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<li id="toc-The_era_of_international_control,_1901–1979" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_era_of_international_control,_1901–1979"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The era of international control, 1901–1979</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_era_of_international_control,_1901–1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_era_of_nationalized_oil,_1979–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_era_of_nationalized_oil,_1979–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The era of nationalized oil, 1979–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_era_of_nationalized_oil,_1979–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isolation_and_stagnation_under_Khomeini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolation_and_stagnation_under_Khomeini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Isolation and stagnation under Khomeini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolation_and_stagnation_under_Khomeini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khatami_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khatami_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Khatami era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khatami_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-JCPOA_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-JCPOA_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Post-JCPOA era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-JCPOA_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_production_and_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_production_and_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Oil production and reserves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_production_and_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_refining_and_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_refining_and_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Oil refining and consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_refining_and_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_in_oil_and_oil_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_in_oil_and_oil_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Trade in oil and oil products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_in_oil_and_oil_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pipeline_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipeline_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pipeline transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipeline_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Natural gas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Natural_gas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Natural gas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Natural_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_foreign_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_foreign_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Major foreign projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_foreign_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petrochemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petrochemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Petrochemicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petrochemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Iran</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_petrolera_en_Ir%C3%A1n" title="Industria petrolera en Irán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Industria petrolera en Irán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="صنعت نفت ایران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صنعت نفت ایران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrie_p%C3%A9troli%C3%A8re_en_Iran" title="Industrie pétrolière en Iran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Industrie pétrolière en Iran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%DA%86_%D9%BE%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="ایران وچ پٹرولیم صنعت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایران وچ پٹرولیم صنعت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Нефтегазовая промышленность Ирана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нефтегазовая промышленность Ирана" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of the petroleum industry of Iran</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Parts of this article (those related to 2012–present) need to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the petroleum industry in Iran. For the industry's economic effects, see <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrochemical_Complexes_in_Asaluyeh_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Petrochemical_Complexes_in_Asaluyeh_%288%29.jpg/220px-Petrochemical_Complexes_in_Asaluyeh_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Petrochemical_Complexes_in_Asaluyeh_%288%29.jpg/330px-Petrochemical_Complexes_in_Asaluyeh_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Petrochemical_Complexes_in_Asaluyeh_%288%29.jpg/440px-Petrochemical_Complexes_in_Asaluyeh_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Iran manufactures 60–70% of <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">its industrial equipment</a> domestically, including various turbines, pumps, catalysts, <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refineries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tankers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">drilling rigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">offshore platforms</a>, towers, pipes, and exploration instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_production_in_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Oil_production_in_Iran.svg/220px-Oil_production_in_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Oil_production_in_Iran.svg/330px-Oil_production_in_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Oil_production_in_Iran.svg/440px-Oil_production_in_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Oil production in Iran, 1965–2019</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">energy superpower</a> and the <b>petroleum industry in Iran</b> plays an important part in it.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, Iran produced 5.1 percent of the world's total <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> (3.9 million barrels (620,000 m<sup>3</sup>; 160 million US gal) per day), which generated revenues of US$25 billion to US$30 billion and was the country's primary source of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign reserves">foreign currency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 2006 levels of production, oil proceeds represented about 18.7% of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP). However, the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> sector to <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Iran's economy</a> has been far greater. The oil and gas industry has been the engine of economic growth, directly affecting public development projects, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran#Public_finance_and_fiscal_policy" title="Government of Iran">government's annual budget</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran#Foreign_reserves" title="Central Bank of Iran">foreign exchange sources</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In FY 2009, the sector accounted for 60% of total government revenues and 80% of the total annual value of both exports and foreign currency earnings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Oil and gas revenues are affected by the value of crude oil on the international market. It has been estimated that at the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> (OPEC) quota level (December 2004), a one-dollar change in the price of crude oil on the international market would alter <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_(Iran)#Revenues_from_crude_oil" title="Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)">Iran's oil revenues</a> by US$1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-loc1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, Iran, which exported around 1.5 million barrels of crude oil a day, was the second-largest exporter among the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.<sup id="cite_ref-EIAApr2613_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIAApr2613-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, officials in Iran estimated that Iran's annual oil and gas revenues could reach $250 billion by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-oil_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oil-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the industry was disrupted by an <a href="/wiki/Embargo_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo against Iran">international embargo</a> from July 2012 to January 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran plans to invest a total of $500 billion in the oil sector before 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-nitc.co.ir_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nitc.co.ir-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heritage_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Company">Anglo-Iranian Oil Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_era_of_international_control,_1901–1979"><span id="The_era_of_international_control.2C_1901.E2.80.931979"></span>The era of international control, 1901–1979</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The era of international control, 1901–1979"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company#History" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company § History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consortium_Agreement_of_1954" title="Consortium Agreement of 1954">Consortium Agreement of 1954</a>, <a href="/wiki/1973_Sale_and_Purchase_Agreement" title="1973 Sale and Purchase Agreement">1973 Sale and Purchase Agreement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rafabadan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rafabadan.jpg/220px-Rafabadan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rafabadan.jpg/330px-Rafabadan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rafabadan.jpg/440px-Rafabadan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abadan_Refinery" title="Abadan Refinery">Abadan Refinery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Iran's oil industry began in 1901, when <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> speculator <a href="/wiki/William_Knox_D%27Arcy" title="William Knox D'Arcy">William D'Arcy</a> received a concession from Iran to explore and develop southern Iran's oil resources. The exploration in Iran was led by George Reynolds. The discovery of oil on May 26, 1908<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to the formation in 1909 of the London-based <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a> (APOC). By purchasing a majority of the company's shares in 1914, the British government gained direct control of the Iranian oil industry, which it would not relinquish for 37 years. After 1935 the APOC was called the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Company">Anglo-Iranian Oil Company</a> (AIOC). A 60-year agreement signed in 1933 established a flat payment to Iran of four British pounds for every ton of crude oil exported and denied Iran any right to control oil exports.