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<li id="toc-Legislation_as_a_source_of_Nigerian_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation_as_a_source_of_Nigerian_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Legislation as a source of Nigerian law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation_as_a_source_of_Nigerian_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigerian_statutes_as_sources_of_Nigerian_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigerian_statutes_as_sources_of_Nigerian_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nigerian statutes as sources of Nigerian law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigerian_statutes_as_sources_of_Nigerian_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence_legislation_1960–1966" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence_legislation_1960–1966"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Post-independence legislation 1960–1966</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence_legislation_1960–1966-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_regime,_1966–1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_regime,_1966–1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Military regime, 1966–1999</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_regime,_1966–1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Executive branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legislative branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Judicial branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democracy_in_Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democracy_in_Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Democracy in Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Democracy_in_Nigeria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Democracy in Nigeria subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Democracy_in_Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Level_of_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Level_of_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Level of freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Level_of_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_system_and_recent_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_system_and_recent_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Electoral system and recent elections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_system_and_recent_elections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electoral system and recent elections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_system_and_recent_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_elections_of_Nigeria,_2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_elections_of_Nigeria,_2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Presidential elections of Nigeria, 2015</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_elections_of_Nigeria,_2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_of_Nigeria,_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_of_Nigeria,_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Presidential election of Nigeria, 2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_of_Nigeria,_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian–Muslim_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian–Muslim_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Christian–Muslim relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian–Muslim_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrorism_in_Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism_in_Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Terrorism in Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorism_in_Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Commonwealth membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_of_Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_of_Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>States of Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-States_of_Nigeria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle States of Nigeria subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-States_of_Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Local governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Government's_handling_of_COVID-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Government's_handling_of_COVID-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Federal Government's handling of COVID-19</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Government's_handling_of_COVID-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Палітыка Нігерыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палітыка Нігерыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Държавно устройство на Нигерия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държавно устройство на Нигерия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisches_System_Nigerias" title="Politisches System Nigerias – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politisches System Nigerias" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno_de_Nigeria" title="Gobierno de Nigeria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno de Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_au_Nigeria" title="Politique au Nigeria – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique au Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwamnatin_Tarayyar_Najeriya" title="Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%E1%BB%8Dr%E1%BB%8D_nd%E1%BB%8Dr%E1%BB%8D_%E1%BB%8Dch%E1%BB%8Bch%E1%BB%8B_nke_Nigeria" title="Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica_della_Nigeria" title="Politica della Nigeria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Politica della Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siasa_ya_Nigeria" title="Siasa ya Nigeria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Siasa ya Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_da_Nig%C3%A9ria" title="Política da Nigéria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Política da Nigéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica_Nigeriei" title="Politica Nigeriei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Politica Nigeriei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Государственный строй Нигерии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государственный строй Нигерии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="නයිජීරියාවේ දේශපාලනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නයිජීරියාවේ දේශපාලනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B_Nigeria" title="Chính trị Nigeria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính trị Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3%C3%A8l%C3%BA_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_N%C3%A0%C3%ACj%C3%ADr%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Ìṣèlú ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣèlú ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1154364#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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government of Nigeria</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Federal government of Nigeria</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, 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branch</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nigeria)" title="National Assembly (Nigeria)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meeting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_Complex" title="National Assembly Complex">National Assembly Complex</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:lavender;">Executive branch</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President of Nigeria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aso_Rock_Presidential_Villa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aso Rock Presidential Villa">Aso Rock Presidential Villa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of Nigeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="1276" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Government</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nigeria" title="List of heads of state of Nigeria">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Bola Tinubu</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Nigeria" title="Vice President of Nigeria">Vice President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kashim_Shettima" title="Kashim Shettima">Kashim Shettima</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nigeria" title="Cabinet of Nigeria">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nigerian agencies">Federal Parastatals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nigeria)" title="National Assembly (Nigeria)">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Nigeria">National Assembly of Nigeria</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate (Nigeria)">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Nigerian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Nigerian Senate">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Godswill_Akpabio" title="Godswill Akpabio">Godswill Akpabio</a> (<a href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress" title="All Progressives Congress">APC</a>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_the_Nigerian_Senate" title="Deputy President of the Nigerian Senate">Deputy President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barau_Jibrin" title="Barau Jibrin">Barau Jibrin</a> (APC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_senators_of_the_10th_National_Assembly" title="Nigerian senators of the 10th National Assembly">(List of members of the Senate)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nigeria)" title="House of Representatives (Nigeria)">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Nigerian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Nigerian House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Tajudeen_Abbas" title="Tajudeen Abbas">Tajudeen Abbas</a> (APC) <br /></li> <li>Deputy Speaker <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Kalu" title="Benjamin Kalu">Benjamin Kalu</a> (APC)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Nigeria,_2019%E2%80%932023" title="List of members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria, 2019–2023">List of members of the House</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>State delegations</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Abia" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Abia">Abia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Adamawa" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Adamawa">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Akwa_Ibom" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Akwa Ibom">Akwa Ibom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Anambra" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Anambra">Anambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Bauchi" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Bauchi">Bauchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Bayelsa" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Bayelsa">Bayelsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Benue" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Benue">Benue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Borno" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Borno">Borno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Cross_River" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Cross River">Cross River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Delta" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Delta">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Ebonyi" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Ebonyi">Ebonyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Edo" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Edo">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Ekiti" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Ekiti">Ekiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Enugu" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Enugu">Enugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Gombe" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Gombe">Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Imo" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Imo">Imo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Jigawa" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Jigawa">Jigawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Kaduna" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Kaduna">Kaduna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Kano" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Kano">Kano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Katsina" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Katsina">Katsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Kebbi" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Kebbi">Kebbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Kogi" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Kogi">Kogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Kwara" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Kwara">Kwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Lagos" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Nasarawa" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Nasarawa">Nasarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Ogun" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Ogun">Ogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Ondo" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Ondo">Ondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Osun" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Osun">Osun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Oyo" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Oyo">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Plateau" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Plateau">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Rivers" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Sokoto" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Sokoto">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Taraba" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Taraba">Taraba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Yobe" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Yobe">Yobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Zamfara" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Zamfara">Zamfara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_the_Federal_Capital_Territory" title="Nigerian National Assembly delegation from the Federal Capital Territory">FCT</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nigeria" title="Supreme Court of Nigeria">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Nigeria" title="Subdivisions of Nigeria">Subdivisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">States</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_governors_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state governors of Nigeria">State governors</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Nigeria" title="Local government areas of Nigeria">Local Government