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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zakres_geograficzny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zakres_geograficzny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zakres geograficzny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zakres_geograficzny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Śmiertelność" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Śmiertelność"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Śmiertelność</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Śmiertelność-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profil_wiekowy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profil_wiekowy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Profil wiekowy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profil_wiekowy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zobacz_też" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zobacz_też"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zobacz też</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zobacz_też-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pandemia grypy hiszpanki</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 94 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 języki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanse_griep_in_Suid-Afrika" title="Spaanse griep in Suid-Afrika – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spaanse griep in Suid-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanische_Grippe" title="Spanische Grippe – szwajcarski niemiecki" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Spanische Grippe" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="szwajcarski niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanjatavd%C3%A2" title="Espanjatavdâ – inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Espanjatavdâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإنفلونزا الإسبانية – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإنفلونزا الإسبانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%83" title="Սպանական Կրիփ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սպանական Կրիփ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe_espa%C3%B1ol" title="Gripe español – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gripe español" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0span_qripi" title="İspan qripi – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İspan qripi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81" title="স্প্যানিশ ফ্লু – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্প্যানিশ ফ্লু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-pan-g%C3%A2_li%C3%BB-k%C3%A1m" title="Se-pan-gâ liû-kám – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Se-pan-gâ liû-kám" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF" title="Іспанскі грып – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іспанскі грып" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF" title="Гішпанскі грып – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гішпанскі грып" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Испански грип – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Испански грип" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panska_groznica" title="Španska groznica – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Španska groznica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A8mia_de_grip_de_1918" title="Pandèmia de grip de 1918 – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pandèmia de grip de 1918" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%A1_ch%C5%99ipka" title="Španělská chřipka – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Španělská chřipka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemig_ffliw_1918" title="Pandemig ffliw 1918 – walijski" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pandemig ffliw 1918" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_spanske_syge" title="Den spanske syge – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den spanske syge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanische_Grippe" title="Spanische Grippe – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spanische Grippe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaania_gripp" title="Hispaania gripp – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hispaania gripp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%B7" title="Ισπανική γρίπη – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισπανική γρίπη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Spanish flu" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_gripe_de_1918" title="Pandemia de gripe de 1918 – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pandemia de gripe de 1918" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispana_gripo" title="Hispana gripo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hispana gripo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espainiako_gripea" title="Espainiako gripea – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espainiako gripea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="آنفلوانزای اسپانیایی – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنفلوانزای اسپانیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grippe_espagnole" title="Grippe espagnole – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grippe espagnole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanske_gryp" title="Spaanske gryp – zachodniofryzyjski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Spaanske gryp" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zachodniofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fli%C3%BA_Sp%C3%A1inneach" title="Fliú Spáinneach – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fliú Spáinneach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe_de_1918" title="Gripe de 1918 – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gripe de 1918" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6_%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%82" title="સ્પેનિશ ફ્લૂ – gudżarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્પેનિશ ફ્લૂ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudżarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AE-p%C3%A2n-ng%C3%A0_li%C3%B9-k%C3%A1m" title="Sî-pân-ngà liù-kám – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sî-pân-ngà liù-kám" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8_%EB%8F%85%EA%B0%90" title="스페인 