<sup id="cite_ref-loc1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, ongoing popular demand prompted a vote in the <a href="/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis of Iran">Majlis</a> to nationalize the petroleum industry. In 1951, the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadeq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Mossadeq">Mohammad Mossadeq</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a> (NIOC). <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">A 1953 coup d'état</a> led by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">U.S. intelligence</a> agencies ousted the Mossadeq government and paved the way for a new oil agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, <a href="/wiki/Consortium_Agreement_of_1954" title="Consortium Agreement of 1954">a new agreement</a> divided profits equally between the NIOC and a multinational consortium that had replaced the AIOC, which at this time had been renamed <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">The British Petroleum Company</a>. In 1973, after the Shah threatened that the agreement will not be extended unless the consortium doubled oil production or handing over oil production entirely to Iranians, Iran signed <a href="/wiki/1973_Sale_and_Purchase_Agreement" title="1973 Sale and Purchase Agreement">a new 20-year concession with the consortium</a>, which handed over oil production entirely to NIOC while giving the consortium privileged priority to purchase oil from NIOC.<sup id="cite_ref-loc1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the late 1950s, many of Iran's international oil agreements did not produce the expected outcomes. Even those oil companies that managed to extract oil in their designated areas contributed very little to the country's total oil production. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> of 1978–79, the five largest international companies that had agreements with the NIOC accounted for only 10.4 percent of total oil production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During this period, <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran#Oil,_gas_and_petrochemicals" title="Industry of Iran">Iran's oil industry</a> remained disconnected from other industries, particularly manufacturing. This separation promoted inefficiencies in <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">the country's overall industrial economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, at a time when Iran was the second-largest oil exporter in the world and the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Arab–Israeli War</a> of October 6–25 was pressurizing the price of oil, the <a href="/wiki/Shah_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah of Iran">Shah of Iran</a> told the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Of course <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">the world price of oil is going to rise</a>. ... Certainly! And how ...; You [Western nations] increased the price of wheat you sell us by 300%, and the same for sugar and cement ...; You buy our crude oil and sell it back to us, refined as petrochemicals, at a hundred times the price you've paid to us ...; It's only fair that, from now on, you should pay more for oil. Let's say ten times more." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_era_of_nationalized_oil,_1979–present"><span id="The_era_of_nationalized_oil.2C_1979.E2.80.93present"></span>The era of nationalized oil, 1979–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The era of nationalized oil, 1979–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shazand_Petrochemical_Arak_Petrochemical.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Shazand_Petrochemical_Arak_Petrochemical.JPG/220px-Shazand_Petrochemical_Arak_Petrochemical.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Shazand_Petrochemical_Arak_Petrochemical.JPG/330px-Shazand_Petrochemical_Arak_Petrochemical.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Shazand_Petrochemical_Arak_Petrochemical.JPG/440px-Shazand_Petrochemical_Arak_Petrochemical.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4133" data-file-height="2747" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arak,_Iran" title="Arak, Iran">Arak</a> Petrochemical complex.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isolation_and_stagnation_under_Khomeini">Isolation and stagnation under Khomeini</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Isolation and stagnation under Khomeini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the 1979 Revolution, the NIOC took control of Iran's petroleum industry and canceled Iran's international oil agreements. In 1980, the exploration, production, sale, and export of oil were delegated to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)">Ministry of Petroleum</a>. Initially Iran's post-revolutionary oil policy was based on foreign currency requirements and the long-term <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">preservation of the natural resource</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, this policy was replaced by a more aggressive approach: maximizing exports and accelerating <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>. From 1979 until 1998, Iran did not sign any oil agreements with foreign oil companies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khatami_era">Khatami era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Khatami era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the first administration of President <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a>, in office 1997–2005, the government paid special attention to developing Iran's oil and gas industry. Oil was defined as inter-generational capital and an indispensable foundation of <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran#Review_of_Iran's_successive_economic_plans_(1991-2010)" title="Economic history of Iran">economic development</a>. Thus, between 1997 and 2004 Iran invested more than US$40 billion in expanding the capacity of existing oil fields and discovering and exploring new fields and deposits. These projects were financed either in the form of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Direct_Investment_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Direct Investment in Iran">joint investments with foreign companies</a> or domestic contractors or through direct investment by the NIOC.<sup id="cite_ref-loc1_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with the law, foreign investment in oil discovery was possible only in the form of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Direct_Investment_in_Iran#Buy-back" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Direct Investment in Iran">buyback agreements</a> under which the NIOC was required to reimburse expenses and retain complete ownership of an oil field. Marketing of crude oil to potential buyers was managed by the NIOC and by a government enterprise called <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company#Subsidiary_companies" title="National Iranian Oil Company">Nicoo</a>. Nicoo marketed Iranian oil to Africa, and the NIOC marketed to Asia and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-loc1_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to IHS CERA estimate, Iran's oil revenue will increase by a third to <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a> 100 billion in 2011 even though Iran is under an extended <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">period of U.S. sanctions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FPdec192011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPdec192011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-JCPOA_era">Post-JCPOA era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-JCPOA era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>in July 2015, the signing of the <a href="/wiki/JCPOA" class="mw-redirect" title="JCPOA">JCPOA</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javad_Zarif" class="mw-redirect" title="Javad Zarif">Javad Zarif</a> with <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> heralded a new era of détente in foreign relations. With it, Iran was once again allowed to sell its oil unencumbered on the world stage. The withdrawal by <a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Donald Trump from the JCPOA in May 2018</a> was an ill wind for Iran because he decided to re-apply the sanctions regime that had caused such difficulties to <a href="/wiki/Khamenei" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamenei">Khamenei</a>. For example, the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Darya_1" class="extiw" title="de:Adrian Darya 1"><i>Grace 1</i> oil tanker</a> was captured near <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> in July 2019 at the request of the US by the armed forces of the UK. The incident was one of several that have been labelled as the 2019 Persian Gulf crisis, but the crisis soon widened to encompass more distant seas where Iranian arms are impotent.<sup id="cite_ref-sabiti_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sabiti-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2019, the Iranian tanker <i>Happiness 1</i> suffered difficulties near <a href="/wiki/Jiddah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiddah">Jiddah</a>. In August the tanker <i>Helm</i> encountered difficulties while transiting the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, and in October the Iranian tanker <i><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Tanker_Company" title="National Iranian Tanker Company">Sabiti</a></i> was attacked by two missiles of unknown origin, again in the Red Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-sabiti_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sabiti-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fully laden <i>Sabiti</i> had been destined for the "Eastern Mediterranean".<sup id="cite_ref-bnnp_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnnp-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is a significant supporter of the Iranian petroleum industry. In 2017, 64% of an export total $16.9 billion with China was labelled "crude oil".<sup id="cite_ref-oecic_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecic-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Tanker_Company" title="National Iranian Tanker Company">National Iranian Tanker Company</a> cannot defend the product on the oceans, it most often leaves port under the flag of another nation which is able to defend its own interests.<sup id="cite_ref-nyts_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyts-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case of a <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>-based operator of oil tankers, Kunlun Holdings is illustrative: in early June it was operating with a shipment of Iranian crude oil as the <i>Pacific Bravo</i> before its transponder disappeared on 5 June in the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Malacca">Straits of Malacca</a>. When it reappeared on 18 July, the ship had been relieved of its load and was renamed the <i>Latin Venture</i>. The US, which had warned ports not to offload the $120 million cargo of the <i>Pacific Bravo</i>, was unhappy about the failure of its sanctions regime.<sup id="cite_ref-np42_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-np42-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kunlun Holdings is owned by the Bank of Kunlun, which is owned by the <a href="/wiki/(SOE)" class="mw-redirect" title="(SOE)">(SOE)</a> <a href="/wiki/CNPC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNPC">CNPC</a>. The Bank "has long been the financial institution at heart of China-Iran bilateral trade".