Areas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nigeria" title="Elections in Nigeria">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Parliamentary:<a href="/wiki/2015_Nigerian_general_election" title="2015 Nigerian general election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nigerian_general_election" title="2019 Nigerian general election">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerian_general_election" title="2023 Nigerian general election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nigeria" title="List of political parties in Nigeria">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nigeria" title="Foreign relations of Nigeria">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:none;"> <ul><li>Ministry of Foreign Affairs <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Nigeria)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Tuggar" title="Yusuf Tuggar">Yusuf Tuggar</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Nigeria" title="List of diplomatic missions of Nigeria">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Nigeria" title="List of diplomatic missions in Nigeria">in Nigeria</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationality_law" title="Nigerian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_passport" title="Nigerian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Nigerian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Nigerian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Nigeria" title="Visa policy of Nigeria">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Nigeria portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Template:Politics of Nigeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Template talk:Politics of Nigeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Nigeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>federal government of Nigeria</b> is composed of three distinct branches: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministries_of_Nigeria" title="Federal Ministries of Nigeria">the executive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nigeria)" title="National Assembly (Nigeria)">legislative</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nigeria" title="Supreme Court of Nigeria">judicial</a>, whose powers are vested and bestowed upon by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the primary functions of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> is that it provides for separation and balance of powers among the three branches and aims to prevent the repetition of past mistakes made by the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>. Other functions of the constitution include a division of power between the federal government and the states, and protection of various individual liberties of the nation's <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nigerian politics takes place within a framework of a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, in which the president holds executive power.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is held by the federal government and the two chambers of the legislature: the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Senate">Senate</a>. The legislative branch of Nigeria is responsible for and possesses powers to legislate laws. Together, the two chambers form the law-making body in Nigeria,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called the National Assembly, which serves as a check on the executive arm of government. The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nigeria)" title="National Assembly (Nigeria)">National Assembly of Nigeria</a> (NASS) is the democratically elected body that represents the interests of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and its people, makes laws for Nigeria, and holds the Government of Nigeria to account. The National Assembly (NASS) is the nation's highest legislature, whose power to make laws is summarized in chapter one, section four of the 1999 Nigerian Constitution. Sections 47–49 of the 1999 Constitution state, among other things, that "There shall be a National Assembly (NASS) for the federation which shall consist of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> rated Nigeria a "<a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index#Definitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">hybrid regime</a>" in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal government, state, and local governments of Nigeria aim to work cooperatively to govern the nation and its people.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigeria became a member of the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a> upon its independence from British colonial rule on 1 October 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-:522_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:522-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_system">Legal system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The law of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="British common law">British common law</a> (due to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">the long history of British colonial influence</a>). The common law in the legal system is similar to common-law systems used in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth countries">Commonwealth countries</a>. The constitutional framework for the legal system is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">Constitution of Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major influences on Nigeria's legal system are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, derived from its <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">colonial</a> past with Britain: Nigeria belongs to the common law family. This is because English law makes up a substantial part of the Nigerian law. Nigeria, though now a sovereign nation, was once under British rule. Upon gaining independence in 1960, numerous English laws were copied, and most of the laws have since been repealed in England. Nigeria also adopted all laws that were in force in England on 1 January 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a>, case law has developed since colonial independence; common law can be defined as that unwritten body of laws based on judicial precedents. For unusual and irregular occurring cases where the result can in no way be resolved by the basis of current laws or written law regulations, common law guides the decision-making process.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customary law</a>, which is derived from Indigenous traditional norms and practices. In Nigeria, customary law can be divided, in terms of nature, into two different classes, which are the ethnic or non-Muslim customary law and the Muslim law (<a href="/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria" title="Sharia in Nigeria">Sharia</a>). The ethnic customary law in Nigeria is Indigenous, and this system of customary law applies and is valid to members of a specific ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim law is a religious law that is solely based on the Muslim faith and applies to the members of such faith. In the nation of Nigeria, it is not an indigenous law; it is a received customary law introduced into the country as part of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Sharia law</a>, law used in some states in the northern region. In two principal respects the sharia law greatly differs from Western systems of law. First things first in terms of scope the sharia law possesses a much wider, wider scope since it regulates the individual's relationship not only with his or her neighbors and the state, which is perceived as the limit of most other legal systems, but also with God and with the individual's own conscience. Ritual practices—such as the daily prayers (<i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">ṣalāt</a></i>), almsgiving <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">(<i>zakāt</i>)</a>, fasting (<i>ṣawm</i>), and pilgrimage (<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a>)—are an integral part of sharia law and usually occupy the first chapters in legal manuals. The sharia is concerned as much with ethical standards as with legal rules, indicating not only what an individual is entitled or bound to do in law but also what one ought, in conscience, to do or to refrain from doing.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation_as_a_source_of_Nigerian_law">Legislation as a source of Nigerian law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legislation as a source of Nigerian law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two fundamental sources of Nigerian law through legislation are:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>(1) Acts of British parliament, popularly referred to as statutes of general application during the period before independence.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>(2) Local legislation (comprising enactments of the Nigerian legislatures from colonial period to date). There were other sources which, though subsumed in Nigerian legislations, were distinctly imported into the Nigerian legal systems. They are called the <i>criminal and penal codes</i> of Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigerian_statutes_as_sources_of_Nigerian_law">Nigerian statutes as sources of Nigerian law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nigerian statutes as sources of Nigerian law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nigerian legislation may be classified as follows: <i>The colonial era until 1960, post-independence legislation 1960–1966, the military era 1966–1999</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence_legislation_1960–1966"><span id="Post-independence_legislation_1960.E2.80.931966"></span>Post-independence legislation 1960–1966</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-independence legislation 1960–1966"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grant of <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> to Nigeria was a milestone in the political history of the country. This period witnessed the consolidation of political gains made during the colonial era. Politicians genuinely focused their lapses on the polity. It achieved for herself a republican status by shaking off the last vestiges of colonial authority.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite the violent violation of its provisions, the constitution remained the subsequent administrations (military or otherwise).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_regime,_1966–1999"><span id="Military_regime.2C_1966.E2.80.931999"></span>Military regime, 1966–1999</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military regime, 1966–1999"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of Nigeria">Armed Forces of Nigeria</a> assumed the rulership of Nigeria in 1966–1979 and 1983–1999, except in August – September 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breakdown of law and order which occurred in the period under review would not be attributed to any defect in the Nigerian legal system. Corrupt practices both in the body politics and all aspects of Nigerian life eroded efficiency and progress. There were eight <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups</a> generally; five were successful and three were unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Executive_branch">Executive branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Executive branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vice_President_Yemi_Osinbajo_and_President_Buhari.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vice_President_Yemi_Osinbajo_and_President_Buhari.png/220px-Vice_President_Yemi_Osinbajo_and_President_Buhari.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vice_President_Yemi_Osinbajo_and_President_Buhari.png/330px-Vice_President_Yemi_Osinbajo_and_President_Buhari.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vice_President_Yemi_Osinbajo_and_President_Buhari.png/440px-Vice_President_Yemi_Osinbajo_and_President_Buhari.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Former vice President Yemi Osinbajo and former President Buhari</figcaption></figure> <p>The president is elected through <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> which is regarded as more than a privilege extended by the state to its citizenry, and it is rather thought of as an inalienable right that inheres to every adult citizen by virtue of citizenship. In democracies it is the primary means of ensuring that governments are responsible to the governed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president is head of both the state and government, and heads the cabinet of Nigeria, the Federal Executive Council. The constitution also sanctions the president's status as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the armed forces in Section 130.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution of 1999 vests all the executive powers of the federation in the person of the president which can be exercised directly by him or his vice president or members of his cabinet. Section 5(1)(b) provides that the executive powers of the president extends to the maintenance of the provisions of the constitution, acts of the national assembly and on items on which the national assembly has power for the time being to make law.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president is elected to see that the Nigerian Constitution is enacted and that the legislation is applied to the people.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elected president is also in charge of the nation's armed forces and can serve no more than two four-year elected terms.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current president of Nigeria is Bola Tinubu, who was elected in 2023, and the current <a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">vice president</a> is Kashim Shettima.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The executive branch is divided into <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministries_of_Nigeria" title="Federal Ministries of Nigeria">Federal Ministries</a>, each headed by a minister appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">president</a>, Federal Ministries are those civil service departments which were made responsible for delivering various types of government service and each ministry is headed by a permanent secretary who reports to a minister in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nigeria" title="Cabinet of Nigeria">Federal Cabinet</a>. Nigeria has 24 Federal Ministries. The president must include at least one member from each of the 36 states in his cabinet. The president's appointments are confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria" title="Senate of Nigeria">Senate of Nigeria</a>. In some cases, a federal minister is responsible for more than one ministry (for example, Environment and Housing may be combined), or a minister may be assisted by one or more ministers of state.<sup id="cite_ref-cweal2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cweal2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each ministry also has a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Secretary">permanent secretary</a>, who is a senior civil servant.