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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div data-elementor-type="wp-page" data-elementor-id="2138" class="elementor elementor-2138" data-elementor-post-type="page"> <div data-dce-background-image-url="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/planet_iter_night_cropped_small.jpg" class="elementor-element elementor-element-dfc45ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="dfc45ae" data-element_type="container" data-settings='{"background_background":"classic"}'> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-0bd524c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="0bd524c" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Fusion on Earth</h1> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-16ab1db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="16ab1db" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h6 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-small">Credit © ITER Organization, http://www.iter.org/</h6> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-cbbaa60 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="cbbaa60" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ea42618 elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs" data-id="ea42618" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="breadcrumbs.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p id="breadcrumbs"><span><span><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/">Home</a></span> » <span><a href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/">What is Fusion?</a></span> » <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Fusion on Earth</span></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1ff5601 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="1ff5601" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8ed538e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="8ed538e" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-835d082 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="835d082" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2>Meeting Earth’s energy demands</h2><p>Our current energy landscape is heavily dependent on the fast-depleting fossil fuels, with 80% of the global energy consumption being based on fossil fuels, and changing this dependence is critical to cut down on the greenhouse gas emissions. Once harnessed, fusion has the potential to be a nearly unlimited, safe and CO2-free energy source.</p><p>On the Sun, the process of fusion is driven by the Sun’s immense gravitational force and high temperatures. But the Earth does not have the immense gravitational force required to confine the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>Hydrogen is the lightest element with atomic number 1. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/hydrogen/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>hydrogen</a> nuclei. So a different approach is needed to achieve fusion reactions on Earth.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-691872c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="691872c" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-0ecc6d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="0ecc6d6" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <figure class="wp-caption"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4yWhA1mVxA" target="_blank"> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="396" height="272" src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Fusion_Energy_Explained.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-5436" alt="" srcset="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Fusion_Energy_Explained.jpg 396w, https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Fusion_Energy_Explained-300x206.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px"/> </a> <figcaption class="widget-image-caption wp-caption-text">Click to whatch on YouTube: Fusion Energy Explained; Video by Piled Higher and Deeper (PHD Comics).</figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-bf75c33 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="bf75c33" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-63c9130 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="63c9130" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-489bf69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="489bf69" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2>150 million degrees Celsius</h2><p>In order to achieve fusion on Earth, gases need to be heated to extremely high temperatures of about 150 million degrees Celsius. That is 10 times more than the temperatures in the Sun’s core. Fusion researchers have established that the easiest to accomplish fusion reaction on earth is that between two hydrogen isotopes: deuterium, which is extracted from water, and <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>With deuterium, the second isotope of hydrogen, containing one proton and two neutrons in the nucleus. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/tritium/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>tritium</a>, which is produced in the wall of the fusion reactor from lithium. When deuterium and tritium nuclei fuse, they form a helium nucleus and a <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>The most common subnuclear particle, along with the proton. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/neutron/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>neutron</a> with a lot of energy.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6fb108a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="6fb108a" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-783f344 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="783f344" data-element_type="container" data-settings='{"background_background":"classic"}'> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-407efc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="407efc2" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large">Deuterium-Tritium</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-df1cc2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="df1cc2a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p>fusion fuel of the future</p> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d0a24b8 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon" data-id="d0a24b8" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-check-circle"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e32fb30 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="e32fb30" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-265caf9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="265caf9" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c97330a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="c97330a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2>A magnetic cage</h2><p>Fusion scientists have developed methods that are able to heat <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>Plasma is called the forth state of matter, it is neither solid, liquid, nor gas. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/plasma/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>plasma</a> to temperatures of 150 million degrees Celsius. There exists no material however that can contain plasmas at such unimaginable temperatures. So, different plasma confinement methods are used by fusion scientists. One of them is the magnetic confinement wherein the hot plasma particles are contained in a magnetic “cage” made by strong magnetic fields which prevent the particles from escaping. For energy production the plasma has to be confined for a sufficiently long period for fusion to occur.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-593d2d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="593d2d6" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-bd12dc1 elementor-flip-box--effect-flip elementor-flip-box--direction-up elementor-widget elementor-widget-flip-box" data-id="bd12dc1" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="flip-box.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-flip-box" tabindex="0"> <div class="elementor-flip-box__layer elementor-flip-box__front"> <div class="elementor-flip-box__layer__overlay"> <div class="elementor-flip-box__layer__inner"> <div class="elementor-icon-wrapper elementor-view-framed elementor-shape-circle"> <div class="elementor-icon"> <i class="far fa-lightbulb"></i> </div> </div> <h3 class="elementor-flip-box__layer__title"> Did you know... </h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-flip-box__layer elementor-flip-box__back"> <div class="elementor-flip-box__layer__overlay"> <div class="elementor-flip-box__layer__inner"> <div class="elementor-flip-box__layer__description"> In <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>ITER is the world’s largest and most advanced fusion experiment. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/iter/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>ITER</a>, 10.000 tonnes of superconducting magnets will produce the magnetic fields to initiate, confine, shape and control the plasma. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6a37fa4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="6a37fa4" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d0fd47d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="d0fd47d" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9e6cbbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="9e6cbbb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2>The tokamak</h2><p>The most advanced and best investigated fusion device design available today is the <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>see advanced tokamaks</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/tokamak/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>tokamak</a>. Tokamak is a Russian acronym for the term Тороидальная Камера с Магнитными Катушками meaning a <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>The surface of a shape like a doughnut or inner tube. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/torus-2/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>torus</a>-shaped vacuum chamber surrounded by magnetic coils, which create a <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>In mathematics, a toroid is a surface of revolution with a hole in the middle, like a doughnut, forming a solid body. (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/toroidal/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>toroidal</a> magnetic field. The largest operating tokamak today is EUROfusion’s flagship device the Joint European Torus or <a class="glossaryLink" aria-describedby="tt" data-cmtooltip="<div class=glossaryItemBody>Joint European Torus (read more)</div>" href="https://euro-fusion.org/glossary/jet/" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>JET</a>. It is located in the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy. ITER, the biggest fusion experiment, being built in Cadarache, France, is also a tokamak. Once operational, ITER will demonstrate the feasibility of fusion as an energy source.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e14add6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="e14add6" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1e5a834 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="1e5a834" data-element_type="container" data-settings='{"background_background":"classic"}'> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c75a426 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="c75a426" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large">Tokamak</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-bc20ae5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="bc20ae5" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p>an acronym for a torus-shaped vacuum chamber surrounded by magnetic coils</p> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e53679e elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon" data-id="e53679e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="icon.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-icon-wrapper"> <div class="elementor-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-check-circle"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9d49e61 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="9d49e61" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="dce-visibility-event elementor-element elementor-element-71eb6dc elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="71eb6dc" data-element_type="widget" data-settings='{"enabled_visibility":"yes","dce_visibility_selected":"yes"}' data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow" href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-on-the-sun/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-arrow-alt-circle-left"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Previous chapter: <br> Fusion on the Sun</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="dce-visibility-event elementor-element elementor-element-1380967 elementor-align-right elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="1380967" data-element_type="widget" data-settings='{"enabled_visibility":"yes","dce_visibility_selected":"yes"}' data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow" href="https://euro-fusion.org/fusion/fusion-conditions/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-arrow-alt-circle-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text">Next chapter: <br> Fusion Conditions</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <footer data-elementor-type="footer" data-elementor-id="13528" class="elementor elementor-13528 elementor-location-footer" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8327d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="8327d5a" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-221c83b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="221c83b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-88a5ef6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="88a5ef6" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-325" src="https://euro-fusion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/flag_europe.png" alt="" width="102" height="69" />This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No 101052200 — EUROfusion). 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