<sup id="cite_ref-cnbc1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnbc1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China">Chinese foreign ministry</a> spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Geng_Shuang" title="Geng Shuang">Geng Shuang</a> "resolutely opposes" American unilateral sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-bnb_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnb-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oil_production_and_reserves">Oil production and reserves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oil production and reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iran" title="Oil reserves in Iran">Oil reserves in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IRAN_oil%26gas_production.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/IRAN_oil%26gas_production.jpg/220px-IRAN_oil%26gas_production.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/IRAN_oil%26gas_production.jpg/330px-IRAN_oil%26gas_production.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/IRAN_oil%26gas_production.jpg/440px-IRAN_oil%26gas_production.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Iran's oil & gas production, 1970–2009 data, 2010–2030 projected</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_Production_and_Consumption.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Oil_Production_and_Consumption.gif/220px-Oil_Production_and_Consumption.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Oil_Production_and_Consumption.gif/330px-Oil_Production_and_Consumption.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Oil_Production_and_Consumption.gif/440px-Oil_Production_and_Consumption.gif 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Iran's Petroleum production and consumption, 1977-2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Iran's total oil production reached a peak level of 6.6 Mbbl/d (1,050,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d) in 1976. By 1978, Iran had become the second-largest <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> producer and exporter of crude oil and the fourth-largest producer in the world. After a lengthy decline in the 1980s, production of crude oil began to increase steadily in 1987. In 2008 Iran produced 3.9-million-barrels (620,000 m<sup>3</sup>) per day (bpd) and exported 2.4 Mbbl/d (380,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accounting for 5 percent of world production, it returned to its previous position as OPEC's second-largest producer. In 2005, Iran had the estimated capacity to produce 4.5 Mbbl/d (720,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d); it was believed that production capacity could increase to 5 Mbbl/d (790,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d) to 7 Mbbl/d (1,100,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d), but only with a substantial increase in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Direct_Investment_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Direct Investment in Iran">foreign investment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran's long-term sustainable oil production rate is estimated at 3.8 Mbbl/d (600,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d).<sup id="cite_ref-loc1_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Iranian government, Iran has enough reserves to produce oil for the next 100 years while oil reserves of other Middle Eastern countries will be depleted in the next 60 years and most other oil-rich countries will lose their reserves within the next 30 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2006 Iran reported crude oil reserves of 132.5 billion barrels (2.107<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> m<sup>3</sup>), accounting for about 15 percent of OPEC's proven reserves and 11.4 percent of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">world proven reserves</a>. While the estimate of world crude oil reserves remained nearly steady between 2001 and 2006, at 1,154 billion barrels (1.835<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>11</sup> m<sup>3</sup>), the estimate of <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">Iran's oil reserves</a> was revised upward by 32 percent when a <a href="/wiki/NIOC_Recent_Discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="NIOC Recent Discoveries">new field was discovered</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a>. Market value of Iran's total <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> reserves at <a href="/wiki/Price_of_petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Price of petroleum">international crude price</a> of $75 per barrel stands at ~US $10 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 2000s, leading international oil firms from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> had agreements to develop <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">Iran's oil and gas fields</a>. In 2004 China signed a major agreement to buy oil and gas from Iran, as well as to develop Iran's <a href="/wiki/Yadavaran_Field" title="Yadavaran Field">Yadavaran oil field</a>. The value of this contract was estimated at US$150 billion to US$200 billion over 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-loc1_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corp" class="mw-redirect" title="China National Petroleum Corp">China National Petroleum Corp</a> (CNPC) signed a deal with the National Iranian Oil Company with CNPC taking ownership of a 70% stake upon promising to pay 90 percent of the development costs for the South <a href="/wiki/Azadegan_oil_field" title="Azadegan oil field">Azadegan oil field</a>, with the project needing investment of up to $2.5 billion. Earlier that year, CNPC also won a $2 billion deal to develop the first phase of the North Azadegan oilfield.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more modest yet important agreement was signed with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to explore and produce oil and natural gas in southern Iran. In 2006 the rate of production decline was 8 percent for Iran's existing onshore oil fields (furnishing the majority of oil output) and 10 percent for existing offshore fields. Little exploration, upgrading, or establishment of new fields occurred in 2005–6.<sup id="cite_ref-loc1_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Iran-Libya_Sanctions_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Libya Sanctions Act">threat of American retaliation</a> kept the investment way below the desired levels.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It only allowed Iran to continue to keep its oil export at or below its OPEC determined quota level.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, much of the equipment needed for oil industry are being produced by <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company#NIOC's_major_domestic_contractors" title="National Iranian Oil Company">local manufacturers</a> in Iran.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Besides, Iran is among the few countries that has reached the technology and "know-how" for drilling in the deep waters.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oil_refining_and_consumption">Oil refining and consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oil refining and consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Refining_and_Distribution_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company">National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_targeted_subsidy_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian targeted subsidy plan">Iranian targeted subsidy plan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2007_Gasoline_Rationing_Plan_in_Iran#Fuel_smuggling" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Gasoline Rationing Plan in Iran">Fuel smuggling in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_Oil_Products.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Iran_Oil_Products.jpg/220px-Iran_Oil_Products.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Iran_Oil_Products.jpg/330px-Iran_Oil_Products.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Iran_Oil_Products.jpg/440px-Iran_Oil_Products.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Iran's refining capacity, 2007-2013 estimate</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2011 <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Refining_and_Distribution_Company#Installations_and_capabilities" title="National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company">Iran's refineries</a> had a combined capacity of 1.457 Mbbl/d (231,600 m<sup>3</sup>/d). The largest refineries have the following capacities: Abadan, 350,000 bbl/d (56,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d); Esfahan, 284,000 bbl/d (45,200 m<sup>3</sup>/d); Bandar-e Abbas, 232,000 bbl/d (36,900 m<sup>3</sup>/d); Tehran, 220,000 bbl/d (35,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d); Arak, 170,000 bbl/d (27,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d); and Tabriz, 100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d).<sup id="cite_ref-IEAIran_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEAIran-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, pipelines conveyed 69 percent of total refined products; trucks, 20 percent; rail, 7 percent; and tankers, 4 percent. Oil refining produces a wide range of oil products, such as <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> (LPG), <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lubricants" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubricants">lubricants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc1_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iran&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Iran is a net exporter of petroleum products thanks to large exports of residual fuel oil, but the refineries cannot meet domestic demand for lighter distillates such as gasoline.<sup id="cite_ref-IEAIran_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEAIran-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1981 and 2010, domestic consumption of oil products increased from 0.6 Mbbl/d (95,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d) to 1.8 Mbbl/d (290,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d)<sup id="cite_ref-IEAIran_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEAIran-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—an average annual growth rate of 3.7 percent. Between 1981 and 2004, consumption of gasoline grew by 6 percent annually, but domestic production met only 75 percent of demand for this product. In 2004 the country imported US$1.6 billion worth of gasoline. By 2006 it imported 41 percent of its gasoline, but by 2010 imports were down to 19.5% of gasoline consumption<sup id="cite_ref-IEAIran_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEAIran-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and heavy investment in new refining capacity may see Iran exporting gasoline by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-IEAIran_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEAIran-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Refining capacity increased 18% in 2010 and the target is to increase refining capacity to 3.5 million barrels per day.