<sup id="cite_ref-psecs2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psecs2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ministries are responsible for various <a href="/wiki/Parastatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Parastatal">parastatals</a> (government-owned corporations), such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Nigeria" title="List of universities in Nigeria">universities</a>, the National Broadcasting Commission, and the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Petroleum_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation">Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation</a>. However, some parastatals are the responsibility of the Office of the Presidency, such as the <a href="/wiki/Independent_National_Electoral_Commission" title="Independent National Electoral Commission">Independent National Electoral Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Crimes_Commission" title="Economic and Financial Crimes Commission">Economic and Financial Crimes Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Commission_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service Commission of Nigeria">Federal Civil Service Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legislative branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigeria%27s_National_Assembly_Building_with_the_Mace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nigeria%27s_National_Assembly_Building_with_the_Mace.jpg/220px-Nigeria%27s_National_Assembly_Building_with_the_Mace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nigeria%27s_National_Assembly_Building_with_the_Mace.jpg/330px-Nigeria%27s_National_Assembly_Building_with_the_Mace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nigeria%27s_National_Assembly_Building_with_the_Mace.jpg/440px-Nigeria%27s_National_Assembly_Building_with_the_Mace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Nigeria's National Assembly building with the mace</figcaption></figure><p>The legislature is said to be the first among the three arms of government – the legislature, executive, and the judiciary.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These arms are characterized by the principle of separation of power as each is supposed to be independent of the other. The legislature derives its powers from the 1999 Constitution (as amended) in Sections 4(1) and 4(2). The legislature is vested with the powers to make laws for the peace, order and good governance of the Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>“It is also vested with investigatory powers, financial powers, confirmation and impeachment powers. It would not be out of place for me to use this occasion to remind us that the Legislature is the symbol of democracy all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Section 4 (1) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended) (the "Constitution"), the National Assembly of Nigeria often called NASS is vested with the legislative powers of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-mondaq.com_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mondaq.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is the power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Federation with respect to any matter included in the Exclusive Legislative List and the Concurrent List – a list of 12 items that both NASS and states' house of assembly can legislate on. This legislative power is typically exercised through bills passed by the NASS which are assented to by the president.<sup id="cite_ref-mondaq.com_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mondaq.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bills generally come in two forms – either a private bill which affects private citizens, corporate entities and/or a particular class of people or public bills which affect the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bill can be introduced into either chamber of the NASS by members of the respective chambers or the executive arm of government. The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Nigeria">National Assembly of Nigeria</a> has two <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">chambers</a>: the House of Representatives and the Senate. The <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> is the lower chamber of Nigeria's bicameral National Assembly and is presided over by the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Nigerian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Nigerian House of Representatives">speaker of the House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has 360 members each of the federal constituencies of the country, who are elected for four-year terms in single-seat <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">constituencies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Senate">Senate</a>, which has 109 members, is presided over by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Nigerian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Nigerian Senate">president of the Senate</a>. A total of 108 members are elected for four-year terms in 36 three-seat <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">constituencies</a>, which correspond to the country's 36 <a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">states</a>. One member is selected in the single-seat constituency of the <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">federal capital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legislators are elected to either the House of Representatives or the Senate to be representatives of their constituencies and to pass legislation to benefit the public.<sup id="cite_ref-:134_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:134-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislative process consists of bills being drafted and presented in either of the two chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-:134_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:134-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bills can only become national law once they are approved by the president of Nigeria who can veto bills.<sup id="cite_ref-:134_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:134-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president of the Senate is currently <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Lawan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Lawan">Ahmed Ibrahim Lawan</a>, who was elected to the senate in 2007, and the speaker of the House is <a href="/wiki/Femi_Gbajabiamila" title="Femi Gbajabiamila">Femi Gbajabiamila</a>, who has been Nigeria's 9th speaker of the House of Representatives since 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:234_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:234-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each member of the National Assembly of Nigeria can be elected to more than two four-year terms.<sup id="cite_ref-:234_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:234-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, the legislative branch has been misusing its position as a check on the power of the president and his cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legislators have been known to utilize their power for not only law-making, but as a means of political intimidation and a tool to promote individual monetary success.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senators are paid a salary equivalent to over $2,200 <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a> a month, supplemented by expenses of $37,500 <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a> a month (2018 figures).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Judicial branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The judicial branch is made up of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nigeria" title="Supreme Court of Nigeria">Supreme Court of Nigeria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">Court of Appeals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_court" title="High court">high courts</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Trial_court" title="Trial court">trial courts</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a>', <a href="/wiki/Custom_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Custom (law)">customary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> and other specialized courts.<sup id="cite_ref-TB2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TB2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Judicial_Council_(Nigeria)" title="National Judicial Council (Nigeria)">National Judicial Council</a> serves as an independent executive body, insulating the judiciary from the executive <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">arm of government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NJC2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJC2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 1999 constitution, the Supreme Court has both original and appellate jurisdictions (the power to reverse, modify and change a decision or ruling made by a lower court).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appellate jurisdiction exists for both the civil law and criminal law, the supreme court has the sole authority and jurisdiction to entertain appeals from Court of Appeal, having appellate jurisdiction over all lower federal courts and highest state courts.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decisions and rulings by the court are binding and absolute on all courts in Nigeria except the Supreme Court itself. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nigeria" title="Supreme Court of Nigeria">Supreme Court</a> is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nigeria" title="Chief Justice of Nigeria">chief justice of Nigeria</a> and other justices not more than 21 including the chief justice, appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">president of Nigeria</a> on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These justices are subject to confirmation by the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria" title="Senate of Nigeria">Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The judicial branch of the Nigerian government is the only one of the three branches of government in which its members are not elected but are appointed.<sup id="cite_ref-:134_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:134-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judiciary, and the Supreme Court in particular, are intended to uphold the principles and laws of the nation's constitution that was written in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its goal is to protect the basic rights of the citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current chief justice of the Supreme Court is <a href="/wiki/Olukayode_Ariwoola" title="Olukayode Ariwoola">Olukayode Ariwoola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:234_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:234-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Nigeria" title="Justices of the Supreme Court of Nigeria">Justices of the Supreme Court of Nigeria</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Office </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Term </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nigeria" title="Chief Justice of Nigeria">Chief Justice</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olukayode_Ariwoola" title="Olukayode Ariwoola">Olukayode Ariwoola</a></td> <td>2011–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kudirat_Kekere-Ekun" title="Kudirat Kekere-Ekun">Kudirat Kekere-Ekun</a></td> <td>2013–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Inyang_Okoro" title="John Inyang Okoro">John Inyang Okoro</a></td> <td>2013–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uwani_Musa_Abba_Aji" class="mw-redirect" title="Uwani Musa Abba Aji">Uwani Musa Abba Aji</a></td> <td>2018–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Lawal_Garba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Lawal Garba (page does not exist)">M. Lawal Garba</a></td> <td>2020–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_M._Ogunwumiju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen M. Ogunwumiju (page does not exist)">Helen M. Ogunwumiju</a></td> <td>2020–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=I._N._M._Saulawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I. N. M. Saulawa (page does not exist)">I. N. M. Saulawa</a></td> <td>2020–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adamu_Jauro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adamu Jauro (page does not exist)">Adamu Jauro</a></td> <td>2020–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tijjani_Abubakar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tijjani Abubakar (page does not exist)">Tijjani Abubakar</a></td> <td>2020–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_A._Agim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmanuel A. Agim (page does not exist)">Emmanuel A. Agim</a></td> <td>2020–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haruna_Tsammani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haruna Tsammani (page does not exist)">Haruna Tsammani</a></td> <td>2023–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moore_Adumein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moore Adumein (page does not exist)">Moore Adumein</a></td> <td>2023–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jummai_Sankey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jummai Sankey (page does not exist)">Jummai Sankey</a></td> <td>2023–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chidiebere_Uwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chidiebere Uwa (page does not exist)">Chidiebere Uwa</a></td> <td>2023–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chioma_Nwosu-Iheme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chioma Nwosu-Iheme (page does not exist)">Chioma Nwosu-Iheme</a></td> <td>2023–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obande_Ogbuinya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obande Ogbuinya (page does not exist)">Obande Ogbuinya</a></td> <td>2023–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Adah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Adah (page does not exist)">Stephen Adah</a></td> <td>2023–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habeeb_Abiru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habeeb Abiru (page does not exist)">Habeeb Abiru</a></td> <td>2023–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamilu_Tukur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamilu Tukur (page does not exist)">Jamilu Tukur</a></td> <td>2023–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubakar_Umar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abubakar Umar (page does not exist)">Abubakar Umar</a></td> <td>2023–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate Justice </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Idris_(Justice)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Idris (Justice) (page does not exist)">Mohammed Idris</a></td> <td>2023–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Democracy_in_Nigeria">Democracy in Nigeria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Democracy in Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After achieving its independence and republican status in 1960 (becoming the fourth largest democratic country in the world) and 1963 respectively, Nigeria experienced its first military coup in 1966 followed by a civil war which lasted until 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Enang_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enang-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was made possible to bring back the democratic ideal for a few of years in the year 1978. Though this certain period of democratic ideal did not last very long and was soon over in 1983 as a result of some military rulers who came into power via coup d'état promised to return the country to democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, only General Abdulsalami Abubakar took the control of the nation after the death of Sani Abacha and stuck to his word. The country's modern Constitution became official in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elections in the year 1999 were more successful compared to that of the previous military ruler. The newly emerged President of Nigeria Olusegun Obasanjo put a stop to the military regimes that kept switching one after the other for almost 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the military rule culminated in a new era of regular elections as well as the return of civil liberties, a free press, and an end to arbitrary arrests and maltreatment, although <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">human rights violations</a> still occur regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-Enang_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enang-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigeria democratized in 1999 with the start of the Fourth Republic, but has suffered some setbacks to becoming fully democratic.