in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Spanish Constitution of 1978</a>, some Basques abstained and some voted against it in the referendum of December 6 of that year. It was approved by a clear majority at the Spanish level, and with 74.6% of the votes in the Basque Country.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the overall turnout in the Basque Country was 45% when the Spanish overall turnover was 67.9%. The derived autonomous regime for the BAC was approved by Spanish Parliament and also by the Basque citizens in referendum. The autonomous statute of Navarre (<i>Amejoramiento del Fuero</i>: "improvement of the charter") was approved by the Spanish Parliament and, like the statutes of 13 out of 17 Spanish autonomous communities, it did not need a referendum to enter into force. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Euskadi_Ta_Askatasuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskadi Ta Askatasuna">Euskadi Ta Askatasuna</a></i> or ETA (English: <span lang="en">Basque Homeland and Freedom</span>; pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="eu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">[ˈeta]</a></span>), was an armed Basque nationalist, <a href="/wiki/Separatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Separatist">separatist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> organization that killed more than 800 people. Founded in 1959, it evolved from a group advocating traditional cultural ways to a <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> group with the goal of <a href="/wiki/Basque_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque independence">Basque independence</a>. Its ideology was <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biafra">Biafra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Biafra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starved_girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Starved_girl.jpg/170px-Starved_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Starved_girl.jpg/255px-Starved_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Starved_girl.jpg/340px-Starved_girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>A girl during the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a> of the late 1960s. Pictures of the famine caused by Nigerian blockade garnered sympathy for the Biafrans worldwide.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a> was fought between Biafran secessionists of the <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Republic of Biafra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government of Nigeria">Nigerian central government</a>. From 1999 to the present day, the indigenous people of Biafra have been agitating for independence to revive their country. They have registered a human rights organization known as Bilie Human Rights Initiative both in Nigeria and in the United Nations to advocate for their right to self-determination and achieve independence by the rule of law.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCprofile_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCprofile-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalonia">Catalonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Catalonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_declaration_of_independence" title="Catalan declaration of independence">Catalan declaration of independence</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/2012_Catalan_march_for_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Catalan march for independence">2012 Catalan march for independence</a>, in which between 600,000 and 1.5 million citizens marched,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Generalitat_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Generalitat of Catalonia">President of Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artur_Mas" title="Artur Mas">Artur Mas</a>, called for new <a href="/wiki/2012_Catalonian_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Catalonian parliamentary election">parliamentary elections on 25 November 2012</a> to elect a new <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Catalonia" title="Parliament of Catalonia">parliament</a> that would exercise the right of self-determination for Catalonia, a right not recognised under the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Spanish Cortes Generales</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Catalonia" title="Parliament of Catalonia">Parliament of Catalonia</a> voted to hold a vote in the next four-year legislature on the question of self-determination. The parliamentary decision was approved by a large majority of MPs: 84 voted for, 21 voted against, and 25 abstained.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catalan Parliament applied to the Spanish Parliament for the power to call a referendum to be devolved, but this was turned down. In December 2013 the President of the Generalitat Artur Mas and the governing coalition agreed to set the referendum for self-determination on 9 November 2014, and legislation specifically saying that the consultation would not be a "referendum" was enacted, only to be blocked by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Spanish Constitutional Court</a>, at the request of the Spanish government. Given the block, the Government turned it into a simple "consultation to the people" instead. </p><p>The question in the consultation was "Do you want Catalonia to be a State?" and, if the answer to this question was yes, "Do you want this State to be an independent State?". However, as the consultation was not a formal referendum, these (printed) answers were just suggestions and other answers were also accepted and catalogued as "other answers" instead as null votes. The turnout in this consultation was about 2·3m people out of 6·2m people that were called to vote (this figure does not coincide with the census figure of 5·3m for two main reasons: first, because organisers had no access to an official census due to the non-binding character of the consultation, and second, because the legal voting age was set to 16 rather than 18). Due to the lack of an official census, potential voters were assigned to electoral tables according to home address and first family name. Participants had to sign up first with their full name and national ID in a voter registry before casting their ballot, which prevented participants from potentially casting multiple ballots. The overall result was 80·76% in favor of both questions, 11% in favor of the first question but not of the second questions, 4·54% against both; the rest were classified as "other answers". The voter turnout was around 37% (most people against the consultation did not go to vote). Four top members of Catalonia's political leadership were barred from public office for having defied the Constitutional court's last-minute ban. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Un_any_de_l%271-O_DC89725_(44160742095).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Un_any_de_l%271-O_DC89725_%2844160742095%29.jpg/220px-Un_any_de_l%271-O_DC89725_%2844160742095%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Un_any_de_l%271-O_DC89725_%2844160742095%29.jpg/330px-Un_any_de_l%271-O_DC89725_%2844160742095%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Un_any_de_l%271-O_DC89725_%2844160742095%29.jpg/440px-Un_any_de_l%271-O_DC89725_%2844160742095%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Protest in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> on 1 October 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>Almost three years later (1 October 2017), the Catalan government called a <a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">referendum for independence</a> under legislation adopted in September 2017, despite this legislation had been suspended by the Constitutional Court for "violating fundamental rights of citizens",<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the question "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a Republic?". On polling day, the Catalan regional police, which had been accused in the past of <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> and impunity during the 15-M protests,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prevented voting in over 500 polling stations without incidents. In some voting stations, the Catalan regional police did not intervene,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in other stations they directly confronted the Spanish CNP (National Police Corps) to allow voters to participate.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CNP confiscated ballot boxes and closed down 92,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> voting centres with violent truncheon charges. The opposition parties had called for non-participation. The turnout (according to the votes that were counted) was 2.3m out of 5.3m (43.03% of the census), and 90.18% of the ballots were in favour of independence.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The turnout, ballot count and results were similar to those of the 2014 "consultation". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chechnya">Chechnya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Chechnya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> declared independence as the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a>, using self-determination, Russia's history of bad treatment of <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>, and a history of independence before invasion by Russia as main motives. Russia has restored control over Chechnya, but the separatist government functions still in exile, though it has been split into two entities: the <a href="/wiki/Akhmed_Zakayev" title="Akhmed Zakayev">Akhmed Zakayev</a>-run secular Chechen Republic (based in Poland, the United Kingdom, and the United States), and the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Turkistan">East Turkistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: East Turkistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></div> <p>On November 12, 1933, Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and Uzbeks declared independence, establishing the <a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a>, and again on November 12, 1944, forming the <a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a>. Their primary motivations included self-determination, a history of Chinese colonization and oppression in East Turkistan, and a legacy of independence prior to the invasion by China (the Manchu <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a>). The <a href="/wiki/People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People’s Republic of China">People’s Republic of China</a> assumed control over East Turkistan in late 1949. However, the Turkic peoples of East Turkistan, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> and Kazakhs, have persistently fought for their independence. There is a robust movement advocating East Turkistani sovereignty, challenging the Chinese occupation since 1949. The <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a> is at the forefront of the <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Independence_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkistan Independence Movement">East Turkistan Independence Movement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Ukraine">Eastern Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Eastern Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">War in Donbas (2014–2022)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-04-24._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_556_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2015-04-24._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_556_.jpg/230px-2015-04-24._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_556_.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2015-04-24._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_556_.jpg/345px-2015-04-24._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_556_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2015-04-24._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_556_.jpg/460px-2015-04-24._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_556_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Russian separatists in <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>, April 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>There is an active secessionist movement based on the self-determination of the residents of the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk</a> and the south-eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast" title="Luhansk Oblast">Luhansk</a> regions of eastern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. However, many in the international community assert that <a href="/wiki/2014_Donbass_status_referendums" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Donbass status referendums">referendums held there in 2014</a> regarding independence from Ukraine were illegitimate and undemocratic.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, there are reports that <a href="/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="2014 Ukrainian presidential election">presidential elections in May 2014</a> were prevented from taking place in the two regions after armed gunmen took control of polling stations, kidnapped election officials, and stole lists of electors, thus denying the population the chance to express their will in a free, fair, and internationally recognised election.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also arguments that the de facto separation of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine" title="Eastern Ukraine">Eastern Ukraine</a> from the rest of the country is not an expression of self-determination, but rather, motivated by revival of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Sovietism" title="Neo-Sovietism">pro-Soviet sentiment</a> and an invasion by neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, with Ukrainian President <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a> claiming in 2015 that up to 9,000 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian soldiers</a> were deployed in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> defended <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">the annexation of Crimea</a> by citing self-determination of the Crimean people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Government of Ethiopia">Government of Ethiopia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a> is run as a federation of semi-self-governing <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1995_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1995 Constitution of Ethiopia">Constitution of Ethiopia</a> firmly mentions the self-determining nature of its states. The actual implementation of its states self-governance is debate-able. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Falkland_Islands">Falkland Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Falkland Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute</a></div> <p>Self-determination is referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Falkland Islands Constitution">Falkland Islands Constitution</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a factor in the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute</a>. The population has existed for over nine generations, continuously for over 190 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Bulmer-Thomas1989_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulmer-Thomas1989-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2013_Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_referendum" title="2013 Falkland Islands sovereignty referendum">2013 referendum</a>, organised by the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Falkland Islands Government">Falkland Islands Government</a>, 99.8% voted to remain British.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As administering power, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British Government</a> deemed that transfer of sovereignty to <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> would be counter to the Falkland Islander right to self-determination, since the majority of Falkland Island inhabitants wished to remain British.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_por_la_Paz_en_el_Museo_Malvinas_(16395806573).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arte_por_la_Paz_en_el_Museo_Malvinas_%2816395806573%29.jpg/220px-Arte_por_la_Paz_en_el_Museo_Malvinas_%2816395806573%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arte_por_la_Paz_en_el_Museo_Malvinas_%2816395806573%29.jpg/330px-Arte_por_la_Paz_en_el_Museo_Malvinas_%2816395806573%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arte_por_la_Paz_en_el_Museo_Malvinas_%2816395806573%29.jpg/440px-Arte_por_la_Paz_en_el_Museo_Malvinas_%2816395806573%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption><i>Malvinas and South Atlantic Islands Museum</i> in Buenos Aires, 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Argentina states the principle of self-determination is not applicable to the islands since the current inhabitants are not aboriginal and were brought to replace the Argentine population, which was expelled by an 'act of force', compelling the Argentinian inhabitants to directly leave the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This refers to the <a href="/wiki/Reassertion_of_British_sovereignty_over_the_Falkland_Islands_(1833)" title="Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)">re-establishment of British rule</a> in the year 1833<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which Argentina claims the existing population living in the islands was expelled. Argentina thus argues that, in the case of the Falkland Islands, the principle of territorial integrity <a href="#Self-determination_versus_territorial_integrity">should have precedence</a> over self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-López1995_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-López1995-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical records dispute Argentina's claims and whilst acknowledging the garrison was expelled note the existing civilian population remained at <a href="/wiki/Port_Louis,_Falkland_Islands" title="Port Louis, Falkland Islands">Port Louis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there was no attempt to settle the islands until 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper1998_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper1998-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Gibraltar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Gibraltar" title="Status of Gibraltar">Status of Gibraltar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibraltar_National_Day_027_(9719742224)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gibraltar_National_Day_027_%289719742224%29_%282%29.jpg/260px-Gibraltar_National_Day_027_%289719742224%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gibraltar_National_Day_027_%289719742224%29_%282%29.jpg/390px-Gibraltar_National_Day_027_%289719742224%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gibraltar_National_Day_027_%289719742224%29_%282%29.jpg/520px-Gibraltar_National_Day_027_%289719742224%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>Gibraltar National Day, September 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>The right to self-determination is referred to in the pre-amble of Chapter 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_2006" title="Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006">Gibraltar constitution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, since the United Kingdom also gave assurances that the right to self-determination of Gibraltarians would be respected in any transfer of sovereignty over the territory, is a factor in the dispute with Spain over the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impact of the right to self-determination of Gibraltarians was seen in the <a href="/wiki/2002_Gibraltar_sovereignty_referendum" title="2002 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum">2002 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum</a>, where Gibraltarian voters overwhelmingly rejected a plan to share sovereignty over Gibraltar between the UK and Spain. However, the UK government differs with the Gibraltarian government in that it considers Gibraltarian self-determination to be limited by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a>, which prevents Gibraltar achieving independence without the agreement of Spain, a position that the Gibraltarian government does not accept.