독감 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페인 독감" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BA" title="Իսպանական գրիպ – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսպանական գրիպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82" title="स्पेनी फ्लू – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पेनी फ्लू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panjolska_gripa" title="Španjolska gripa – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Španjolska gripa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flu_Spanyol" title="Flu Spanyol – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Flu Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A6nska_veikin" title="Spænska veikin – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spænska veikin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_spagnola" title="Influenza spagnola – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Influenza spagnola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="השפעת הספרדית – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השפעת הספרדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlipuko_wa_homa_ya_mafua_wa_1918" title="Mlipuko wa homa ya mafua wa 1918 – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mlipuko wa homa ya mafua wa 1918" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsima_spanyol%C3%AE" title="Arsima spanyolî – kurdyjski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Arsima spanyolî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%82%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%AB%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%99" title="ໄຂ້ຫວັດໃຫ່ຍສະເປນ – laotański" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄຂ້ຫວັດໃຫ່ຍສະເປນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laotański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influentia_Hispanica" title="Influentia Hispanica – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Influentia Hispanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%81%C5%86u_gripa" title="Spāņu gripa – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spāņu gripa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispani%C5%A1kasis_gripas" title="Ispaniškasis gripas – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ispaniškasis gripas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freve_spagnolla" title="Freve spagnolla – liguryjski" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Freve spagnolla" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguryjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil%C3%ADpi_ya_Espania" title="Gilípi ya Espania – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Gilípi ya Espania" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemica_de_gripe_de_1918" title="Pandemica de gripe de 1918 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pandemica de gripe de 1918" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_spagnoeula" title="Influenza spagnoeula – lombardzki" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Influenza spagnoeula" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyoln%C3%A1tha" title="Spanyolnátha – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spanyolnátha" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="स्पेनिस फ्लु – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="स्पेनिस फ्लु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الانفلونزا الاسبانيه – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الانفلونزا الاسبانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemik_selesema_1918" title="Pandemik selesema 1918 – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pandemik selesema 1918" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83%CC%A4-b%C4%83ng-ng%C3%A0_li%C3%B9-g%C4%81ng" title="Să̤-băng-ngà liù-gāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Să̤-băng-ngà liù-gāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%89%E1%81%81%E1%81%88_%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="၁၉၁၈ တုပ်ကွေး ကမ္ဘာကပ် – birmański" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၉၁၈ တုပ်ကွေး ကမ္ဘာကပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanse_griep" title="Spaanse griep – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spaanse griep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%8B%E3%81%9C" title="スペインかぜ – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペインかぜ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaans_Grip" title="Spaans Grip – północnofryzyjski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Spaans Grip" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="północnofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanskesyken" title="Spanskesyken – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spanskesyken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanskesjuka" title="Spanskesjuka – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spanskesjuka" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripa_espanh%C3%B2la" title="Gripa espanhòla – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gripa espanhòla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispan_grippi" title="Ispan grippi – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ispan grippi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82" title="ਸਪੇਨੀ ਫਲੂ – pendżabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਪੇਨੀ ਫਲੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendżabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88" title="ہسپانوی فلو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہسپانوی فلو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8D_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="هسپانوۍ انفلونزا – paszto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هسپانوۍ انفلونزا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paszto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe_espanhola" title="Gripe espanhola – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gripe espanhola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip%C4%83_spaniol%C4%83" title="Gripă spaniolă – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gripă spaniolă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Испанский грипп – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Испанский грипп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influ%C3%A8ntzia_ispagnola" title="Influèntzia ispagnola – sardyński" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Influèntzia