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elites in Nigeria have been found to have more power and influence than average citizens, and as a consequence of this, there has been a great deal of corruption in Nigerian politics and general life.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good sign of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> in Nigeria is the fact that elections are becoming less fraudulent and there is more party competition.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another indicator of a strong democracy is the presence of a civil society in which citizens have the right to act and speak freely in concert with a strong use of media for everyday life.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Nigeria has seen a heightened use of media within the realm of political issues, particularly with the recent [Special Anti-Robbery Squad] SARS protest, indicating a sense of freedom for the public to voice their opinions to the government and the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_68-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Level_of_freedom">Level of freedom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Level of freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">World Press Freedom Index</a>, Nigeria is the 115th most free nation in the world. It has been noted as a nation with perpetuating violence against freedom of speech and press.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigeria has been found to be a vulnerable nation, both at risk of modern slavery and corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nation is vulnerable due to the effects of inner conflict and governance issues.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> has rated Nigeria as a "partly free" nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last presidential election, the process was tainted by violence, intimidation and vote buying, which have been prevalent in many of the recent elections within Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in the most recent legislative elections, citizens claimed the process was also characterized by intimidation and other inconsistencies.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electoral process and related laws are thought to be enacted in a mostly fair fashion, but there have been instances of intentionally complicating voting and effecting turnout.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people of Nigeria feel as though there is more freedom in their right to have different political parties to represent their opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is exemplified by the vast number of legitimate parties seen in elections.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Nigerian opposition parties have a legitimate chance to participate in politics and win official positions.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regards to freedom of political expression, Freedom House indicates that opinions and institutions are often heavily influenced by non-governmental, external entities or individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nigeria, all <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> and religious backgrounds have an equal opportunity to participate in politics, however, there is a lack of women elected into the government, and same-sex relationships were criminalized in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nigerian federal government's officials like the president and legislators are elected to enact policy and laws, and are usually allowed to do so without interruption, but in recent years, their ability to legislate has been marred by corruption and instability.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nigeria" title="Corruption in Nigeria">Corruption</a> has been a major problem for the Nigerian government since its independence from colonial rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the oil sector has allowed a great deal of corruption to take place.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government has tried to enact measures to combat corruption that infringes upon the functioning of the state, but have only been quasi-successful.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government has also been rated as lacking in transparency, often not allowing records to be available to the public that should be readily available.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalism and the media in Nigeria are somewhat free, they are allowed to function independently from the government, but oftentimes those who criticize public figures or offices are arrested or censored.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mafia-like organisation, Black Axe, is involved in international corruption using especially on-line fraud, as reported in BBC article. Religious freedom is allowed in Nigeria, however, the government and even non-governmental organizations have been known to violently respond to groups that openly dissent to the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religion is a contentious topic in Nigeria because of heated, ongoing conflicts between <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> within the state.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freedom House rated the Nigerian federal government well in the category of allowing academic freedom, and the public's ability to express their views even if they disagree without the government without fearing a negative reaction from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nigerian government was rated moderately on people's ability to assemble, ability to work with human rights, and the existence of unions.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judiciary was rated as moderately free from the government, and lacking in due process in trials and equal treatment of all members of society.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People in Nigeria do not have great freedom of movement, and are often subjected to curfews set by the federal government in areas that are at a risk of violence or instability.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a lack of protection for women in regards to rights to abortion, rape, and domestic abuse under the Nigerian federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, there is a pervasive <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nigeria" title="Human trafficking in Nigeria">human-trafficking</a> problem in Nigeria and frequent exploitation of citizens that the federal government has done a poor job to prevent.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 18 recognized <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a> in Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a great number of parties as a direct result of corruption and chaos that has ensued in Nigeria surrounding the federal government and elections for years.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast number of parties has proved to be difficult to monitor.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two major parties are the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)">Peoples Democratic Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress" title="All Progressives Congress">All Progressives Congress</a>, both of which have held the presidency and seats in the National Assembly for extended periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As opposed to parties in other nations that represent a slew of political opinions that the public can align themselves with, parties in Nigeria act more so as a means through which prominent figures can gain power and influence, and there are so many because they often switch parties to find the one to give them the best chance of achieving authority.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political parties have been an important aspect of Nigerian government both before and after independence was achieved from the British in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_72-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parties allow for political competition to take place, for the citizenry to find people who represent their ideas and interests in government, and for the introduction of new leaders and perspectives into Nigerian life.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_72-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Nigerians do not understand the political party system because there are so many options and their platforms are unclear to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_72-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This remains an issue in Nigeria because it marginalizes those who are uneducated or uninvolved in government.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_72-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, there seems to be a tendency for people in Nigeria to support parties based on ethnic of religious divisions, particularly along the Muslim-Christian line of division.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_72-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 18 political parties are: Accord, Action Alliance, Action Democratic Party, Action Peoples Party, African Action Congress, African Democratic Congress, All Progressives Congress, All Progressives Grand Alliance, Allied Peoples Movement, Boot Party, Labour Party, National Rescue Movement, New Nigeria Peoples Party, Peoples Democratic Party, Peoples Redemption Party, Social Democratic Party, Young Progressive Party, Zenith Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_system_and_recent_elections">Electoral system and recent elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Electoral system and recent elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The president and members of the National Assembly of Nigeria are elected by members of the population who are at least 18 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Independent_National_Electoral_Commission" title="Independent National Electoral Commission">National Electoral Commission</a> is responsible for monitoring elections and ensuring that the results are correct and not fraudulent.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The winner of a position is elected through the first-past-the-post system that is used in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nigeria has faced numerous bouts with fraudulent elections, particularly noteworthy is the general election that took place in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This election was reportedly marred by ballot-rigging, underage voting, violence, intimidation, and an overall absence of clarity and accuracy from the National Electoral Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections_of_Nigeria,_2015"><span id="Presidential_elections_of_Nigeria.2C_2015"></span>Presidential elections of Nigeria, 2015</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Presidential elections of Nigeria, 2015"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:300px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Buhari</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#87BEEB; width:53.96%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">53.96%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Jonathan</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:44.96%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">44.96%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">Margin: <b>2,571,759</b></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th>Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #87BEEB"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress" title="All Progressives Congress">All Progressives Congress</a></td> <td>15,424,921</td> <td>53.96 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #006903"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Goodluck Jonathan</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)">People's Democratic Party</a></td> <td>12,853,162</td> <td>44.96 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">Adebayo Ayeni</td> <td align="left">African Peoples Alliance</td> <td>53,537</td> <td>0.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">Ganiyu Galadima</td> <td align="left">Allied Congress Party of Nigeria</td> <td>40,311</td> <td>0.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">Sam Eke</td> <td align="left">Citizens Popular Party</td> <td>36,300</td> <td>0.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">Rufus Salau</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Democracy_(Nigeria)" title="Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria)">Alliance for Democracy</a></td> <td>30,673</td> <td>0.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">Mani Ahmad</td> <td align="left">African Democratic Congress</td> <td>29,665</td> <td>0.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">Allagoa Chinedu</td> <td align="left">Peoples Party of Nigeria</td> <td>24,475</td> <td>0.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">Martin Onovo</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/National_Conscience_Party" title="National Conscience Party">National Conscience Party</a></td> <td>24,455</td> <td>0.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">Tunde Anifowose-Kelani</td> <td align="left">Accord Alliance BOP</td> <td>22,125</td> <td>0.