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data-widget_type="breadcrumbs.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p id="breadcrumbs"><span><span><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/">Home</a></span> » <span><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/">What is Fusion?</a></span> » <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Fusion vs Fission</span></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-dce-background-image-url="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Magnificent_CME_Erupts_on_the_Sun_-_August_31.jpg" class="elementor-element elementor-element-6c7b2f8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="6c7b2f8" data-element_type="container" data-settings='{"background_background":"classic"}'> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c61018c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="c61018c" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Fusion vs Fission</h1> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-442d910 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="442d910" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-small">Source: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5539eb3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="5539eb3" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5d7153d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="5d7153d" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2b3ba26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="2b3ba26" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p>In fission, energy is gained by splitting heavy atoms, for example uranium, into smaller atoms such as iodine, caesium, strontium, xenon and barium, to name just a few. However, fusion is combining light atoms, for example two <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>Hydrogen is the lightest element with atomic number 1. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/hydrogen/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>hydrogen</a> isotopes, deuterium and <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>With deuterium, the second isotope of hydrogen, containing one proton and two neutrons in the nucleus. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/tritium/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>tritium</a>, to form the heavier helium. Both reactions release energy which, in a power plant, would be used to boil water to drive a steam generator, thus producing electricity.</p><h2>Fission and chain reactions</h2><p>Fission is the nuclear process that is currently run in nuclear power plants. It is triggered by uranium absorbing a <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>The most common subnuclear particle, along with the proton. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/neutron/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>neutron</a>, which renders the nucleus unstable. The result of the instability is the nucleus breaking up, in any one of many different ways, and producing more neutrons, which in turn hit more uranium atoms and make them unstable and so on. This chain reaction is the key to fission reactions, but it can lead to a runaway process resulting in nuclear accidents. In conventional nuclear power stations today, there are systems in place to moderate the chain reactions to prevent accident scenarios and stringent security measures to deal with proliferation issues.</p><h2>Fusion: inherently safe but challenging</h2><p>Unlike nuclear fission, the nuclear fusion reaction in a <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>see advanced tokamaks</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/tokamak/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>tokamak</a> is an inherently safe reaction. The reasons that have made fusion so difficult to achieve to date are the same ones that make it safe: it is a finely balanced reaction which is very sensitive to the conditions – the reaction will die if the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>Plasma is called the forth state of matter, it is neither solid, liquid, nor gas. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/plasma/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>plasma</a> is too cold or too hot, or if there is too much fuel or not enough, or too many contaminants, or if the magnetic fields are not set up just right to control the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>Randomly fluctuating, as opposed to coherent, wave action. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/turbulence/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex="0" role="link">turbulence</a> of the hot plasma. This is why fusion is still in the research and development phase – and fission is already making electricity.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c382edd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="c382edd" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-cb54c08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="cb54c08" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <figure class="wp-caption"> <a href="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Fusion_vs_Fission.jpg" data-elementor-open-lightbox="yes" data-elementor-lightbox-description=" Left: fusion, when light atoms fuse and release energy. Right: fission, when heavy atoms split and release energy. " data-e-action-hash="#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ODAwLCJ1cmwiOiJodHRwczpcL1wvZXVyby1mdXNpb24ub3JnXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIyXC8wN1wvRnVzaW9uX3ZzX0Zpc3Npb24uanBnIn0%3D"> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="768" height="515" src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Fusion_vs_Fission-768x515.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-800" alt="" srcset="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Fusion_vs_Fission-768x515.jpg 768w, https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Fusion_vs_Fission-300x201.jpg 300w, https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Fusion_vs_Fission-1024x687.jpg 1024w, https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Fusion_vs_Fission.jpg 1072w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px"/> </a> <figcaption class="widget-image-caption wp-caption-text"> Left: fusion, when light atoms fuse and release energy. Right: fission, when heavy atoms split and release energy. </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-216c2f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="216c2f0" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-088f059 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="088f059" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-509bcbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="509bcbd" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2>Binding energy</h2><p>The key to why some atoms split and release energy while others fuse to do the same lies in how tightly the protons and neutrons are held together. If a nuclear reaction produces nuclei that are more tightly bound than the originals then energy will be produced by fusion, and for fission the opposite is true.</p><p>It turns out that the most tightly bound atomic nuclei are around the size of iron, which has 26 protons in the nucleus. So, one can release energy either by splitting very large nuclei, like uranium with 92 protons, to get smaller products, or fusing very light nuclei, like hydrogen, with just one <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>The proton, along with the neutron is the most common nucleon. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/proton/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>proton</a> to get bigger products.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-54e7b78 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="54e7b78" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e9b0f5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e9b0f5a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <figure class="wp-caption"> <a href="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/bindingenergy.jpg" data-elementor-open-lightbox="yes" data-elementor-lightbox-description="Smaller nuclei fuse and release energy until at iron no more energy is released by fusion. " data-e-action-hash="#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTgzNCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2V1cm8tZnVzaW9uLm9yZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyMlwvMDhcL2JpbmRpbmdlbmVyZ3kuanBnIn0%3D"> <img decoding="async" width="500" height="316" src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/bindingenergy.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1834" alt="" srcset="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/bindingenergy.jpg 500w, https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/bindingenergy-300x190.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px"/> </a> <figcaption class="widget-image-caption wp-caption-text">Smaller nuclei fuse and release energy until at iron no more energy is released by fusion. </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2554752 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="2554752" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e600269 elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="e600269" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow" href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-arrow-alt-circle-left"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Previous chapter: <br>Fusion Conditions</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a19e5c2 elementor-align-right elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="a19e5c2" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow" href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/history-of-fusion/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-arrow-alt-circle-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Next chapter: <br>History of Fusion</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer data-elementor-type="footer" data-elementor-id="13528" class="elementor elementor-13528 elementor-location-footer" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8327d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="8327d5a" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-221c83b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="221c83b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-88a5ef6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="88a5ef6" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-325" src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/flag_europe.png" alt="" width="102" height="69" />This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No 101052200 — EUROfusion). 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