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Kerosene - Wikipedia
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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties_and_grades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Melting,_freeze_and_flash_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melting,_freeze_and_flash_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Melting, freeze and flash points</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melting,_freeze_and_flash_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Illuminating_oil_from_coal_and_oil_shale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illuminating_oil_from_coal_and_oil_shale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Illuminating oil from coal and oil shale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illuminating_oil_from_coal_and_oil_shale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kerosene_from_petroleum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kerosene_from_petroleum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kerosene from petroleum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kerosene_from_petroleum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kerosene_from_carbon_dioxide_and_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kerosene_from_carbon_dioxide_and_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kerosene from carbon dioxide and water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kerosene_from_carbon_dioxide_and_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_fuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_fuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>As fuel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_fuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heating_and_lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heating_and_lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Heating and lighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heating_and_lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Cooking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Chemical processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>In industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solvent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solvent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Solvent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solvent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kerosene</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffien" title="Paraffien – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paraffien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AC%E1%88%AE%E1%88%B2%E1%8A%95" title="ኬሮሲን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኬሮሲን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كيروسين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيروسين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B2" title="Քարիւղ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քարիւղ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Querosenu" title="Querosenu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Querosenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosin" title="Kerosin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kerosin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="কেরোসিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেরোসিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_gas" title="Minyak gas – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Minyak gas" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%A0u-i%C3%BB" title="Chhàu-iû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhàu-iû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Газа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Газа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Газа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Газа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Керосин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Керосин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerozin" title="Kerozin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kerozin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queros%C3%A8" title="Querosè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Querosè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%C3%A7%C3%A7%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Краççын – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Краççын" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolej" title="Petrolej – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Petrolej" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrooleum" title="Petrooleum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Petrooleum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Κηροζίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κηροζίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queroseno" title="Queroseno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Queroseno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keroseno" title="Keroseno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Keroseno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keroseno" title="Keroseno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Keroseno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="نفت سفید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نفت سفید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9ros%C3%A8ne" title="Kérosène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kérosène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiris%C3%ADn" title="Ceirisín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceirisín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queroseno" title="Queroseno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Queroseno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%9C%A0" title="등유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="등유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Կերոսին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կերոսին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="केरोसीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="केरोसीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolej" title="Petrolej – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Petrolej" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_tanah" title="Minyak tanah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Minyak tanah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%C3%A6%D1%82%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Фæтæген – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фæтæген" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ker%C3%B3s%C3%ADn" title="Kerósín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kerósín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherosene" title="Cherosene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cherosene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="קרוסין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרוסין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_gas" title="Lenga gas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lenga gas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಸೀಮೆಎಣ್ಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೀಮೆಎಣ್ಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Керосин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Керосин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Керосин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Керосин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceroleum" title="Ceroleum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ceroleum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleja" title="Petroleja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Petroleja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABtrol" title="Pëtrol – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pëtrol" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Лацу нафт – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Лацу нафт" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDibalas" title="Žibalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žibalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanikha_tan%C3%B6" title="Fanikha tanö – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Fanikha tanö" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%C3%B3leum" title="Petróleum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Petróleum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3" title="മണ്ണെണ്ണ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മണ്ണെണ്ണ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="केरोसीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="केरोसीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كيروسين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيروسين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_tanah" title="Minyak tanah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Minyak tanah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="मटितेल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मटितेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ケロシン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケロシン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafin" title="Parafin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Parafin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafin" title="Parafin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Parafin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queros%C3%A8n" title="Querosèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Querosèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosin" title="Kerosin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kerosin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84" title="مٹی دا تیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مٹی دا تیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafta" title="Nafta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nafta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Querosene" title="Querosene – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Querosene" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosen" title="Kerosen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kerosen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirusini" title="Kirusini – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kirusini" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Керосин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Керосин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱥᱤᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱥᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin" title="Paraffin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Paraffin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajguri" title="Vajguri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vajguri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheroseni" title="Cheroseni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cheroseni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kerosene" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolej" title="Petrolej – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Petrolej" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolej" title="Petrolej – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Petrolej" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="نەوتی سپی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەوتی سپی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolej" title="Petrolej – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Petrolej" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolej" title="Petrolej – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Petrolej" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_taneuh" title="Minyak taneuh – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Minyak taneuh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroli" title="Petroli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Petroli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotogen" title="Fotogen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fotogen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="மண்ணெண்ணெய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மண்ணெண்ணெய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="น้ำมันก๊าด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำมันก๊าด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Карасин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Карасин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosen" title="Kerosen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kerosen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Гас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u_h%E1%BB%8Fa" title="Dầu hỏa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dầu hỏa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolyo" title="Petrolyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Petrolyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E6%B2%B9" title="煤油 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="煤油" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BA%B9ros%C3%ADn%C3%AC" title="Kẹrosínì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kẹrosínì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%B0%B4" title="火水 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="火水" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karas%C4%97ns" title="Karasėns 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kerosene_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kerosene (disambiguation)">Kerosene (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerosene_bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kerosene_bottle.jpg/170px-Kerosene_bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Kerosene_bottle.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>A kerosene bottle, containing blue-dyed kerosene</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kerosene</b>, or <b>paraffin</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Combustibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Combustibility">combustible</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> liquid which is derived from <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>. It is widely used as a <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aviation_fuel" title="Aviation fuel">aviation</a> as well as households. Its name derives from <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:κηρός">κηρός</a></span> (<i>kērós</i>) meaning "<a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>", and was registered as a trademark by <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Scotian">Nova Scotia</a> geologist and inventor <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Pineo_Gesner" title="Abraham Pineo Gesner">Abraham Gesner</a> in 1854 before evolving into a <a href="/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">generic trademark</a>. It is sometimes spelled <b>kerosine</b> in scientific and industrial usage.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kerosene is widely used to power <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engines</a> of aircraft (<a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a>), as well as some <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket engines</a> in a highly refined form called <a href="/wiki/RP-1" title="RP-1">RP-1</a>. It is also commonly used as a cooking and lighting fuel, and for fire toys such as <a href="/wiki/Poi_(performance_art)#Fire_poi" title="Poi (performance art)">poi</a>. In parts of Asia, kerosene is sometimes used as fuel for small <a href="/wiki/Outboard_motor" title="Outboard motor">outboard motors</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World total kerosene consumption for all purposes is equivalent to about 5,500,000 barrels per day as of July 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "kerosene" is common in much of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the term paraffin (or a closely related variant) is used in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "lamp oil", or the equivalent in the local languages, is common in the majority of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a>, although in <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a>, it is also commonly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Coal_oil" title="Coal oil">coal oil</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confusingly, the name "paraffin" is also used to refer to a number of distinct petroleum byproducts other than kerosene. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_paraffin_(drug)" title="Liquid paraffin (drug)">liquid paraffin</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a> in the US) is a more viscous and highly refined product which is used as a laxative. <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">Paraffin wax</a> is a waxy solid extracted from petroleum. </p><p>To prevent confusion between kerosene and the much more flammable and volatile <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline (petrol)</a>, some jurisdictions regulate markings or colourings for containers used to store or dispense kerosene. For example, in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> requires that portable containers used at retail service stations for kerosene be colored blue, as opposed to red (for <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>) or yellow (for <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> considers kerosene to be a polluting fuel and recommends that "governments and practitioners immediately stop promoting its household use".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kerosene smoke contains high levels of harmful <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulate matter</a>, and household use of kerosene is associated with higher risks of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, respiratory infections, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataracts</a>, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties_and_grades">Properties and grades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties and grades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kerosene is a low-<a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>, clear liquid formed from hydrocarbons obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> between 150 and 275 °C (300 and 525 °F), resulting in a mixture with a <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of 0.78–0.81 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. It is miscible with <a href="/wiki/Category:Hydrocarbon_solvents" title="Category:Hydrocarbon solvents">petroleum solvents</a> but <a href="/wiki/Miscibility" title="Miscibility">immiscible</a> with water. It is composed of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> molecules that typically contain between 6-20 <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> atoms per <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> predominantly containing 9 to 16 carbon atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of crude oil source or processing history, kerosene's major components are branched- and straight-chain <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkanes</a> (hydrocarbon chains) and <a href="/wiki/Naphthene" class="mw-redirect" title="Naphthene">naphthenes</a> (cycloalkanes), which normally account for at least 70% of volume. <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">Aromatic hydrocarbons</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Alkylbenzene" title="Alkylbenzene">alkylbenzenes</a> (single ring) and alkylnaphthalenes (double ring), do not normally exceed 25% by volume of kerosene streams. <a href="/wiki/Olefin" class="mw-redirect" title="Olefin">Olefins</a> are usually not present at more than 5% by volume.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_combustion" title="Heat of combustion">heat of combustion</a> of kerosene is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a>; its <a href="/wiki/Lower_heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower heating value">lower heating value</a> is 43.1 <a href="/wiki/Megajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Megajoule">MJ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a> (around 18,500 <a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">Btu</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lb</a>), and its <a href="/wiki/Higher_heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher heating value">higher heating value</a> is 46.2 MJ/kg (19,900 Btu/lb).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM</a> recognizes two grades of kerosene: 1-K (less than 0.04% <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> by weight) and 2-K (0.3% sulfur by weight).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grade 1-K kerosene burns cleaner with fewer deposits, fewer toxins, and less frequent maintenance than 2-K, and is the preferred grade for indoor heaters and stoves.