ispagnola" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardyński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainish_flu" title="Spainish flu – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Spainish flu" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripi_spanjoll" title="Gripi spanjoll – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gripi spanjoll" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu – syngaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Spanish flu" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="syngaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_pandemic_of_1918" title="Influenza pandemic of 1918 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Influenza pandemic of 1918" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panielska_chr%C3%ADpka" title="Španielska chrípka – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Španielska chrípka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panska_gripa" title="Španska gripa – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Španska gripa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%DB%86%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ئەنفلۆنزای ئیسپانی – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنفلۆنزای ئیسپانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Шпанска грозница – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шпанска грозница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panska_groznica" title="Španska groznica – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Španska groznica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanjantauti" title="Espanjantauti – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Espanjantauti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanska_sjukan" title="Spanska sjukan – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spanska sjukan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemyang_trangkaso_ng_1918" title="Pandemyang trangkaso ng 1918 – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pandemyang trangkaso ng 1918" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="1918 இன்ஃபுளுவென்சா தொற்றுப்பரவல் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1918 இன்ஃபுளுவென்சா தொற்றுப்பரவல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82" title="స్పానిష్ ఫ్లూ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్పానిష్ ఫ్లూ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99" title="ไข้หวัดใหญ่สเปน – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไข้หวัดใหญ่สเปน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%A9x-h%C3%A1enaots%C3%A9stove" title="Tséx-háenaotséstove – czejeński" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Tséx-háenaotséstove" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="czejeński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spanyol_gribi" title="İspanyol gribi – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İspanyol gribi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Испан грипп – tuwiński" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Испан грипп" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuwiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Іспанський грип – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іспанський грип" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88" title="ہسپانوی فلو – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہسپانوی فلو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_d%E1%BB%8Bch_c%C3%BAm_T%C3%A2y_Ban_Nha_1918" title="Đại dịch cúm Tây Ban Nha 1918 – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại dịch cúm Tây Ban Nha 1918" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe_espagnole" title="Gripe espagnole – waloński" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Gripe espagnole" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="waloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%E5%B9%B4%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C" title="1918年流感大流行 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1918年流感大流行" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F" title="西班牙流感 – kantoński" 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.infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Pandemia grypy hiszpanki</div> </caption> <tbody><tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic,_Camp_Funston,_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oddział pierwszej pomocy w Fort Riley"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg/240px-Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg/360px-Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg/480px-Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4802" data-file-height="3597" /></a></span><br />Oddział pierwszej pomocy w Fort Riley </td></tr> <tr> <th>Choroba </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Grypa" title="Grypa">grypa</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Wirus </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/H1N1" title="H1N1">H1N1</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lokalizacja </th> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Newworldmap.svg/22px-Newworldmap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Newworldmap.svg/33px-Newworldmap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Newworldmap.svg/44px-Newworldmap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="752" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ziemia" title="Ziemia">świat</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pierwsze wystąpienie </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Fort_Riley" title="Fort Riley">Fort Riley</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data wystąpienia </th> <td> <p>styczeń 1918 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Potwierdzone przypadki </th> <td> <p>globalnie – nieznane </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ofiary śmiertelne </th> <td> <p>globalnie – ok. 50 000 000 osób </p> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spanish_flu" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spanish_flu" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Spanish flu">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:1918_flu_outbreak2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/1918_flu_outbreak2.jpg/220px-1918_flu_outbreak2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/1918_flu_outbreak2.jpg/330px-1918_flu_outbreak2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/1918_flu_outbreak2.jpg/440px-1918_flu_outbreak2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3719" data-file-height="2775" /></a><figcaption>Demonstracja postępowania z pacjentami</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pandemia grypy hiszpanki</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> (<b>hiszpanka</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> lub <b>grypa hiszpańska</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>) – <a href="/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia">pandemia</a> wywołana przez wyjątkowo groźną odmianę podtypu <a href="/wiki/H1N1" title="H1N1">H1N1</a> wirusa A <a href="/wiki/Grypa" title="Grypa">grypy</a>, do której doszło w latach 1918–1920<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>, znana pod potoczną nazwą „hiszpanka”. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia_grypy_hiszpanki&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia_grypy_hiszpanki&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Historia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pandemia przetoczyła się w okresie 12 miesięcy w latach 1918–1919, w trzech osobnych falach, przez <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europę</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azja" title="Azja">Azję</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afryka" title="Afryka">Afrykę</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ameryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna" title="Ameryka Północna">Amerykę Północną</a>. </p><p>Pierwsza fala nadeszła wiosną 1918, była wysoce zakaźna, ale łagodna w przebiegu i nie wzbudziła zaniepokojenia<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002-7">[7]</a></sup><span class="problemy problemy-w-odn" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet="" data-problemy="ODN: brak numeru strony"> </span>. Pierwszy przypadek został odnotowany w hrabstwie <a href="/wiki/Hrabstwo_Haskell_(Kansas)" title="Hrabstwo Haskell (Kansas)">Haskell</a> w stanie <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> w <a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">USA</a> w styczniu 1918 roku. Niewielka liczba mieszkańców hrabstwa Haskell została wcielona do wojska w <a href="/wiki/Fort_Riley" title="Fort Riley">Fort Riley</a> w Kansas, gdzie 4 marca 1918 kucharz Albert Gitchell zgłosił się do lekarza z temperaturą 39,5 °C. Wkrótce dołączyli do niego kapral Lee Drake i sierżant Adolph Hurby. W ciągu dwóch dni u 522 mężczyzn w obozie zaobserwowano objawy infekcji<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>. </p><p>Druga fala, od sierpnia 1918, odznaczała się niezwykle wysoką śmiertelnością. Wystąpiła jednocześnie w trzech rejonach: w <a href="/wiki/Brest" title="Brest">Breście</a> we <a href="/wiki/Francja" title="Francja">Francji</a>, w <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Bostonie</a> w USA i we <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a> w <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002-7">[7]</a></sup><span class="problemy problemy-w-odn" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet="" data-problemy="ODN: brak numeru strony"> </span>. Największe ogniska grypy występowały na froncie i w obozach, skąd choroba z łatwością przenosiła się na ludność cywilną. Nawet przy najlepszej opiece medycznej 1/3 chorych umierała. Do Europy grypę sprowadzili amerykańscy żołnierze. Jako że ich transporty docierały głównie do portów we Francji, kraj ten stał się wylęgarnią zarazy<sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu-9">[9]</a></sup>. Pandemia grypy była także przyczyną licznych śmierci <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%84cy_sowieccy_w_niewoli_polskiej_(1919%E2%80%931921)" title="Jeńcy sowieccy w niewoli polskiej (1919–1921)">jeńców</a> podczas <a href="/wiki/Wojna_polsko-bolszewicka" title="Wojna polsko-bolszewicka">wojny polsko-bolszewickiej</a> i po niej<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>. </p><p>Trzecia fala pandemii miała miejsce między końcem 1918 a marcem 1919 i nierównomiernie, lecz z podobnym nasileniem rozwijała się w Stanach Zjednoczonych oraz w niektórych częściach Europy<sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu-9">[9]</a></sup>. Ostatnie zarażenia odnotowywano w 1920 roku<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>, jednak ostatnia fala cechowała się mniejszą śmiertelnością niż dwie poprzednie<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zakres_geograficzny">Zakres geograficzny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia_grypy_hiszpanki&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zakres geograficzny" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia_grypy_hiszpanki&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zakres geograficzny"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pandemia rozwinęła się na całym świecie, z wyjątkiem nielicznych wolnych od niej obszarów, takich jak: wyspy <a href="/wiki/Wyspa_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Heleny" title="Wyspa Świętej Heleny">Świętej Heleny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowa_Gwinea" title="Nowa Gwinea">Nowa Gwinea</a> i kilka wysp na Pacyfiku, a być może również centralne obszary Azji, Afryki i Ameryki Południowej<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002-7">[7]</a></sup><span class="problemy problemy-w-odn" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet="" data-problemy="ODN: brak numeru strony"> </span>. <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> dzięki wprowadzeniu szczelnej blokady transportu morskiego, ustrzegła się zawleczenia grypy aż do 1919 roku (kiedy nie była ona już tak zabójcza)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>. </p><p>Popularna jej nazwa („hiszpanka”) pochodzi od powszechnej opinii, jakoby pandemia szczególnie mocno rozwinęła się w Hiszpanii. Wrażenie to było skutkiem tego, że walczące w I wojnie światowej kraje, w których rozwijała się pandemia grypy, cenzurowały informację o skali zachorowań i śmiertelności, aby nie osłabiać morale (liczba zgonów była większa niż straty wojenne). Hiszpania pozostawała neutralna w wojnie i informacje o pandemii były otwarcie publikowane, stąd też wrażenie wysokiej zachorowalności<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002-7">[7]</a></sup><span class="problemy problemy-w-odn" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet="" data-problemy="ODN: brak numeru strony"> </span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Śmiertelność"><span id=".C5.9Amiertelno.C5.9B.C4.87"></span>Śmiertelność</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia_grypy_hiszpanki&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Śmiertelność" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia_grypy_hiszpanki&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Śmiertelność"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Amiertelno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Śmiertelność">Śmiertelność</a> grypy hiszpanki jest trudna do oceny, jednak na podstawie danych wojskowych można ją oszacować na 5–10%. W zamkniętych społecznościach śmiertelność była jeszcze wyższa. W Bostonie zachorowało 10% ludności. 