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade_in_oil_and_oil_products">Trade in oil and oil products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trade in oil and oil products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Oil_Bourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Oil Bourse">Iranian Oil Bourse</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Tanker_Company" title="National Iranian Tanker Company">National Iranian Tanker Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_(Iran)#Revenues_from_crude_oil" title="Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)">Oil and gas revenues in Iran</a></div> <p>In 2006, exports of crude oil totaled 2.5 Mbbl/d (400,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d), or about 62.5 percent of Iran's crude oil production. The direction of crude oil exports changed after the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Revolution</a> because of the <a href="/wiki/Iran-Libya_Sanctions_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Libya Sanctions Act">U.S. trade embargo on Iran</a> and the marketing strategy of the <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">NIOC</a>. Initially, Iran's post-revolutionary crude oil export policy was based on foreign currency requirements and the need for long-term preservation of the natural resource. In addition, the government expanded oil trade with other developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the shares of Europe, Japan, and the United States declined from an average of 87 percent of oil exports before the Revolution to 52 percent in the early 2000s, the share of exports to East Asia, excluding Japan, increased significantly. In addition to crude oil exports, Iran exports oil products. In 2006 it exported 282,000 barrels (44,800 m<sup>3</sup>) of oil products, or about 21 percent of its total oil product output.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran plans to invest a total of $500 billion in the oil sector before 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-nitc.co.ir_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nitc.co.ir-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2011">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heritage_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Iran, which exports around 2.6 million barrels of crude oil a day, was the second-largest exporter among the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJDec192011_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJDec192011-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several major emerging economies depend on Iranian oil: 10% of South Korea's oil imports come from Iran, 9% of India's and 6% of China's.<sup id="cite_ref-FPdec192011_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPdec192011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iranian oil makes up 7% of Japan's and 30% of all Greece's oil imports.<sup id="cite_ref-FPdec192011_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPdec192011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran is also a major oil supplier to Spain and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJDec192011_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJDec192011-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, officials in Iran estimate that Iran's annual oil and gas revenues could reach $250 billion by 2015 once the current projects come on stream.<sup id="cite_ref-oil_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oil-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2010 estimate, Iran's oil revenue will increase by a third to <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a> 100 billion in 2011, even though Iran is under an extended period of U.S. sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-FPdec192011_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPdec192011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2012, Iran exports 22% of its oil to China, 14% to Japan, 13% to India, 10% to South Korea, 7% to Italy, 7% to Turkey, 6% to Spain and the remainder to France, Greece (& other European countries), Taiwan, Sri Lanka, South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Iranian exports of petrochemicals and petroleum products were worth almost $20 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters-20210917_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-20210917-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranoilandgas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iran's projected oil and gas revenues by the International Monetary Fund, 2005 to 2015."><img alt="Iran's projected oil and gas revenues by the International Monetary Fund, 2005 to 2015." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Iranoilandgas.jpg/120px-Iranoilandgas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Iranoilandgas.jpg/180px-Iranoilandgas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Iranoilandgas.jpg/240px-Iranoilandgas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_(Iran)#Revenues_from_crude_oil" title="Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)">Iran's projected oil and gas revenues</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, 2005 to 2015.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_Exports_Table_1H2011.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Iran's 2012 crude oil and condesate exports to key countries."><img alt="Iran's 2012 crude oil and condesate exports to key countries." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oil_Exports_Table_1H2011.gif/120px-Oil_Exports_Table_1H2011.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oil_Exports_Table_1H2011.gif/180px-Oil_Exports_Table_1H2011.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oil_Exports_Table_1H2011.gif/240px-Oil_Exports_Table_1H2011.gif 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iran's 2012 crude oil and condesate exports to key countries.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_natural_gas_infrastructure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Iran's oil and natural gas pipelines."><img alt="Iran's oil and natural gas pipelines." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Oil_natural_gas_infrastructure.png/120px-Oil_natural_gas_infrastructure.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Oil_natural_gas_infrastructure.png/180px-Oil_natural_gas_infrastructure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Oil_natural_gas_infrastructure.png/240px-Oil_natural_gas_infrastructure.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran#Pipelines" title="Transport in Iran">Iran's oil and natural gas pipelines</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pipeline_transport">Pipeline transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pipeline transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_Monitor" title="Global Energy Monitor">Global Energy Monitor</a> website, in 2023, the top five countries in terms of developing pipelines, proposed and under construction, are the United States, India, Iraq, Iran, and Tanzania. Iran has ranked first in terms of oil pipelines under construction. Ministry of Petroleum Iran is among the five parent companies developing oil pipelines.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_gas">Natural gas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Natural gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Gas_Company" title="National Iranian Gas Company">National Iranian Gas Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_reserves_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas reserves in Iran">Natural gas reserves in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_key_Petroleum_Sector_facilities_2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Iran_key_Petroleum_Sector_facilities_2004.svg/350px-Iran_key_Petroleum_Sector_facilities_2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Iran_key_Petroleum_Sector_facilities_2004.svg/525px-Iran_key_Petroleum_Sector_facilities_2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Iran_key_Petroleum_Sector_facilities_2004.svg/700px-Iran_key_Petroleum_Sector_facilities_2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>In 2010, Iran held 10% of the world's proven <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> and 15% of its <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>'s second largest exporter and the world's fourth largest oil producer.<sup id="cite_ref-EIA_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_Gas_Production.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Iran_Gas_Production.png/220px-Iran_Gas_Production.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Iran_Gas_Production.png/330px-Iran_Gas_Production.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Iran_Gas_Production.png/440px-Iran_Gas_Production.png 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Iran's natural gas production (red) and exports (black), 1960-2012</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> associated with oil exploration and extraction, an estimated 62 percent of Iran's 32.3 trillion cubic meters of proven natural gas reserves in 2006 were located in independent natural gas fields, an amount second only to those of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 annual production reached 105 billion cubic meters, with fastest growth occurring over the previous 15 years. In 2006 natural gas accounted for about 50 percent of <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">domestic energy consumption</a>, in part because domestic <a href="/wiki/Iranian_targeted_subsidy_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian targeted subsidy plan">gas prices were heavily subsidized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural gas production will reach 700 million cubic meter/day by 2012<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 900 million cubic meter/day by 2015.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since 1979, infrastructure investment by Iranian and foreign oil firms has increased pipeline<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> capacity to support the Iranian gas industry. Between 1979 and 2003, pipelines to transport natural gas to refineries and to domestic consumers increased from 2,000 kilometers to 12,000 kilometers. In the same period, natural gas distribution pipelines increased from 2,000 kilometers to 45,000 kilometers in response to growing domestic consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gas processing plants are located at Ahvaz, Dalan, Kangan, and Marun, in a corridor along the northern <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> close to the major gas fields. <a href="/wiki/South_Pars" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pars">South Pars</a>, Iran's largest natural gas field, has received substantial foreign investment. With its output intended for both export and domestic consumption, South Pars is expected to reach full production in 2015. However, delays and lower production in the Iranian side due to sanctions is resulting in migration of gas to the Qatari part and a loss for Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The output of South Pars is the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Asalouyeh#PSEEZ" class="mw-redirect" title="Asalouyeh">Pars Special Economic Energy Zone</a>, a complex of petrochemical and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas processing">natural gas processing</a> plants and port facilities established in 1998 on the Persian Gulf south of Kangan.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran is able to produce all the parts needed for its gas refineries.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran is now the third country in the world to have developed <a href="/wiki/Gas_to_liquids" title="Gas to liquids">gas to liquids</a> (GTL) technology.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, Iran began to replace oil, coal, charcoal, and other fossil-fuel energy sources with natural gas, which is environmentally safer. The share of natural gas in Iranian household energy consumption, which averaged 54 percent in 2004, was projected to increase to 69 percent by 2009. Overall, natural gas consumption in Iran was expected to grow by more than 10 percent per annum between 2005 and 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With international <a href="/wiki/Oil_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil price">oil prices</a> increasing and projected to continue increasing, international demand for natural gas and investment in production and transportation of natural gas to consumer markets both increased in the early 2000s. Iran set a goal of increasing its natural gas production capacity to 300 billion cubic meters by 2015 while keeping oil production stable.