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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 South Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tasmania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tasmania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Tasmania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tasmania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Victoria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Western Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distant_Australian_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distant_Australian_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Distant Australian islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distant_Australian_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precipitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precipitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Precipitation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Precipitation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Precipitation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Precipitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Rain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Snow </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Temperatures </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Temperatures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Temperatures subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Temperatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extremes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extremes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Extremes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extremes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_hazards_and_disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Drought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flooding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flooding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Flooding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flooding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tornadoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tornadoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Tornadoes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tornadoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tropical_cyclones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tropical_cyclones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Tropical cyclones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tropical_cyclones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Climate of Australia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مناخ أستراليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مناخ أستراليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstraliya_iqlimi" title="Avstraliya iqlimi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avstraliya iqlimi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima_in_Australien" title="Klima in Australien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klima in Australien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_de_Australia" title="Clima de Australia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clima de Australia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimato_de_A%C5%ADstralio" title="Klimato de Aŭstralio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klimato de Aŭstralio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climat_de_l%27Australie" title="Climat de l'Australie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Climat de l'Australie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimsir_na_hAstr%C3%A1ile" title="Aimsir na hAstráile – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aimsir na hAstráile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_dell%27Australia" title="Clima dell'Australia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clima dell'Australia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ავსტრალიის კლიმატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავსტრალიის კლიმატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australijos_klimatas" title="Australijos klimatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Australijos klimatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausztr%C3%A1lia_%C3%A9ghajlata" title="Ausztrália éghajlata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ausztrália éghajlata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australias_klima" title="Australias klima – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Australias klima" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima_i_Australia" title="Klima i Australia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klima i Australia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimat_Australii" title="Klimat Australii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klimat Australii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Климат Австралии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Климат Австралии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_ilmasto" title="Australian ilmasto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Australian ilmasto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/300px-Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/450px-Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/599px-Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> in Australia</figcaption></figure> Australia's climate is governed mostly by its size and by the hot, sinking air of the <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> <a href="/wiki/High_pressure" title="High pressure">high pressure</a> belt <a href="/wiki/Horse_latitudes" title="Horse latitudes">(subtropical ridge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Australian_High" title="Australian High">Australian High</a>). This moves north-west and north-east with the seasons. The climate is variable, with frequent droughts lasting several seasons, thought to be caused in part by the <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño-Southern Oscillation">El Niño-Southern Oscillation</a>. Australia has a wide variety of climates due to its large geographical size. The largest part of Australia is <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a>. Only the south-east and south-west corners have a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climate</a> and moderately <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertile soil</a>. The northern part of the country has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a>, varying between <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> and desert. Australia holds many heat-related records: the continent has the hottest extended region year-round, the areas with the hottest summer climate, and the highest sunshine duration. Because Australia is a medium-sized continent, separated from polar regions by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>, it is not subject to movements of frigid polar air during winter, of the type that sweep over the continents in the northern hemisphere during their winter. Consequently, Australia's winter is relatively mild, with less contrast between summer and winter temperatures than in the northern continents–though the transition is more dramatically marked in the far inland areas, particularly west of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">Great Dividing Range</a>. Seasonal highs and lows can still be considerable. Temperatures have ranged from above 50 °C (122 °F) to as low as −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F). Minimum temperatures are moderated. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is associated with seasonal abnormality in many areas in the world. Australia is one of the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> most affected and experiences <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Australia" title="Drought in Australia">extensive droughts</a> alongside considerable wet periods. Occasionally a <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storm</a> will blanket a region and there are reports of the occasional <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a>. Tropical cyclones, <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">bushfires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frosts</a> in the country are also associated with the Southern Oscillation. Rising levels of <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> in some areas is ravaging the landscape. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change in Australia</a> is a highly contentious political issue.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Temperatures in the country rose by approximately 0.7 °C between 1910 and 2004, following an <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">increasing trend of global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Overnight minimum temperatures have warmed more rapidly than daytime maximum temperatures in recent years. The late-20th century warming has been largely attributed to the increased <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a> (BOM), 80% of the land receives less than 600 mm (24 in) of rainfall annually and 50% has even less than 300 mm (12 in).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> As a whole, Australia has a very low annual average rainfall of 419 mm (16 in).