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fordham_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fordham-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish government denies that Gibraltarians have the right to self-determination, considering them to be "an artificial population without any genuine autonomy" and not "indigenous".<sup id="cite_ref-Self-Determination_of_Peoples:_A_Legal_Reappraisal_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Self-Determination_of_Peoples:_A_Legal_Reappraisal-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Partido_Andalucista" class="mw-redirect" title="Partido Andalucista">Partido Andalucista</a> has agreed to recognise the right to self-determination of Gibraltarians.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenland">Greenland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Greenland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic independence</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Hong Kong independence</a></div> <p>Before the United Nations's adoption of resolution 2908 (XXVII) on 2 November 1972, The People's Republic of China vetoed the former British colony of Hong Kong's right to self-determination on 8 March 1972. This sparked several nations' protest along with Great Britain's declaration on 14 December that the decision is invalid. Decades later,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> an independence movement, dubbed as the Hong Kong independence movement emerged in the now Communist Chinese controlled territory. It advocates the autonomous region to become a fully independent sovereign state. </p><p>The city is considered a <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative region</a> (SAR) which, according to the PRC, enjoys a high degree of autonomy under the People's Republic of China (PRC), guaranteed under Article 2 of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence#cite_note-1" title="Hong Kong independence">[1]</a></sup> (which is ratified under the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a>), since the <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">handover of Hong Kong</a> from the United Kingdom to the PRC in 1997. Since the handover, many Hongkongers are increasingly concerned about Beijing's growing encroachment on the territory's freedoms and the failure of the Hong Kong government to deliver 'true' democracy.<sup><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence#cite_note-rally-2" title="Hong Kong independence">[2]</a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Flag_6048.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hong_Kong_Flag_6048.JPG/230px-Hong_Kong_Flag_6048.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hong_Kong_Flag_6048.JPG/345px-Hong_Kong_Flag_6048.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hong_Kong_Flag_6048.JPG/460px-Hong_Kong_Flag_6048.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Pro-independence <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong" title="Flag of Hong Kong">Hong Kong flag</a> put up before a football match between the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_national_football_team" title="Hong Kong national football team">Hong Kong Football Team</a> and the <a href="/wiki/China_national_football_team" title="China national football team">China national football team</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform">2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform</a> package deeply divided the city, as it allowed Hongkongers to have universal suffrage, but Beijing would have authority to screen the candidates to restrict the electoral method for the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive of Hong Kong</a> (CE), the highest-ranking official of the territory. This sparked the 79-day massive peaceful protests which was dubbed as the "<a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella Revolution">Umbrella Revolution</a>" and the pro-independence movement emerged on the Hong Kong political scene.<sup><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence#cite_note-rally-2" title="Hong Kong independence">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>Since then, <a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Localism in Hong Kong">localism</a> has gained momentum, particularly after the failure of the peaceful <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Movement" title="Umbrella Movement">Umbrella Movement</a>. Young localist leaders have led numerous protest actions against pro-Chinese policies to raise awareness of social problems of Hong Kong under Chinese rule. These include the sit-in protest against the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_(Amendment)_Bill_2014" title="Copyright (Amendment) Bill 2014">Bill to Strengthen Internet Censorship</a>, demonstrations against <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong_pro-vice-chancellor_selection_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hong Kong pro-vice-chancellor selection controversy">Chinese political interference in the University of Hong Kong</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2015_Yuen_Long_protest" title="2015 Yuen Long protest">Recover Yuen Long</a> protests and the <a href="/wiki/2016_Mong_Kok_civil_unrest" title="2016 Mong Kok civil unrest">2016 Mong Kok civil unrest</a>. According to a survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chinese University of Hong Kong">Chinese University of Hong Kong</a> (CUHK) in July 2016, 17.4% of respondents supported the city becoming an independent entity after 2047, while 3.6% stated that it is "possible".<sup><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence#cite_note-3" title="Hong Kong independence">[3]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_peoples">Indigenous peoples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Indigenous peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indigenous_march_right_to_self-determination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Indigenous_march_right_to_self-determination.jpg/262px-Indigenous_march_right_to_self-determination.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Indigenous_march_right_to_self-determination.jpg/393px-Indigenous_march_right_to_self-determination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Indigenous_march_right_to_self-determination.jpg/524px-Indigenous_march_right_to_self-determination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumads</a> in <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a> marching for the right to self-determination as part of the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Philippines">human rights in Philippines</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> have claimed through the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> the term peoples, and gaining with it the right to self-determination. Though it was also established that it is merely a right within existing <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>, after all peoples also need territory and a central government to reach <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> in international politics.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg/440px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">proclaiming Israel's independence</a> beneath a large portrait of Theodor Herzl</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> is a nationalist ideology founded by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a> which claims a right of historic entitlement by descent as a nation, to exercise self-determination for <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">all Jewish people</a> in the region of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Israel">ancient Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The successful implementation of this vision led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kashmir">Kashmir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Kashmir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></div> <p>Ever since Pakistan and India's inception in 1947 the legal state of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, the land between India and Pakistan, has been contested as Britain was resigning from their rule over this land. <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh" title="Hari Singh">Maharaja Hari Singh</a>, the ruler of Kashmir at the time of accession, signed the Instrument of Accession Act on October 26, 1947, as his territory was being attacked by Pakistani tribesmen. The passing of this Act allowed <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> to accede to India on legal terms. When this Act was taken to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Mountbatten</a>, the last viceroy of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, he agreed to it and stated that a referendum needed to be held by the citizens in India, Pakistan, and Kashmir so that they could vote as to where Kashmir should accede to. This referendum that Mountbatten called for never took place and framed one of the legal disputes for Kashmir. In 1948 the United Nations intervened and ordered a plebiscite to be taken in order to hear the voices of the Kashmiris if they would like to accede to Pakistan or India. This plebiscite left out the right for Kashmiris to have the right of self-determination and become an autonomous state. To this date the Kashmiris have been faced with numerous human rights violations committed by both India and Pakistan and have yet to gain complete autonomy which they have been seeking through self-determination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (September 2018)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Self-determination#This_whole_paragraph_is_the_only_edit_by_a_new_user_on_a_contentious_topic,_so_I_suspect_NPOV_issues." title="Talk:Self-determination">disputed</a></i>]</sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Reliable sources needed for the entire paragraph. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">insurgency in Kashmir</a> against Indian rule has existed in various forms. A widespread armed insurgency started in Kashmir against India rule in 1989 after allegations of rigging by the Indian government in the <a href="/wiki/1987_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election">1987 Jammu and Kashmir state election</a>. This led to some parties in the state assembly forming militant wings, which acted as a catalyst for the emergence of armed insurgency in the region. The conflict over Kashmir has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_soldiers,_Kashmir_(8138898130).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Indian_soldiers%2C_Kashmir_%288138898130%29.jpg/240px-Indian_soldiers%2C_Kashmir_%288138898130%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Indian_soldiers%2C_Kashmir_%288138898130%29.jpg/360px-Indian_soldiers%2C_Kashmir_%288138898130%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Indian_soldiers%2C_Kashmir_%288138898130%29.jpg/480px-Indian_soldiers%2C_Kashmir_%288138898130%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Indian soldiers on the streets of Kashmir during the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">2016 unrests</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> has been accused by India of supporting and training both pro-Pakistan and pro-independence militants to fight Indian security forces in Jammu and Kashmir, a charge that Pakistan denies. According to official figures released in the Jammu and Kashmir assembly, there were 3,400 disappearance cases and the conflict has left more than 47,000 to 100,000 people dead as of July 2009. However, violence in the state had fallen sharply after the start of a slow-moving peace process between India and Pakistan. After the peace process failed in 2008, mass demonstrations against Indian rule, and low-scale militancy emerged again. </p><p>However, despite boycott calls by separatist leaders in 2014, the <a href="/wiki/2014_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election">Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections</a> saw highest voters turnout in last 25 years since insurgency erupted. As per the Indian government, it recorded more than 65% of voters turnout which was more than usual voters turnout in other state assembly elections of India. It considered as increase in faith of Kashmiri people in democratic process of India. However, activists say that the voter turnout is highly exaggerated and that elections are held under duress. Votes are cast because the people want stable governance of the state and this cannot be mistaken as an endorsement of Indian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Kurdistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Self-determination" title="Special:EditPage/Self-determination">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YPJ_fighters_Raqqa_(February_2017).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/YPJ_fighters_Raqqa_%28February_2017%29.jpg/210px-YPJ_fighters_Raqqa_%28February_2017%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/YPJ_fighters_Raqqa_%28February_2017%29.jpg/315px-YPJ_fighters_Raqqa_%28February_2017%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/YPJ_fighters_Raqqa_%28February_2017%29.jpg/420px-YPJ_fighters_Raqqa_%28February_2017%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Kurdish <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a>'s female fighters during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian War</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pre-referendum,_pro-Kurdistan,_pro-independence_rally_in_Erbil,_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pre-referendum%2C_pro-Kurdistan%2C_pro-independence_rally_in_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_25.jpg/220px-Pre-referendum%2C_pro-Kurdistan%2C_pro-independence_rally_in_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pre-referendum%2C_pro-Kurdistan%2C_pro-independence_rally_in_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_25.jpg/330px-Pre-referendum%2C_pro-Kurdistan%2C_pro-independence_rally_in_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pre-referendum%2C_pro-Kurdistan%2C_pro-independence_rally_in_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_25.jpg/440px-Pre-referendum%2C_pro-Kurdistan%2C_pro-independence_rally_in_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Pro-independence rally in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> in September 2017</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> is a historical region primarily inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish people</a> of the Middle East. The territory is currently part of Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Iran. There are Kurdish self-determination movements in each of the four states. <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> has to date achieved the largest degree of self-determination through the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a>, an entity recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Iraqi Federal Constitution</a>. </p><p>Although the right of the creation of a Kurdish state was recognized following World War I in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, the treaty was then annulled by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lausanne (1923)">Treaty of Lausanne (1923)</a>. To date two separate Kurdish republics and one Kurdish Kingdom have declared sovereignty. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ararat" title="Republic of Ararat">Republic of Ararat</a> (<a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Province" title="Ağrı Province">Ağrı Province</a>, Turkey), the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mehabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mehabad">Republic of Mehabad</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="West Azerbaijan Province">West Azerbaijan Province</a>, Iran) and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>, Iraq), each of these fledgling states was crushed by military intervention. The <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> which currently holds the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">Iraqi presidency</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> which governs the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> both explicitly commit themselves to the development of Kurdish self-determination, but opinions vary as to the question of self-determination sought within the current borders and countries. </p><p>Efforts towards Kurdish self-determination are considered illegal separatism by the governments of Turkey and Iran, and the movement is politically repressed in both states. This is intertwined with Kurdish nationalist insurgencies <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">in Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">in Turkey</a>, which in turn justify and are justified by the repression of peaceful advocacy. In Syria, a self-governing <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">local Kurdish-dominated polity</a> was established in 2012, amongst the upheaval of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, but has not been recognized by any foreign state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nagalim">Nagalim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Nagalim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga nationalism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Naga_people" title="Naga people">Naga</a> refers to a vaguely defined conglomeration of distinct tribes living on the border of India and Burma. Each of these tribes lived in a sovereign village before the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British</a> but developed a common identity as the area was Christianized. After the British left India, a section of Nagas under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Angami_Zapu_Phizo" class="mw-redirect" title="Angami Zapu Phizo">Angami Zapu Phizo</a> sought to establish a separate country for the Nagas. Phizo's group, the <a href="/wiki/Naga_National_Council" title="Naga National Council">Naga National Council</a> (NNC), claimed that 99. 9% of the Nagas wanted an independent Naga country according to a referendum conducted by it. It waged a secessionist insurgency against the Government of India. The NNC collapsed after Phizo got his dissenters killed or forced them to seek refuge with the Government.