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To achieve this capacity, the government has planned a joint investment worth US$100 billion in the oil and gas industry through 2015. </p><p>In 2010, the market value of Iran's total <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> reserves at a comparative international energy price of $75 per barrel of <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> stood at ~US $4 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Monetary_Fund_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Monetary_Fund-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, following the discovery of a large gas deposit in the Caspian sea, The <i>Sardar Jangal</i> gas field, estimated at 50 trillion cubic feet, some 1.4 trillion cubic meters, Iran could rank first in the world in terms of gas reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Iran">Iranian media</a> have reported in 2012 the discovery of gas field "as big as <a href="/wiki/South_Pars_gas_field" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pars gas field">South Pars gas field</a>" in the oil-rich <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_province" title="Khuzestan province">Khuzestan province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Iran signed a <a href="/wiki/Iran-Iraq-Syria_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Iraq-Syria pipeline">contract with Baghdad and Damascus</a> in order to export Iran's gas to <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, the Mediterranean region and eventually Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> were negotiating an import agreement in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-bl-20140602_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl-20140602-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once all pipelines become operational, Iran can potentially export a total of more than 200 million cubic meter of natural gas every year to Iraq, India, Pakistan, and Oman.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_foreign_projects">Major foreign projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Major foreign projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment in Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Sanctions against Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran-Pakistan-India.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Iran-Pakistan-India.JPG/220px-Iran-Pakistan-India.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Iran-Pakistan-India.JPG/330px-Iran-Pakistan-India.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Iran-Pakistan-India.JPG 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Projected <a href="/wiki/Peace_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace pipeline">Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2004, Iran signed a contract with France and Malaysia for production and export of natural gas and another agreement with European and Asian companies for expansion and marketing of its natural gas resources. In 2005, Iran exported natural gas to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and was expected to expand its market to Armenia, China, Japan, other East Asian countries, India, Pakistan, and Europe. In spring 2007, the first section of a new line to Armenia opened, as a much-discussed <a href="/wiki/Peace_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace pipeline">major pipeline to India and Pakistan</a> remained in the negotiation stage.<sup id="cite_ref-loc2_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, Switzerland's energy company EGL, signed a 25-year LNG export deal with Iran's National Iranian Gas Export Company, reportedly valued at 18 billion. <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> will buy 5.5 billion cubic meters of Iranian natural gas each year, beginning in 2011. In April 2007, <a href="/wiki/OMV" title="OMV">OMV</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> partially state-owned energy company, signed letters of intent with Iran, worth an estimated $22.8 billion (22 billion euros), for Iran to supply Europe with gas. The United States has expressed strong opposition to both the Swiss and Austrian deals with Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Gas_Company" title="National Iranian Gas Company">National Iranian Gas Company</a> (NIGC) is expected to finalize a natural gas export deal with <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, with exports set to begin in 2011. The gas would be transported through a "<a href="/wiki/Peace_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace pipeline">Peace pipeline</a>", worth about $7.4 billion. The plan initially also included exporting gas to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, but negotiations have stalled over pricing. Iran also is discussing a gas production and export deal with <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Under the plan, Turkey would assist in developing Iran's South Pars field in exchange for cash or natural gas. Gas would be shipped from Iran to Turkey and Europe via a new pipeline that Turkey plans to build.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress1_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable petroleum sector development deals include those with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. On February 19, 2008, Russian state gas company <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a> announced a deal to establish a joint venture company to develop the offshore Iranian <a href="/wiki/South_Pars_gas_field" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pars gas field">South Pars gas field</a>. A <a href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">China National Offshore Oil Corporation</a> (CNOOC) investment deal, valued at $16 billion, to develop Iran's <a href="/wiki/North_Pars" class="mw-redirect" title="North Pars">North Pars</a> gas field and to build a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_natural_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid natural gas">liquid natural gas</a> (LNG) plant, was supposed to be signed on February 27, 2008 but has been delayed.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state-operated National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) and CNOOC signed a memorandum of understanding in December 2006 for the project, under which CNOOC would purchase 10 million metric tons per year of LNG for 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress1_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Petrochemicals">Petrochemicals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Petrochemicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Petrochemical_Company" title="National Petrochemical Company">National Petrochemical Company</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg/220px-Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg/330px-Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg/440px-Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1943" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption>The Abadan Petrochemical Complex</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 2000s, an ambitious state <a href="/wiki/Petrochemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemicals">petrochemicals</a> project called for expansion of annual output in that industry from 9 million tons in 2001 to 100 million tons in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, output capacity was estimated at 15 million tons. The goal of this expansion is to increase the percentage of Iran's processed petroleum-based exports, which are more profitable than raw materials. In 2005, Iran exported US$1.8 billion of petrochemical products, about one-third of total non-oil exports in that year. Receiving 30 percent of Iran's petrochemical exports between them, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> were the major trading partners in this industry.<sup id="cite_ref-loc3_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran's domestic resource base gives it a unique comparative advantage in producing petrochemicals when international crude oil prices rise. The gain has been greatest in those plants that use liquid gas as their main input. For FY 2006, the petrochemical industry's share of GDP was projected to be about 2 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-loc3_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran plans to invest a total of $500 billion in the oil sector before 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-nitc.co.ir_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nitc.co.ir-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2011">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heritage_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran's petrochemical industries have absorbed a large amount of private and public investment. In the early 2000s, 43 percent of these investments was financed by <a href="/wiki/National_Petrochemical_Company" title="National Petrochemical Company">Iran's National Petrochemical Company</a>, a subsidiary of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Petroleum of Iran">Ministry of Petroleum</a>, which administers the entire petrochemical sector. Another 53 percent is owned by foreign creditors (more than 100 foreign banks and foreign companies), 3 percent by banks, and 1 percent by the capital market. Most of the petrochemical industry's physical capital is imported, and the industry does not have strong backward linkages to manufacturing industries.<sup id="cite_ref-loc3_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, new petrochemical plants came online at <a href="/wiki/Marun_petrochemical_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Marun petrochemical complex">Marun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh</a>, and construction began on three others.<sup id="cite_ref-loc3_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iran National Petrochemical Company's output capacity will increase to over 100 million tpa by 2015 from an estimated 50 million tpa in 2010, becoming the world' second largest chemical producer globally after <a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Dow Chemical">Dow Chemical</a>, with Iran housing some of the world's largest chemical complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Oil_Bourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Oil Bourse">Iranian Oil Bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Petroleum of Iran">Ministry of Petroleum of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Refining_and_Distribution_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company">National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Petrochemical_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="National Iranian Petrochemical Company">National Iranian Petrochemical Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Gas_Company" title="National Iranian Gas Company">National Iranian Gas Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_targeted_subsidy_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian targeted subsidy plan">Iranian targeted subsidy plan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shana.ir/155561-en.html">SHANA: Share of domestically made equipments on the rise</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309074817/http://www.shana.ir/155561-en.html">Archived</a> 2012-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved July 26, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CA1Cn8tDMv4C&pg=PA50"><i>Energy and the Iranian economy</i></a>. DIANE. July 25, 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781422320945" title="Special:BookSources/9781422320945"><bdi>9781422320945</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407031452/https://books.google.com/books?id=CA1Cn8tDMv4C&pg=PA50">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+and+the+Iranian+economy&rft.pub=DIANE&rft.date=2006-07-25&rft.isbn=9781422320945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCA1Cn8tDMv4C%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|agency=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBezen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bezen, Balamir Coşkun (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140401102351/http://www.uidergisi.