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, two grades of heating oil are defined. BS 2869 Class C1 is the lightest grade used for lanterns, camping stoves, and wick heaters, and mixed with petrol in some vintage combustion engines as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Tractor_vaporizing_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tractor vaporizing oil">tractor vaporizing oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BS 2869 Class C2 is a heavier distillate, which is used as domestic heating oil. Premium kerosene is usually sold in 5- or 20-litre containers from hardware, camping and garden stores, and is often dyed purple. Standard kerosene is usually dispensed in bulk by a tanker and is undyed. </p><p>National and international standards define the properties of several grades of kerosene used for <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a>. Flash point and freezing point properties are particularly interesting for operation and safety; the standards also define additives for control of <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">static electricity</a> and other purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Melting,_freeze_and_flash_points"><span id="Melting.2C_freeze_and_flash_points"></span>Melting, freeze and flash points</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Melting, freeze and flash points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kerosene is liquid around <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>: 25 °C (77 °F). The <a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">flash point</a> of kerosene is between 37 °C (99 °F) and 65 °C (149 °F), and its <a href="/wiki/Autoignition_temperature" title="Autoignition temperature">autoignition temperature</a> is 220 °C (428 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The freezing point of kerosene depends on grade, with commercial aviation fuel standardized at −47 °C (−53 °F). </p><p>Grade 1-K kerosene freezes around −40 °C (−40 °F, 233 K).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-RaziInGerardusCremonensis1250.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Al-RaziInGerardusCremonensis1250.JPG/170px-Al-RaziInGerardusCremonensis1250.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Al-RaziInGerardusCremonensis1250.JPG/255px-Al-RaziInGerardusCremonensis1250.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Al-RaziInGerardusCremonensis1250.JPG/340px-Al-RaziInGerardusCremonensis1250.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption>Persian scholar <a href="/wiki/Rhazes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhazes">Rāzi</a> (or Rhazes) was the first to distil kerosene in the ninth century. He is depicted here in a manuscript by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona" title="Gerard of Cremona">Gerard of Cremona</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerosene_queue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kerosene_queue.jpg/220px-Kerosene_queue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kerosene_queue.jpg/330px-Kerosene_queue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kerosene_queue.jpg/440px-Kerosene_queue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>A queue for kerosene. Moscow, Russia, 1920s</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coal_oil" title="Coal oil">Coal oil</a></div> <p>The process of distilling crude oil/petroleum into kerosene, as well as other hydrocarbon compounds, was first written about in the ninth century by the Persian scholar <a href="/wiki/Rhazes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhazes">Rāzi</a> (or Rhazes). In his <i>Kitab al-Asrar</i> (<i>Book of Secrets</i>), the physician and chemist Razi described two methods for the production of kerosene, termed <i>naft abyad</i> (نفط ابيض"white naphtha"), using an apparatus called an <a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">alembic</a>. One method used <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)" title="Absorption (chemistry)">absorbent</a>, and later the other method using chemicals like <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a> (<i>sal ammoniac</i>). The distillation process was repeated until most of the volatile hydrocarbon fractions had been removed and the final product was perfectly clear and safe to burn. Kerosene was also produced during the same period from <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> by heating the rock to extract the oil, which was then distilled.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>, the Chinese made use of kerosene through extracting and purifying petroleum and then converted it into lamp fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese made use of petroleum for lighting lamps and heating homes as early as 1500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illuminating_oil_from_coal_and_oil_shale">Illuminating oil from coal and oil shale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Illuminating oil from coal and oil shale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Gesner_Photo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Abraham_Gesner_Photo.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Pineo_Gesner" title="Abraham Pineo Gesner">Abraham Gesner</a> distilled kerosene from bituminous coal and oil shale experimentally in 1846; commercial production followed in 1854</figcaption></figure> <p>Although "coal oil" was well known by industrial chemists at least as early as the 1700s as a byproduct of making <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a> and coal tar, it burned with a smoky flame that prevented its use for indoor illumination. In cities, much indoor illumination was provided by piped-in <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a>, but outside the cities, and for spot lighting within the cities, the lucrative market for fueling indoor lamps was supplied by <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">whale oil</a>, specifically that from <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a>, which burned brighter and cleaner.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobeAndMail2019-10-04_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobeAndMail2019-10-04-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Pineo_Gesner" title="Abraham Pineo Gesner">Abraham Pineo Gesner</a> claimed that in 1846, he had given a public demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown" title="Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> of a new process he had discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobeAndMail2019-10-04_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobeAndMail2019-10-04-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He heated coal in a <a href="/wiki/Retort" title="Retort">retort</a>, and distilled from it a clear, thin fluid that he showed made an excellent lamp fuel. He coined the name "kerosene" for his fuel, a contraction of <i>keroselaion</i>, meaning <i>wax-oil</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-russell_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russell-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of extracting kerosene from coal was high. </p><p>Gesner recalled from his extensive knowledge of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>'s geology a naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphaltum</a> called <a href="/wiki/Albertite" title="Albertite">albertite</a>. He was blocked from using it by the New Brunswick coal conglomerate because they had coal extraction rights for the province, and he lost a court case when their experts claimed albertite was a form of coal.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1854, Gesner moved to <a href="/wiki/Newtown_Creek" title="Newtown Creek">Newtown Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. There, he secured backing from a group of businessmen. They formed the North American Gas Light Company, to which he assigned his patents. </p><p>Despite clear priority of discovery, Gesner did not obtain his first kerosene patent until 1854, two years after <a href="/wiki/James_Young_(chemist)" title="James Young (chemist)">James Young</a>'s United States patent.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gesner's method of purifying the distillation products appears to have been superior to Young's, resulting in a cleaner and better-smelling fuel. Manufacture of kerosene under the Gesner patents began in New York in 1854 and later in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>—being distilled from <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">bituminous coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-russell_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russell-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gesner registered the word "Kerosene" as a trademark in 1854, and for several years, only the North American Gas Light Company and the Downer Company (to which Gesner had granted the right) were allowed to call their lamp oil "Kerosene" in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Young_(chemist)" title="James Young (chemist)">James Young</a> experimented with oil discovered seeping in a coal mine as a source of lubricating oil and illuminating fuel. When the seep became exhausted, he experimented with the dry distillation of coal, especially the resinous "boghead coal" (<a href="/wiki/Torbanite" title="Torbanite">torbanite</a>). He extracted a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named <i>paraffine oil</i> because at low temperatures, it congealed into a substance that resembled paraffin wax. Young took out a patent on his process and the resulting products in 1850, and built the first truly commercial oil-works in the world at <a href="/wiki/Bathgate" title="Bathgate">Bathgate</a> in 1851, using oil extracted from locally mined torbanite, shale, and bituminous coal. In 1852, he took out a United States patent for the same invention. These patents were subsequently upheld in both countries in a series of lawsuits, and other producers were obliged to pay him royalties.<sup id="cite_ref-russell_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russell-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kerosene_from_petroleum">Kerosene from petroleum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kerosene from petroleum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1851, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Martin_Kier" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Martin Kier">Samuel Martin Kier</a> began selling lamp oil to local miners, under the name "Carbon Oil". He distilled this from <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> by a process of his own invention. He also invented a new lamp to burn his product.<sup id="cite_ref-Pioneer_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pioneer-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been dubbed the <i>Grandfather of the American Oil Industry</i> by historians.