<sup id="cite_ref-SK_Chaube_Naga_Politics_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SK_Chaube_Naga_Politics-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ranabir_Samaddar_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranabir_Samaddar-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phizo escaped to London, while NNC's successor secessionist groups continued to stage violent attacks against the Indian Government. The Naga People's Convention (NPC), another major Naga organization, was opposed to the secessionists. Its efforts led to the creation of a separate Nagaland state within India in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamlet2001_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamlet2001-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secessionist violence declined considerably after the <a href="/wiki/Shillong_Accord_of_1975" title="Shillong Accord of 1975">Shillong Accord of 1975</a>. However, three factions of the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Council_of_Nagaland" title="National Socialist Council of Nagaland">National Socialist Council of Nagaland</a> (NSCN) continue to seek an independent country which would include parts of India and Burma. They envisage a sovereign, predominantly Christian nation called "Nagalim".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Borneo_and_Sarawak">North Borneo and Sarawak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: North Borneo and Sarawak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another controversial episode with perhaps more relevance was the British beginning their exit from <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a>. An experience concerned the findings of a <i>United Nations Assessment Team</i> that led the British territories of <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">North Borneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> in 1963 to determine whether or not the populations wished to become a part of the new <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malaysia Federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-am001_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-am001-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Nation Team's mission followed on from an earlier assessment by the British-appointed <a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> which had arrived in the territories in 1962 and held hearings to determine public opinion. It also sifted through 1600 letters and memoranda submitted by individuals, organisations and political parties. Cobbold concluded that around two thirds of the population favoured to the formation of Malaysia while the remaining third wanted either independence or continuing control by the United Kingdom. The United Nations team largely confirmed these findings, which were later accepted by the General Assembly, and both territories subsequently wish to form the new Federation of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. The conclusions of both the Cobbold Commission and the United Nations team were arrived at without any <a href="/wiki/Referendums" class="mw-redirect" title="Referendums">referendums</a> self-determination being held.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/1962_Singaporean_national_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Singaporean national referendum">Unlike in Singapore</a>, however, no referendum was ever conducted in <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">North Borneo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they sought to consolidate several of the previous ruled entities then there was <a href="/wiki/Manila_Accord" title="Manila Accord">Manila Accord</a>, an agreement between the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> and Indonesia on 31 July 1963<sup id="cite_ref-Manila_Accord_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manila_Accord-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to abide by the wishes of the people of <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">North Borneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> within the context of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1541_(XV)" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV)">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV)</a>, Principle 9 of the Annex<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taking into account <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a> in North Borneo and Sarawak that would be free and without coercion.<sup id="cite_ref-Manila_Accord_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manila_Accord-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also triggered the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesian confrontation</a> because Indonesia opposed the violation of the agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Northern Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pro-TRNC_demonstration_in_Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC_North_Nicosia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pro-TRNC_demonstration_in_Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC_North_Nicosia.jpg/220px-Pro-TRNC_demonstration_in_Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC_North_Nicosia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pro-TRNC_demonstration_in_Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC_North_Nicosia.jpg/330px-Pro-TRNC_demonstration_in_Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC_North_Nicosia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pro-TRNC_demonstration_in_Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC_North_Nicosia.jpg/440px-Pro-TRNC_demonstration_in_Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC_North_Nicosia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Square" title="Sarayönü Square">Atatürk Square</a>, North Nicosia in 2006, with the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> flags</figcaption></figure> <p>Cyprus was settled by <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a> in two waves in the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a>. As a strategic location in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, it was subsequently occupied by several major powers, including the empires of the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>, from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. Subsequent rule by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Arab caliphates</a> for a short period and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lusignan" title="House of Lusignan">French Lusignan dynasty</a>. Following the death in 1473 of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Cyprus" title="James II of Cyprus">James II</a>, the last Lusignan king, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> assumed control of the island, while the late king's Venetian widow, Queen <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cornaro" title="Catherine Cornaro">Catherine Cornaro</a>, reigned as figurehead. Venice formally annexed the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Kingdom of Cyprus</a> in 1489, following the abdication of Catherine. The Venetians fortified <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a> by building the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Nicosia" title="Walls of Nicosia">Walls of Nicosia</a>, and used it as an important commercial hub. </p><p>Although the Lusignan French aristocracy remained the dominant social class in Cyprus throughout the medieval period, the former assumption that Greeks were treated only as <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfs</a> on the island is no longer considered by academics to be accurate. It is now accepted that the medieval period saw increasing numbers of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a> elevated to the upper classes, a growing Greek middle ranks, and the Lusignan royal household even marrying Greeks. This included King <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Cyprus" title="John II of Cyprus">John II of Cyprus</a> who married <a href="/wiki/Helena_Palaiologina" title="Helena Palaiologina">Helena Palaiologina</a>. </p><p>Throughout Venetian rule, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> frequently raided Cyprus. In 1539 the Ottomans destroyed <a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a> and so fearing the worst, the Venetians also fortified <a href="/wiki/Famagusta" title="Famagusta">Famagusta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrenia" title="Kyrenia">Kyrenia</a>. </p><p>Having invaded in 1570, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turks</a> controlled and solely governed all of the Cyprus island from 1571 until its leasing to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in 1878. Cyprus was placed under <a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British administration</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus Convention</a> in 1878 and formally annexed by Britain at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914. While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population, the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> in the 1950s. Politically, there was no majority/minority relation between <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hence, in 1960, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> was founded by the constituent communities in Cyprus (Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots)<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a non-unitary state; the 1960 Constitution set both <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> as the official languages.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1963–74, the island experienced ethnic clashes and turmoil, following the <a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek nationalists</a>' coup to unify the island to Greece, which led to the eventual <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion</a> in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> was declared in 1983 and recognized only by Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monroe Leigh, 1990, The Legal Status in International Law of the Turkish Cypriot and the Greek Cypriot Communities in Cyprus. The Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot regimes participating in these negotiations, and the respective communities which they represent, are presently entitled to exercise equal rights under international law, including rights of self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>'s invasion in 1974, Turkish Cypriots were concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_enclaves" title="Turkish Cypriot enclaves">Turkish Cypriot enclaves</a> in the island. </p><p>Northern Cyprus fulfills all the classical criteria of statehood.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United Nations Peace Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) operates based on the laws of Northern Cyprus in north of Cyprus island.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)</a>, the laws of Northern Cyprus is valid in the north of Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ECtHR did <i>not</i> accept the claim that the Courts of Northern Cyprus lacked "independence and/or impartiality".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ECtHR directed all Cypriots to exhaust "domestic remedies" applied by Northern Cyprus before taking their cases to ECtHR.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">United States' Federal Court</a> qualified <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> as a "democratic country".<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, United Kingdom's High Court decided that "There was no duty in UK law upon the UK's Government to refrain from recognising Northern Cyprus. The United Nations itself works with Northern Cyprus law enforcement agencies and facilitates cooperation between the two parts of the island."<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UK's <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> also dismissed the claim that "cooperation between UK police and law agencies in northern Cyprus was illegal".<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestine">Palestine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Palestine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_on_Belfast_Walls3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Graffiti_on_Belfast_Walls3.jpg/220px-Graffiti_on_Belfast_Walls3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Graffiti_on_Belfast_Walls3.jpg/330px-Graffiti_on_Belfast_Walls3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Graffiti_on_Belfast_Walls3.jpg/440px-Graffiti_on_Belfast_Walls3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">republican</a> mural in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> showing support for <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_the_genocide,_Free_Palestine_023_Mielenosoitus_palestiinalaisten_tueksi_(53274234547).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Stop_the_genocide%2C_Free_Palestine_023_Mielenosoitus_palestiinalaisten_tueksi_%2853274234547%29.jpg/220px-Stop_the_genocide%2C_Free_Palestine_023_Mielenosoitus_palestiinalaisten_tueksi_%2853274234547%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Stop_the_genocide%2C_Free_Palestine_023_Mielenosoitus_palestiinalaisten_tueksi_%2853274234547%29.jpg/330px-Stop_the_genocide%2C_Free_Palestine_023_Mielenosoitus_palestiinalaisten_tueksi_%2853274234547%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Stop_the_genocide%2C_Free_Palestine_023_Mielenosoitus_palestiinalaisten_tueksi_%2853274234547%29.jpg/440px-Stop_the_genocide%2C_Free_Palestine_023_Mielenosoitus_palestiinalaisten_tueksi_%2853274234547%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation" title="Palestinian genocide accusation">Stop genocide</a>, free Palestine" rally in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, 21 October 2023</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_self-determination" title="Palestinian self-determination">Palestinian self-determination</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a></div> <p>Palestinian self-determination is the aspiration of some Palestinians and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian nationalists">Palestinian nationalists</a> for increased <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign independence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as to the international right of self-determination applied to <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>. Such sentiments are features of both the <a href="/wiki/One_state_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="One state solution">one state solution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Two_state_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Two state solution">two state solution</a>. In the two state solution this usually denotes territorial integrity initiatives, such as resisting <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories#West_Bank" title="Israeli-occupied territories">occupation in the West Bank</a>, annexation efforts in East Jerusalem or <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_freedom_of_movement" title="Palestinian freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a> along borders, as well the preservation of important sites such as <a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">al-Aqsa mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quebec">Quebec</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a></div> <p>In Canada, many <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Francophone</a> citizens in the <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Province of Quebec</a> have wanted the province to separate from <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> has asserted Quebec's "right to self-determination. " There is debate on under which conditions would this right be realized.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/French-speaking" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking">French-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a> and support for maintaining <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">Québécois culture</a> would inspire <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalists</a>, many of whom were supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a> during the late-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Clift1982_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clift1982-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sardinia">Sardinia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sardinia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian nationalism</a></div> <p><b>Sardinian nationalism</b> or also <b>Sardism</b> (<i>Sardismu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>; <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Sardismo</i></span> in Italian<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a social, cultural and political movement in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> calling for the self-determination of the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinian people</a> in a context of national <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a>, further <a href="/wiki/Autonomism_(political_doctrine)" title="Autonomism (political doctrine)">autonomy</a> in Italy, or even outright independence from the latter. It also promotes the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">protection</a> <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">of the island's environment</a> and the preservation of its <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Culture" title="Sardinia">cultural heritage</a>. </p><p>Even though the island has been characterized by periodical waves of ethnonationalist protests against <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Carlo_Pala_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlo_Pala-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Sardinian movement has its origins on the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> of the political spectrum;<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalism</a> and attempts for Sardinian self-determination historically countered in fact the Rome-centric <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> (which eventually managed to contain the autonomist and separatist tendencies<sup id="cite_ref-art.torvergata.it_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art.torvergata.it-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> ceased to exist as a sovereign state in 1707, as did <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a> (1707) created the unified <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, but has a long-standing <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish independence movement">Scottish independence movement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-theg_ScotSummary_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theg_ScotSummary-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with polls suggesting in January 2020 that 52% of eligible voters would vote for an independent Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-hera_Scot_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hera_Scot-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's largest political party, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rese_Memb_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rese_Memb-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> campaigns for Scottish independence. A <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">referendum on independence was held in 2014</a>, where it was rejected by 55% of voters.