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">Chekwas Okorie</td> <td align="left">United Progressive Party</td> <td>18,220</td> <td>0.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">Comfort Sonaiya</td> <td align="left">KOWA Party</td> <td>13,076</td> <td>0.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">Godson Okoye</td> <td align="left">United Democratic Party</td> <td>9,208</td> <td>0.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left">Ambrose Albert Owuru</td> <td align="left">Hope Party</td> <td>7,435</td> <td>0.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="3">Invalid/blank votes</td> <td>844,519</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="3"><b>Total</b></td> <td><b>29,432,083</b></td> <td><b>100</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="3">Registered voters/turnout</td> <td>67,422,005</td> <td>43.65 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="5">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329051326/http://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/summary-of-results.pdf">INEC</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Representatives">House of Representatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #87BEEB"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress" title="All Progressives Congress">All Progressives Congress</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>100</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #006903"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)">People's Democratic Party</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>125</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Other parties</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>10</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="2">Invalid/blank votes</td> <td></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="2"><b>Total</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>233</b></td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="2">Registered voters/turnout</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="6">Source: Reuters <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132054/http://tribuneonlineng.com/content/apc-clears-jigawa">Nigeria Tribune</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate">Senate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #87BEEB"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress" title="All Progressives Congress">All Progressives Congress</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>60</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #006903"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)">People's Democratic Party</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>70</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Nigeria)" title="Labour Party (Nigeria)">Labour Party</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="2">Invalid/blank votes</td> <td></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="2"><b>Total</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>109</b></td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="2">Registered voters/turnout</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_election_of_Nigeria,_2019"><span id="Presidential_election_of_Nigeria.2C_2019"></span>Presidential election of Nigeria, 2019</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Presidential election of Nigeria, 2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th>Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress" title="All Progressives Congress">All Progressives Congress</a> </td> <td>15,191,847 </td> <td>55.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atiku_Abubakar" title="Atiku Abubakar">Atiku Abubakar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)">People's Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>11,262,978 </td> <td>41.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Felix Nicolas </td> <td>Peoples Coalition Party </td> <td>110,196 </td> <td>0.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Mailafia" title="Obadiah Mailafia">Obadiah Mailafia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Democratic_Congress" title="African Democratic Congress">African Democratic Congress</a> </td> <td>97,874 </td> <td>0.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Gbor John Wilson Terwase </td> <td><a href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Grand_Alliance" title="All Progressives Grand Alliance">All Progressives Grand Alliance</a> </td> <td>66,851 </td> <td>0.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yabagi_Sani" title="Yabagi Sani">Yabagi Sani Yusuf</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Action_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" title="Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)">Action Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>54,930 </td> <td>0.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Akhimien Davidson Isibor </td> <td>Grassroots Development Party of Nigeria </td> <td>41,852 </td> <td>0.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ibrahim Aliyu Hassan </td> <td>African Peoples Alliance </td> <td>36,866 </td> <td>0.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Duke" title="Donald Duke">Donald Duke</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" title="Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>34,746 </td> <td>0.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Omoyele_Sowore" title="Omoyele Sowore">Omoyele Sowore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Action_Congress" title="African Action Congress">African Action Congress</a> </td> <td>33,953 </td> <td>0.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Da-Silva Thomas Ayo </td> <td>Save Nigeria Congress </td> <td>28,680 </td> <td>0.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Shitu Mohammed Kabir </td> <td>Advanced Peoples Democratic Alliance </td> <td>26,558 </td> <td>0.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Yusuf Mamman Dantalle </td> <td>Allied Peoples' Movement </td> <td>26,039 </td> <td>0.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Moghalu" title="Kingsley Moghalu">Kingsley Moghalu</a> </td> <td>Young Progressive Party </td> <td>21,886 </td> <td>0.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ameh Peter Ojonugwa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Peoples_Alliance" title="Progressive Peoples Alliance">Progressive Peoples Alliance</a> </td> <td>21,822 </td> <td>0.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ositelu Isaac Babatunde </td> <td>Accord Party </td> <td>19,209 </td> <td>0.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fela_Durotoye" title="Fela Durotoye">Fela Durotoye</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_New_Nigeria" title="Alliance for New Nigeria">Alliance for New Nigeria</a> </td> <td>16,779 </td> <td>0.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Bashayi Isa Dansarki </td> <td>Masses Movement of Nigeria </td> <td>14,540 </td> <td>0.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Osakwe Felix Johnson </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Nigeria)" title="Democratic People's Party (Nigeria)">Democratic People's Party</a> </td> <td>14,483 </td> <td>0.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Abdulrashid Hassan Baba </td> <td>Action Alliance </td> <td>14,380 </td> <td>0.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Nwokeafor Ikechukwu Ndubuisi </td> <td>Advanced Congress of Democrats </td> <td>11,325 </td> <td>0.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Maina Maimuna Kyari </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_People%27s_Congress" title="Northern People's Congress">Northern People's Congress</a> </td> <td>10,081 </td> <td>0.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Victor Okhai </td> <td>Providence Peoples Congress </td> <td>8,979 </td> <td>0.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Chike Ukaegbu </td> <td>Advanced Allied Party </td> <td>8,902 </td> <td>0.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oby_Ezekwesili" title="Oby Ezekwesili">Oby Ezekwesili</a> </td> <td>Allied Congress Party of Nigeria </td> <td>7,223 </td> <td>0.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ibrahim Usman Alhaji </td> <td>National Rescue Movement </td> <td>6,229 </td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ike Keke </td> <td>New Nigeria People's Party </td> <td>6,111 </td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Moses Ayibiowu </td> <td>National Unity Party </td> <td>5,323 </td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Awosola Williams Olusola </td> <td>Democratic Peoples Congress </td> <td>5,242 </td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Muhammed Usman Zaki </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Nigeria)" title="Labour Party (Nigeria)">Labour Party</a> </td> <td>5,074 </td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Eke Samuel Chukwuma </td> <td>Green Party of Nigeria </td> <td>4,924 </td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Nwachukwu Chuks Nwabuikwu </td> <td>All Grassroots Alliance </td> <td>4,689 </td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamza_al-Mustapha" title="Hamza al-Mustapha">Hamza al-Mustapha</a> </td> <td>Peoples Party of Nigeria </td> <td>4,622 </td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Shipi Moses Godia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/All_Blended_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="All Blended Party">All Blended Party</a> </td> <td>4,523 </td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chris_Okotie" title="Chris Okotie">Chris Okotie</a> </td> <td>Fresh Democratic Party </td> <td>4,554 </td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tope_Fasua" title="Tope Fasua">Tope Fasua</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abundant_Nigeria_Renewal_Party" title="Abundant Nigeria Renewal Party">Abundant Nigeria Renewal Party</a> </td> <td>4,340 </td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Onwubuya </td> <td>Freedom And Justice Party </td> <td>4,174 </td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Asukwo Mendie Archibong </td> <td>Nigeria For Democracy </td> <td>4,096 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ahmed Buhari </td> <td>Sustainable National Party </td> <td>3,941 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Salisu Yunusa Tanko </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Conscience_Party" title="National Conscience Party">National Conscience Party</a> </td> <td>3,799 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Shittu Moshood Asiwaju </td> <td>Alliance National Party </td> <td>3,586 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Obinna Uchechukwu Ikeagwuonu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/All_People%27s_Party_(Nigeria)" title="All People's Party (Nigeria)">All People's Party</a> </td> <td>3,585 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Balogun Isiaka Ishola </td> <td>United Democratic Party </td> <td>3,170 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Obaje Yusufu Ameh </td> <td>Advanced Nigeria Democratic Party </td> <td>3,104 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Chief Umenwa Godwin </td> <td>All Grand Alliance Party </td> <td>3,071 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Israel Nonyerem Davidson, </td> <td>Reform and Advancement Party </td> <td>2,972 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ukonga Frank </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alternative_(Nigeria)" title="Democratic Alternative (Nigeria)">Democratic Alternative</a> </td> <td>2,769 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Santuraki Hamisu </td> <td>Mega Party of Nigeria </td> <td>2,752 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Funmilayo Adesanya-Davies </td> <td>Mass Action Joint Alliance </td> <td>2,651 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gbenga_Olawepo-Hashim" title="Gbenga Olawepo-Hashim">Gbenga Olawepo-Hashim</a> </td> <td>Peoples Trust </td> <td>2,613 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ali Soyode </td> <td>Yes Electorates Solidarity </td> <td>2,394 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Nsehe Nseobong </td> <td>Restoration Party of Nigeria </td> <td>2,388 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ojinika Geff Chizee </td> <td>Coalition for Change </td> <td>2,391 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Rabia Yasai Hassan Cengiz </td> <td>National Action Council </td> <td>2,279 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Atuejide" title="Eunice Atuejide">Eunice Atuejide</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Interest_Party_(Nigeria)" title="National Interest Party (Nigeria)">National Interest Party</a> </td> <td>2,248 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Dara John </td> <td>Alliance of Social Democrats </td> <td>2,146 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Fagbenro-byron Samuel Adesina </td> <td>Kowa Party </td> <td>1,911 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Etim" title="Emmanuel Etim">Emmanuel Etim</a> </td> <td>Change Nigeria Party </td> <td>1,874 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Chukwu-Eguzolugo Sunday Chikendu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justice_Must_Prevail_Party" title="Justice Must Prevail Party">Justice Must Prevail Party</a> </td> <td>1,853 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Madu Nnamdi Edozie </td> <td>Independent Democrats </td> <td>1,845 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Osuala Chukwudi John </td> <td>Re-build Nigeria Party </td> <td>1,792 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Albert Owuru Ambrose </td> <td>Hope Democratic Party </td> <td>1,663 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>David Esosa Ize-Iyamu </td> <td>Better Nigeria Progressive Party </td> <td>1,649 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Inwa Ahmed Sakil </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_of_Nigeria" title="Unity Party of Nigeria">Unity Party of Nigeria</a> </td> <td>1,631 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Akpua Robinson </td> <td>National Democratic Liberty Party </td> <td>1,588 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Mark Emmanuel Audu </td> <td>United Patriots </td> <td>1,561 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ishaka Paul Ofemile </td> <td>Nigeria Elements Progressive Party </td> <td>1,524 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Kriz David </td> <td>Liberation Movement </td> <td>1,438 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ademola Babatunde Abidemi </td> <td>Nigeria Community Movement Party </td> <td>1,378 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>A. Edosomwan Johnson </td> <td>National Democratic Liberty Party </td> <td>1,192 </td> <td>0.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Angela Johnson </td> <td>Alliance for a United Nigeria </td> <td>1,092 </td> <td>0.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Abah Lewis Elaigwu </td> <td>Change Advocacy Party </td> <td>1,111 </td> <td>0.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Nwangwu Uchenna Peter </td> <td>We The People Nigeria </td> <td>732 </td> <td>0.