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Global-Energy-Geopolitics-and-Iran.pdf">"Global Energy Geopolitics and Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Uluslararası İlişkiler</i>. <b>5</b> (20): 179–201. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uidergisi.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Global-Energy-Geopolitics-and-Iran.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Uluslararas%C4%B1+%C4%B0li%C5%9Fkiler&rft.atitle=Global+Energy+Geopolitics+and+Iran&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=179-201&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bezen&rft.aufirst=Balamir+Co%C5%9Fkun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uidergisi.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F06%2FGlobal-Energy-Geopolitics-and-Iran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175813/http://www.cfr.org/iran/rising-might-middle-east-super-power/p11412">"The Rising might of the Middle East super power - Council on Foreign Relations"</a>. Cfr.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/iran/rising-might-middle-east-super-power/p11412">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rising+might+of+the+Middle+East+super+power+-+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.pub=Cfr.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Firan%2Frising-might-middle-east-super-power%2Fp11412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loc1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc1_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc1_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc1_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc1_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc1_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc1_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc1_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc1_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc1_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtisEric_Hooglund" class="citation book cs1">Kurtis, Glenn; Eric Hooglund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/160"><i>Iran, a country study</i></a>. Washington D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/160">160–163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-1187-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-1187-3"><bdi>978-0-8444-1187-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%2C+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=160-163&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-1187-3&rft.aulast=Kurtis&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft.au=Eric+Hooglund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firancountrystudy00curt_2%2Fpage%2F160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+industry+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310232210/http://www.irantradelaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Irans-Foreign-Trade-Regime-Report.pdf">"Iran's Foreign Trade Regime Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Washington D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/166">166–167</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-1187-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-1187-3"><bdi>978-0-8444-1187-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum industry in Iran</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813223727/http://www.mop.ir/">Ministry of Petroleum Of Iran Official Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130155257/http://www.moe.gov.ir/">Ministry of Energy Of Iran Official Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=IR&trk=p1">US Department of Energy</a> - Iran's entry</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shana.ir">SHANA - Official News Service for Oil and Gas in Iran</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000413/http://www.atiehbahar.com/Resources/Oil%26Gas.htm">Oil & Gas Industry in Iran</a> - 2003 Study (history, market overview, domestic suppliers, major projects, buy-backs)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE63A01120100413?pageNumber=1">FACTBOX-Iran's crude export and fuel import customers</a> - <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://payvand.com/news/11/jan/1139.html">Offshore Middle East and Caspian Sea Oil and Gas Market Report 2011</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benzinga.com/pressreleases/11/10/b2054084/research-and-markets-iran-islamic-republic-of-iran-gas-markets-2011">Iran Gas Markets Report, 2011</a> - GlobalData</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.targetmap.com/viewer.aspx?reportId=13268">Iran's oil exportation map by country</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128213846/http://www.targetmap.com/viewer.aspx?reportId=13268">Archived</a> 2012-01-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://graphics.thomsonreuters.com/12/03/Iranoilsanctions.html">Iran oil sanctions calculator</a> - Reuters</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oilandgasinfrastructure.com/home/oilandgasasia/iran">Infrastructure map of Iran's fields and facilities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2237211/Persia_Land_of_Black_Gold">Persia Land of Black Gold</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120519200945/http://www.epmag.com/item/Iranian-Discoveries-Continue_98522">Iranian 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East_topic" title="Template:Middle East topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East_topic" title="Template talk:Middle East topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Petroleum_industry_in_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Petroleum industry in the Middle East</div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southwest_Asia.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Middle East (Southwest Asia)"><img alt="Middle East (Southwest Asia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Southwest_Asia.PNG/45px-Southwest_Asia.PNG" decoding="async" width="45" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Southwest_Asia.PNG/68px-Southwest_Asia.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Southwest_Asia.PNG/90px-Southwest_Asia.PNG 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Kuwait" title="Petroleum industry in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_the_Gaza_Strip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in the Gaza Strip (page does not exist)">Gaza Strip</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_the_West_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petroleum industry in the West Bank (page does not exist)">West Bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Syria" title="Petroleum industry in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum industry in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_Iran" title="Template:Energy in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_Iran" title="Template talk:Energy in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy in Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Iran" title="List of power stations in Iran">Power stations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_subsidy_reform_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian subsidy reform plan">Energy subsidies reform plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_South_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian South Oil Company">National Iranian South Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Offshore_Oil_Company" title="Iranian Offshore Oil Company">Iranian Offshore Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Central_Oil_Fields_Company" title="Iranian Central Oil Fields Company">Iranian Central Oil Fields Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iran" title="Oil reserves in Iran">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Petroleum industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iranian petroleum sector facilities"><img alt="Iranian petroleum sector facilities" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg/121px-CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg/182px-CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg/242px-CIAIranKarteOelGas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="705" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Iran" title="Natural gas in Iran">Natural gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">Gas Exporting Countries Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_LNG" title="Iran LNG">Iran LNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Gas_Company" title="National Iranian Gas Company">National Iranian Gas Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_reserves_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas reserves in Iran">Natural gas reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_LNG" title="Persian LNG">Persian LNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pars/North_Dome_Gas-Condensate_field" title="South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field">South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Gasoline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Gasoline_Rationing_Plan_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Gasoline Rationing Plan in Iran">2007 Gasoline Rationing Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran#Smuggling" title="Taxation in Iran">Fuel smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Refining_and_Distribution_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company">National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">Petrochemicals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marun_petrochemical_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Marun petrochemical complex">Marun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Petrochemical_Company" title="National Petrochemical Company">National Petrochemical Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Petrochemical_Company#Special_industrial_economic_zones" title="National Petrochemical Company">Special industrial economic zones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dauletabad%E2%80%93Sarakhs%E2%80%93Khangiran_pipeline" title="Dauletabad–Sarakhs–Khangiran pipeline">Dauletabad–Sarakhs–Khangiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Gas_Trunkline" title="Iran Gas Trunkline">Gas Trunkline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Armenia_gas_pipeline" title="Iran–Armenia gas pipeline">Iran–Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq%E2%80%93Syria_pipeline" title="Iran–Iraq–Syria pipeline">Iran–Iraq–Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Oman_pipeline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iran–Oman pipeline (page does not exist)">Iran–Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-Pakistan-India_gas_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline">Iran–Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korpeje%E2%80%93Kordkuy_pipeline" title="Korpeje–Kordkuy