<sup id="cite_ref-McInnis_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McInnis-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kier's <a href="/wiki/Salt_well" title="Salt well">salt wells</a> began to be fouled with <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> in the 1840s. At first, Kier simply dumped the oil into the nearby <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Main_Line_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Main Line Canal">Pennsylvania Main Line Canal</a> as useless waste, but later he began experimenting with several distillates of the crude oil, along with a chemist from eastern Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Ignacy Łukasiewicz">Ignacy Łukasiewicz</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> pharmacist residing in <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a> partner <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Zeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Zeh (page does not exist)">Jan Zeh</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Zeh" class="extiw" title="pl:Jan Zeh">pl</a>]</span> had been experimenting with different distillation techniques, trying to improve on Gesner's kerosene process, but using <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> from a local <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_seep" title="Petroleum seep">petroleum seep</a>. Many people knew of his work, but paid little attention to it. On the night of 31 July 1853, doctors at the local hospital needed to perform an emergency operation, virtually impossible by candlelight. They therefore sent a messenger for Łukasiewicz and his new lamps. The lamp burned so brightly and cleanly that the hospital officials ordered several lamps plus a large supply of fuel. Łukasiewicz realized the potential of his work and quit the pharmacy to find a business partner, and then traveled to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> to register his technique with the government. Łukasiewicz moved to the <a href="/wiki/Gorlice" title="Gorlice">Gorlice</a> region of Poland in 1854, and sank several wells across southern Poland over the following decade, setting up a refinery near <a href="/wiki/Jas%C5%82o" title="Jasło">Jasło</a> in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The petroleum discovery by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Drake" title="Edwin Drake">Edwin Drake</a> - <a href="/wiki/Drake_Well" title="Drake Well">Drake Well</a> in western Pennsylvania in 1859 caused a great deal of public excitement and investment drilling in new wells, not only in Pennsylvania, but also in Canada, where petroleum had been discovered at <a href="/wiki/Oil_Springs,_Ontario" title="Oil Springs, Ontario">Oil Springs, Ontario</a> in 1858, and southern Poland, where Ignacy Łukasiewicz had been distilling lamp oil from petroleum seeps since 1852. The increased supply of petroleum allowed oil refiners to entirely side-step the oil-from-coal patents of both Young and Gesner, and produce illuminating oil from petroleum without paying royalties to anyone. As a result, the illuminating oil industry in the United States completely switched over to petroleum in the 1860s. The petroleum-based illuminating oil was widely sold as Kerosene, and the trade name soon lost its proprietary status, and became the lower-case generic product "kerosene".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Gesner's original Kerosene had been also known as "coal oil", generic kerosene from petroleum was commonly called "coal oil" in some parts of the United States well into the 20th century. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, manufacturing oil from coal (or oil shale) continued into the early 20th century, although increasingly overshadowed by petroleum oils. </p><p>As kerosene production increased, whaling declined. The <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_the_United_States" title="Whaling in the United States">American whaling fleet</a>, which had been steadily growing for 50 years, reached its all-time peak of 199 ships in 1858. By 1860, just two years later, the fleet had dropped to 167 ships. The Civil War cut into American whaling temporarily, but only 105 whaling ships returned to sea in 1866, the first full year of peace, and that number dwindled until only 39 American ships set out to hunt whales in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kerosene, made first from coal and oil shale, then from petroleum, had largely taken over whaling's lucrative market in lamp oil. </p><p>Electric lighting started displacing kerosene as an illuminant in the late 19th century, especially in urban areas. However, kerosene remained the predominant commercial end-use for petroleum refined in the United States until 1909, when it was exceeded by motor fuels. The rise of the gasoline-powered automobile in the early 20th century created a demand for the lighter hydrocarbon fractions, and refiners invented methods to increase their output of gasoline, while decreasing their output of kerosene. In addition, some of the heavier hydrocarbons that previously went into kerosene were incorporated into diesel fuel. Kerosene kept some market share by being increasingly used in stoves and portable heaters.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kerosene_from_carbon_dioxide_and_water">Kerosene from carbon dioxide and water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kerosene from carbon dioxide and water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A pilot project by <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a> used <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> to produce kerosene from carbon dioxide and water in July 2022. The product can be used in existing aviation applications, and "can also be blended with fossil-derived kerosene."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">Jet fuel</a></div> <p>Kerosene is produced by <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> of crude oil in an <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery#Major_products" title="Oil refinery">oil refinery</a>. It condenses at a temperature intermediate between <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a>, which is less volatile, and <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, which are more volatile. </p><p>Kerosene made up 8.5 percent by volume of petroleum refinery output in 2021 in the United States, of which nearly all was kerosene-type jet fuel (8.4 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_fuel">As fuel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: As fuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; clear:right; text-align: center; font-size:11px; margin:5px;" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Fuels for heating</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">Heating oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_pellet" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pellet">Wood pellet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kerosene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heating_and_lighting">Heating and lighting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Heating and lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fuel, also known as heating oil in the UK and Ireland, remains widely used in <a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">kerosene lamps</a> and lanterns in the developing world.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it replaced <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">whale oil</a>, the 1873 edition of <i>Elements of Chemistry</i> said, "The vapor of this substance [kerosene] mixed with air is as explosive as gunpowder."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This statement may have been due to the common practice of adulterating kerosene with cheaper but more volatile hydrocarbon mixtures, such as <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kerosene was a significant fire risk; in 1880, nearly two of every five New York City fires were caused by defective kerosene lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">less-developed countries</a> kerosene is an important source of energy for cooking and lighting. It is used as a <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a> fuel in <a href="/wiki/Portable_stove" title="Portable stove">portable stoves</a> for <a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(wilderness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backpacking (wilderness)">backpackers</a>. As a heating fuel, it is often used in portable stoves, and is sold in some <a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">filling stations</a>. It is sometimes used as a heat source during power failures. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerosene_truck_Aichi_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kerosene_truck_Aichi_Japan.jpg/220px-Kerosene_truck_Aichi_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kerosene_truck_Aichi_Japan.jpg/330px-Kerosene_truck_Aichi_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kerosene_truck_Aichi_Japan.jpg/440px-Kerosene_truck_Aichi_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>A truck delivering kerosene in Japan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerosene_Storage_Tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kerosene_Storage_Tank.jpg/220px-Kerosene_Storage_Tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kerosene_Storage_Tank.jpg/330px-Kerosene_Storage_Tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kerosene_Storage_Tank.jpg/440px-Kerosene_Storage_Tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Kerosene storage tank</figcaption></figure> <p>Kerosene is widely used in Japan and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> as a home heating fuel for portable and installed kerosene heaters. In <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and Japan, kerosene can be readily bought at any filling station or be delivered to homes in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagoya_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagoya-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom and Ireland, kerosene is often used as a heating fuel in areas not connected to a <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> pipeline network. It is used less for cooking, with <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG</a> being preferred because it is easier to light. Kerosene is often the fuel of choice for range cookers such as <a href="/wiki/Rayburn_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayburn range">Rayburn</a>. Additives such as RangeKlene can be put into kerosene to ensure that it burns cleaner and produces less soot when used in range cookers.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, who generally abstain from the use of electricity, rely on kerosene for lighting at night. More ubiquitous in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">kerosene space heaters</a> were often built into kitchen ranges, and kept many farm and fishing families warm and dry through the winter. At one time, citrus growers used a <a href="/wiki/Smudge_pot" title="Smudge pot">smudge pot</a> fueled by kerosene to create a pall of thick smoke over a grove in an effort to prevent freezing temperatures from damaging crops. "<a href="/wiki/Salamander_heater" title="Salamander heater">Salamanders</a>" are kerosene space heaters used on construction sites to dry out building materials and to warm workers. Before the days of electrically lighted road barriers, highway construction zones were marked at night by kerosene fired, pot-bellied torches. Most of these uses of kerosene created thick black smoke because of the low temperature of combustion. </p><p>A notable exception, discovered in the early 19th century, is the use of a <a href="/wiki/Gas_mantle" title="Gas mantle">gas mantle</a> mounted above the wick on a kerosene lamp. Looking like a delicate woven bag above the woven cotton wick, the mantle is a residue of mineral materials (mostly <a href="/wiki/Thorium_dioxide" title="Thorium dioxide">thorium dioxide</a>), heated to <a href="/wiki/Incandescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescence">incandescence</a> by the flame from the wick. The <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a> oxide combination produces both a whiter light and a greater fraction of the energy in the form of visible light than a <a href="/wiki/Black_body" title="Black body">black body</a> at the same temperature would. These types of lamps are still in use today in areas of the world without electricity, because they give a much better light than a simple wick-type lamp does.