<sup id="cite_ref-theg_Scot2014Results_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theg_Scot2014Results-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Independence debate continued throughout the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">UK referendum on EU membership</a> where the electorate in Scotland voted by 62% to remain a member of the EU, as did Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc._Scot_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc._Scot-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Results in England and Wales, however, led to the whole of the United Kingdom leaving the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-econ_Scot_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econ_Scot-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> announced plans to demand a second referendum on Scottish Independence. This was given assent by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> but, as of July 2022, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> has refused to grant the Section 30 powers required to hold another referendum on the argument that both sides accepted beforehand that the 2014 vote would settle the matter for a generation.<sup id="cite_ref-hera_Bori_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hera_Bori-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volkstaat" title="Volkstaat">Volkstaat</a></div> <p>Section 235 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">South African Constitution</a> allows for the right to self-determination of a community, within the framework of "the right of the <a href="/wiki/South_Africans" title="South Africans">South African people</a> as a whole to self-determination", and pursuant to national legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-section235_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-section235-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This section of the constitution was one of the negotiated settlements during the handing over of political power in 1994. Supporters of an independent <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> homeland have argued that their goals are reasonable under this new legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-section235_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-section235-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Tyrol">South Tyrol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: South Tyrol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol/Alto Adige</a> was <a href="/wiki/Italianization_of_South_Tyrol" title="Italianization of South Tyrol">annexed</a> after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. The German-speaking inhabitants of South Tyrol are protected by the <a href="/wiki/Gruber%E2%80%93De_Gasperi_Agreement" title="Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement">Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement</a>, but there are still supporters of the self determination of South Tyrol, e.g. the party <a href="/wiki/Die_Freiheitlichen" title="Die Freiheitlichen">Die Freiheitlichen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_independence_movement" title="South Tyrolean independence movement">South Tyrolean independence movement</a>. At the end of WWII, Italian resistance troops entered South Tyrol and took over the administration against the wishes of the South Tyrolean resistance movement.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies subsequently granted South Tyrol to Italy, with the British foreign minister remarking that "in theory the Austrians have the better argument, however handing over the power stations of South Tyrol to them could openly give the Russians a helping hand with which they could pressurise Italy".<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies pushed Italy to grant the region a high degree of autonomy, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Gruber%E2%80%93De_Gasperi_Agreement" title="Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement">Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement</a> of 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Székely_Land"><span id="Sz.C3.A9kely_Land"></span>Székely Land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Székely Land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, large areas of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> were <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">annexed</a> by Romania. Some of these areas were inhabited by an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a> population called <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a>. Ever since their homes were integrated into Romania, these people were trying to achieve some form of autonomy or self-governance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibet">Tibet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></div> <p>There are several movements in advocacy of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Tibetan sovereignty</a> from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tibet (1950-present)">Chinese occupation since 1950</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Tibetan Government in-Exile</a> is a notable example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_American_Girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Native_American_Girl.jpg/130px-Native_American_Girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Native_American_Girl.jpg/195px-Native_American_Girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Native_American_Girl.jpg/260px-Native_American_Girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A Native American woman in traditional dress</figcaption></figure> <p>The colonization of the <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> continent and its <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> population has been the source of legal battles since the early 19th century. Many Native American tribes were resettled onto separate tracts of land (<a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a>), which have retained a certain degree of <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> within the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> recognizes <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal Sovereignty</a> and has established a number of laws attempting to clarify the relationship among the federal, <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">state</a>, and tribal governments. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> and later federal laws recognize the local sovereignty of tribal nations, but do not recognize full sovereignty equivalent to that of foreign nations, hence the term "domestic dependent nations" to qualify the federally recognized tribes. </p><p>Certain <a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano nationalist</a> groups seek to "recreate" an ethnic-based state to be called <a href="/wiki/Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Aztlán">Aztlán</a>, after the legendary homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a>. It would comprise the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a>, historic territory of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a> and their descendants, as well as colonists and later settlers under the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish colonial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> governments.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of the proposed state of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Afrika" title="Republic of New Afrika">New Afrika</a> argue that the history of African-Americans living in and making productive of several U.S. states in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt</a> entitles them to establish an African-American republic in the area, alongside $400 billion as reparations for slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several active <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a> autonomy or independence movements, each with the goal of realizing some level of political control over single or several islands. The groups range from those seeking territorial units similar to <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a> under the United States, with the least amount of independent control, to the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a>, which is projected to have the most independence. The Hawaiian Sovereignty movement seeks to revive the Hawaiian nation under the <a href="/wiki/1840_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian constitution</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protest_against_Washington_football_team_name_at_TCF_Stadium_(15692618845).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Protest_against_Washington_football_team_name_at_TCF_Stadium_%2815692618845%29.jpg/230px-Protest_against_Washington_football_team_name_at_TCF_Stadium_%2815692618845%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Protest_against_Washington_football_team_name_at_TCF_Stadium_%2815692618845%29.jpg/345px-Protest_against_Washington_football_team_name_at_TCF_Stadium_%2815692618845%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Protest_against_Washington_football_team_name_at_TCF_Stadium_%2815692618845%29.jpg/460px-Protest_against_Washington_football_team_name_at_TCF_Stadium_%2815692618845%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Native Americans and their supporters protest during the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Redskins_name_controversy" title="Washington Redskins name controversy">Washington Redskins name controversy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1972, the <a href="/wiki/Special_Committee_on_Decolonization" title="Special Committee on Decolonization">U.N. Decolonization Committee</a> has called for <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>'s "decolonization" and for the US to recognize the island's right to self-determination and independence. In 2007 the Decolonization Subcommittee called for the United Nations General Assembly to review the <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Political status of Puerto Rico">political status of Puerto Rico</a>, a power reserved by the 1953 Resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This followed the 1967 passage of a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> act that provided for a vote on the status of Puerto Rico with three status options: continued <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">commonwealth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statehood_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Statehood movement in Puerto Rico">statehood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">independence</a>. In the first plebiscite, the commonwealth option won with 60.4% of the votes, but US congressional committees failed to enact legislation to address the status issue. In subsequent plebiscites in 1993 and 1998, the status quo was favored.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/2012_Puerto_Rican_status_referendum" title="2012 Puerto Rican status referendum">referendum</a> that took place in November 2012, a majority of Puerto Rican residents voted to change the territory's relationship with the United States, with the statehood option being the preferred option. But a large number of ballots—one-third of all votes cast—were left blank on the question of preferred alternative status. Supporters of the commonwealth status had urged voters to blank their ballots. When the blank votes are counted as anti-statehood votes, the statehood option would have received less than 50% of all ballots received.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2014, Washington has not taken action to address the results of this plebiscite. </p><p>Many current U.S. <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">state, regional and city secession groups</a> use the language of self-determination. A 2008 <a href="/wiki/Zogby_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Zogby International">Zogby International</a> poll revealed that 22% of Americans believe that "any state or region has the right to peaceably secede and become an independent republic."<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 15, 2022, the U.S. House of Representatives voted in favor of the Puerto Rico Status Act. The act sought to resolve Puerto Rico's status and its relationship to the United States through a binding plebiscite.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the late 20th century, some states periodically discuss desires to <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secede from the United States</a>. Unilateral secession was ruled <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">unconstitutional</a> by the U.S. Supreme Court in <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._White" title="Texas v. White">Texas v. White</a></i> (1869). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Sahara">Western Sahara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Western Sahara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifestation_in_Madrid_for_the_independence_of_the_Western_Sahara_(13).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Manifestation_in_Madrid_for_the_independence_of_the_Western_Sahara_%2813%29.jpg/240px-Manifestation_in_Madrid_for_the_independence_of_the_Western_Sahara_%2813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Manifestation_in_Madrid_for_the_independence_of_the_Western_Sahara_%2813%29.jpg/360px-Manifestation_in_Madrid_for_the_independence_of_the_Western_Sahara_%2813%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Manifestation_in_Madrid_for_the_independence_of_the_Western_Sahara_%2813%29.jpg/480px-Manifestation_in_Madrid_for_the_independence_of_the_Western_Sahara_%2813%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1681" /></a><figcaption>A demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> for the independence of Western Sahara, 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>There is an active movement based on the self-determination of the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi people</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Saharan</a> region. <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> also claims the entire territory, and maintains control of about two-thirds of the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Papua">West Papua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: West Papua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_West_Papua_Protest_Melbourne_August_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Free_West_Papua_Protest_Melbourne_August_2012.jpg/220px-Free_West_Papua_Protest_Melbourne_August_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Free_West_Papua_Protest_Melbourne_August_2012.jpg/330px-Free_West_Papua_Protest_Melbourne_August_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Free_West_Papua_Protest_Melbourne_August_2012.jpg/440px-Free_West_Papua_Protest_Melbourne_August_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4035" data-file-height="2833" /></a><figcaption>A Free West Papua protest in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> in August 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>The self-determination of the <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">West Papuan</a> people has been violently suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">Indonesian Government</a> since the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial rule</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">Dutch New Guinea</a> in 1962. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Cape">Western Cape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Western Cape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_independence_march_cpt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cape Freedon March on January 2023" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cape_independence_march_cpt.jpg/220px-Cape_independence_march_cpt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cape_independence_march_cpt.jpg/330px-Cape_independence_march_cpt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cape_independence_march_cpt.jpg/440px-Cape_independence_march_cpt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>A march for Cape Independence, January 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the late 2000s there has been growing calls for the people of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> province of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> to become an independent state. South Africa in its current form was created in 1910 after the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a> was passed in the British parliament. The Cape Colony ceased to exist, however many of its unique political and cultural quirks such as the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Qualified_Franchise#The_Cape_Liberal_Tradition" title="Cape Qualified Franchise">Cape Liberal Tradition</a> nevertheless continued to exist. Recent polling has shown that over 46% of Western Cape voters back independence outright. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary problem">Boundary problem (political science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Committee_on_Decolonization" title="Special Committee on Decolonization">Special Committee on Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">United Nations list of non-self-governing territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic separatism">Ethnic separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnonationalism">Ethnonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationelle_Selbstbestimmung" class="extiw" title="de:Informationelle Selbstbestimmung">Informational self-determination (German)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">International relations theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states_and_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies">List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_liberation_movements_recognized_by_intergovernmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national liberation movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations">List of national liberation movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Lists of active separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_personal_autonomy" title="National personal autonomy">National personal autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">Nation-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Intervention">Non-Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_nationalities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principle of nationalities (page does not exist)">Principle of nationalities</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_des_nationalit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Principe des nationalités">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_exist" title="Right to exist">Right to exist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_integrity" title="Territorial integrity">Territorial integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/self_determination_(international_law)">"Self determination (international law)"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Self+determination+%28international+law%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Fself_determination_%28international_law%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth2018" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, Tim (2018). <i>Encyclopedia of International Development</i>. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"External" self-determination refers to a people's right to form its own political entity, and "internal" self-determination refers to the right to have a representative government with effective participation in the political process...The right to self-determination was at first limited to colonial territories' right to external self-determination. The right was made secondary to territorial integrity and national unity, effective "locking" colonial boundaries. In 1970, the right to self-determination was expanded to apply beyond colonial situations. This declaration linked self-determination's internal and external aspects by suggesting that a racial or religious group denied equal participation in the political process would be entitled to external self-determination, voiding the principle that territorial integrity or national unity should not be threatened in extreme cases. The Vienna Declaration (1993) broaded this argument to include ethnic groups denied effective political participation. While representation and effective participation is usually enough to satisfy a people's right to self-determination, a people may have the right to external self-determination when those conditions are not met.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+International+Development&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, Yonah, and Friedlander, Robert A. Self-determination: National, Regional, And Global Dimensions. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i>: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1514" class="extiw" title="s:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> states</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhinney2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_McWhinney" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward McWhinney">McWhinney, Edward</a> (2007). <i>Self-Determination of Peoples and Plural-Ethnic States in Contemporary International Law: Failed States, Nation-Building and the Alternative, Federal Option</i>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004158351" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004158351"><bdi>978-9004158351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self-Determination+of+Peoples+and+Plural-Ethnic+States+in+Contemporary+International+Law%3A+Failed+States%2C+Nation-Building+and+the+Alternative%2C+Federal+Option&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9004158351&rft.aulast=McWhinney&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2013" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Martin, ed. (2013). <i>Encyclopedia of International Relations and Global Politics</i>. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. <q>Since the end of decolonization, it has become clear that the diplomatic compromises that facilitated the transfer of political authority during that era are now obsolete. Today, the principle of self-determination lacks both definition and applicability. Saving it from a complete descent into incoherence will require a renewal of the links between autonomy, democracy, human rights and the right to self-determination. Central to cultivating this renewal should be the adoption of a more liberal and expansive interpretation of the meaning of self-determination. Self-determination does not have to mean irredentism, secession and the violent renegotiation of territorial frontiers. The promotion of minority rights, devolution, federalism and greater acknowledgement of the legitimacy of cultural self-expression are all expressions of self-determination.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+International+Relations+and+Global+Politics&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pesd.princeton.edu/node/511">"Legal Aspects of Self-Determination"</a>. <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Self-Determination</i>. Princeton University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Self-Determination&rft.atitle=Legal+Aspects+of+Self-Determination&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpesd.princeton.edu%2Fnode%2F511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowerakerClarke2003" class="citation book cs1">Foweraker, Joe; Clarke, Paul Barry, eds. (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought</i>. United Kingdom: Taylor&Francis. p. 655. <q>At present, international law is ambiguous regarding the right to secede. Some documents assert that self-determination is a fundamental right, but in practice the United Nations and other international organisations have very rarely recognized breakaway states, and the trend at the turn of the millennium seems to be toward increasing the opposition to separatism, largely as a result of the grave effects observable in most cases where it has been attempted. One ICJ judge, Rosalyn Higgins, has writter that there is no legal right of secession where there is representative government. However, some other experts disagree, adding that self-determination is justifiable where there is representative government but the minority nevertheless faces severe human rights violations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Democratic+Thought&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=655&rft.pub=Taylor%26Francis&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisch-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisch_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisch_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJörg_Fisch2015" class="citation book cs1">Jörg Fisch (9 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PETjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118"><i>A History of the Self-Determination of Peoples: The Domestication of an Illusion</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03796-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03796-0"><bdi>978-1-107-03796-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Self-Determination+of+Peoples%3A+The+Domestication+of+an+Illusion&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-12-09&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03796-0&rft.au=J%C3%B6rg+Fisch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPETjCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwpda.org/1918/wilpeace.html">"President Wilson's Address to Congress, Analyzing German and Austrian Peace Utterances (Delivered to Congress in Joint Session on February 11, 1918)"</a>. <i>gwpda.org</i>. February 11, 1918<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gwpda.org&rft.atitle=President+Wilson%27s+Address+to+Congress%2C+Analyzing+German+and+Austrian+Peace+Utterances+%28Delivered+to+Congress+in+Joint+Session+on+February+11%2C+1918%29&rft.date=1918-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwpda.org%2F1918%2Fwilpeace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i>: Clause 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> reads: "Third, they respect the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them" then became one of the eight cardinal principal points of the Charter all people had a right to self-determination.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielThomas2008" class="citation web cs1">Daniel, Thürer; Thomas, Burri (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e873">"Self-Determination"</a>. <i>Oxford Public International Law</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Flaw%3Aepil%2F9780199231690%2Fe873">10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e873</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923169-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923169-0"><bdi>978-0-19-923169-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Public+International+Law&rft.atitle=Self-Determination&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Flaw%3Aepil%2F9780199231690%2Fe873&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923169-0&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%BCrer&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Burri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopil.ouplaw.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Flaw%3Aepil%2F9780199231690%2Flaw-9780199231690-e873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unterberger-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Betty Miller Unterberger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220083041/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5215/is_2002/ai_n19132482">"Self-Determination"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy,</i> 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayall2013" class="citation book cs1">Mayall, James (2013). "International Society, State Sovereignty, and National Self-Determination". In Breuilly, John (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 542. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876820-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876820-3"><bdi>978-0-19-876820-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=International+Society%2C+State+Sovereignty%2C+and+National+Self-Determination&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Nationalism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=542&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-876820-3&rft.aulast=Mayall&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHecherBorland2001" class="citation book cs1">Hecher, Michael; Borland, Elizabeth (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1550896"><i>National Self-Determination: The Emergence of an International Norm</i></a>. Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 186–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61044-280-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61044-280-0"><bdi>978-1-61044-280-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Self-Determination%3A+The+Emergence+of+an+International+Norm&rft.pages=186-233&rft.pub=Russell+Sage+Foundation&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-61044-280-0&rft.aulast=Hecher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Borland%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fchapter%2F1550896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayall2013" class="citation book cs1">Mayall, James (2013). "International Society, State Sovereignty, and National Self-Determination". In Breuilly, John (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 539-540. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876820-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876820-3"><bdi>978-0-19-876820-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=International+Society%2C+State+Sovereignty%2C+and+National+Self-Determination&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Nationalism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=539-540&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-876820-3&rft.aulast=Mayall&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHechter2013" class="citation book cs1">Hechter, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rZk2AQAAQBAJ"><i>Alien Rule</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04254-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04254-4"><bdi>978-1-107-04254-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alien+Rule&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04254-4&rft.aulast=Hechter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrZk2AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chimène Keitner, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciaonet.org/isa/woc01/National">Self-Determination: The Legacy of the French Revolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304141255/http://www.ciaonet.org/">Archived</a> 2020-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, paper presented at International Studies Association Annual Meeting, March 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B16FD3D5C147A93C2AB178CD85F4D8185F9">"Self-Determination Not a New Expedient; First Plebiscite Was Held in Avignon During the French Revolution—Forthcoming Book Traces History and Growth of the Movement"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, July 20, 1919, 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Erica_Benner" title="Erica Benner">Erica Benner</a>, <i>Really existing nationalisms: a post-communist view from Marx and Engels</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N-7Xc8WtCLgC&dq=%22self-determination%22+of+colonies+marx&pg=PA188">p. 188</a>, Oxford University Press, 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-827959-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-827959-0">0-19-827959-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827959-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827959-4">978-0-19-827959-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenin-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/self-det/ch01.htm#v20pp72-395">"What Is Meant By The Self-Determination of Nations?"</a>. Marxists.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Meant+By+The+Self-Determination+of+Nations%3F&rft.pub=Marxists.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1914%2Fself-det%2Fch01.htm%23v20pp72-395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/world45.pdf">"The World in 1945"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United nations</i>. May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+nations&rft.atitle=The+World+in+1945&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2FCartographic%2Fmap%2Fprofile%2Fworld45.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_D._Shields" class="citation book cs1">Sarah D. Shields. <i>Fezzes in the River</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fezzes+in+the+River&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.au=Sarah+D.+Shields&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan,_Margaret_page_211_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macmillan, Margaret <i>Paris 1919</i>, New York: Random House page 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gdańsk i Ziemia Gdańska</i> Franciszek Mamuszka Wiedza Powszechna, 1966 page 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Książka polska w Gdańsku w okresie zaboru pruskiego 1793-1919, page 61 Maria Babnis, Ossolineum 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macmillan, Margaret <i>Paris 1919</i>, New York: Random House page 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macmillan, Margaret <i>Paris 1919</i>, New York: Random House page 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/">"United Nations Charter"</a>. Un.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Charter&rft.pub=Un.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fcharter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303001412/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm">"Text of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"</a>. .ohchr.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm">the original</a> on March 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+International+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights&rft.pub=.ohchr.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohchr.org%2Fenglish%2Flaw%2Fccpr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303114220/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cescr.htm">"Text of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights"</a>. .ohchr.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cescr.htm">the original</a> on March 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+International+Covenant+on+Economic%2C+Social+and+Cultural+Rights&rft.pub=.ohchr.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohchr.org%2Fenglish%2Flaw%2Fcescr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml">"Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories listed by the United Nations General Assembly"</a>. Un.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trust+and+Non-Self-Governing+Territories+listed+by+the+United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft.pub=Un.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdecolonization%2Fnonselfgov.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1654_(XVI)" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1654 (XVI)">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1654 (XVI)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unyearbook.un.org/1960YUN/1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdf">General Assembly 15th Session - resolution 1541 (XV)</a> (pages: 509-510) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320074502/http://unyearbook.un.org/1960YUN/1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdf">Archived</a> March 20, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i>: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1514" class="extiw" title="s:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unyearbook.un.org/1960YUN/1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdf">United Nations General Assembly 15th Session - The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories (pages: 509-510)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320074502/http://unyearbook.un.org/1960YUN/1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdf">Archived</a> March 20, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hensel-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hensel_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hensel_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul R. Hensel and Michael E. Allison, Department of Political Science <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a> and Ahmed Khanani, Department of Political Science, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~phensel/Research/io05.pdf">The Colonial Legacy and Border Stability: Uti Possidetis and Territorial Claims in the Americas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050528084649/http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~phensel/Research/io05.pdf">Archived</a> 2005-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, research paper at Paul Hensel's Florida State university web site.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gudeleviciute-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gudeleviciute_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gudeleviciute_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gudeleviciute_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gudeleviciute_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gudeleviciute_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vita Gudeleviciute, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnet.com/img/publish/2009/10/Gudeleviciute.pdf">Does the Principle of Self-determination Prevail over the Principle of Territorial Integrity?</a>, <i>International Journal of Baltic Law</i>, <a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Magnus_University" title="Vytautas Magnus University">Vytautas Magnus University</a> School of Law, Volume 2, No. 2 (April 2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1514" class="extiw" title="s:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514">Resolution 1514 (XV) "Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/independence.htm">Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508055042/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/independence.htm">Archived</a> 2012-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach10.pdf">http://www.apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach10.pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/30/east-timor-indonesias-invasion-and-the-long-road-to-independence">"East Timor: Indonesia's invasion and the long road to independence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 29 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=East+Timor%3A+Indonesia%27s+invasion+and+the+long+road+to+independence&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Faug%2F30%2Feast-timor-indonesias-invasion-and-the-long-road-to-independence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Griffiths, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MqLJ/2003/3.html">Self-determination, International Society And World Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_University" title="Macquarie University">Macquarie University</a> Law Journal, 1, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pdf">"United Nations Millennium Declaration, adopted by the UN General Assembly Resolution 55/2 (08 09 2000), paragraph 4"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Transnational+Law+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=Self-Determination+of+the+Peoples+of+Quebec+Under+International+Law&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1%E2%80%9338&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Johan+D.