2/3 chorych zmarło. W całej armii Stanów Zjednoczonych zachorowało 20%<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002-7">[7]</a></sup><span class="problemy problemy-w-odn" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet="" data-problemy="ODN: brak numeru strony"> </span>. </p><p>Liczba ofiar „hiszpanki” znacznie przewyższyła liczbę ofiar frontów <a href="/wiki/I_wojna_%C5%9Bwiatowa" title="I wojna światowa">I wojny światowej</a>. Na grypę i jej powikłania zmarły 24 tysiące osób amerykańskiego personelu wojskowego (amerykańskie straty bojowe wyniosły 34 tysiące osób). W Wielkiej Brytanii zmarło 150 tysięcy osób<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002-7">[7]</a></sup><span class="problemy problemy-w-odn" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet="" data-problemy="ODN: brak numeru strony"> </span>. </p><p>Podawane są różne szacunki śmiertelności na całym świecie: od 21–25 mln<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002-7">[7]</a></sup><span class="problemy problemy-w-odn" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet="" data-problemy="ODN: brak numeru strony"> </span> do 50–100 mln<sup id="cite_ref-JohnsonMueller2002_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsonMueller2002-15">[15]</a></sup>. Była pierwszą pandemią od czasów <a href="/wiki/Czarna_%C5%9Bmier%C4%87" title="Czarna śmierć">czarnej śmierci</a> (1347–1350) o tak wysokiej śmiertelności<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002-7">[7]</a></sup><span class="problemy problemy-w-odn" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet="" data-problemy="ODN: brak numeru strony"> </span>. Zachorowało na nią ok. 500 mln ludzi, co stanowiło wówczas 1/3 populacji świata<sup id="cite_ref-Frost_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burnet_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnet-17">[17]</a></sup>. </p><p>Śmierć ofiar grypy hiszpanki była w większości spowodowana wirusowym krwotocznym <a href="/wiki/Zapalenie_p%C5%82uc" title="Zapalenie płuc">zapaleniem płuc</a>, które zabijało w ciągu kilku pierwszych dni choroby. W wypadkach, kiedy pacjent przeżył pierwszą krytyczną fazę choroby, często przyczyną zgonu było bakteryjne zapalenie płuc<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>. </p><p>Osoby, które zachorowały w pierwszym ataku epidemii, wykazywały odporność na nią w następnych falach zachorowań. W czasie pandemii podawano w wątpliwość, czy rzeczywiście zachorowania były spowodowane przez grypę. Pierwsza fala miała stosunkowo łagodny przebieg, natomiast druga niosła niespotykaną do tej pory śmiertelność<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em"><span class="nomobile navigation-not-searchable"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/16px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/24px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/32px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span> </span><i>Z tym tematem związana jest kategoria: <a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Zmarli_na_gryp%C4%99_hiszpank%C4%99" title="Kategoria:Zmarli na grypę hiszpankę">Zmarli na grypę hiszpankę</a>.</i></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:W_curve.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/W_curve.png/330px-W_curve.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/W_curve.png/495px-W_curve.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/W_curve.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Różnica w profilu wiekowym zmarłych między hiszpanką (1918) a zwykłymi epidemiami (1911–1917)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Profil_wiekowy">Profil wiekowy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia_grypy_hiszpanki&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Profil wiekowy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia_grypy_hiszpanki&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Profil wiekowy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nietypową cechą tej pandemii był odwrócony profil wiekowy jej ofiar. Umierali przede wszystkim ludzie młodzi i w średnim wieku (20–40 lat), podczas gdy zwykle na grypę umierają dzieci, osoby starsze i z osłabioną odpornością<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>. W relacjach z pandemii podkreślano, że liczba zgonów w młodszym wieku przekraczała liczbę zgonów w starszym wieku, np. w <a href="/wiki/Szwajcaria" title="Szwajcaria">Szwajcarii</a> znacznie poważniejszy przebieg zachorowań stwierdzono u osób w przedziale wiekowym 20–49 lat<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>. </p><p>Uczeni z <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin-Madison" title="University of Wisconsin-Madison">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a> w USA, badając zakażone wirusem hiszpanki <a href="/wiki/Makak_krabo%C5%BCerny" title="Makak krabożerny">makaki</a>, doszli do wniosku, że to nie sam wirus był bezpośrednio odpowiedzialny za wysoką śmiertelność wśród zarażonych. Kierujący badaniami Yoshihiro Kawaoka twierdzi, że małpy zabił ich własny <a href="/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_odporno%C5%9Bciowy" title="Układ odpornościowy">układ odpornościowy</a>. Okazało się, że atak układu odpornościowego na zakażone płuca, wywołany <a href="/wiki/Burza_cytokin" title="Burza cytokin">hipercytokinemią</a>, był tak silny, iż niszczył płuca. Wyjaśnia to, dlaczego (w odróżnieniu od normalnej grypy) hiszpanka zabijała głównie młodych ludzi – to właśnie młode osoby mają najsilniej działający układ odpornościowy<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zobacz_też"><span id="Zobacz_te.C5.BC"></span>Zobacz też</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia_grypy_hiszpanki&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zobacz też" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia_grypy_hiszpanki&action=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zobacz też"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox noprint plainlinks" cellpadding="4" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:30px;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> </td> <td style="line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; flex:unset;"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spanish_flu?uselang=pl"><strong>Zobacz multimedia</strong> związane z tematem: <em>Pandemia grypy hiszpanki</em></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiszpanka_(film)" title="Hiszpanka (film)">Hiszpanka (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemia_grypy_A/H1N1_w_latach_2009%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandemia grypy A/H1N1 w latach 2009–2010">pandemia grypy A/H1N1 w latach 2009–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemia_COVID-19" title="Pandemia COVID-19">pandemia COVID-19</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia_grypy_hiszpanki&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia_grypy_hiszpanki&action=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Wnęk: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-4096cc0e-0fe3-4cf5-b07f-47ccd69e1148/c/AHIFM_2014_v77_16to23.pdf">Pandemia grypy hiszpanki (1918–1919) w świetle polskiej prasy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gis.gov.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Wytyczne-do-planu-pandemicznego-grypy-NIZP-PZH.pdf">Wytyczne do przygotowania placówek medycznych na wypadek wystąpienia pandemii grypy</a>, Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego – Państwowy Zakład Higieny, Warszawa 2018, s. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomasz Zahorski, Iga Zendran: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/15986/Zahorski%2c%20T.%2c%20Zendran%2c%20I.-Z%c5%82oty%20wiek%20grypy.%20Kr%c3%b3tka%20historia%20pandemii.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Złoty wiek grypy. Krótka historia pandemii</a>, s. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Witold_Nowicki_(lekarz)" title="Witold Nowicki (lekarz)">Witold Nowicki</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=klw&datum=19181025&seite=10"><em>Kilka słów o t. zw. grypie hiszpańskiej</em></a>. „<a href="/wiki/Kurier_Lwowski" title="Kurier Lwowski">Kurjer Lwowski</a>”. Nr 494, s. 10, 25 października 1918.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kilka+s%C5%82%C3%B3w+o+t.+zw.+grypie+hiszpa%C5%84skiej&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BKurier+Lwowski%7CKurjer+Lwowski%5D%5D&rft.date=25+pa%C5%BAdziernika+1918&rft.volume=Nr+494&rft.au=%5B%5BWitold+Nowicki+%28lekarz%29%7CWitold+Nowicki%5D%5D&rft.pages=10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Faid%3Dklw%26datum%3D19181025%26seite%3D10"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal open-access doi pmid pmc nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Anton</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Anton" style="display:none">A.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Erkoreka</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Anton</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Anton">A.</span></span>, <i>The Spanish influenza pandemic in occidental Europe (1918–1920) and victim age</i>, „Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses”, 4 (2), <span title="marzec 2010">2010</span>, s. 81–89, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1750-2659.2009.00125.x">10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00125.x</a><span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1750-2640">1750-2640</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20167048">20167048</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMCID" title="PMCID">PMCID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5779284/">PMC5779284</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2020-03-20]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+influenza+pandemic+in+occidental+Europe+%281918%E2%80%931920%29+and+victim+age&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2010-03&rft.issn=1750-2640&rft.jtitle=Influenza+and+Other+Respiratory+Viruses&rft.volume=4&rft.edition=2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20167048&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F5779284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1750-2659.2009.00125.x" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-08/acop-aos082806.php"><i>Analysis of Spanish flu cases in 1918-1920 suggests transfusions might help in bird flu pandemic</i></a> [online], EurekAlert!<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2020-03-20]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Spanish+flu+cases+in+1918-1920+suggests+transfusions+might+help+in+bird+flu+pandemic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2006-08%2Facop-aos082806.php" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002_7-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002_7-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002_7-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002_7-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002_7-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002_7-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002_7-7">h</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002">Cartwright i Biddiss 2002 ↓</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Barbara J Starmans: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesocialhistorian.com/spanish-influenza-of-1918/">Spanish Influenza of 1918</a>. thesocialhistorian.com. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard.edu-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu_9-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/influenza.html">Spanish Influenza in North America, 1918–1919</a>. harvard.edu. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Andrzej Fedorowicz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126203833/http://www.amaf.pl/?p=581">Człowiek, który ratował bolszewickich jeńców w Strzałkowie – fakty o polskich obozach 1920 roku</a>. amaf.pl. [dostęp 2017-07-27]. [zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amaf.pl/?p=581">tego adresu</a> (2019-01-26)].</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal open-access doi pmid pmc nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Laura</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Laura" style="display:none">L.