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Recently, a multipurpose lantern that doubles as a cook stove has been introduced in India in areas with no electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cooking">Cooking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cooking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rippingille_Albion_Lamp_Coy_c1900_advert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Rippingille_Albion_Lamp_Coy_c1900_advert.jpg/170px-Rippingille_Albion_Lamp_Coy_c1900_advert.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Rippingille_Albion_Lamp_Coy_c1900_advert.jpg/255px-Rippingille_Albion_Lamp_Coy_c1900_advert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Rippingille_Albion_Lamp_Coy_c1900_advert.jpg/340px-Rippingille_Albion_Lamp_Coy_c1900_advert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1643" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for an oil stove, from the Albion Lamp Company, Birmingham, England, c. 1900</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Kerosene_stoves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Old_Kerosene_stoves.jpg/220px-Old_Kerosene_stoves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Old_Kerosene_stoves.jpg/330px-Old_Kerosene_stoves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Old_Kerosene_stoves.jpg/440px-Old_Kerosene_stoves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Old kerosene stoves from India.</figcaption></figure> <p>In countries such as Nigeria, kerosene is the main fuel used for cooking, especially by the poor, and kerosene stoves have replaced traditional wood-based cooking appliances. As such, increase in the price of kerosene can have a major political and environmental consequence. The Indian government subsidizes the fuel to keep the price very low, to around 15 U.S. cents per liter as of February 2007, as lower prices discourage dismantling of forests for cooking fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nigeria an attempt by the government to remove a fuel subsidy that includes kerosene met with strong opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kerosene is used as a fuel in <a href="/wiki/Portable_stove" title="Portable stove">portable stoves</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Primus_stove" title="Primus stove">Primus stoves</a> invented in 1892. Portable kerosene stoves earn a reputation of reliable and durable stove in everyday use, and perform especially well under adverse conditions. In outdoor activities and mountaineering, a decisive advantage of <a href="/wiki/Portable_stove#Pressurized_liquid_fuel_stoves" title="Portable stove">pressurized kerosene stoves</a> over <a href="/wiki/Portable_stove#Gas_cartridge_stoves" title="Portable stove">gas cartridge stoves</a> is their particularly high thermal output and their ability to operate at very low temperature in winter or at high altitude. Wick stoves like Perfection's or wickless like Boss continue to be used by the Amish and off grid living and in natural disasters where there is no power available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Engines">Engines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early to mid-20th century, kerosene or <a href="/wiki/Tractor_vaporizing_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tractor vaporizing oil">tractor vaporizing oil</a> was used as a cheap fuel for <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hit-and-miss_engine" title="Hit-and-miss engine">hit 'n miss engines</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Petrol-paraffin_engine" title="Petrol-paraffin engine">petrol-paraffin engine</a> would start on gasoline, then switch over to kerosene once the engine warmed up. On some engines a heat valve on the manifold would route the exhaust gasses around the intake pipe, heating the kerosene to the point where it was vaporized and could be ignited by an <a href="/wiki/Electric_spark" title="Electric spark">electric spark</a>. </p><p>In Europe following the Second World War, automobiles were similarly modified to run on kerosene rather than gasoline, which they would have to import and pay heavy taxes on. Besides additional piping and the switch between fuels, the <a href="/wiki/Head_gasket" title="Head gasket">head gasket</a> was replaced by a much thicker one to diminish the compression ratio (making the engine less powerful and less efficient, but able to run on kerosene). The necessary equipment was sold under the trademark "Econom".<sup id="cite_ref-Corporation1951_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corporation1951-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">fuel crisis of the 1970s</a>, Saab-Valmet developed and series-produced the <a href="/wiki/Saab_99" title="Saab 99">Saab 99</a> Petro that ran on kerosene, <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a> or gasoline. The project, codenamed "Project Lapponia", was headed by Simo Vuorio, and towards the end of the 1970s, a working prototype was produced based on the Saab 99 GL. The car was designed to run on two fuels. Gasoline was used for cold starts and when extra power was needed, but normally it ran on kerosene or turpentine. The idea was that the gasoline could be made from peat using the <a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a>. Between 1980 and 1984, 3,756 Saab 99 Petros and 2,385 <a href="/wiki/Talbot_Horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="Talbot Horizon">Talbot Horizons</a> (a version of the Chrysler Horizon that integrated many Saab components) were made. One reason to manufacture kerosene-fueled cars was that in Finland kerosene was less heavily taxed than gasoline.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kerosene is used to fuel smaller-horsepower outboard motors built by Yamaha, Suzuki, and Tohatsu. Primarily used on small fishing craft, these are dual-fuel engines that start on gasoline and then transition to kerosene once the engine reaches optimum <a href="/wiki/Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperature</a>. Multiple fuel Evinrude and Mercury Racing engines also burn kerosene, as well as jet fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, kerosene is mainly used in <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">fuel for jet engines</a> in several grades. One highly refined form of the fuel is known as <a href="/wiki/RP-1" title="RP-1">RP-1</a>, and is often burned with <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> as <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">rocket fuel</a>. These fuel grade kerosenes meet specifications for <a href="/wiki/Smoke_point" title="Smoke point">smoke points</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freeze_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze point">freeze points</a>. The combustion reaction can be approximated as follows, with the molecular formula C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>26</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Dodecane" title="Dodecane">dodecane</a>): </p> <dl><dd>2 C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>26</sub>(<i>l</i>) + 37 O<sub>2</sub>(<i>g</i>) → 24 CO<sub>2</sub>(<i>g</i>) + 26 H<sub>2</sub>O(<i>g</i>); <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">∆<i>H</i>˚</a> = -7513 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">kJ</a></dd></dl> <p>In the initial phase of liftoff, the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> launch vehicle was powered by the reaction of liquid oxygen with RP-1.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebbing_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebbing-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the five 6.4 meganewton sea-level thrust <a href="/wiki/F-1_(rocket_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="F-1 (rocket engine)">F-1</a> rocket engines of the Saturn V, burning together, the reaction generated roughly 1.62 × 10<sup>11</sup> <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a> (J/s) (162 gigawatt) or 217 million horsepower.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebbing_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebbing-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kerosene is sometimes used as an additive in diesel fuel to prevent gelling or waxing in cold temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Ultra-low sulfur kerosene</i> is a custom-blended fuel used by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Transit_Authority" title="New York City Transit Authority">New York City Transit Authority</a> to power its bus fleet. The transit agency started using this fuel in 2004, prior to the widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-sulfur_diesel" title="Ultra-low-sulfur diesel">ultra-low-sulfur diesel</a>, which has since become the standard. In 2008, the suppliers of the custom fuel failed to tender for a renewal of the transit agency's contract, leading to a negotiated contract at a significantly increased cost.