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="States_and_territories">States and territories</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_Capital_Territory">Australian Capital Territory</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snow_on_Mount_Tennent_during_July_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Snow_on_Mount_Tennent_during_July_2013.jpg/230px-Snow_on_Mount_Tennent_during_July_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Snow_on_Mount_Tennent_during_July_2013.jpg/345px-Snow_on_Mount_Tennent_during_July_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Snow_on_Mount_Tennent_during_July_2013.jpg/460px-Snow_on_Mount_Tennent_during_July_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3694" data-file-height="2769" /></a><figcaption>Light snow on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tennent" title="Mount Tennent">Mount Tennent</a>, which features dry <a href="/wiki/Sclerophyll" title="Sclerophyll">sclerophyll</a> woodlands.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autumn_in_Canberra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Autumn_in_Canberra.jpg/230px-Autumn_in_Canberra.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Autumn_in_Canberra.jpg/345px-Autumn_in_Canberra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Autumn_in_Canberra.jpg/460px-Autumn_in_Canberra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5300" data-file-height="2650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Autumn_foliage" class="mw-redirect" title="Autumn foliage">Autumn foliage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>.</figcaption></figure> Because of its higher general elevation of over 650 m (2,130 ft), southern latitude and entirely landlocked location, winters are exclusively cool to cold in the Australian Capital Territory. <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> has warm, dry summers with cool nights and some thunderstorms.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Heavy <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frosts</a> are commonplace and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_fog" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation fog">radiation fog</a> often occurs. Many of the higher mountains to the territory's west are snow-covered for a large part of the winter and early spring. Severe thunderstorms can occur between October and March, and annual rainfall is 623 mm (25 in), with rainfall highest in spring and summer, and lowest in winter. The region is dry throughout its entirety due to its position on the <a href="/wiki/Leeward" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeward">leeward</a> side of the <a href="/wiki/Brindabella_Range" title="Brindabella Range">Brindabella Ranges</a>. The highest temperature recorded in the ACT was 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Airport" title="Canberra Airport">Canberra Airport</a> on 4 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The lowest temperature was −14.6 °C (5.7 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Gudgenby_River" title="Gudgenby River">Gudgenby</a> on 11 July 1971.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_South_Wales">New South Wales</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sydney" title="Climate of Sydney">Climate of Sydney</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_South_Wales_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/New_South_Wales_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/300px-New_South_Wales_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/New_South_Wales_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/450px-New_South_Wales_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/New_South_Wales_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/600px-New_South_Wales_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate classification map of New South Wales</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:My_Favourite_Valley_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/My_Favourite_Valley_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-My_Favourite_Valley_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/My_Favourite_Valley_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-My_Favourite_Valley_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/My_Favourite_Valley_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-My_Favourite_Valley_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">Temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_Valley,_New_South_Wales" title="Kangaroo Valley, New South Wales">Kangaroo Valley</a>, typical along the eastern coast of the state.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Wilson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mount_Wilson.jpg/220px-Mount_Wilson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mount_Wilson.jpg/330px-Mount_Wilson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mount_Wilson.jpg/440px-Mount_Wilson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Autumn at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson,_New_South_Wales" title="Mount Wilson, New South Wales">Mount Wilson</a>.</figcaption></figure> Over half of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> has an <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a>. The eastern portion has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climate</a>, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical</a> from its northern border to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(New_South_Wales)" title="Central Coast (New South Wales)">Central Coast</a> and most of Sydney, and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> to the south coast. The <a href="/wiki/Snowy_Mountains" title="Snowy Mountains">Snowy Mountains</a> region in the south-east falls in the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine climate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subpolar_oceanic_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpolar oceanic climate">subpolar oceanic climate</a> zone, with cool to cold weather all year around and regular heavy snowfalls in the winter and spring. Further inland, the climate is semi-arid and a <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert climate</a> towards the western part of the state. The weather in the southern half of the state is generally warm to hot in summer and cool in the winter. The seasons are more defined in the southern half of the state, especially in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Slopes" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Slopes">South West Slopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_West_(New_South_Wales)" title="Central West (New South Wales)">Central West</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Riverina" title="Riverina">Riverina</a> regions. On the coast and anywhere east of the dividing range, a summer rainfall peak is observed throughout its entire latitudinal span. On the ranges and farther inland, rainfall usually peaks in spring in most parts of the state; though the South West Slopes region, in the south-central part of the state (bordering <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a>), has a distinct winter rainfall peak; whereas the New England and <a href="/wiki/North_West_Slopes" title="North West Slopes">North West Slopes</a> regions have a summer rainfall peak. On a hot summer day, a <a href="/wiki/Southerly_buster" title="Southerly buster">southerly buster</a> may at times moderate the extreme heat experienced in the coastal New South Wales region, from <a href="/wiki/Port_Macquarie" title="Port Macquarie">Port Macquarie</a> southwards to <a href="/wiki/Nowra" title="Nowra">Nowra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The warmest region by annual maxima is the <a href="/wiki/Far_West_(New_South_Wales)" title="Far West (New South Wales)">Upper Western</a>, where summers are extremely hot, but winters relatively cooler and dry. The weather in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rivers" title="Northern Rivers">northeast region</a> of the state, or the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_North_Coast" title="New South Wales North Coast">North Coast</a>, bordering <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, is moderately hot, humid and rainy in the summer, and mild in winter with more sunshine; and little seasonal temperature difference. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Tablelands" title="Northern Tablelands">Northern Tablelands</a> have relatively milder summers and colder winters, due to their high elevation and inland location on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">Great Dividing Range</a>. The southeast <a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">coastal plain</a>, which lies on the <a href="/wiki/Leeward" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeward">leeward</a> side of the Great Dividing Range, experiences <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Australian_foehn" title="Southeast Australian foehn">foehn winds</a>, particularly between winter and spring, which can elevate fire danger.