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Cilek</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Laura</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Laura">L.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Gerardo</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Gerardo" style="display:none">G.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Chowell</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Gerardo</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Gerardo">G.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Diego Ramiro</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Diego Ramiro" style="display:none">D.R.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Fariñas</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Diego Ramiro</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Diego Ramiro">D.R.</span></span>, <i>Age-Specific Excess Mortality Patterns During the 1918–1920 Influenza Pandemic in Madrid, Spain</i>, „American Journal of Epidemiology”, 187 (12), <span title="grudzień 2018">2018</span>, s. 2511–2523, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwy171">10.1093/aje/kwy171</a><span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0002-9262">0002-9262</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30124746">30124746</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMCID" title="PMCID">PMCID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6454514/">PMC6454514</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2020-03-20]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.atitle=Age-Specific+Excess+Mortality+Patterns+During+the+1918%E2%80%931920+Influenza+Pandemic+in+Madrid%2C+Spain&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2018-12&rft.issn=0002-9262&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.volume=187&rft.edition=12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30124746&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F6454514&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwy171" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Internet</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Internet" style="display:none">I.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Archive</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Internet</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Internet">I.</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/cruelwindpandemi0000pett"><i>A cruel wind. Pandemic flu in America, 1918-1920</i></a>, Murfreesboro, Tenn.: Timberlane Books, 2008<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2020-03-20]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.aufirst=Internet&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=A+cruel+wind.+Pandemic+flu+in+America%2C+1918-1920&rft.pub=Murfreesboro%2C+Tenn.%3A+Timberlane+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcruelwindpandemi0000pett" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Janice.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Janice." style="display:none">J.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Bailie</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Janice.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Janice.">J.</span></span>, <i>A cruel wind. Pandemic flu in America, 1918-1920</i>, Murfreesboro, Tenn.: Timberlane Books, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780971542815" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780971542815">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-0-9715428-1-5</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/233522832">233522832</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2020-03-20]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.place=Murfreesboro%2C+Tenn.&rft.aufirst=Janice.&rft.aulast=Bailie&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9715428-1-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=A+cruel+wind.+Pandemic+flu+in+America%2C+1918-1920&rft.pub=Timberlane+Books&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233522832" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20141027014103/http://www.auspostalhistory.com/articles/1123.php">Influenza Pandemic in Australia 1918-19, Melbourne Statistics</a>. auspostalhistory.com. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnsonMueller2002-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-JohnsonMueller2002_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Niall P. A. S. „Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918–1920 „Spanish” Influenza Pandemic”. Bulletin of the History of Medicine – Volume 76, Number 1, Spring 2002, s. 105–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Frost_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frost WH. Statistics of influenza morbidity. Public Health Rep. 1920;35:584–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burnet-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Burnet_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burnet F, Clark E. Influenza: a survey of the last 50 years in the light of modern work on the virus of epidemic influenza. Melbourne: MacMillan; 1942.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">John F. Brundage, G. Dennis Shanks: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100727104926/http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/14/8/1193.htm">Deaths from Bacterial Pneumonia during 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic</a>. cdc.gov, sierpień 2008. [dostęp 2017-07-27]. [zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/8/07-1313_article">tego adresu</a> (2010-07-27)]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Knobler SL, Mack A, Mahmoud A, et al.: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22148/">The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary.</a></i>. National Academies Press, 2005. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9780309095044" title="Specjalna:Książki/9780309095044">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-0-309-09504-4</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Threat+of+Pandemic+Influenza%3A+Are+We+Ready%3F+Workshop+Summary.&rft.au=Knobler+SL%2C+Mack+A%2C+Mahmoud+A%2C+et+al.&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-309-09504-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK22148%2F"></span></cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal open-access doi pmid pmc nourl c"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Jeffery K.