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/JP-8" title="JP-8">JP-8</a> (for "Jet Propellant 8"), a kerosene-based fuel, is used by the United States military as a replacement in diesel fueled vehicles and for powering aircraft. JP-8 is also used by the U.S. military and its NATO allies as a fuel for heaters, stoves, tanks, and as a replacement for diesel fuel in the engines of nearly all tactical ground vehicles and electrical generators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_processes">Chemical processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chemical processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aliphatic kerosene is a type of kerosene which has a low aromatic hydrocarbon content, the aromatic content of crude oil varies greatly from oil field to oil field. However by solvent extraction it is possible to separate aromatic hydrocarbons from aliphatic (alkane) hydrocarbons. A common method is solvent extraction with methanol, DMSO or <a href="/wiki/Sulfolane" title="Sulfolane">sulfolane</a>. Aromatic kerosene is a grade of kerosene with a large concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons, an example of this would be <a href="/wiki/Exon" title="Exon">Exon</a>'s Solvesso 150. </p><p>Kerosene is commonly used in metal extraction as the diluent, for example in <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> extraction by LIX-84 it can be used in mixer settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kerosene is used as a <a href="/wiki/Diluent" title="Diluent">diluent</a> in the <a href="/wiki/PUREX" title="PUREX">PUREX</a> extraction process, but it is increasingly being supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Dodecane" title="Dodecane">dodecane</a> and other artificial hydrocarbons such as TPH (Hydrogenated Propylene Trimer). Traditionally the UK plants at Sellafield used aromatic kerosene to reduce the radiolysis of TBP while the French nuclear industry tended to use diluents with very little aromatic content. The French nuclear reprocessing plants typically use TPH as their diluent. In recent times it has been shown by Mark Foreman at Chalmers that aliphatic kerosene can be replaced in solvent extraction with HVO100 which is a second generation biodiesel made by <a href="/wiki/Neste" title="Neste">Neste</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>, kerosene can be used to store crystals. When a <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrated crystal</a> is left in air, <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> may occur slowly. This makes the color of the crystal become dull. Kerosene can keep air away from the crystal. </p><p>It can be also used to prevent air from re-dissolving in a boiled liquid,<sup id="cite_ref-KeroseneMiscellaneous_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KeroseneMiscellaneous-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to store alkali metals such as <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, which is less dense than kerosene, causing it to float).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_entertainment">In entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kerosene is often used in the entertainment industry for fire performances, such as <a href="/wiki/Fire_breathing_(circus_act)" title="Fire breathing (circus act)">fire breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poi_(juggling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poi (juggling)">fire juggling or poi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fire_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire dancing">fire dancing</a>. Because of its low flame temperature when burnt in free air, the risk is lower should the performer come in contact with the flame. Kerosene is generally not recommended as fuel for indoor fire dancing, as it produces an unpleasant (to some) odor, which becomes poisonous in sufficient concentration. <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> was sometimes used instead, but the flames it produces look less impressive, and its lower <a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">flash point</a> poses a high risk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_industry">In industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a petroleum product miscible with many industrial liquids, kerosene can be used as both a solvent, able to remove other petroleum products, such as chain grease, and as a <a href="/wiki/Cutting_fluid" title="Cutting fluid">lubricant</a>, with less risk of combustion when compared to using <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>. It can also be used as a cooling agent in metal production and treatment (oxygen-free conditions).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the petroleum industry, kerosene is often used as a synthetic <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> for corrosion experiments to simulate crude oil in field conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solvent">Solvent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Solvent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kerosene can be used as an <a href="/wiki/Adhesive_remover" title="Adhesive remover">adhesive remover</a> on hard-to-remove <a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">mucilage</a> or adhesive left by stickers on a glass surface (such as in show windows of stores).<sup id="cite_ref-KeroseneMiscellaneous_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KeroseneMiscellaneous-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It can be used to remove candle wax that has dripped onto a glass surface; it is recommended that the excess wax be scraped off prior to applying kerosene via a soaked cloth or tissue paper.<sup id="cite_ref-KeroseneMiscellaneous_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KeroseneMiscellaneous-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It can be used to clean bicycle and motorcycle chains of old lubricant before relubrication.<sup id="cite_ref-KeroseneMiscellaneous_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KeroseneMiscellaneous-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It can also be used to thin <a href="/wiki/Oil-based_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil-based paint">oil-based paint</a> used in fine art. Some artists even use it to clean their brushes; however, it leaves the bristles greasy to the touch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has seen use for water tank <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_control" title="Mosquito control">mosquito control</a> in Australia, where a temporary thin floating layer above the water protects it until the defective tank is repaired.<sup id="cite_ref-dohau_d0042_201103_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dohau_d0042_201103-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> considers kerosene to be a polluting fuel and recommends that "governments and practitioners immediately stop promoting its household use".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kerosene smoke contains high levels of harmful <a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">particulate matter</a>, and household use of kerosene is associated with higher risks of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, respiratory infections, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataract</a>, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ingestion" title="Ingestion">Ingestion</a> of kerosene is harmful. Kerosene is sometimes recommended as a folk remedy for killing <a href="/wiki/Head_louse" title="Head louse">head lice</a>, but health agencies warn against this as it can cause burns and serious illness. A kerosene shampoo can even be fatal if fumes are inhaled.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People can be exposed to kerosene in the workplace by breathing it in, swallowing it, skin contact, and eye contact. The US <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> of 100 mg/m<sup>3</sup> over an 8-hour workday.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_flame_temperature" title="Adiabatic flame temperature">Adiabatic flame temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_fuel" title="Aviation fuel">Aviation fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_gallon_equivalent" title="Gasoline gallon equivalent">Gasoline gallon equivalent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_jet_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerosene jet fuel">Kerosene jet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CO2_emitted_per_million_Btu_of_energy_from_various_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of CO2 emitted per million Btu of energy from various fuels">List of CO<sub>2</sub> emitted per million Btu of energy from various fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">Rocket propellant</a> <a href="/wiki/RP-1" title="RP-1">RP-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor_vaporizing_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tractor vaporizing oil">Tractor vaporizing oil</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia 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Pembroke Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55138-081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55138-081-0"><bdi>978-1-55138-081-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Scientists+and+Inventors&rft.pub=Pembroke+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55138-081-0&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadianscientis0000blac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gesner, Abraham, "Improvement in kerosene burning-fluids," U.S. Patent no.s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00011203">11,203</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612113021/http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00011203">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00011204">11,204</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612112937/http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00011204">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00011205">11,205</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612112812/http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00011205">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (issued: 27 June 1854).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, James, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00008833">"Improvement in making paraffine-oil,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612112810/http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00008833">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> U.S. Patent no. 8,833 (issued: 23 March 1852).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsbury1942" class="citation book cs1">Asbury, Herbert (1942). <i>The golden flood: an informal history of America's first oil field</i>. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+golden+flood%3A+an+informal+history+of+America%27s+first+oil+field&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Asbury&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pioneer-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pioneer_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld,_American_Manufacturer_and_Iron1901" class="citation book cs1">World, American Manufacturer and Iron (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkcVAAAAYAAJ&q=refinery+kier+pittsburgh&pg=PT57"><i>Greater Pittsburgh and Allegheny County, Past, Present, Future; The Pioneer Oil Refiner</i></a>. The American Manufacturer and Iron World.