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Invalid/blank votes </td> <td>1,289,607 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>28,614,190</b> </td> <td><b>100</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Registered voters/turnout </td> <td>82,344,107 </td> <td>34.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">Source: Vanguard </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian–Muslim_relations"><span id="Christian.E2.80.93Muslim_relations"></span>Christian–Muslim relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Christian–Muslim relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Church_of_Nigeria_in_Abuja_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/National_Church_of_Nigeria_in_Abuja_02.jpg/220px-National_Church_of_Nigeria_in_Abuja_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/National_Church_of_Nigeria_in_Abuja_02.jpg/330px-National_Church_of_Nigeria_in_Abuja_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/National_Church_of_Nigeria_in_Abuja_02.jpg/440px-National_Church_of_Nigeria_in_Abuja_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>National Church of Nigeria in Abuja</figcaption></figure> <p>Islamic law has found its way into the heart of many Nigerian state governments, particularly in the northern sect of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:132_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a deep rift between Christians and Muslim in Nigeria, and therefore the government has taken on a hybrid of <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English common law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> when dealing with legal issues to appease the diverse national population.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:132_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigeria has the largest population of Christians and Muslims cohabitating in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two religions were introduced in Nigeria largely during the colonial period, and since then, many Africans have merged their own <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">traditional religions</a> with these two institutionalized ones.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009_mosque_Lagos_Nigeria_6349959461.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/2009_mosque_Lagos_Nigeria_6349959461.jpg/220px-2009_mosque_Lagos_Nigeria_6349959461.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/2009_mosque_Lagos_Nigeria_6349959461.jpg/330px-2009_mosque_Lagos_Nigeria_6349959461.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/2009_mosque_Lagos_Nigeria_6349959461.jpg/440px-2009_mosque_Lagos_Nigeria_6349959461.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>2009 mosque Lagos Nigeria 6349959461</figcaption></figure> <p>Religious tensions between Christians and Muslims in Nigeria has often been used by politicians and other powerful people to incite violence and create fear and chaos among Nigerians.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to many citizens questioning why Nigeria remains one federal state, and that it should possibly split along the Christian–Muslim divide.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern section of the country is largely Islamic, with 12 states that live under <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a>, while the southern area is mostly Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been multiple attempts by Nigerian Muslims to add Sharia concepts to the Constitution which has alarmed the Christian population within the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_76-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Christians have deemed the rise in Islam in Nigeria to be dangerous and that it could possibly lead to increased terrorism and instability.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_76-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conflict is threatening the stability of Nigeria's democracy, internal structure, and civil society, and many political scientists and Nigerian leaders hope the two religions can engage in a peaceful dialogue that hopefully pacifies both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_76-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terrorism_in_Nigeria">Terrorism in Nigeria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Terrorism in Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The greatest terrorist threat in Nigeria is from the organization <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>, and became a prevalent issue in the summer of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boko Haram is a radical jihadist Islamist terrorist group from the northern sect of Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This organization has launched terror attacks that have largely targeted the Nigerian federal government, non-Muslim religious organizations, and average citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise and growing effects of Boko Haram have been attributed to the instability and fragility of the Nigerian state.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are upset by the government corruption and policy failures of Nigeria, and in particular, the poverty and lack of development of the north of Nigeria which is predominantly Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_77-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impact of Boko Haram on Nigeria has been devastating, over 37,000 individuals have died due to their terrorist attacks since 2011, and over 200,000 Nigerians have been displaced.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boko Haram was responsible for the kidnapping of hundreds of school girls in 2014, triggering the <a href="#BringBackOurGirls">#BringBackOurGirls</a> movement across the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terrorist organization became a part of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a> in 2015, drawing concerns to the safety and stability of Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many world powers including the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> have contributed military resources to help fight against Boko Haram because Nigeria's oil industry is crucial to the international economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nigerian federal government has launched programs and tactics to combat Boko Horam because of their prevalence.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has also been a recent rise in citizen-created, and in particular youth-led groups that are taking action against Boko Haram to protect themselves and their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the actions of Boko Haram and the government's efforts to combat terrorism have led to a growing <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a> crisis in Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commonwealth_membership">Commonwealth membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Commonwealth membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nigeria's membership in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a> began in 1960 and was suspended from 1995 to 1999 when the country became a state under military rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:522_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:522-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reinstated in 1999 when democracy was established with the Presidential Constitution and Fourth Republic of Nigeria, and it remains a part of the Commonwealth to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-:522_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:522-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commonwealth Secretariat aims to help Nigeria detect and deter corruption within its federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-:522_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:522-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, they taught numerous government officials and financial officers how to combat and condemn corruption within the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:522_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:522-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Secretariat's involvement both in governmental and financial affairs created a better system for the transaction of goods and services in Nigeria with less risk of corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-:522_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:522-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017, the Commonwealth has provided Nigeria with policies and resources for Great Britain's exit from the European Union and outlined the possible effects on Commonwealth nations and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:522_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:522-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat_Act_1966" title="Commonwealth Secretariat Act 1966">Commonwealth Secretariat</a> has helped Nigeria in its natural resource fields such as oil and mining.<sup id="cite_ref-:522_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:522-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have helped with negotiations and the creation of fair bargains.<sup id="cite_ref-:522_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:522-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commonwealth Secretariat has also provided Nigeria with access to their Connectivity Agenda, which allows nations under the Commonwealth to communicate and exchange ideas and policies to help each other with economic and domestic productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-:522_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:522-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="States_of_Nigeria">States of Nigeria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: States of Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">States of Nigeria</a></div> <p>Nigeria is made up of 36 states and 1 capital territory: the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria">Federal Capital Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abia_State" title="Abia State">Abia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anambra_State" title="Anambra State">Anambra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauchi_State" title="Bauchi State">Bauchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benue_State" title="Benue State">Benue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_State,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta State, Nigeria">Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebonyi_State" title="Ebonyi State">Ebonyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekiti_State" title="Ekiti State">Ekiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enugu_State" title="Enugu State">Enugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gombe_State" title="Gombe State">Gombe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imo_State" title="Imo State">Imo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jigawa_State" title="Jigawa State">Jigawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katsina_State" title="Katsina State">Katsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebbi_State" title="Kebbi State">Kebbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kogi_State" title="Kogi State">Kogi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwara_State" title="Kwara State">Kwara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasarawa_State" title="Nasarawa State">Nasarawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogun_State" title="Ogun State">Ogun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osun_State" title="Osun State">Osun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyo_State" title="Oyo State">Oyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_State" title="Sokoto State">Sokoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yobe_State" title="Yobe State">Yobe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zamfara_State" title="Zamfara State">Zamfara</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_governments">Local governments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Local governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each state is further divided into <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Areas_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government Areas in Nigeria">local government areas</a> (LGAs).<sup id="cite_ref-:32_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These states and their local governments are essential to the function of a federal government because they have a pulse on the local population and can therefore assess the needs of constituents and enact policy or infrastructure that is helpful.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also important because the federal government has the time and resources to take on national projects and international affairs while local governments can take care of the Nigerians native to their respective states.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The devolution of power between the states and the federal government helps the functionality of Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 774 local governments oversee the collection of local taxes, education, health care, roads, waste, and planning.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local government look after the affairs of the common men and women in the Nigeria society. The creation of local government reform started in 1968, 1970 during the military government but was fully 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_Government's_handling_of_COVID-19"><span id="Federal_Government.27s_handling_of_COVID-19"></span>Federal Government's handling of COVID-19</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Federal Government's handling of COVID-19"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Africa's most populated nation, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">coronavirus pandemic</a> ravaged across Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigeria proved that it could detect, respond to, and prevent the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria">COVID-19</a> outbreak in a very restricted, poor fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigeria lacks the resources to conduct the widespread testing the nation needs to keep up with the number of cases surging across the state.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigeria also lacks the necessary number of other resources for fighting the virus such as hospital workers, rooms, and ventilators.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The federal government's response to the virus has been fairly weak and ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_85-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former President Buhari passed numerous lockdowns, mask mandates, and travel bans to decrease the number of cases in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_85-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the lockdowns, mandates, and travel restrictions have led to negative economic effects for a great number of citizens who have lost their jobs and source of income.