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The coldest region is the <a href="/wiki/Snowy_Mountains" title="Snowy Mountains">Snowy Mountains</a> where the snow and ice continues for a long period during the winter months. The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(New_South_Wales)" title="Blue Mountains (New South Wales)">Blue Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tablelands" title="Southern Tablelands">Southern Tablelands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Tablelands" title="Central Tablelands">Central Tablelands</a>, which are situated on the Great Dividing Range, have mild to warm summers and cold winters, although not as severe as those in the Snowy Mountains. The areas situated in the valleys of the range, such as <a href="/wiki/Bathurst,_New_South_Wales" title="Bathurst, New South Wales">Bathurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goulburn" title="Goulburn">Goulburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowral" title="Bowral">Bowral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cooma" title="Cooma">Cooma</a>, among other places, have recorded freezing and/or near-freezing lows even in the summer months, unlike other places of similar latitude and altitude in the northern hemisphere. The highest maximum temperature recorded was 50.1 °C (122.2 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Wilcannia" title="Wilcannia">Wilcannia</a> in the state's north-west on 11 January 1939. The lowest minimum temperature was −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Pass,_New_South_Wales" title="Charlotte Pass, New South Wales">Charlotte Pass</a> on 29 June 1994 in the Snowy Mountains. This is also the lowest temperature recorded in the whole of Australia excluding <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-weatherrecords-12">[12]</a> Rainfall varies throughout the state. The far northwest receives the least, less than 180 mm (7 in) annually, while the east receives between 600 and 1,200 mm (24 and 47 in) of rain. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labelled_map_of_New_South_Wales_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Labelled_map_of_New_South_Wales_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/300px-Labelled_map_of_New_South_Wales_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Labelled_map_of_New_South_Wales_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/450px-Labelled_map_of_New_South_Wales_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Labelled_map_of_New_South_Wales_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/600px-Labelled_map_of_New_South_Wales_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1885" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption>Labelled map of New South Wales showing where the places mentioned in the table are located</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Place </th> <th>Climate type </th> <th>January mean max. temp </th> <th>January mean min. temp </th> <th>July mean max. temp </th> <th>July mean min. temp </th> <th>No. clear days </th> <th>Annual precipitation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albury" title="Albury">Albury</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a> </td> <td align="center">31 °C (88 °F) </td> <td align="center">17 °C (63 °F) </td> <td align="center">12 °C (54 °F) </td> <td align="center">4 °C (39 °F) </td> <td align="center">108 </td> <td align="center">699 mm (28 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armidale" title="Armidale">Armidale</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical highland climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">26 °C (79 °F) </td> <td align="center">14 °C (57 °F) </td> <td align="center">12 °C (54 °F) </td> <td align="center">1 °C (34 °F) </td> <td align="center">106<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </td> <td align="center">743 mm (29 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Broken_Hill" title="Broken Hill">Broken Hill</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">BWh</a> </td> <td align="center">33 °C (91 °F) </td> <td align="center">19 °C (66 °F) </td> <td align="center">15 °C (59 °F) </td> <td align="center">5 °C (41 °F) </td> <td align="center">137 </td> <td align="center">245 mm (10 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Pass,_New_South_Wales" title="Charlotte Pass, New South Wales">Charlotte Pass</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Subpolar_oceanic_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpolar oceanic climate">Cfc</a>/<a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subantarctic climate">Dfc</a> </td> <td align="center">18 °C (64 °F) </td> <td align="center">5 °C (41 °F) </td> <td align="center">2 °C (36 °F) </td> <td align="center">−7 °C (19 °F) </td> <td align="center">78 </td> <td align="center">1,948 mm (77 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coffs_Harbour" title="Coffs Harbour">Coffs Harbour</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a> </td> <td align="center">27 °C (81 °F) </td> <td align="center">20 °C (68 °F) </td> <td align="center">19 °C (66 °F) </td> <td align="center">8 °C (46 °F) </td> <td align="center">122 </td> <td align="center">1,668 mm (66 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orange,_New_South_Wales" title="Orange, New South Wales">Orange</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">27 °C (81 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">10 °C (50 °F) </td> <td align="center">2 °C (36 °F) </td> <td align="center">100 </td> <td align="center">927 mm (36 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Penrith,_New_South_Wales" title="Penrith, New South Wales">Penrith</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a> </td> <td align="center">31 °C (88 °F) </td> <td align="center">18 °C (64 °F) </td> <td align="center">18 °C (64 °F) </td> <td align="center">5 °C (41 °F) </td> <td align="center">103 </td> <td align="center">696 mm (27 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> (capital) </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a> </td> <td align="center">27 °C (81 °F) </td> <td align="center">20 °C (68 °F) </td> <td align="center">17 °C (63 °F) </td> <td align="center">9 °C (48 °F) </td> <td align="center">104 </td> <td align="center">1,150 mm (45 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wagga_Wagga" title="Wagga Wagga">Wagga Wagga</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a> </td> <td align="center">32 °C (90 °F) </td> <td align="center">16 °C (61 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">3 °C (37 °F) </td> <td align="center">124 </td> <td align="center">566 mm (22 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">26 °C (79 °F) </td> <td align="center">18 °C (64 °F) </td> <td align="center">17 °C (63 °F) </td> <td align="center">8 °C (46 °F) </td> <td align="center">107 </td> <td align="center">1,346 mm (53 in) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Territory">Northern Territory</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Territory_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Northern_Territory_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Northern_Territory_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Northern_Territory_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/500px-Northern_Territory_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Northern_Territory_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/600px-Northern_Territory_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>Köppen map of the Northern Territory</figcaption></figure> <table class="toccolours" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin-right:.5em; margin-left:.50em; margin-top:.4em; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:#cef; text-align:center;">Average monthly maximum temperature in Northern Territory </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccc; vertical-align:top;"> <th>Month </th> <th>Darwin </th> <th>Alice Springs </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">January </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31.8 °C (89.2 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36.4 °C (97.5 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">February </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31.4 °C (88.5 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">35.1 °C (95.2 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">March </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31.9 °C (89.4 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.7 °C (90.9 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">April </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.7 °C (90.9 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28.2 °C (82.8 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">May </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.0 °C (89.6 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">23.0 °C (73.4 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">June </td> <td style="text-align:center;">30.6 °C (87.1 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19.8 °C (67.6 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">July </td> <td style="text-align:center;">30.5 °C (86.9 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19.7 °C (67.5 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">August </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31.3 °C (88.3 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">22.5 °C (72.5 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">September </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.5 °C (90.5 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">27.2 °C (81.0 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">October </td> <td style="text-align:center;">33.2 °C (91.8 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31.0 °C (87.8 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">November </td> <td style="text-align:center;">33.3 °C (91.9 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">33.6 °C (92.5 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">December </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.6 °C (90.7 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">35.4 °C (95.7 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="font-size:80%; background:#cef; text-align:center;">Source: Bureau of Meteorology<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> has two distinctive climate zones. The northern end, including <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savannah climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen Aw</a>)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> with high humidity and two seasons, the wet (October to April) and dry season (May to September). During the dry season nearly every day is warm and sunny, and afternoon humidity averages around 30%. There is very little rainfall between May and September. In the coolest months of June and July, the daily minimum temperature may dip as low as 14 °C (57 °F), but very rarely lower, and frost has never been recorded. The wet season is associated with <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> rains. The majority of rainfall occurs between December and March (the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> summer), when thunderstorms are common and afternoon relative humidity averages over 70% during the wettest months. On average more than 1,570 mm (62 in) of rain falls in the north. Thunderstorms can produce spectacular <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> displays. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evening_monsoonal_squall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Evening_monsoonal_squall.jpg/250px-Evening_monsoonal_squall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Evening_monsoonal_squall.jpg/330px-Evening_monsoonal_squall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Evening_monsoonal_squall.jpg/500px-Evening_monsoonal_squall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption>Monsoonal squall nears Darwin</figcaption></figure> The rest of the territory lies in the desert centre of the country; it includes <a href="/wiki/Alice_Springs" title="Alice Springs">Alice Springs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uluru" title="Uluru">Uluru</a>, and is arid or semi-arid with little rain usually falling during the hottest months from October to March. Its seasons are more defined than the northern parts, with summers being very hot, with average temperatures often exceeding 35 °C (95 °F), and winters relatively cool with average minimum temperatures dipping as low as 5 °C (41 °F), with a few frosty nights. Central Australia receives less than 250 mm (10 in) of annual rainfall. The highest maximum temperature recorded in the territory was 48.3 °C (118.9 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Aputula" title="Aputula">Finke</a> on 1 and 2 January 1960. The lowest minimum temperature was −7.5 °C (18.5 °F) at Alice Springs on 17 July 1976.<a href="#cite_note-weatherrecords-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queensland">Queensland</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queensland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queensland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/300px-Queensland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="536" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queensland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/450px-Queensland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Queensland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/600px-Queensland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Köppen map of Queensland</figcaption></figure> Because of its size, there is significant variation in climate across the state. Low rainfall and hot summers are typical for the inland west, a monsoonal 'wet' season in the far north, and warm <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> conditions along the coastal strip. Inland and in southern ranges cooler temperatures are experienced, especially at nights. The climate of the coastal strip is influenced by warm ocean waters, keeping the region free from extremes of temperature and providing moisture for rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> There are five predominant climatic zones in Queensland,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> based on temperature and humidity: <ul><li>hot humid summer (far north and coastal)</li> <li>warm humid summer (coastal elevated hinterlands and coastal south-east)</li> <li>hot dry summer, mild winter (central west)</li> <li>hot dry summer, cold winter (southern west)</li> <li>temperate – warm summer, cold winter (inland south-east, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Granite_Belt" title="Granite Belt">Granite Belt</a>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelsey_Creek-Dittmer_Mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kelsey_Creek-Dittmer_Mountains.jpg/280px-Kelsey_Creek-Dittmer_Mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kelsey_Creek-Dittmer_Mountains.jpg/420px-Kelsey_Creek-Dittmer_Mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kelsey_Creek-Dittmer_Mountains.jpg/560px-Kelsey_Creek-Dittmer_Mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3023" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Grassland typical of Queensland and mountain ranges near <a href="/wiki/Proserpine,_Queensland" title="Proserpine, Queensland">Proserpine</a></figcaption></figure> However, most of the Queensland populace experience two weather seasons: a winter period of rather warm temperatures with minimal rainfall, and a sultry summer period of hot, sticky temperatures and more rain. The highest maximum temperature observed in the state is 49.5 °C (121.1 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Birdsville" title="Birdsville">Birdsville</a> on 24 December 1972. The temperature of 53.1 °C (127.6 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Cloncurry,_Queensland" title="Cloncurry, Queensland">Cloncurry</a> on 16 January 1889 is not considered official; the figure quoted from Birdsville is the next highest, so that record is considered as being official. The lowest minimum temperature is −10.6 °C (12.9 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Stanthorpe,_Queensland" title="Stanthorpe, Queensland">Stanthorpe</a> on 23 June 1961 and at The Hermitage on 12 July 1965.<a href="#cite_note-weatherrecords-12">[12]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labelled_map_of_Queensland_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Labelled_map_of_Queensland_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/300px-Labelled_map_of_Queensland_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Labelled_map_of_Queensland_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/450px-Labelled_map_of_Queensland_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Labelled_map_of_Queensland_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/600px-Labelled_map_of_Queensland_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>Labelled map of Queensland showing where the places mentioned in the table are located</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Place </th> <th>Climate type </th> <th>January max. temp </th> <th>January min. temp </th> <th>July max. Temp </th> <th>July min. temp </th> <th>No. clear days </th> <th>Annual precipitation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birdsville" title="Birdsville">Birdsville</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">BWh</a> </td> <td align="center">39 °C (102 °F) </td> <td align="center">24 °C (75 °F) </td> <td align="center">21 °C (70 °F) </td> <td align="center">7 °C (45 °F) </td> <td align="center">221 </td> <td align="center">164 mm (6 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> (capital) </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a> </td> <td align="center">30 °C (86 °F) </td> <td align="center">21 °C (70 °F) </td> <td align="center">22 °C (72 °F) </td> <td align="center">10 °C (50 °F) </td> <td align="center">123 </td> <td align="center">1,022 mm (40 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">Am</a> </td> <td align="center">32 °C (90 °F) </td> <td align="center">24 °C (75 °F) </td> <td align="center">26 °C (79 °F) </td> <td align="center">17 °C (63 °F) </td> <td align="center">90 </td> <td align="center">1,982 mm (78 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a> </td> <td align="center">29 °C (84 °F) </td> <td align="center">22 °C (72 °F) </td> <td align="center">21 °C (70 °F) </td> <td align="center">12 °C (54 °F) </td> <td align="center">N/A </td> <td align="center">1,273 mm (50 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cwa</a> </td> <td align="center">30 °C (86 °F) </td> <td align="center">24 °C (75 °F) </td> <td align="center">21 °C (70 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">123 </td> <td align="center">1,610 mm (63 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Isa" title="Mount Isa">Mount Isa</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">BSh</a> </td> <td align="center">37 °C (99 °F) </td> <td align="center">24 °C (75 °F) </td> <td align="center">25 °C (77 °F) </td> <td align="center">9 °C (48 °F) </td> <td align="center">175 </td> <td align="center">462 mm (18 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rockhampton" title="Rockhampton">Rockhampton</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a> </td> <td align="center">32 °C (90 °F) </td> <td align="center">22 °C (72 °F) </td> <td align="center">23 °C (73 °F) </td> <td align="center">10 °C (50 °F) </td> <td align="center">116 </td> <td align="center">812 mm (32 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanthorpe" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanthorpe">Stanthorpe</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical highland climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">27 °C (81 °F) </td> <td align="center">16 °C (61 °F) </td> <td align="center">15 °C (59 °F) </td> <td align="center">1 °C (34 °F) </td> <td align="center">42 </td> <td align="center">762 mm (30 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toowoomba" title="Toowoomba">Toowoomba</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a> </td> <td align="center">28 °C (82 °F) </td> <td align="center">17 °C (63 °F) </td> <td align="center">16 °C (61 °F) </td> <td align="center">5 °C (41 °F) </td> <td align="center">114 </td> <td align="center">952 mm (37 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">Aw</a> </td> <td align="center">31 °C (88 °F) </td> <td align="center">24 °C (75 °F) </td> <td align="center">25 °C (77 °F) </td> <td align="center">14 °C (57 °F) </td> <td align="center">121 </td> <td align="center">1,132 mm (45 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Weipa" title="Weipa">Weipa</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">Aw</a> </td> <td align="center">32 °C (90 °F) </td> <td align="center">24 °C (75 °F) </td> <td align="center">31 °C (88 °F) </td> <td align="center">19 °C (66 °F) </td> <td align="center">54 </td> <td align="center">1,911 mm (75 in) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Australia">South Australia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Adelaide" title="Climate of Adelaide">Climate of Adelaide</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-South_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="450" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/500px-South_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/600px-South_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>Köppen map of South Australia</figcaption></figure> The majority of the state has the <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climates</a>. The southern coastal parts of the state have a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> with mild wet winters and hot dry summers. The highest rainfall occurs along the southern coasts and the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lofty" title="Mount Lofty">Mount Lofty</a> Ranges (with an average annual rainfall of 1,200 millimetres (47 in) in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lofty" title="Mount Lofty">Mount Lofty</a>); the lowest rainfall occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Eyre_basin" title="Lake Eyre basin">Lake Eyre basin</a> where the average annual totals are less than 150 millimetres (6 in) and possibly even 100 millimetres (4 in). Most of the rain in the southern districts of the State fall during the winter months when the sub-tropical high-pressure belt is displaced to the north over the Australian continent.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central-plains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Central-plains.jpg/240px-Central-plains.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Central-plains.jpg/360px-Central-plains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Central-plains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Typical desert landscape north of <a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></figcaption></figure> South Australia's mean temperature range is 29 °C (84 °F) in January and 15 °C (59 °F) in July. Daily temperatures in parts of the state in January and February can be up to 50 °C (122 °F). The highest maximum temperature was recorded as 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Oodnadatta" title="Oodnadatta">Oodnadatta</a> on 2 January 1960, which is the highest official temperature recorded in Australia. The lowest minimum temperature was −8.0 °C (17.6 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Yongala,_South_Australia" title="Yongala, South Australia">Yongala</a> on 20 July 1976.<a href="#cite_note-weatherrecords-12">[12]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labelled_map_of_South_Australia_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Labelled_map_of_South_Australia_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/300px-Labelled_map_of_South_Australia_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Labelled_map_of_South_Australia_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/450px-Labelled_map_of_South_Australia_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Labelled_map_of_South_Australia_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/600px-Labelled_map_of_South_Australia_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1783" /></a><figcaption>Labelled map of South Australia showing where the places mentioned in the table are located</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Place </th> <th>Climate type </th> <th>January max. temp </th> <th>January min. temp </th> <th>July max. temp </th> <th>July min. temp </th> <th>No. clear days </th> <th>Annual precipitation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> (capital) </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">Csa</a> </td> <td align="center">29 °C (84 °F) </td> <td align="center">17 °C (63 °F) </td> <td align="center">15 °C (59 °F) </td> <td align="center">7 °C (45 °F) </td> <td align="center">87 </td> <td align="center">551 mm (22 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingscote,_South_Australia" title="Kingscote, South Australia">Kingscote</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-summer Mediterranean climate">Csb</a> </td> <td align="center">24 °C (75 °F) </td> <td align="center">15 °C (59 °F) </td> <td align="center">15 °C (59 °F) </td> <td align="center">8 °C (46 °F) </td> <td align="center">62 </td> <td align="center">489 mm (19 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gambier" title="Mount Gambier">Mount Gambier</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-summer Mediterranean climate">Csb</a> </td> <td align="center">25 °C (77 °F) </td> <td align="center">11 °C (52 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">5 °C (41 °F) </td> <td align="center">40 </td> <td align="center">710 mm (28 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oodnadatta" title="Oodnadatta">Oodnadatta</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">BWh</a> </td> <td align="center">38 °C (100 °F) </td> <td align="center">23 °C (73 °F) </td> <td align="center">20 °C (68 °F) </td> <td align="center">6 °C (43 °F) </td> <td align="center">182 </td> <td align="center">176 mm (7 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Augusta" title="Port Augusta">Port Augusta</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">BWh</a> </td> <td align="center">34 °C (93 °F) </td> <td align="center">19 °C (66 °F) </td> <td align="center">18 °C (64 °F) </td> <td align="center">5 °C (41 °F) </td> <td align="center">142 </td> <td align="center">218 mm (9 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stirling,_South_Australia" title="Stirling, South Australia">Stirling</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-summer Mediterranean climate">Csb</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">25 °C (77 °F) </td> <td align="center">12 °C (54 °F) </td> <td align="center">11 °C (52 °F) </td> <td align="center">5 °C (41 °F) </td> <td align="center">71 </td> <td align="center">1,107 mm (44 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Whyalla" title="Whyalla">Whyalla</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">BSh</a> </td> <td align="center">30 °C (86 °F) </td> <td align="center">18 °C (64 °F) </td> <td align="center">17 °C (63 °F) </td> <td align="center">5 °C (41 °F) </td> <td align="center">63 </td> <td align="center">267 mm (11 in) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tasmania">Tasmania</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tasmania_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tasmania_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/250px-Tasmania_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tasmania_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/500px-Tasmania_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Köppen-Geiger climate types of Tasmania</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Tasmania" title="Climate of Tasmania">Climate of Tasmania</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> has a cool temperate climate, with most areas under an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (Cfb), with four distinct seasons. Summer lasts from December to February when the average maximum sea temperature is 21 °C (70 °F) and inland areas around <a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania" title="Launceston, Tasmania">Launceston</a> reach 24 °C (75 °F). Other inland areas are much cooler; <a href="/wiki/Liawenee" title="Liawenee">Liawenee</a>, located on the <a href="/wiki/Central_Plateau_Conservation_Area" title="Central Plateau Conservation Area">Central Plateau</a>, is one of the coldest places in Australia with February temperatures ranging between 4 and 17 °C (39 and 63 °F). Autumn lasts between March and May and experiences changeable weather, where summer weather patterns gradually take on the shape of winter patterns.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The highest recorded maximum temperature in Tasmania was 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Scamander,_Tasmania" title="Scamander, Tasmania">Scamander</a> on 30 January 2009, during the <a href="/wiki/Early_2009_southeastern_Australia_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Early 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave">2009 south-eastern Australia heat wave</a>. Tasmania's lowest recorded minimum temperature was −14.2 °C (6.4 °F) on 7 August 2020, at Liawenee.