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+Pittsburgh+and+Allegheny+County%2C+Past%2C+Present%2C+Future%3B+The+Pioneer+Oil+Refiner&rft.pub=The+American+Manufacturer+and+Iron+World&rft.date=1901&rft.au=World%2C+American+Manufacturer+and+Iron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkcVAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Drefinery%2Bkier%2Bpittsburgh%26pg%3DPT57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McInnis-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McInnis_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcInnis" class="citation web cs1">McInnis, Karen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613130838/http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Kier__Samuel_Martin.html">"Kier, Samuel Martin- Bio"</a>. <i>biography</i>. The Pennsylvania State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Kier__Samuel_Martin.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biography&rft.atitle=Kier%2C+Samuel+Martin-+Bio&rft.aulast=McInnis&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pabook.libraries.psu.edu%2Fpalitmap%2Fbios%2FKier__Samuel_Martin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harper_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper1995" class="citation journal cs1">Harper, J. A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315221502/http://www.oil150.com/essays/2007/02/samual-kier">"Samuel Kier – Medicine Man & Refiner"</a>. <i>Pennsylvania Geology</i>. <b>26</b> (1). Oil Region Alliance of Business, Industry & Tourism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oil150.com/essays/2007/02/samual-kier">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Excerpt from Yo-Ho-Ho and a Bottle of Unrefined Complex Liquid Hydrocarbons)</span> on 15 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pennsylvania+Geology&rft.atitle=Samuel+Kier+%E2%80%93+Medicine+Man+%26+Refiner&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oil150.com%2Fessays%2F2007%2F02%2Fsamual-kier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteilLuning2002" class="citation book cs1">Steil, Tim; Luning, Jim (2002). <i>Fantastic Filling Stations</i>. MBI Publishing. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1064-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1064-9"><bdi>978-0-7603-1064-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fantastic+Filling+Stations&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-1064-9&rft.aulast=Steil&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Luning%2C+Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Lucier2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul Lucier (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNsKrN56RKEC&pg=PA161"><i>Scientists and Swindlers: Consulting on Coal and Oil in America, 1820–1890</i></a>. Baltimore: JHU Press. pp. 232–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0285-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0285-7"><bdi>978-1-4214-0285-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientists+and+Swindlers%3A+Consulting+on+Coal+and+Oil+in+America%2C+1820%E2%80%931890&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=232-233&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0285-7&rft.au=Paul+Lucier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfNsKrN56RKEC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Bureau of the Census, 1960, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957, p.445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harold_F._Williamson" title="Harold F. Williamson">Harold F. Williamson</a> and others, <i>The American Petroleum Industry: the Age of Energy, 1899–1959</i> (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern Univ. Press, 1963) 170, 172, 194, 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greencarcongress.com/2022/07/20220721-zoller.html">"All-in-one solar-powered tower makes carbon-neutral kerosene in the field at pilot-scale"</a>. <i>Green Car Congress</i>. 21 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220724151751/https://www.greencarcongress.com/2022/07/20220721-zoller.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Green+Car+Congress&rft.atitle=All-in-one+solar-powered+tower+makes+carbon-neutral+kerosene+in+the+field+at+pilot-scale&rft.date=2022-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2022%2F07%2F20220721-zoller.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZollerKoepfNizamianStephan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zoller, Stefan; Koepf, Erik; Nizamian, Dustin; Stephan, Marco; Patané, Adriano; Haueter, Philipp; Romero, Manuel; González-Aguilar, José; Lieftink, Dick; de Wit, Ellart; Brendelberger, Stefan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9332358">"A solar tower fuel plant for the thermochemical production of kerosene from H2O and CO2"</a>. <i>Joule</i>. <b>6</b> (7): 1606–1616. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2022.06.012">10.1016/j.joule.2022.06.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9332358">9332358</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35915707">35915707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Joule&rft.atitle=A+solar+tower+fuel+plant+for+the+thermochemical+production+of+kerosene+from+H2O+and+CO2&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1606-1616&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9332358%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35915707&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.joule.2022.06.012&rft.aulast=Zoller&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Koepf%2C+Erik&rft.au=Nizamian%2C+Dustin&rft.au=Stephan%2C+Marco&rft.au=Patan%C3%A9%2C+Adriano&rft.au=Haueter%2C+Philipp&rft.au=Romero%2C+Manuel&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Aguilar%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Lieftink%2C+Dick&rft.au=de+Wit%2C+Ellart&rft.au=Brendelberger%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9332358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pnp_pct_dc_nus_pct_a.htm">"U.S. Refinery Yield"</a>. <i>U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404235401/https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/PET_PNP_PCT_DC_NUS_PCT_A.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration+%28EIA%29&rft.atitle=U.S.+Refinery+Yield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Fdnav%2Fpet%2Fpet_pnp_pct_dc_nus_pct_a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAglionby2016" class="citation news cs1">Aglionby, John (17 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/ccfaa1ba-d0f1-11e5-831d-09f7778e7377">"Lightbulb moment for M-Kopa"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/ccfaa1ba-d0f1-11e5-831d-09f7778e7377">the original</a></span> on 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Lightbulb+moment+for+M-Kopa&rft.date=2016-03-17&rft.aulast=Aglionby&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fccfaa1ba-d0f1-11e5-831d-09f7778e7377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley1873" class="citation book cs1">Cooley, Le Roy Clark (1873). <i>Elements of Chemistry: for Common and High Schools</i>. 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Craggs Energy. 25 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329155604/https://craggsenergy.co.uk/info/kerosene/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Additives+%28KeroKlene+and+Range+Klene%29&rft.pub=Craggs+Energy&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcraggsenergy.co.uk%2Finfo%2Fkerosene%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216013917/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lanstove-a-lamp-thats-also-a-stove/143262-11.html">Lanstove:A lamp that's also a stove</a>. Ibnlive.in.com (14 February 2011). Retrieved on 2 June 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradsher2008" class="citation news cs1">Bradsher, Keith (28 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/28/business/worldbusiness/28subsidy.html">"Fuel Subsidies Overseas Take a Toll on U.S."</a> <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180105201219/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/28/business/worldbusiness/28subsidy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fuel+Subsidies+Overseas+Take+a+Toll+on+U.S.&rft.date=2008-07-28&rft.aulast=Bradsher&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F07%2F28%2Fbusiness%2Fworldbusiness%2F28subsidy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbikun2011" class="citation news cs1">Ibikun, Yinka (25 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/25/nigeria-kerosene-too-expensive_n_908837.html">"Nigeria Kerosene Too Expensive For Oil-Rich Country's Poor"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140107091438/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/25/nigeria-kerosene-too-expensive_n_908837.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Nigeria+Kerosene+Too+Expensive+For+Oil-Rich+Country%27s+Poor&rft.date=2011-07-25&rft.aulast=Ibikun&rft.aufirst=Yinka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2011%2F07%2F25%2Fnigeria-kerosene-too-expensive_n_908837.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corporation1951-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corporation1951_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaer1951" class="citation book cs1">Baer, Frederick H. (December 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA2-PA193">"Report from abroad on kerosene-fed cars"</a>. <i>Popular Science December 1951</i>. Bonnier Corporation. p. 193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Report+from+abroad+on+kerosene-fed+cars&rft.btitle=Popular+Science+December+1951&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Bonnier+Corporation&rft.date=1951-12&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Frederick+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnCEDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakrutan: "Saab 99 Petro" by Petri Tyrkös, n. 4, 2008 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanse2010" class="citation news cs1">Banse, Timothy (7 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marineenginedigest.com/specialreports/kerosene-outboards.htm">"Kerosene Outboards: An Alternative Fuel?"</a>. <i>Marine Engine Digest</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Engine+Digest&rft.atitle=Kerosene+Outboards%3A+An+Alternative+Fuel%3F&rft.date=2010-07-07&rft.aulast=Banse&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarineenginedigest.com%2Fspecialreports%2Fkerosene-outboards.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebbing-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebbing_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebbing_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbbing,_Darrell2007" class="citation book cs1">Ebbing, Darrell (3 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VakHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA251"><i>General Chemistry</i></a>. 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(2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD3SU00078H">"Sustainable solvent extraction of gold and other metals with biomass chemicals"</a>. <i>RSC Sustainability</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 655–675. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD3SU00078H">10.1039/D3SU00078H</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RSC+Sustainability&rft.atitle=Sustainable+solvent+extraction+of+gold+and+other+metals+with+biomass+chemicals&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=655-675&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FD3SU00078H&rft.aulast=Foreman&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.+StJ.&rft.au=Johansson%2C+Richard+K.&rft.au=Mariotti%2C+Gloria&rft.au=Persson%2C+Ingmar&rft.au=Tebikachew%2C+Behabitu+E.&rft.au=Tyumentsev%2C+Mikhail+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1039%252FD3SU00078H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KeroseneMiscellaneous-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KeroseneMiscellaneous_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KeroseneMiscellaneous_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KeroseneMiscellaneous_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KeroseneMiscellaneous_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oilfielddirectory.com/oilfield/kerosene.htm">Kerosene: Other uses: Miscellaneous</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229161359/http://oilfielddirectory.com/oilfield/kerosene.htm">Archived</a> 29 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Oilfielddirectory.com. Retrieved on 2 June 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-s-and-p-block-elements/solved-problems.html">"S and P Block Elements – Solved Problems for IIT JEE - askIITians"</a>. <i>www.askiitians.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193045/http://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-s-and-p-block-elements/solved-problems.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.askiitians.com&rft.atitle=S+and+P+Block+Elements+%E2%80%93+Solved+Problems+for+IIT+JEE+-+askIITians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askiitians.com%2Fiit-jee-s-and-p-block-elements%2Fsolved-problems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Oil atomisation puts a different face on iron alloy powders". <i>Metal Powder Report</i>. <b>59</b> (10): 26–06. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0026-0657%2804%2900279-6">10.1016/S0026-0657(04)00279-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metal+Powder+Report&rft.atitle=Oil+atomisation+puts+a+different+face+on+iron+alloy+powders&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=26-06&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0026-0657%2804%2900279-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dohau_d0042_201103-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dohau_d0042_201103_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321194006/https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/0D71DB86E9DA7CF1CA257BF0001CBF2F/$File/enhealth-raintank.pdf"><i>Guidance on use of rainwater tanks</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Australian Government Department of Health. March 2011. pp. 22, 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74241-325-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74241-325-9"><bdi>978-1-74241-325-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/0D71DB86E9DA7CF1CA257BF0001CBF2F/$File/enhealth-raintank.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidance+on+use+of+rainwater+tanks&rft.pages=22%2C+23&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Department+of+Health&rft.date=2011-03&rft.isbn=978-1-74241-325-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.gov.au%2Finternet%2Fmain%2Fpublishing.nsf%2FContent%2F0D71DB86E9DA7CF1CA257BF0001CBF2F%2F%24File%2Fenhealth-raintank.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2016" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171124101534/http://www.who.int/airpollution/publications/burning-opportunities/en/"><i>Burning opportunity: clean household energy for health, sustainable development, and wellbeing of women and children</i></a>. Geneva, Switzerland. p. X. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/airpollution/publications/burning-opportunities/en/">the original</a> on 24 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burning+opportunity%3A+clean+household+energy+for+health%2C+sustainable+development%2C+and+wellbeing+of+women+and+children&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=X&rft.date=2016&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fairpollution%2Fpublications%2Fburning-opportunities%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2016" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171124101534/http://www.who.int/airpollution/publications/burning-opportunities/en/"><i>Burning opportunity: clean household energy for health, sustainable development, and wellbeing of women and children</i></a>. Geneva, Switzerland. p. 49. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/airpollution/publications/burning-opportunities/en/">the original</a> on 24 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burning+opportunity%3A+clean+household+energy+for+health%2C+sustainable+development%2C+and+wellbeing+of+women+and+children&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=49&rft.date=2016&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fairpollution%2Fpublications%2Fburning-opportunities%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineGresham2009" class="citation web cs1">Levine, Michael D.; Gresham, Chip III (30 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/821143-overview">"Toxicity, Hydrocarbons"</a>. <i>emedicine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418152853/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/821143-overview">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=emedicine&rft.atitle=Toxicity%2C+Hydrocarbons&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Gresham%2C+Chip+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F821143-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahdi,_Awad_Hassan1988" class="citation journal cs1">Mahdi, Awad Hassan (1988). "Kerosene Poisoning in Children in Riyadh". <i>Journal of Tropical Pediatrics</i>. <b>34</b> (6). Oxford University Press: 316–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftropej%2F34.6.316">10.1093/tropej/34.6.316</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3221417">3221417</a>. <q>Radiological signs of pneumonia were shown in nine out of 27 patients who had chest X-rays. There was one death.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Tropical+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Kerosene+Poisoning+in+Children+in+Riyadh&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=316-318&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftropej%2F34.6.316&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3221417&rft.au=Mahdi%2C+Awad+Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0366.html">"CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Kerosene"</a>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123002412/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0366.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=CDC+-+NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards+-+Kerosene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0366.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerosene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his book of 1861 and its second edition of 1865, Gesner claimed to have demonstrated <i>liquid</i> kerosene – an "oil" – in 1846 during his public lectures on Prince Edward's Island. <ul><li>Gesner, Abraham (1861) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/apracticaltreat02gesngoog#page/n16/mode/2up"><i>A Practical Treatise on Coal, Petroleum, and Other Distilled Oils.</i></a> New York, New York, USA: Bailliere Brothers, p. 9.</li> <li>Gesner, Abraham; Gesner, George Weltden (1865) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTkKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9"><i>A Practical Treatise on Coal, Petroleum, and Other Distilled Oils</i></a>, 2nd ed., New York, New York, USA: Bailliere Brothers, p. 9.</li></ul> However, John Butt characterized Gesner's book as " … a piece of propaganda designed to get people to believe that he had been constantly interested in inventing burning oil from 1846 to 1854." Butt also stated that "No independent documentary proof has ever been produced to support Gesner's claim." Furthermore, "He [Gesner] omitted to mention that kerosene had first been used to describe an illuminating gas." <ul><li>Butt, John (1963) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3894/1/1963ButtPhD.pdf">"James Young, Scottish Industrialist and Philanthropist,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225095733/http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3894/1/1963ButtPhD.pdf">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> PhD thesis (University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK), p. 227.</li></ul> As late as 1850, Gesner promoted his "kerosene" as an illuminating <i>gas</i>: <ul><li>In his U.S. patent of 1850, Gesner called the product of his distillations an "illuminating gas", not an oil: Gesner, Abraham <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00007052">"Manufacture of illuminating-gas from bitumen"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224124608/https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00007052">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> U.S. Patent no. 7,052 (issued: 29 January 1850).</li> <li>In his prospectus of 1850, Gesner repeatedly identified "kerosene" as a <i>gas</i>, not an oil: Gesner, Abraham (1850) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t9960mm6j;view=1up;seq=7">"Prospectus of Gesner's patent kerosene gas, obtained from bitumen, asphaltum, or mineral pitch."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301004556/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t9960mm6j;view=1up;seq=7">Archived</a> 1 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> New York, New York, USA: Trehern & Williamson.</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosene&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kerosene" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:kerosene">kerosene</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kerosene" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kerosene">Kerosene</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209193139/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/english/ke/kerosene.html">"Kerosene"</a>, Webster Online Dictionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endtimesreport.com/kerosene_fuel_primer.html">Kerosene Fuel Primer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090911122721/http://www.endtimesreport.com/kerosene_fuel_primer.html">Archived</a> 11 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nafaa.org/K1_MSDS.pdf">Material Safety Data Sheet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415175137/http://www.nafaa.org/K1_MSDS.pdf">Archived</a> 15 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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