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_85-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to this, the federal government passed economic stimulus packages to promote important production sectors such as agriculture and oil.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government also passed food assistance measures and cash transfers to aid those in poverty who are going hungry.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_85-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also pushed for fundraising efforts to secure funds from donors to support the federal budget and economic sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_85-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Nigeria">Military of Nigeria</a></div> <p>The military of Nigeria has played a major role in the country's history, often seizing control of the country and ruling it for long periods of time. Its last period of rule ended in 1999, following the death of the leader of the previous military <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">junta</a> <a href="/wiki/Sani_Abacha" title="Sani Abacha">Sani Abacha</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Active duty personnel in the three Nigerian armed services totals approximately 76,000. The Nigerian Army, which is the largest of the services, has about 60,000 personnel, deployed between two mechanized infantry divisions, one composite division (airborne and amphibious), the Lagos Garrison Command (a division-size unit), and the Abuja-based Brigade of Guards.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Navy" title="Nigerian Navy">Nigerian Navy</a> (7,000) is equipped with <a href="/wiki/MEKO" title="MEKO">frigates</a>, fast attack craft, corvettes, and coastal patrol boats. The <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Air_Force" title="Nigerian Air Force">Nigerian Air Force</a> (9,000) flies transports, trainers, helicopters, and fighter aircraft; however, most of their vehicles are currently not operational. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nigeria" title="Foreign relations of Nigeria">Foreign relations of Nigeria</a></div> <p>Nigeria currently has better foreign relations with its neighbors, due to its current state of democracy. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> and sits on that organization's <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current minister of foreign affairs of Nigeria is <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Tuggar" title="Yusuf Tuggar">Yusuf Tuggar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of Nigeria's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign affairs</a>, both during the colonial era and post-independence has relied on oil-production.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigeria's relationships with both its continental neighbors in Africa and throughout the world have improved a great deal since it has transitioned from military rule to a democratic state.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigeria is hoping to gain a permanent seat on the UN Security Council in the near future.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these achievements, Nigeria continues to face challenges in its foreign relations, such as the fight against terrorism and insurgency in the region, the challenge of migration and human trafficking, and the need to increase economic cooperation and integration with its neighbors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nigeria's media scene is characterized by state and private broadcasters, popular international brands like the BBC and CC and more than a 100 national and local print titles state and private broadcasters.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio and televised media in Nigeria is mostly state-owned by the <a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Commission" title="National Broadcasting Commission">National Broadcasting Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:234_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:234-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often used as a tactic of the government to assert control over and sway public opinion in favor of the incumbent party and his policies. However, most newspaper are privately owned and the internet is not restricted to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-:234_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:234-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that a majority (70%) of citizens are under 30, it is fitting that mobile news consumption (84%) is more than twice as high as computer consumption (41%), with tablet consumption trailing at 11%.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Nigeria portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria" title="Senate of Nigeria">Senate of Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Nigeria">National Assembly of Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_state_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nigerian state governors">List of Nigerian state governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_Service" title="Nigerian Civil Service">Nigerian Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">States of Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Prisons_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Prisons Services">Nigerian Prisons Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nigeria" title="Chief Justice of Nigeria">Chief Justice of Nigeria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carl Levan and Patrick Ukata (eds.). 2018. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics</i>. Oxford University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forumfed.org/document/federal-republic-of-nigeria/">"Federal Republic of Nigeria"</a>. <i>Forum of Federations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters+Institute+for+the+Study+of+Journalism&rft.atitle=Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk%2Fdigital-news-report%2F2021%2Fnigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nigeria.gov.ng">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nigerian_presidential_election" title="2003 Nigerian presidential election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nigerian_general_election" title="2007 Nigerian general election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nigerian_presidential_election" title="2011 Nigerian presidential election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nigerian_general_election" title="2015 Nigerian general election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nigerian_general_election" title="2019 Nigerian general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerian_presidential_election" title="2023 Nigerian presidential election">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria" title="Senate of Nigeria">Senate elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Nigerian_parliamentary_election" title="1979 Nigerian parliamentary election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Nigerian_parliamentary_election" title="1983 Nigerian parliamentary election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Nigerian_parliamentary_election" title="1992 Nigerian parliamentary election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Nigerian_parliamentary_election" title="1998 Nigerian parliamentary election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Nigerian_parliamentary_election" title="1999 Nigerian parliamentary election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nigerian_parliamentary_election" title="2003 Nigerian parliamentary election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nigerian_general_election#Senate" title="2007 Nigerian general election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nigerian_parliamentary_election" title="2011 Nigerian parliamentary election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nigerian_general_election#Senate" title="2015 Nigerian general election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nigerian_Senate_election" title="2019 Nigerian Senate election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerian_Senate_election" title="2023 Nigerian Senate election">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nigeria)" title="House of Representatives (Nigeria)">House elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1923_Nigerian_general_election" title="1923 Nigerian general election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Nigerian_general_election" title="1928 Nigerian general election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Nigerian_general_election" title="1933 Nigerian general election">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Nigerian_general_election" title="1938 Nigerian general election">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Nigerian_general_election" title="1943 Nigerian general election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Nigerian_general_election" title="1947 Nigerian general election">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Nigerian_general_election" title="1954 Nigerian general election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Nigerian_general_election" title="1959 Nigerian general election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nigerian_general_election" title="1964 Nigerian general election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Nigerian_parliamentary_election" title="1979 Nigerian parliamentary election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Nigerian_parliamentary_election" title="1983 Nigerian parliamentary election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Nigerian_parliamentary_election" title="1992 Nigerian parliamentary election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Nigerian_parliamentary_election" title="1998 Nigerian parliamentary election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Nigerian_parliamentary_election" title="1999 Nigerian parliamentary election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nigerian_parliamentary_election" title="2003 Nigerian parliamentary election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nigerian_general_election#House_of_Representatives" title="2007 Nigerian general election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nigerian_parliamentary_election" title="2011 Nigerian parliamentary election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nigerian_general_election#House_of_Representatives" title="2015 Nigerian general election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nigerian_House_of_Representatives_election" title="2019 Nigerian House of Representatives election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerian_House_of_Representatives_election" title="2023 Nigerian House of Representatives election">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 Nigerian gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 Nigerian gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 Nigerian gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999 Nigerian gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2003 Nigerian gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 Nigerian gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 Nigerian gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Ekiti_State_gubernatorial_by-election" title="2009 Ekiti State gubernatorial by-election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Anambra_State_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Anambra State gubernatorial election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 Nigerian gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 Nigerian gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Anambra_State_gubernatorial_election" title="2013 Anambra State gubernatorial election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 Nigerian gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 Nigerian gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 Nigerian gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Anambra_State_gubernatorial_election" title="2017 Anambra State gubernatorial election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2018_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2018 Nigerian gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections" title="2019 Nigerian gubernatorial elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections" title="2020 Nigerian gubernatorial elections">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Anambra_State_gubernatorial_election#National_effect" title="2021 Anambra State gubernatorial election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections" title="2022 Nigerian gubernatorial elections">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerian_gubernatorial_elections" title="2023 Nigerian gubernatorial elections"><i>2023</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_Nigerian_regional_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 Nigerian regional elections (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_Eastern_Region_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 Eastern Region legislative election (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1954_Northern_Region_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1954 Northern Region legislative election (page does not exist)">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956%E2%88%9257_Nigerian_regional_elections" title="1956−57 Nigerian regional elections">1956−57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960%E2%88%9261_Nigerian_regional_elections" title="1960−61 Nigerian regional elections">1960−61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Mid-West_Region_legislative_election" title="1964 Mid-West Region legislative election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1999_Nigerian_House_of_Assembly_elections" title="Category:1999 Nigerian House of Assembly elections">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_Nigerian_House_of_Assembly_elections" title="Category:2003 Nigerian House of Assembly elections">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:2007_Nigerian_House_of_Assembly_elections" title="Category:2007 Nigerian House of Assembly elections">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:2011_Nigerian_House_of_Assembly_elections" title="Category:2011 Nigerian House of Assembly elections">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:2015_Nigerian_House_of_Assembly_elections" title="Category:2015 Nigerian House of Assembly elections">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:2019_Nigerian_House_of_Assembly_elections" title="Category:2019 Nigerian House of Assembly elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerian_state_legislative_elections" title="2023 Nigerian state legislative elections"><i>2023</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1950_Lagos_city_council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1950 Lagos city council election (page does not exist)">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_Lagos_city_council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 Lagos city council election (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nigerian_elections#Local_elections" title="2022 