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labelled_map_of_Tasmania_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Labelled_map_of_Tasmania_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/300px-Labelled_map_of_Tasmania_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Labelled_map_of_Tasmania_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/450px-Labelled_map_of_Tasmania_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Labelled_map_of_Tasmania_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/600px-Labelled_map_of_Tasmania_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption>Map of Tasmania with the locations shown in the table labelled</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Place </th> <th>Climate type </th> <th>January max. temp </th> <th>January min. temp </th> <th>July max. temp </th> <th>July min. temp </th> <th>No. clear days </th> <th>Annual precipitation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burnie" title="Burnie">Burnie</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">21 °C (70 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">6 °C (43 °F) </td> <td align="center">52 </td> <td align="center">958 mm (38 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Tasmania" title="Devonport, Tasmania">Devonport</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-summer Mediterranean climate">Csb</a> </td> <td align="center">21 °C (70 °F) </td> <td align="center">12 °C (54 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">5 °C (41 °F) </td> <td align="center">56 </td> <td align="center">773 mm (30 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Island,_Tasmania" class="mw-redirect" title="Flinders Island, Tasmania">Flinders Island</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">22 °C (72 °F) </td> <td align="center">14 °C (57 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">6 °C (43 °F) </td> <td align="center">47 </td> <td align="center">741 mm (29 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> (capital) </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">22 °C (72 °F) </td> <td align="center">12 °C (54 °F) </td> <td align="center">12 °C (54 °F) </td> <td align="center">5 °C (41 °F) </td> <td align="center">41 </td> <td align="center">615 mm (24 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Island,_Tasmania" class="mw-redirect" title="King Island, Tasmania">King Island</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-summer Mediterranean climate">Csb</a> </td> <td align="center">21 °C (70 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">8 °C (46 °F) </td> <td align="center">20 </td> <td align="center">854 mm (34 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania" title="Launceston, Tasmania">Launceston</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">25 °C (77 °F) </td> <td align="center">11 °C (52 °F) </td> <td align="center">12 °C (54 °F) </td> <td align="center">2 °C (36 °F) </td> <td align="center">50 </td> <td align="center">630 mm (25 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liawenee" title="Liawenee">Liawenee</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Cold-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold-summer Mediterranean climate">Csc</a> </td> <td align="center">19 °C (66 °F) </td> <td align="center">6 °C (43 °F) </td> <td align="center">6 °C (43 °F) </td> <td align="center">−2 °C (28 °F) </td> <td align="center">22 </td> <td align="center">923 mm (36 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_Tasmania" title="Queenstown, Tasmania">Queenstown</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">21 °C (70 °F) </td> <td align="center">8 °C (46 °F) </td> <td align="center">12 °C (54 °F) </td> <td align="center">2 °C (36 °F) </td> <td align="center">29 </td> <td align="center">2,405 mm (95 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Helens,_Tasmania" title="St Helens, Tasmania">St Helens</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">23 °C (73 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">14 °C (57 °F) </td> <td align="center">5 °C (41 °F) </td> <td align="center">N/A </td> <td align="center">666 mm (26 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Strahan,_Tasmania" title="Strahan, Tasmania">Strahan</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">21 °C (70 °F) </td> <td align="center">11 °C (52 °F) </td> <td align="center">12 °C (54 °F) </td> <td align="center">5 °C (41 °F) </td> <td align="center">16 </td> <td align="center">1,544 mm (61 in) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victoria">Victoria</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temperate_rainforest_in_Great_Otway_National_Park,_Victoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Temperate_rainforest_in_Great_Otway_National_Park%2C_Victoria.JPG/250px-Temperate_rainforest_in_Great_Otway_National_Park%2C_Victoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Temperate_rainforest_in_Great_Otway_National_Park%2C_Victoria.JPG/330px-Temperate_rainforest_in_Great_Otway_National_Park%2C_Victoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Temperate_rainforest_in_Great_Otway_National_Park%2C_Victoria.JPG/500px-Temperate_rainforest_in_Great_Otway_National_Park%2C_Victoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Temperate_rainforest" title="Temperate rainforest">temperate rainforest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Great_Otway_National_Park" title="Great Otway National Park">Great Otway National Park</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Barwon_South_West" title="Barwon South West">southwest</a> region of the state</figcaption></figure> <table class="toccolours" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin-right:.5em; margin-left:.50em; margin-top:.4em; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:#cef; text-align:center;">Average monthly maximum temperature in Victoria </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccc; vertical-align:top;"> <th>Month </th> <th>Melbourne </th> <th>Mildura </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">January </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25.8 °C (78.4 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.8 °C (91.0 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">February </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25.8 °C (78.4 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.7 °C (90.9 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">March </td> <td style="text-align:center;">23.8 °C (74.8 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29.3 °C (84.7 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">April </td> <td style="text-align:center;">20.2 °C (68.4 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24.1 °C (75.4 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">May </td> <td style="text-align:center;">16.6 °C (61.9 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19.6 °C (67.3 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">June </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14.0 °C (57.2 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">16.0 °C (60.8 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">July </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13.4 °C (56.1 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">15.4 °C (59.7 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">August </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14.9 °C (58.8 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">17.7 °C (63.9 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">September </td> <td style="text-align:center;">17.2 °C (63.0 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">21.1 °C (70.0 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">October </td> <td style="text-align:center;">19.6 °C (67.3 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25.0 °C (77.0 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">November </td> <td style="text-align:center;">21.8 °C (71.2 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29.0 °C (84.2 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">December </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24.1 °C (75.4 °F) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31.7 °C (89.1 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="font-size:80%; background:#cef; text-align:center;">Source: BOM </td></tr></tbody></table> Victoria has a varied climate despite its small size. It ranges from semi-arid and hot in the north-west, to temperate and cool along the coast. Victoria's main land feature, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">Great Dividing Range</a>, produces a cooler, mountain climate in the centre and east of the state. The coastal plain south of the Great Dividing Range has Victoria's mildest climate. Regular frontal systems off the Southern Ocean significantly mitigate the heat of summer. Melbourne and other large cities are located in this temperate region. <a href="/wiki/Mallee_(Victoria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallee (Victoria)">The Mallee</a> and upper <a href="/wiki/Wimmera" class="mw-redirect" title="Wimmera">Wimmera</a> are Victoria's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby deserts. Average temperatures top 32 °C (90 °F) during summer and 15 °C (59 °F) in winter. Victoria's highest maximum temperature of 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Hopetoun,_Victoria" title="Hopetoun, Victoria">Hopetoun</a> on 7 February 2009, during the 2009 south-eastern Australia heat wave.