pipeline">Korpeje–Kordkuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabucco_pipeline" title="Nabucco pipeline">Nabucco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neka%E2%80%93Jask_pipeline" title="Neka–Jask pipeline">Neka–Jask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz%E2%80%93Ankara_pipeline" title="Tabriz–Ankara pipeline">Tabriz–Ankara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Organization_of_Iran" title="Atomic Energy Organization of Iran">Atomic Energy Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_facilities_in_Iran" title="Nuclear facilities in Iran">Facilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IR-40" title="IR-40">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushehr_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant">Bushehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkhovin_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant">Darkhovin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordow_Fuel_Enrichment_Plant" title="Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant">Fordow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natanz_Nuclear_Facility" title="Natanz Nuclear Facility">Natanz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Timeline of the nuclear program of Iran">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Iran" title="Wind power in Iran">Wind power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">Bitumen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jey_Oil_Refining_Company" title="Jey Oil Refining Company">Jey Oil Refining Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DESA_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="DESA (company)">DESA - Iran Heavy Diesel Manufacturing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Shipbuilding_%26_Offshore_Industries_Complex" title="Iran Shipbuilding & Offshore Industries Complex">ISOICO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam-al_Anbiya_Construction_Headquarters" title="Khatam-al Anbiya Construction Headquarters">Khatam al-Anbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SADRA" title="SADRA">SADRA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Iran" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Iran">Dams and reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">Energy superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharg_Island" title="Kharg Island">Kharg Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Energy (Iran)">Ministry of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)">Ministry of Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran#Oil_Stabilization_Fund_(OSF)_and_National_Development_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Oil Stabilization Fund</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AzarAb_Industries" title="AzarAb Industries">AzarAb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPCO" title="HEPCO">HEPCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">IDRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Sazi_Arak" title="Machine Sazi Arak">Machine Sazi Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAPNA_Group" title="MAPNA Group">MAPNA Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">U.S. withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Tanker_Company" title="National Iranian Tanker Company">National Iranian Tanker Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jey_Oil_Refining_Company" title="Jey Oil Refining Company">Jey Oil Refining Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Iran" title="Template:Economy of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Economy of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_subsidy_reform_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian subsidy reform plan">Subsidy reform plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_labor_law" title="Iranian labor law">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Communications and IT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Iran">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg/220px-Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg/330px-Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg/440px-Abadan_Petrochemical_Complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1943" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abadan">Abadan</a> Petrochemical Complex</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Chamber_of_Commerce,_Industries,_Mines_%26_Agriculture" title="Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines & Agriculture">Chamber of Commerce Industries and Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Inspection_Office_(Iran)" title="General Inspection Office (Iran)">General Inspection Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">Oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Mercantile_Exchange" title="Iran Mercantile Exchange">Iran Mercantile Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps#Economic_activity" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_and_Planning_Organization_of_Iran" title="Management and Planning Organization of Iran">Management and Planning Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Commerce (Iran)">Ministry of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_and_Finance_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance (Iran)">Ministry of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)">Ministry of Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravand_Institute" title="Ravand Institute">Ravand Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Religious foundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setad" class="mw-redirect" title="Setad">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Organization" title="Social Security Organization">Social Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of banks in Iran">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_facilities_in_Iran" title="Nuclear facilities in Iran">Nuclear facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Iran" title="List of power stations in Iran">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Iran" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Iran">Dams and reservoirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Gas_Company" title="National Iranian Gas Company">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Petrochemical_Company" title="National Petrochemical Company">Petrochemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Iran" title="Wind power in Iran">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Airlines_of_Iran" title="Category:Airlines of Iran">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Banks_of_Iran" title="Category:Banks of Iran">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Charities_based_in_Iran" title="Category:Charities based in Iran">Charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_of_Iran" title="Category:Companies of Iran">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Iran" title="Category:Law of Iran">Labor and tax laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Privatization_in_Iran" title="Category:Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Category:Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Petroleum_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Petroleum_industry" title="Template talk:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Petroleum_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">Primary energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">Benchmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argus_Sour_Crude_Index" title="Argus Sour Crude Index">Argus Sour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonny_Light_oil" title="Bonny Light oil">Bonny Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Crude" title="Dubai Crude">Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Basket" title="Indian Basket">Indian Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Crude_Price" title="Indonesian Crude Price">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus-34_Light" title="Isthmus-34 Light">Isthmus-34 Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Crude_Cocktail" title="Japan Crude Cocktail">Japan Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapis_crude" title="Tapis crude">Tapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urals_oil" title="Urals oil">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Select" title="Western Canadian Select">Western Canadian Select</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Natural gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_consumption" title="List of countries by natural gas consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_imports" title="List of countries by natural gas imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_prices" title="Natural gas prices">Price</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Petroleum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption" title="List of countries by oil consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_imports" title="List of countries by oil imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posted_oil_price" title="Posted oil price">Posted oil price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">of gasoline and diesel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">Core sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_asset_modelling" title="Integrated asset modelling">Integrated asset modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_simulation" title="Reservoir simulation">Reservoir simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_modeling" title="Reservoir modeling">Reservoir modeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">Petroleum geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrophysics" title="Petrophysics">Petrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">Reflection seismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_inversion" title="Seismic inversion">Seismic inversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_source" title="Seismic source">Seismic source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">Drilling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">Blowout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells)" title="Completion (oil and gas wells)">Completion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_job" title="Squeeze job">Squeeze job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_sticking" title="Differential sticking">Differential sticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">Directional drilling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geosteering" title="Geosteering">Geosteering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_stem_test" title="Drill stem test">Drill stem test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_engineering" title="Drilling engineering">Drilling engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">Drilling fluid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid_invasion" title="Drilling fluid invasion">invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_circulation" title="Lost circulation">Lost circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_while_drilling" title="Measurement while drilling">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_oil_extraction" title="Shale oil extraction">Shale oil extraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Ljungstr%C3%B6m#Shale_oil_extraction" title="Fredrik Ljungström">Ljungström method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_use_in_the_oil_industry" title="Tracer use in the oil industry">Tracers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underbalanced_drilling" title="Underbalanced