Nigerian elections">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Northern_Cameroons_referendum" title="1959 Northern Cameroons referendum">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_British_Cameroons_referendum" title="1961 British Cameroons referendum">1961</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Nigerian_state_and_local_elections" title="Template:Nigerian state and local elections">State and local elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nigeria_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nigeria_topics" title="Template:Nigeria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nigeria_topics" title="Template talk:Nigeria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nigeria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nigeria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nigeria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nigeria-related_articles" title="Index of Nigeria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="KingdomsEmpires" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div class="hlist"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Kingdoms</li><li>Empires</li></ul></div> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Kanem-Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Nri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausa kingdoms">Hausa kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kano" title="Kingdom of Kano">Kano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daura_Emirate" title="Daura Emirate">Daura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Katsina" title="History of Katsina">Katsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazzau" title="Zazzau">Zazzau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadejia" title="Hadejia">Biram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rano" title="Rano">Rano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebbi_Emirate" title="Kebbi Emirate">Kebbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwararafa" title="Kwararafa">Kwararafa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Nigerian_history" title="Timeline of Nigerian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Nigeria">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria_before_1500" title="History of Nigeria before 1500">before 1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Nigeria (1500–1800)">1500-1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Colonial Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nigerian_Republic" title="First Nigerian Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Nigeria" title="Military dictatorship in Nigeria">Military dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nigerian_Republic" title="Second Nigerian Republic">Second Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Nigerian_Republic" title="Third Nigerian Republic">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Nigerian_Republic" title="Fourth Nigerian Republic">Fourth Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Plateau" title="Adamawa Plateau">Adamawa Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Nigeria" title="Template:Borders of Nigeria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Nigeria" title="List of populated places in Nigeria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nigeria" title="Climate change in Nigeria">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Nigeria" title="List of ecoregions in Nigeria">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Environmental issues in the Niger Delta">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Islands of Nigeria">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos_Plateau" title="Jos Plateau">Jos Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Mountains of Nigeria">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Nigeria" title="List of national parks of Nigeria">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Rivers of Nigeria">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Benue" class="mw-redirect" title="River Benue">Benue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nigeria" title="Wildlife of Nigeria">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife conservation in Nigeria">Wildlife conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Nigeria" title="Subdivisions of Nigeria">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_villages_in_Nigeria" title="Lists of villages in Nigeria">Villages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nigeria" title="Cabinet of Nigeria">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nigeria" title="Elections in Nigeria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministries_of_Nigeria" title="Federal Ministries of Nigeria">Federal Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nigeria" title="Foreign relations of Nigeria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nigeria">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nigeria" title="Human trafficking in Nigeria">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Law enforcement in Nigeria">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces" title="Nigerian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Nigeria">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nigeria" title="List of political parties in Nigeria">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)">PDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress" title="All Progressives Congress">APC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of Nigeria">Vice-President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nigeria" title="Supreme Court of Nigeria">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nigeria" title="Agriculture in Nigeria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Drain_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Drain in Nigeria">Brain Drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nigeria" title="Central Bank of Nigeria">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nigeria" title="Corruption in Nigeria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nigeria" title="Economic history of Nigeria">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nigeria" title="Energy in Nigeria">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Nigeria" title="Mining industry of Nigeria">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">Naira <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum in Nigeria">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nigeria" title="Tourism in Nigeria">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nigeria" title="Transport in Nigeria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Society of Nigeria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nigeria" title="Abortion in Nigeria">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nigeria" title="Censorship in Nigeria">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria#Baby_factories" title="Child sexual abuse in Nigeria">Baby factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nigeria" title="Capital punishment in Nigeria">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nigeria" title="Child labour in Nigeria">Child labour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girl_child_labour_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Girl child labour in Nigeria">Girl child labour</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Nigeria">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria" title="Child sexual abuse in Nigeria">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nigeria" title="Corruption in Nigeria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Nigeria" title="Crime in Nigeria">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Domestic violence in Nigeria">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Nigeria">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">MASSOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People" title="Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People">MOSOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oodua_Peoples_Congress" title="Oodua Peoples Congress">Oodua Peoples Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_in_Nigeria" title="Female genital mutilation in Nigeria">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Nigeria" title="Gender inequality in Nigeria">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nigeria" title="Health in Nigeria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Nigeria" title="Polygamy in Nigeria">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Nigeria" title="Poverty in Nigeria">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Nigeria" title="Prostitution in Nigeria">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_in_Nigeria" title="List of protests in Nigeria">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of Nigeria">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Nigeria" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nigeria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria" title="Women in Nigeria">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Nigeria" title="Youth in Nigeria">Youth</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Conflicts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div class="hlist"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Conflicts in Nigeria">Conflicts</a></li></ul></div> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist insurgency in Nigeria">Islamist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Niger Delta conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Culture of Nigeria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria,_We_Hail_Thee" title="Nigeria, We Hail Thee">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Cinema of Nigeria">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria" title="Coat of arms of Nigeria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nigeria" title="Flag of Nigeria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerians" title="List of Nigerians">List of Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nigeria">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nigeria" title="Public holidays in Nigeria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria" title="Sharia in Nigeria">Sharia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Nigeria" title="Smoking in Nigeria">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Nigeria">Video gaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nigeria" title="Outline of Nigeria">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nigeria-related_articles" title="Index of Nigeria-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigeria" title="Category:Nigeria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Africa">Politics of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Algeria" title="Politics of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Angola" title="Politics of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Benin" title="Politics of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Botswana" title="Politics of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Politics of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Burundi" title="Politics of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cameroon" title="Politics of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cape_Verde" title="Politics of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Politics of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chad" title="Politics of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Comoros" title="Politics of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Politics of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Djibouti" title="Politics of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Politics of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Eritrea" title="Politics of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Eswatini" title="Politics of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ethiopia" title="Politics of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gabon" title="Politics of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Gambia" title="Politics of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ghana" title="Politics of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guinea" title="Politics of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Politics of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Politics of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kenya" title="Politics of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lesotho" title="Politics of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Liberia" title="Politics of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Libya" title="Politics of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Madagascar" title="Politics of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malawi" title="Politics of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mali" title="Politics of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mauritania" title="Politics of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mauritius" title="Politics of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Morocco" title="Politics of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mozambique" title="Politics of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Namibia" title="Politics of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Niger" title="Politics of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rwanda" title="Politics of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Politics of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Senegal" title="Politics of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Seychelles" title="Politics of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Politics of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Somalia" title="Politics of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Sudan" title="Politics of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sudan" title="Politics of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tanzania" title="Politics of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Togo" title="Politics of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tunisia" title="Politics of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uganda" title="Politics of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zambia" title="Politics of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Politics of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Somaliland" title="Politics of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Madeira" title="Politics of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mayotte" title="Politics of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Politics of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Helena" title="Politics of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Politics of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154364#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154364#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154364#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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