<a href="#cite_note-weatherrecords-12">[12]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Stevenson_screen" title="Stevenson screen">screen</a> temperature of 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) was recorded on 7 January 1906 in <a href="/wiki/Mildura" title="Mildura">Mildura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Alps" title="Australian Alps">Victorian Alps</a> in the eastern and central regions constitute the coldest climate of Victoria. The Alps are part of the Great Dividing Range extending longitudinally through the centre of Victoria. Average maximum temperatures are less than 9 °C (48 °F) in winter; below 0 °C (32 °F) in the highest parts of the ranges. The state's lowest minimum temperature of −11.7 °C (10.9 °F) was recorded at <a href="/wiki/Omeo" title="Omeo">Omeo</a> on 13 June 1965, and again at <a href="/wiki/Falls_Creek,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Falls Creek, Victoria">Falls Creek</a> on 3 July 1970.<a href="#cite_note-weatherrecords-12">[12]</a> Victoria is the wettest Australian state after Tasmania. Rainfall in Victoria increases from north to south, with higher averages in areas of high altitude. Median annual rainfall exceeds 1,800 mm (71 in) in some parts of the Northeast but is less than 250 mm (10 in) in the Mallee. Rain is heaviest in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Otway_National_Park" title="Great Otway National Park">Otway Ranges</a> on the southwest coast and <a href="/wiki/West_Gippsland" title="West Gippsland">West Gippsland</a> in south-central Victoria, and in the mountainous Northeast. Snow often falls on the low-lying hilly country in the centre of the state, and on rare occasions may also fall to sea level on the southernmost beaches. Rain falls most frequently in winter, but summer rainfall is heavier. Rainfall is most reliable in Gippsland and the <a href="/wiki/Western_District_(Victoria)" title="Western District (Victoria)">Western District</a>, making them both leading farming areas. Victoria's highest recorded daily rainfall was 375 millimetres (14.8 in) at Tanybryn in the Otway Ranges on 22 March 1983.<a href="#cite_note-weatherrecords-12">[12]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labelled_map_of_Victoria_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Labelled_map_of_Victoria_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/330px-Labelled_map_of_Victoria_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Labelled_map_of_Victoria_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/500px-Labelled_map_of_Victoria_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Labelled_map_of_Victoria_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/960px-Labelled_map_of_Victoria_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>Labelled map showing the relative locations of the places mentioned in the table</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Place </th> <th>Climate type </th> <th>January max. temp </th> <th>January min. temp </th> <th>July max. temp </th> <th>July min. temp </th> <th>No. clear days </th> <th>Annual precipitation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bairnsdale" title="Bairnsdale">Bairnsdale</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">26 °C (79 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">15 °C (59 °F) </td> <td align="center">4 °C (39 °F) </td> <td align="center">60 </td> <td align="center">650 mm (26 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">25 °C (77 °F) </td> <td align="center">11 °C (52 °F) </td> <td align="center">10 °C (50 °F) </td> <td align="center">3 °C (37 °F) </td> <td align="center">55 </td> <td align="center">690 mm (27 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">30 °C (86 °F) </td> <td align="center">14 °C (57 °F) </td> <td align="center">12 °C (54 °F) </td> <td align="center">3 °C (37 °F) </td> <td align="center">110 </td> <td align="center">514 mm (20 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Falls_Creek,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Falls Creek, Victoria">Falls Creek</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Subpolar_oceanic_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpolar oceanic climate">Cfc</a> </td> <td align="center">18 °C (64 °F) </td> <td align="center">9 °C (48 °F) </td> <td align="center">1 °C (34 °F) </td> <td align="center">−3 °C (27 °F) </td> <td align="center">N/A </td> <td align="center">1,274 mm (50 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">25 °C (77 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">14 °C (57 °F) </td> <td align="center">5 °C (41 °F) </td> <td align="center">38<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </td> <td align="center">524 mm (21 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> (capital) </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">26 °C (79 °F) </td> <td align="center">14 °C (57 °F) </td> <td align="center">14 °C (57 °F) </td> <td align="center">6 °C (43 °F) </td> <td align="center">49 </td> <td align="center">648 mm (26 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mildura" title="Mildura">Mildura</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">BSk</a> </td> <td align="center">32 °C (90 °F) </td> <td align="center">17 °C (63 °F) </td> <td align="center">15 °C (59 °F) </td> <td align="center">4 °C (39 °F) </td> <td align="center">132 </td> <td align="center">291 mm (11 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Victoria" title="Portland, Victoria">Portland</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-summer Mediterranean climate">Csb</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">22 °C (72 °F) </td> <td align="center">12 °C (54 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">6 °C (43 °F) </td> <td align="center">40 </td> <td align="center">840 mm (33 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shepparton" title="Shepparton">Shepparton</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold semi-arid climate">BSk</a> </td> <td align="center">32 °C (90 °F) </td> <td align="center">15 °C (59 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">3 °C (37 °F) </td> <td align="center">N/A </td> <td align="center">452 mm (18 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warrnambool" title="Warrnambool">Warrnambool</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a> </td> <td align="center">22 °C (72 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">13 °C (55 °F) </td> <td align="center">6 °C (43 °F) </td> <td align="center">53 </td> <td align="center">743 mm (29 in) </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 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#d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Temperature and precipitation for Victoria. Source: BOM – Department of Primary Industries, Australian Natural Resources Atlas</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_summer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Average January temperatures: Victoria's north is always hotter than coastal and mountainous areas."><img alt="Average January temperatures: Victoria's north is always hotter than coastal and mountainous areas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Victoria_summer.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="209" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Average January temperatures: Victoria's north is always hotter than coastal and mountainous areas.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_winter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Average July temperatures: Victoria's hills and ranges are coolest during winter. Snow also falls there."><img alt="Average July temperatures: Victoria's hills and ranges are coolest during winter. Snow also falls there." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Victoria_winter.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="209" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Average July temperatures: Victoria's hills and ranges are coolest during winter. Snow also falls there.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_rainfall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Average yearly precipitation: Victoria's rainfall is concentrated in the mountainous north-east and coast."><img alt="Average yearly precipitation: Victoria's rainfall is concentrated in the mountainous north-east and coast." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Victoria_rainfall.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="209" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Average yearly precipitation: Victoria's rainfall is concentrated in the mountainous north-east and coast.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Köppen map of Victoria"><img alt="Köppen map of Victoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Victoria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/293px-Victoria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="293" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Victoria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Victoria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Victoria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/586px-Victoria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="783" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Köppen map of Victoria</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Australia">Western Australia</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Western_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Western_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="554" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Western_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/500px-Western_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Western_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/600px-Western_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1413" /></a><figcaption>Köppen map of Western Australia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MVC-684F.