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Jeffery K." style="display:none">J.K.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Taubenberger</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Jeffery K.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Jeffery K.">J.K.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">David M.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="David M." style="display:none">D.M.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Morens</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">David M.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="David M.">D.M.</span></span>, <i>1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics</i>, „<a href="/wiki/Emerging_Infectious_Diseases" title="Emerging Infectious Diseases">Emerging Infectious Diseases</a>”, 12 (1), <span title="styczeń 2006">2006</span>, s. 15–22, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1201.050979">10.3201/eid1201.050979</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16494711">16494711</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMCID" title="PMCID">PMCID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3291398/">PMC3291398</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2006-01&rft.atitle=1918+Influenza%3A+the+Mother+of+All+Pandemics&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.volume=12&rft.edition=1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16494711&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F3291398&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid1201.050979" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Catherine E Ammon: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12631986">Spanish flu epidemic in 1918 in Geneva, Switzerland.</a></i>. styczeń 2003. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0531-5131(01)00337-5">10.1016/S0531-5131(01)00337-5</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+flu+epidemic+in+1918+in+Geneva%2C+Switzerland.&rft.au=Catherine+E+Ammon&rft.date=stycze%C5%84+2003&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0531-5131%2801%2900337-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F12631986"></span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">D. Ann Herring, Alan C. Swedlund: <i>Plagues and Epidemics: Infected Spaces Past and Present</i>. Berg, 2010, s. 185. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9781847887559" title="Specjalna:Książki/9781847887559">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-1-84788-755-9</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plagues+and+Epidemics%3A+Infected+Spaces+Past+and+Present&rft.au=D.+Ann+Herring%2C+Alan+C.+Swedlund&rft.pub=Berg&rft.pages=185&rft.isbn=9781847887559"></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16670768/ns/health-cold_and_flu/t/new-tests-reveal-why-flu-was-so-deadly/">New tests reveal why 1918 flu was so deadly</a>. nbcnews.com, 17 stycznia 2007. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia_grypy_hiszpanki&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia_grypy_hiszpanki&action=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFCartwrightBiddiss2002">Frederick F. Cartwright, Michael Biddiss: <i>Niewidoczny wróg. Zarazy i historia</i>. Warszawa: Jakość Wiedzy, 2002, s. 154–156. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788389344083" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788389344083">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-83-89344-08-3</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niewidoczny+wr%C3%B3g.+Zarazy+i+historia&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Frederick+F.&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Jako%C5%9B%C4%87+Wiedzy&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=154%E2%80%93156&rft.isbn=9788389344083"></span></cite></li></ul> <div style="border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1); color:inherit; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); margin-top: 10px; padding: 7px 10px 4px 15px; text-align:left; font-size:95%; clear:both;" class="zastrzezenia"> <p><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg/20px-Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg/30px-Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg/40px-Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Zastrze%C5%BCenia_dotycz%C4%85ce_poj%C4%99%C4%87_medycznych" title="Wikipedia:Zastrzeżenia dotyczące pojęć medycznych">Przeczytaj ostrzeżenie dotyczące informacji medycznych i pokrewnych zamieszczonych w Wikipedii</a>. </p> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description">pandemia grypy</span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/sh2003011372">sh2003011372</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4278432-3">4278432-3</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131794532">131794532</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Universitaire_de_Documentation" title="Système Universitaire de Documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/035290692">035290692</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centralna_Biblioteka_Narodowa_we_Florencji" title="Centralna Biblioteka Narodowa we Florencji">BNCF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=23599">23599</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph982449">ph982449</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiszpa%C5%84ska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Hiszpańska Biblioteka Narodowa">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX557254">XX557254</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007537434205171">987007537434205171</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/influenza-pandemic-of-1918-1919">event/influenza-pandemic-of-1918-1919</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/spagnola">spagnola</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/grippe-espagnole/">grippe-espagnole</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielka_Encyklopedia_Rosyjska" title="Wielka Encyklopedia Rosyjska">БРЭ</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/2633578">2633578</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">NE.se</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/spanska-sjukan">spanska-sjukan</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppslagsverket_Finland" title="Uppslagsverket Finland">Uppslagsverket Finland</a>: <span 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