+van+der+Vyver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.fsu.edu%2Fjournals%2Ftransnational%2Fvol101%2Fvyver.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Mammadov2006" class="citation journal cs1">M. Mammadov (Winter 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402120053/http://cria-online.org/1_2.html">"Legal Aspects of the Nagorno-Garabagh Conflict"</a>. <i>Caucasian Review of International Affairs</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 14–30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cria-online.org/1_2.html">the original</a> on 2012-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span> – via cria-online.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caucasian+Review+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Legal+Aspects+of+the+Nagorno-Garabagh+Conflict&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-30&rft.date=2006&rft.au=M.+Mammadov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcria-online.org%2F1_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Neil_MacFarlane2010" class="citation web cs1">S. Neil MacFarlane (December 14, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428013355/http://ucss.ge/lecture">"Normative Conflict – Territorial Integrity and National Self-Determination"</a>. Centre for Social Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucss.ge/lecture%203%20-%20TI%20and%20NSD41.doc">the original</a> on 2016-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Normative+Conflict+%E2%80%93+Territorial+Integrity+and+National+Self-Determination&rft.pub=Centre+for+Social+Sciences&rft.date=2010-12-14&rft.au=S.+Neil+MacFarlane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fucss.ge%2Flecture%25203%2520-%2520TI%2520and%2520NSD41.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Musgrave2000-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Musgrave2000_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_D._Musgrave2000" class="citation book cs1">Thomas D. Musgrave (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BJg6T7SqJ1gC"><i>Self-Determination and National Minorities</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829898-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829898-4"><bdi>978-0-19-829898-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self-Determination+and+National+Minorities&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829898-4&rft.au=Thomas+D.+Musgrave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBJg6T7SqJ1gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120430061445/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assembly/documents/The%20Challenge%20of%20Sovereignty%20in%20small%20states.pdf">"The Challenge of Sovereignty in small states"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+of+Sovereignty+in+small+states&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.falklands.gov.fk%2Fassembly%2Fdocuments%2FThe%2520Challenge%2520of%2520Sovereignty%2520in%2520small%2520states.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span> Falkland Islands Government, Dick Sawle MLA, The Challenge of Sovereignty in small states <i>As I mentioned previously, the UN itself, in 2008, rejected the claim that a dispute over sovereignty affected self-determination, affirming self-determination to be "a basic human right."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/gaspd406.doc.htm">"General Assembly GA/SPD/406"</a>. 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Catalan News Agency. 6 October 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://premsa.gencat.cat/pres_fsvp/AppJava/notapremsavw/303541/ca/govern-trasllada-resultats-definitius-referendum-l1-doctubre-parlament-catalunya.do">the original</a> on 23 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=america.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Trepidation%2C+intimidation+in+eastern+Ukraine+as+Sunday%27s+election+nears&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerica.aljazeera.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F5%2F23%2Fintimidation-easternukrainevote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33003237">"Ukraine's Poroshenko warns of 'full-scale' Russia invasion"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 4 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+Poroshenko+warns+of+%27full-scale%27+Russia+invasion&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-33003237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/contents/made">"The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008"</a>. Legislation.gov.uk. 2011-07-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Falkland+Islands+Constitution+Order+2008&rft.pub=Legislation.gov.uk&rft.date=2011-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F2008%2F2846%2Fcontents%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulmer-Thomas1989-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bulmer-Thomas1989_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Bulmer-Thomas1989" class="citation book cs1">Victor Bulmer-Thomas (17 August 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kfk0AWSaHjoC&pg=PA3"><i>Britain and Latin America: A Changing Relationship</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37205-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37205-3"><bdi>978-0-521-37205-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Latin+America%3A+A+Changing+Relationship&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989-08-17&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37205-3&rft.au=Victor+Bulmer-Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKfk0AWSaHjoC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.mercopress.com/2013/03/12/overwhelming-turnout-and-yes-vote-in-the-falklands-referendum">"Overwhelming turnout and YES vote in the Falklands referendum"</a>. <i>Mercopress</i>. En.mercopress.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mercopress&rft.atitle=Overwhelming+turnout+and+YES+vote+in+the+Falklands+referendum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mercopress.com%2F2013%2F03%2F12%2Foverwhelming-turnout-and-yes-vote-in-the-falklands-referendum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.mercopress.com/2011/06/15/self-determination-and-self-sufficiency-falklands-message-to-the-world-on-liberation-day">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Self determination and self sufficiency", Falklands message to the world on Liberation Day"</a>. En.mercopress.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Self+determination+and+self+sufficiency%22%2C+Falklands+message+to+the+world+on+Liberation+Day&rft.pub=En.mercopress.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mercopress.com%2F2011%2F06%2F15%2Fself-determination-and-self-sufficiency-falklands-message-to-the-world-on-liberation-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/gacol3047.doc.htm">"FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS), GIBRALTAR, AMERICAN SAMOA DISCUSSED IN CARIBBEAN REGIONAL SEMINAR ON DECOLONIZATION"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FALKLAND+ISLANDS+%28MALVINAS%29%2C+GIBRALTAR%2C+AMERICAN+SAMOA+DISCUSSED+IN+CARIBBEAN+REGIONAL+SEMINAR+ON+DECOLONIZATION&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2FPress%2Fdocs%2F2001%2Fgacol3047.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531174231/http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/portal/seree/malvinas/homeing.html">"DIMAS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/portal/seree/malvinas/homeing.html">the original</a> on 2011-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DIMAS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancilleria.gov.ar%2Fportal%2Fseree%2Fmalvinas%2Fhomeing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span> Argentina's Position on Different Aspects of the Question of the Malvinas Islands</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-López1995-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-López1995_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngel_M._Oliveri_López1995" class="citation book cs1">Angel M. Oliveri López (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-u1ygYbRBHgC&pg=PA38"><i>Key to an Enigma: British Sources Disprove British Claims to the Falkland/Malvinas Islands</i></a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-521-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-521-3"><bdi>978-1-55587-521-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+to+an+Enigma%3A+British+Sources+Disprove+British+Claims+to+the+Falkland%2FMalvinas+Islands&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-521-3&rft.au=Angel+M.+Oliveri+L%C3%B3pez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-u1ygYbRBHgC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowell_S._Gustafson1988" class="citation book cs1">Lowell S. Gustafson (7 April 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip-9_W7efbAC"><i>The Sovereignty Dispute Over the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504184-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504184-2"><bdi>978-0-19-504184-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2012</span>. <q><i>Sarandi</i> sailed on 5 January, with all the soldiers and convicts of the penal colony and those remaining Argentine settlers who wished to leave. The other settlers of various nationalities, remained at Port Louis....Nevertheless, this incident is not the forcible ejection of Argentine settlers that has become myth in Argentina.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sovereignty+Dispute+Over+the+Falkland+%28Malvinas%29+Islands&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988-04-07&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504184-2&rft.au=Lowell+S.+Gustafson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIp-9_W7efbAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulius_Goebel1927" class="citation book cs1">Julius Goebel (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FM8ZAAAAYAAJ"><i>The struggle for the Falkland Islands: a study in legal and diplomatic history</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300029437" title="Special:BookSources/9780300029437"><bdi>9780300029437</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2012</span>. <q>On April 24, 1833 he addressed Lord Palmerston, inquiring whether orders had been actually given by the British government to expel the Buenos Aires garrison.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+struggle+for+the+Falkland+Islands%3A+a+study+in+legal+and+diplomatic+history&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1927&rft.isbn=9780300029437&rft.au=Julius+Goebel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFM8ZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Cawkell1983" class="citation book cs1">Mary Cawkell (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wg8aAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Falkland story, 1592–1982</i></a>. A. Nelson. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904614-08-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904614-08-4"><bdi>978-0-904614-08-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2012</span>. <q>Argentina likes to stress that Argentine settlers were ousted and replaced. This is incorrect. Those settlers who wished to leave were allowed to go. The rest continued at the now renamed Port Louis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Falkland+story%2C+1592%E2%80%931982&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=A.+Nelson&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-904614-08-4&rft.au=Mary+Cawkell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwg8aAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Metford; Falklands or Malvinas? The background to the dispute. International Affairs, Vol 44 (1968), pp. 463–481. "Much is made in successive presentations of the Argentine case of the next episode in the history of the islands: the supposed fact that Great Britain 'brutally' and 'forcefully' expelled the Argentine garrison in 1833. The record is not nearly so dramatic. After the commander of the Lexington had declared, in December 1831, the Falklands 'free of all government', they remained without any visible authority. However, in September 1832, the Buenos Aires Government appointed an interim commandant to take charge of a penal settlement at San Carlos, the Government's reserve on East Falkland. The British representative immediately lodged a protest..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper1998-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harper1998_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarjory_Harper1998" class="citation book cs1">Marjory Harper (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L4x2UdzPB4cC&pg=PA91"><i>Emigration from Scotland Between the Wars: Opportunity Or Exile?</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4927-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4927-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-4927-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emigration+from+Scotland+Between+the+Wars%3A+Opportunity+Or+Exile%3F&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4927-9&rft.au=Marjory+Harper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL4x2UdzPB4cC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115055815/http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/constitution/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_2006.pdf">"The Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Gibraltarlaws.gov.gi. 2006-12-14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/constitution/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gibraltar+Constitution+Order+2006&rft.pub=Gibraltarlaws.gov.gi&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi%2Fconstitution%2FGibraltar_Constitution_Order_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117100124/http://law.uoregon.edu/org/oril//docs/9-1/Leathley.pdf">"Gibraltar's Quest for Self-Determination: A Critique of Gibraltar's New Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. OREGON REVIEW OF INT’L LAW [Vol. 9, 2007]. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.uoregon.edu/org/oril/docs/9-1/Leathley.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gibraltar%27s+Quest+for+Self-Determination%3A+A+Critique+of+Gibraltar%27s+New+Constitution&rft.pub=OREGON+REVIEW+OF+INT%E2%80%99L+LAW+%5BVol.+9%2C+2007%5D&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.uoregon.edu%2Forg%2Foril%2Fdocs%2F9-1%2FLeathley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbc.gi/upload/pdf/NewGibraltarConstitution.pdf">Despatch. Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131107060915/http://gbc.gi/upload/pdf/NewGibraltarConstitution.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-11-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, section 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fordham-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fordham_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1994" class="citation journal cs1">Lincoln, Simon J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144226179.pdf">"The Legal Status of Gibraltar: Whose Rock is it Anyway?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fordham International Law Journal</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 322.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fordham+International+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Legal+Status+of+Gibraltar%3A+Whose+Rock+is+it+Anyway%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=322&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Simon+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F144226179.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Self-Determination_of_Peoples:_A_Legal_Reappraisal-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Self-Determination_of_Peoples:_A_Legal_Reappraisal_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonio_Cassese1998" class="citation book cs1">Antonio Cassese (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVDtjzY3r2gC&q=Gibraltar+self-determination&pg=PA206"><i>Self-Determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521637527" title="Special:BookSources/9780521637527"><bdi>9780521637527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self-Determination+of+Peoples%3A+A+Legal+Reappraisal&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780521637527&rft.au=Antonio+Cassese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVDtjzY3r2gC%26q%3DGibraltar%2Bself-determination%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144944/http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=30023">"Andalusian nationalists say 'yes' to Gibraltar's self-determination"</a>. Gibraltar Chronicle. 11 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=30023">the original</a> on 13 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andalusian+nationalists+say+%27yes%27+to+Gibraltar%27s+self-determination&rft.pub=Gibraltar+Chronicle&rft.date=2013-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.gi%2Fheadlines_details.php%3Fid%3D30023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the following: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2003" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Malcolm Nathan (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationallaw00shaw_380"><i>International law</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationallaw00shaw_380/page/n320">178</a>. <q>Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Convention" title="Montevideo Convention">Montevideo Convention</a> on Rights and Duties of States, 1 lays down the most widely accepted formulation of the criteria of statehood in international law. It note that the state as an international person should possess the following qualifications: '(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with other states'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+law&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationallaw00shaw_380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasentuliyana1995" class="citation book cs1">Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, ed. (1995). <i>Perspectives on international law</i>. Kluwer Law International. p. 20. <q>So far as States are concerned, the traditional definitions provided for in the Montevideo Convention remain generally accepted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+international+law&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaim Gans, [<i>A Political Theory for the Jewish People,</i>] <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-190-23754-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-190-23754-7">978-0-190-23754-7</a> pp.1-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaeys2013" class="citation book cs1">Claeys, Gregory (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452234168"><i>Encyclopedia of Modern Political Thought</i></a>. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781452234168">10.4135/9781452234168</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10138%2F156263">10138/156263</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87289-910-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87289-910-0"><bdi>978-0-87289-910-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Political+Thought&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10138%2F156263&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781452234168&rft.isbn=978-0-87289-910-0&rft.aulast=Claeys&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4135%2F9781452234168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805031422/https://www.solidarity-us.org/node/707">"A Way Out for Kashmir? - Solidarity"</a>. 30 November 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.solidarity-us.org/node/707">the original</a> on 5 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Way+Out+for+Kashmir%3F+-+Solidarity&rft.date=2001-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.solidarity-us.org%2Fnode%2F707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308171858/http://www.kashmiri.com/newsletters/archive/view/listid-1-mailinglist/mailid-67-joomlacontent44typetitlelink/tmpl-component">"January 5th – Remembrance of Self-determination in Kashmir"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kashmiri.com/newsletters/archive/view/listid-1-mailinglist/mailid-67-joomlacontent44typetitlelink/tmpl-component">the original</a> on 2016-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=January+5th+%E2%80%93+Remembrance+of+Self-determination+in+Kashmir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kashmiri.com%2Fnewsletters%2Farchive%2Fview%2Flistid-1-mailinglist%2Fmailid-67-joomlacontent44typetitlelink%2Ftmpl-component&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SK_Chaube_Naga_Politics-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SK_Chaube_Naga_Politics_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaube1999" class="citation book cs1">Chaube, Shibani Kinkar (1999) [1973]. <i>Hill politics in Northeast India</i>. Orient Longman. pp. 153–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-1695-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-250-1695-3"><bdi>81-250-1695-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42913576">42913576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hill+politics+in+Northeast+India&rft.pages=153-161&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42913576&rft.isbn=81-250-1695-3&rft.aulast=Chaube&rft.aufirst=Shibani+Kinkar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ranabir_Samaddar-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ranabir_Samaddar_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamaddar2004" class="citation book cs1">Samaddar, Ranabir (2004). <i>The Politics of Dialogue: Living Under the Geopolitical Histories of War and Peace</i>. Ashgate. pp. 171–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3607-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3607-6"><bdi>978-0-7546-3607-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56466278">56466278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Dialogue%3A+Living+Under+the+Geopolitical+Histories+of+War+and+Peace&rft.pages=171-173&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56466278&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3607-6&rft.aulast=Samaddar&rft.aufirst=Ranabir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamlet2001-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamlet2001_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamlet_Bareh2001" class="citation book cs1">Hamlet Bareh (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b9-Ie-Vp6NoC&pg=PA78"><i>Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Nagaland</i></a>. Mittal Publications. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-793-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-793-1"><bdi>978-81-7099-793-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+North-East+India%3A+Nagaland&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-793-1&rft.au=Hamlet+Bareh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db9-Ie-Vp6NoC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Kunal_Ghosh2008" class="citation book cs1">Dr. Kunal Ghosh (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_8ylAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT85"><i>Separatism in North East India: Role of Religion, Language and Script</i></a>. Suruchi Prakashan. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89622-33-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89622-33-6"><bdi>978-81-89622-33-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Separatism+in+North+East+India%3A+Role+of+Religion%2C+Language+and+Script&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Suruchi+Prakashan&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-89622-33-6&rft.au=Dr.+Kunal+Ghosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_8ylAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-am001-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-am001_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514204944/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/21/36/00041791.pdf">"United Nations Treaty Series Nr. 10760: Agreement relating to Malaysia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nations Treaty Collection</i>. United Nations. July 1963. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/21/36/00041791.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Treaty+Series+Nr.+10760%3A+Agreement+relating+to+Malaysia&rft.date=1963-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funtreaty.un.org%2Funts%2F1_60000%2F21%2F36%2F00041791.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1514" class="extiw" title="s:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121100604/http://unyearbook.un.org/1960YUN/1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdf">"United Nations General Assembly 15th Session - The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories (pages: 509-510)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unyearbook.un.org/1960YUN/1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+General+Assembly+15th+Session+-+The+Trusteeship+System+and+Non-Self-Governing+Territories+%28pages%3A+509-510%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funyearbook.un.org%2F1960YUN%2F1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111232635/http://unyearbook.un.org/1963YUN/1963_P1_SEC1_CH3.pdf">"United Nations General Assembly 18th Session - the Question of Malaysia (pages: 41-44)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unyearbook.un.org/1963YUN/1963_P1_SEC1_CH3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+General+Assembly+18th+Session+-+the+Question+of+Malaysia+%28pages%3A+41-44%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funyearbook.un.org%2F1963YUN%2F1963_P1_SEC1_CH3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kitingan" title="Jeffrey Kitingan">Jeffrey Kitingan</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310053153/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/03/08/there-was-no-sabah-referendum/">There was no Sabah referendum</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/Free_Malaysia_Today" title="Free Malaysia Today">Free Malaysia Today</a>, March 8, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manila_Accord-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manila_Accord_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manila_Accord_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20550/volume-550-I-8029-English.pdf">"United Nations Treaty Registered No. 8029, Manila Accord between Philippines, Federation of Malaya and Indonesia (31 JULY 1963)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Un.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Treaty+Registered+No.+8029%2C+Manila+Accord+between+Philippines%2C+Federation+of+Malaya+and+Indonesia+%2831+JULY+1963%29&rft.pub=Un.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fdoc%2FPublication%2FUNTS%2FVolume%2520550%2Fvolume-550-I-8029-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20608/volume-608-I-8809-English.pdf">"United Nations Treaty Series No. 8809, Agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Un.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Treaty+Series+No.+8809%2C+Agreement+relating+to+the+implementation+of+the+Manila+Accord&rft.pub=Un.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fdoc%2FPublication%2FUNTS%2FVolume%2520608%2Fvolume-608-I-8809-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320074502/http://unyearbook.un.org/1960YUN/1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdf">"General Assembly 15th Session – The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories (pages: 509 – 510)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unyearbook.un.org/1960YUN/1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Assembly+15th+Session+%E2%80%93+The+Trusteeship+System+and+Non-Self-Governing+Territories+%28pages%3A+509+%E2%80%93+510%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funyearbook.un.org%2F1960YUN%2F1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029214700/http://unyearbook.un.org/1963YUN/1963_P1_SEC1_CH3.pdf">"General Assembly 18th Session – the Question of Malaysia (pages: 41 – 44)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unyearbook.un.org/1963YUN/1963_P1_SEC1_CH3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Assembly+18th+Session+%E2%80%93+the+Question+of+Malaysia+%28pages%3A+41+%E2%80%93+44%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funyearbook.un.org%2F1963YUN%2F1963_P1_SEC1_CH3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml">"United Nations list of Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories, North Borneo and Sarawak"</a>. Un.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+list+of+Trust+and+Non-Self-Governing+Territories%2C+North+Borneo+and+Sarawak&rft.pub=Un.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdecolonization%2Fnonselfgov.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/org1469.doc.htm">"United Nations Member States"</a>. Un.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Member+States&rft.pub=Un.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2FPress%2Fdocs%2F2006%2Forg1469.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesis.bilkent.edu.tr/0001608.pdf">Behice Ozlem Gokakin, MS Thesis, Bilkent Univ., 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306035518/http://www.thesis.bilkent.edu.tr/0001608.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p.36, Vassiliou (the Council of Europe, 30.01.1990; to the question of Keith Speed (Member of the UK Parliament)): "the Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities are political equals."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathalie_TocciTamara_Kovziridze" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Tocci" title="Nathalie Tocci">Nathalie Tocci</a>; Tamara Kovziridze. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110302211747/http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/2004/1-2004Chapter2.pdf">"Cyprus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/2004/1-2004Chapter2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyprus&rft.au=Nathalie+Tocci&rft.au=Tamara+Kovziridze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecmi.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fdownloads%2Fpublications%2FJEMIE%2F2004%2F1-2004Chapter2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span> p.14: In July 1989, UN SG Perez de Cuellar stated "Cyprus is a common home for the Greek and Turkish communities, whose relationship would be not of majority and minority but rather of political equality"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James R. Crawford, "The Creation of States in International Law", 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199228423.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228423.001.0001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Stephen, 1997, The Cyprus Question. The case of Cyprus is sui generis, for there is no other State in the world which came into being as a result of two politically equal peoples coming together by the exercise by each of its sovereign right of self-determination, to create a unique legal relationship, which was in turn guaranteed by international treaty, to which each of them consented. From its very inception the Republic of Cyprus was never a unitary state in which there is only one electorate with a majority and minority. The two communities were political equals and each existed as a political entity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ataa.org/reference/pdf/Cristv.Turkey.pdf">Saltzman and Evinch and Perles Law Firm</a> The Republic of Cyprus was founded in 1960 as a bicommunal state in which the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities had the status of co-founders and equal partners.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnic Cleansing and the European Union, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1021835.stm">"BBC Timeline: Cyprus, accessed 2-26-2008"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2011-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+Timeline%3A+Cyprus%2C+accessed+2-26-2008&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1021835.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof. Elihu Lauterracht, B.E., Q.C.,1990, The Right of Self-Determination of the Turkish Cypriots. There appears to be nothing on the face of that language taken by itself, to suggest that there is any inequality of status between the parties or that either of them is doing anything other than further exercising its right of self-determination by participating in the settlement negotiations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198702375.001.0001/acprof-9780198702375">Self-Determination and Secession in International Law</a> Christian Walter, Antje Von Ungern-Sternberg, Kavus Abushov, Oxford University Press, 2014, p.64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/international-peacekeeping-yearbook-international-peace-operations-5">Impediments to Peacekeeping: The Case of Cyprus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222061554/http://www.brill.com/international-peacekeeping-yearbook-international-peace-operations-5">Archived</a> 2017-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Stefan Talmon, p.58-59., in "International Peacekeeping: The Yearbook of International Peace Operations", Vol.8, 2002. Without a status-of-forces agreement (or similar arrangements) between the United Nations and the Government of the TRNC, UNFICYP operates solely within the framework of the laws, rules and regulations of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus which may be altered by the TRNC authorities unilaterally and without prior notice.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-122907">European Court of Human Rights 02.07.2013 Decision</a> A de facto recognition of the acts of the regime in the northern area may be rendered necessary for practical purposes. Thus, <i>the adoption by the authorities of the "TRNC" of civil, administrative or criminal law measures, and their application or enforcement within that territory</i>, may be regarded as <i>having a legal basis</i> in domestic law for the purposes of the Convention</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-155000">ECtHR's 02.09.2015 Decision</a>"..the <i>court system</i> in the "TRNC", including both civil and criminal courts, reflected the judicial and common-law tradition of Cyprus in its functioning and procedures, and that the "TRNC" courts were thus to be considered as <i>"established by law"</i> with reference to the <i>"constitutional and legal basis"</i> on which they operated...the Court has already found that the <i>court system</i> set up in the "TRNC" was to be considered to have been <i>"established by law"</i> with reference to the "constitutional and legal basis" on which it operated, and it has <i>not accepted the allegation</i> that the "TRNC" courts as a whole <i>lacked independence and/or impartiality</i>...when an act of the "TRNC" authorities was in compliance with laws in force within the territory of northern Cyprus, those acts should in principle be regarded as having a legal basis in domestic law for the purposes of the Convention.."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-103100">"HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights"</a>. <i>hudoc.echr.coe.int</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hudoc.echr.coe.int&rft.atitle=HUDOC+-+European+Court+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhudoc.echr.coe.int%2Feng%3Fi%3D001-103100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courthousenews.com/2014/10/13/72392.htm">Courthouse News Service</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022134345/http://www.courthousenews.com/2014/10/13/72392.htm">Archived</a> 2014-10-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The news of the Court decision (13.10.2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dockets.justia.com/docket/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2009cv01967/139002">Justia, Dockets and Filings</a> Page of the Court case (The Defendant: Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2009cv01967/139002/53">Justia, Dockets and Filings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025045018/https://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2009cv01967/139002/53">Archived</a> 2017-10-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Decision of the Court</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/03/criminals-fleeing-british-justice-can-no-longer-use-cyprus-safe">Telegraph</a> 03.02.2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ambamarblearch-media.com/sites/default/files/dpp_files/TT.pdf">Ambamarblearch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205184501/http://ambamarblearch-media.com/sites/default/files/dpp_files/TT.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Media, page 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dynamics of Self-determination in Palestine, P. 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De Waart - 1994, p 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Failure of the Two-State Solution, Hani Faris - 2013, p 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy Leblanc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wsws.org/articles/2000/may2000/que-m06.shtml">Canada: Parti Québécois convention meets as support for separation wanes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128163824/https://wsws.org/articles/2000/may2000/que-m06.shtml">Archived</a> 2011-11-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clift1982-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clift1982_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominique_Clift1982" class="citation book cs1">Dominique Clift (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ArsBP5Efqx4C&pg=PA106"><i>Quebec nationalism in crisis</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 106–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0383-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0383-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-0383-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quebec+nationalism+in+crisis&rft.pages=106-108&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0383-0&rft.au=Dominique+Clift&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DArsBP5Efqx4C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garzantilinguistica.it/ricerca/?q=sardismo">Sardismo, lemma, Garzanti Linguistica.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlo_Pala-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carlo_Pala_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pala, C. 2015. <i>Sardinia</i>. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism. 1–3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118663202.wberen319/abstract">Abstract</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hechter (M.), <i>The Dynamics of Secession</i>, Acta Sociologica, vol. 35, 1992, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xaviercasals.wordpress.com/2014/04/09/entrevista-a-marcel-farinelli-1-corcega-y-cerdena-forman-un-archipielago-invisible-al-tener-sus-islas-nacionalismos-de-signo-opuesto/">Entrevista a Marcel Farinelli: "Córcega y Cerdeña forman un archipiélago invisible al tener sus islas nacionalismos de signo opuesto"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art.torvergata.it-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-art.torvergata.it_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://art.torvergata.it/retrieve/handle/2108/1380/6630/capitolo%201.pdf"><i>La Sardegna durante il ventennio fascista</i>, Università di Tor Vergata</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theg_ScotSummary-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theg_ScotSummary_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrellcorrespondent2012" class="citation web cs1">Carrell, Severin; correspondent, Scotland (23 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/scottish-independence-essential-guide">"Scottish independence: the essential guide"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+Constitution&rft.atitle=Section+235&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.za%2Fdocuments%2Fconstitution%2F1996%2F96cons14.htm%23235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrote2012" class="citation book cs1">Grote, Georg (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/48510/9783035303032.pdf"><i>The South Tyrol question, 1866-2010 : from national rage to regional state</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford: Peter Lang. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0353-0303-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0353-0303-2"><bdi>978-3-0353-0303-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Tyrol+question%2C+1866-2010+%3A+from+national+rage+to+regional+state&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-0353-0303-2&rft.aulast=Grote&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F48510%2F9783035303032.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrote2012" class="citation book cs1">Grote, Georg (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/48510/9783035303032.pdf"><i>The South Tyrol question, 1866-2010 : from national rage to regional state</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford: Peter Lang. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0353-0303-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0353-0303-2"><bdi>978-3-0353-0303-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Tyrol+question%2C+1866-2010+%3A+from+national+rage+to+regional+state&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-0353-0303-2&rft.aulast=Grote&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F48510%2F9783035303032.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aztlan.net/homeland.htm">Professor Predicts 'Hispanic Homeland'</a>, Associated Press, 2000 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107032413/http://www.aztlan.net/homeland.htm">Archived</a> November 7, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2009" class="citation book cs1">Ness, Immanuel, ed. (2009-07-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781405198073"><i>The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest</i></a> (1 ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp1253">10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp1253</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8464-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8464-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-8464-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Revolution+and+Protest&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009-07-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp1253&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8464-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9781405198073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/gacol3160.doc.htm">"Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States to Expedite Puerto Rico's Self-determination Process – General Assembly GA/COL/3160 – Department of Public Information – June 14, 2007"</a>. Un.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Committee+on+Decolonization+Calls+on+United+States+to+Expedite+Puerto+Rico%27s+Self-determination+Process+%E2%80%93+General+Assembly+GA%2FCOL%2F3160+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Public+Information+%E2%80%93+June+14%2C+2007&rft.pub=Un.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2FPress%2Fdocs%2F2007%2Fgacol3160.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For complete statistics of these plebiscites, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electionspuertorico.org/cgi-bin/events.cgi">Elections in Puerto Rico: Results</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastillo,_Mariano2012" class="citation news cs1">Castillo, Mariano (November 8, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/07/politics/election-puerto-rico/index.html">"Puerto Ricans favor statehood for the first time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Puerto+Ricans+favor+statehood+for+the+first+time&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft.au=Castillo%2C+Mariano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F11%2F07%2Fpolitics%2Felection-puerto-rico%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zogby.com/news/ReadNews.dbm?ID=1531">Middlebury Institute/Zogby Poll: "One in Five Americans Believe States Have the Right to Secede"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080814090142/http://www.zogby.com/news/ReadNews.dbm?ID=1531">Archived</a> 2008-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zogby.com/">Zogby International</a>, July 23, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Mayer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stltoday.com/blogzone/the-platform/editorial-writers-notebooks/2008/07/secession-still-a-popular-idea/">"Secession: still a popular idea?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080804015722/http://www.stltoday.com/blogzone/the-platform/editorial-writers-notebooks/2008/07/secession-still-a-popular-idea/">Archived</a> 2008-08-04 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a>,</i> July 25, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/puerto-rico-status-act-house-vote-territory-plebiscite-rcna61871">"House votes in favor of resolving Puerto Rico's territorial status"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. December 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=House+votes+in+favor+of+resolving+Puerto+Rico%27s+territorial+status&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Flatino%2Fpuerto-rico-status-act-house-vote-territory-plebiscite-rcna61871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-determination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Rudolf A. Mark, "National Self-Determination, as Understood by Lenin and the Bolsheviks." <i>Lithuanian Historical Studies</i> (2008), Vol. 13, p 21–39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://talpykla.istorija.lt/bitstream/handle/99999/2080/LHS_13_21-39.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Abulof, Uriel and Cordell, Karl (eds.) (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/reno20/14/5">Special Issue: Self-determination—A Double-edged Principle</a>, Ethnopolitics 14(5).</li> <li>Danspeckgruber, Wolfgang F., ed. <i>The Self-Determination of Peoples: Community, Nation, and State in an Interdependent World</i>, Boulder: <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Rienner_Publishers" title="Lynne Rienner Publishers">Lynne Rienner Publishers</a>, 2002.</li> <li>Danspeckgruber, Wolfgang F., and Arthur Watts, eds. <i>Self-Determination and Self-Administration: A Sourcebook</i>, Boulder: <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Rienner_Publishers" title="Lynne Rienner Publishers">Lynne Rienner Publishers</a>, 1997.</li> <li>Allen Buchanan, <i>Justice, Legitimacy, and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations for International Law (Oxford Political Theory)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, US, 2007.</li> <li>Annalisa Zinn, <i>Globalization and Self-Determination (Kindle Edition)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, 2007.</li> <li>Marc Weller, <i>Autonomy, Self Governance and Conflict Resolution (Kindle Edition)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpy_Fitzgerald" class="mw-redirect" title="Valpy Fitzgerald">Valpy Fitzgerald</a>, Frances Stewart, Rajesh Venugopal (Editors), <i>Globalization, Violent Conflict and Self-Determination</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.</li> <li>Joanne Barker (Editor), <i>Sovereignty Matters: Locations of Contestation and Possibility in Indigenous Struggles for Self-Determination</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>, 2005.</li> <li>David Raic, <i>Statehood and the Law of Self-Determination (Developments in International Law, V. 43) (Developments in International Law, V. 43)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>, 2002.</li> <li>Y.N. Kly and D. Kly, <i>In pursuit of The Right to Self-determination</i>, Collected Papers & Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Right to Self-Determination & the United Nations, Geneva 2000, Clarity Press, 2001.</li> <li>Antonio Cassese, <i>Self-Determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal (Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1999.</li> <li>Percy Lehning, <i>Theories of Secession</i>, Routledge, 1998.</li> <li>Hurst Hannum, <i>Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-Determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>, 1996.</li> <li>Temesgen Muleta-Erena, <i>The political and Cultural Locations of National Self-determination: The Oromia Case</i>, Oromia Quarterly, Vol. II, No. 2, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1460-1346">1460-1346</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-determination&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Self-determination" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Self-determination">Self-determination</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Thürer, Daniel, Burri, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130715211014/http://www.mpepil.com/sample_article?id=%2Fepil%2Fentries%2Flaw-9780199231690-e873&recno=18&">Self-determination</a>, <i>Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/A/Res/1514(XV)">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514(XV). "Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516034015/http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter">United Nations Charter</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610141041/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_ccpr.htm/">Text of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610141047/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_cescr.htm/">Text of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_T._Levy" title="Jacob T. Levy">Jacob T. Levy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1028374">Self-Determination, Non-Domination, and Federalism</a>, published in Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121211060056/http://www.legalfrontiers.ca/2010/11/winds-of-change-or-hot-air-decolonization-and-the-salt-water-test/">"Winds of Change or Hot Air? Decolonization, Self-determination and the Salt Water Test, "</a> Legal Frontiers International Law Blog</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/self-det/index.htm">The Right of Nations to Self-Determination</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> February – May 1914.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313120829/http://www.mahapunjab.org/PNSD/">Parliamentarians for National Self-Determination</a> Unofficial page for London-based Parliamentary lobby group.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust4.htm">United Nations Trust Territories that have achieved self-determination</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template talk:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_domain" title="Ancestral domain">Ancestral domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free,_prior_and_informed_consent" title="Free, prior and informed consent">Free, prior and informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Language</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_self-determination" title="Indigenous Australian self-determination">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_self-determination" title="Native American self-determination">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">medical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia" title="Indigenous treaties in Australia">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi">in New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-governmental and<br /> political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Watch" title="Amazon Watch">Amazon Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">Assembly of First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Indigenous_Nationalities_of_Ecuador" title="Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador">Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Environmental_Network" title="Indigenous Environmental Network">Indigenous Environmental Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_Council_on_Biocolonialism" title="Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism">Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Work_Group_for_Indigenous_Affairs" title="International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs">International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Organization_of_Colombia" title="National Indigenous Organization of Colombia">National Indigenous Organization of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous rights organizations"><i>more ...</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redface" title="Redface">Redface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests" title="Dakota Access Pipeline protests">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">Green grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_inhabited_by_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples">Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">American Indian reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_colony" title="Indian colony">Indian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancher%C3%ADa" title="Ranchería">Ranchería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancherie" title="Rancherie">Rancherie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Russian republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Indian_reserve" title="Urban Indian reserve">Urban Indian reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shaman" title="Plastic shaman">Plastic shaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Rainbow_Warriors" title="Legend of the Rainbow Warriors">Rainbow Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aotearoa-New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">Te Puni Kōkiri</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_do_%C3%8Dndio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Nacional do Índio">Fundação Nacional do Índio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada">Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Institute of Indigenous Peoples">National Institute of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)">National Commission on Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Development_of_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Arctic" title="Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic">Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bashkortostan" title="Government of Bashkortostan">Government of Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Sakha_Republic" title="Government of the Sakha Republic">Government of the Sakha Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tatarstan" title="Government of Tatarstan">Government of Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">Council of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>US <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intergovernmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li>WIPO <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Committee_on_Intellectual_Property_and_Genetic_Resources,_Traditional_Knowledge_and_Folklore" title="Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore">Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">BBNJ ABS Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous-led<br />international<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />Declarations of Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Protocol" title="Nagoya Protocol">Nagoya Protocol</a> on <a href="/wiki/Access_and_Benefit_Sharing_Agreement" title="Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement">Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Peruvian_political_crisis" title="2009 Peruvian political crisis">2009 Peruvian political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_controversy" title="Alta controversy">Alta controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Chagossians" title="Expulsion of the Chagossians">Expulsion of the Chagossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">High Arctic relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Danes_experiment" title="Little Danes experiment">Little Danes experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a></li> <li>Residential schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Rubber boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beers#Forceful_relocation_of_indigenous_Bushman_people_in_Botswana" title="De Beers">San controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_rights" title="Category:Indigenous rights"><b>Indigenous rights</b></a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Minority_rights" title="Category:Minority rights"><b>Minority rights</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Various_group_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Group_rights" title="Template:Group rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Group_rights" title="Template talk:Group rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Group_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Group rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Various_group_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Various <a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">group rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">National rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Right to resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_exist" title="Right to exist">Right to exist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Rights of other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protected_group" title="Protected group">Protected group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_results" title="Return of results">Return of results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_agreement" title="Collective agreement">Collective agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_rights_management" title="Collective rights management">Collective rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_personhood" title="Corporate personhood">Corporate personhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" 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