drilling">Underbalanced drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">Well logging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_fiscal_regime" title="Petroleum fiscal regime">Petroleum fiscal regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_licensing" title="Petroleum licensing">Concessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_sharing_agreement" title="Production sharing agreement">Production sharing agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_lift" title="Artificial lift">Artificial lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lift" title="Gas lift">Gas lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpjack" title="Pumpjack">Pumpjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump (ESP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">Downstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reinjection" title="Gas reinjection">Gas reinjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_injection_(oil_industry)" title="Steam injection (oil industry)">Steam injection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midstream" title="Midstream">Midstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">Petroleum product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">Upstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(oil_production)" title="Water injection (oil production)">Water injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_intervention" title="Well intervention">Well intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_(oil_well)" title="Christmas tree (oil well)">XT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="History of the petroleum industry">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Oil_Embargo" title="1967 Oil Embargo">1967 Oil Embargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_oil_price_shock" title="1990 oil price shock">1990 oil price shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">2010s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_oil_supplies" title="Nationalization of oil supplies">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">GECF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(oil_companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters (oil companies)">Seven Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_France" title="History of the petroleum industry in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_India" title="History of the oil industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Norway" title="History of the petroleum industry in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the petroleum industry in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces<br />and fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_fields" title="List of natural gas fields">List of natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_fields" title="List of oil fields">List of oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Oil_Province" title="East Midlands Oil Province">East Midlands Oil Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Texas_Oil_Field" title="East Texas Oil Field">East Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta#Nigerian_oil" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_Oil_Field" title="Prudhoe Bay Oil Field">Prudhoe Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Venezuela" title="Oil reserves in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin">Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_in_oil_and_gas_exploration_and_production" title="List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production">Abbreviations</a></li> <li>Classification <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_crude_oil" title="Sweet crude oil">sweet oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_crude_oil" title="Sour crude oil">sour oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_gas" title="Oil shale gas">Oil shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_wells" title="Orphan wells">Orphan wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">timing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">Petrocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrodollar_recycling" title="Petrodollar recycling">Petrodollar recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofiction" title="Petrofiction">Petrofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_band" title="Shale band">Shale band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">Shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_producer" title="Swing producer">Swing producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_and_gas)_reservoir" title="Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir">Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">heavy crude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Companies and<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_exploration_and_production_companies" title="List of oil exploration and production companies">petroleum<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Supermajors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">National oil<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_National_Oil_Company" title="Abu Dhabi National Oil Company">Abu Dhabi National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANCAP_(Uruguay)" title="ANCAP (Uruguay)">ANCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">China National Offshore Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopetrol" title="Ecopetrol">Ecopetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company" title="Iraq National Oil Company">Iraq National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KazMunayGas" title="KazMunayGas">KazMunayGas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Kuwait Petroleum Corporation">Kuwait Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupa_Lotos" title="Grupa Lotos">Lotos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftogaz" title="Naftogaz">Naftogaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_South_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian South Oil Company">National Iranian South Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNPC_Limited" title="NNPC Limited">NNPC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_%26_Gas_Development_Company" title="Oil & Gas Development Company">Oil & Gas Development Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlen" title="Orlen">Orlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobangla" title="Petrobangla">Petrobangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovietnam" title="Petrovietnam">Petrovietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited" title="PTT Public Company Limited">PTT Public Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QatarEnergy" title="QatarEnergy">QatarEnergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCAR" title="SOCAR">SOCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonangol_Group" title="Sonangol Group">Sonangol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPAO" title="TPAO">TPAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPF" title="YPF">YPF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy trading">Energy trading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunvor" title="Gunvor">Gunvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercuria" title="Mercuria">Mercuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafigura" title="Trafigura">Trafigura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitol" title="Vitol">Vitol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APA_Corporation" title="APA Corporation">APA Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenovus_Energy" title="Cenovus Energy">Cenovus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cepsa" title="Cepsa">Cepsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Energy" title="Devon Energy">Devon Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneos_Holdings" title="Eneos Holdings">Eneos Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galp_Energia" title="Galp Energia">Galp Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hess_Corporation" title="Hess Corporation">Hess Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husky_Energy" title="Husky Energy">Husky Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Oil" title="Imperial Oil">Imperial Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMV" title="OMV">OMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_66" title="Phillips 66">Phillips 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Refining_Company" title="Port Harcourt Refining Company">Port Harcourt Refining Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repsol" title="Repsol">Repsol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncor_Energy" title="Suncor Energy">Suncor Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunoco" title="Sunoco">Sunoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgutneftegas" title="Surgutneftegas">Surgutneftegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TechnipFMC" title="TechnipFMC">TechnipFMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNK-BP" title="TNK-BP">TNK-BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCpra%C5%9F" title="Tüpraş">Tüpraş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_oilfield_service_companies" title="List of oilfield service companies">services<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Hughes" title="Baker Hughes">Baker Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_International" title="Cameron International">Cameron International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGG_(company)" title="CGG (company)">CGG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH2M" title="CH2M">CH2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bridge_%26_Iron_Company" title="Chicago Bridge & Iron Company">Chicago Bridge & Iron Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Oilfield_Services" title="China Oilfield Services">China Oilfield Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Power" title="GE Power">GE Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabors_Industries" title="Nabors Industries">Nabors Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOV_Inc." title="NOV Inc.">NOV Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saipem" title="Saipem">Saipem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlumberger" title="Schlumberger">Schlumberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snam" title="Snam">Snam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsea_7" title="Subsea 7">Subsea 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC_Energy" title="TC Energy">TC Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transocean" title="Transocean">Transocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaris_Limited" title="Valaris Limited">Valaris Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherford_International" title="Weatherford International">Weatherford International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_petroleum_companies" title="Canadian petroleum companies">Canadian petroleum companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Exchange_Futures" title="Intercontinental Exchange Futures">Intercontinental Exchange Futures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Oil_%26_Gas_Producers" title="International Association of Oil & Gas Producers">International Association of Oil & Gas Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Petroleum_Engineers" title="Society of Petroleum Engineers">Society of Petroleum Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Petroleum_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="World Petroleum Council">World Petroleum 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