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MVC-684F.JPG/240px-MVC-684F.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MVC-684F.JPG/360px-MVC-684F.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MVC-684F.JPG/480px-MVC-684F.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A four-wheel drive in the <a href="/wiki/Gibson_Desert" title="Gibson Desert">Gibson Desert</a></figcaption></figure> Most of Western Australia has a hot arid and semi-arid climate. However, the <a href="/wiki/South_West_drainage_division" title="South West drainage division">south-west corner of the state</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The area was originally heavily forested, including large stands of the <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_diversicolor" title="Eucalyptus diversicolor">karri</a>, one of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_trees" title="List of tallest trees">tallest trees</a>. This agricultural region of Western Australia is in the top nine terrestrial habitats for terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, with a higher proportion of <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic species</a> than most other equivalent regions. Due to the offshore <a href="/wiki/Leeuwin_Current" title="Leeuwin Current">Leeuwin Current</a>, the area numbers in the top six regions for <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine biodiversity</a>, containing the most southerly <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> in the world. Average annual rainfall varies from 300 mm (12 in) at the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Wheatbelt_(Western_Australia)" title="Wheatbelt (Western Australia)">Wheatbelt</a> region to 1,400 mm (55 in) in the wettest areas near <a href="/wiki/Northcliffe,_Western_Australia" title="Northcliffe, Western Australia">Northcliffe</a>, the southwesternmost tip of Australia, but in the months of November to March, although rain still falls, evaporation exceeds rainfall and it is generally very dry. Plants must be adapted to this as well as the extreme poverty of all soils. A major reduction in rainfall has been observed, with a greater number of rainfall events in the summer months. The central four-fifths of the state is semi-arid or desert and is lightly inhabited with the only significant activity being mining. Annual rainfall averages about 200 to 250 mm (8 to 10 in), most of which occurs in sporadic torrential falls related to cyclone events in summer months. An exception to this is the northern tropical regions. The <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a> has an extremely hot monsoonal climate with average annual rainfall ranging from 500 to 1,500 mm (20 to 59 in), but there is a very long dry season of 7 months from April to November. Eighty-five per cent of the state's <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a> occurs in the Kimberley, but because it occurs in violent floods and because of the insurmountable poverty of the generally shallow soils, development has only taken place along the <a href="/wiki/Ord_River" title="Ord River">Ord River</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_in_Western_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bush_in_Western_Australia.jpg/240px-Bush_in_Western_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bush_in_Western_Australia.jpg/360px-Bush_in_Western_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bush_in_Western_Australia.jpg/480px-Bush_in_Western_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral">chaparral</a>-like bush land in the Mediterranean region of the state</figcaption></figure> Australia's tropical/subtropical location and cold waters off the western coast make most of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> a hot desert with aridity a marked feature of a greater part of the continent. These cold waters produce precious little moisture needed on the mainland. A 2005 study by Australian and American researchers<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> investigated the desertification of the interior, and suggested that one explanation was related to human settlers who <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">arrived about 50,000 years ago</a>. Snowfall in the state is rare, and typically only in the <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Range" title="Stirling Range">Stirling Range</a> near <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany, the southwesternmost point in WA</a>, the only mountain range far enough south and with sufficient elevation. More rarely, snow can fall on the nearby <a href="/wiki/Porongurup_National_Park" title="Porongurup National Park">Porongurup Range</a>. Snow outside these areas is a major event; it usually occurs in hilly areas of south-western Australia. The most widespread low-level snow occurred on 26 June 1956 when snow was reported in the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Hills" title="Perth Hills">Perth Hills</a>, as far north as <a href="/wiki/Wongan_Hills,_Western_Australia" title="Wongan Hills, Western Australia">Wongan Hills</a> and as far east as <a href="/wiki/Salmon_Gums,_Western_Australia" title="Salmon Gums, Western Australia">Salmon Gums</a>. However, even in the Stirling Range, snowfalls rarely exceed 5 cm (2 in) and rarely settle for more than one day.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The highest observed maximum temperature of 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) was recorded at <a href="/wiki/Onslow,_Western_Australia" title="Onslow, Western Australia">Onslow</a> on 13 January 2022. The lowest minimum temperature recorded was −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Eyre_Bird_Observatory" title="Eyre Bird Observatory">Eyre Bird Observatory</a> on 17 August 2008.<a href="#cite_note-weatherrecords-12">[12]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labelled_map_of_Western_Australia_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Labelled_map_of_Western_Australia_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/300px-Labelled_map_of_Western_Australia_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="433" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Labelled_map_of_Western_Australia_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/450px-Labelled_map_of_Western_Australia_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Labelled_map_of_Western_Australia_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg/600px-Labelled_map_of_Western_Australia_for_Climate_of_Australia_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption>Map of Western Australia with the places listed in the table labelled</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Place </th> <th>Climate type </th> <th>January max. temp </th> <th>January min. temp </th> <th>July max. temp </th> <th>July min. temp </th> <th>No. clear days </th> <th>Annual precipitation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-summer Mediterranean climate">Csb</a> </td> <td align="center">23 °C (73 °F) </td> <td align="center">15 °C (59 °F) </td> <td align="center">16 °C (61 °F) </td> <td align="center">8 °C (46 °F) </td> <td align="center">45 </td> <td align="center">929 mm (37 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia" title="Broome, Western Australia">Broome</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">BSh</a> </td> <td align="center">33 °C (91 °F) </td> <td align="center">26 °C (79 °F) </td> <td align="center">29 °C (84 °F) </td> <td align="center">14 °C (57 °F) </td> <td align="center">182 </td> <td align="center">613 mm (24 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eucla,_Western_Australia" title="Eucla, Western Australia">Eucla</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold semi-arid climate">BSk</a> </td> <td align="center">26 °C (79 °F) </td> <td align="center">17 °C (63 °F) </td> <td align="center">18 °C (64 °F) </td> <td align="center">7 °C (45 °F) </td> <td align="center">94 </td> <td align="center">274 mm (11 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geraldton" title="Geraldton">Geraldton</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">Csa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">BSh</a> </td> <td align="center">32 °C (90 °F) </td> <td align="center">18 °C (64 °F) </td> <td align="center">19 °C (66 °F) </td> <td align="center">9 °C (48 °F) </td> <td align="center">164 </td> <td align="center">441 mm (17 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold semi-arid climate">BSk</a> </td> <td align="center">34 °C (93 °F) </td> <td align="center">18 °C (64 °F) </td> <td align="center">17 °C (63 °F) </td> <td align="center">5 °C (41 °F) </td> <td align="center">151 </td> <td align="center">266 mm (10 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karratha,_Western_Australia" title="Karratha, Western Australia">Karratha</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">BSh</a> </td> <td align="center">36 °C (97 °F) </td> <td align="center">27 °C (81 °F) </td> <td align="center">26 °C (79 °F) </td> <td align="center">14 °C (57 °F) </td> <td align="center">158 </td> <td align="center">297 mm (12 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> (capital) </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">Csa</a> </td> <td align="center">30 °C (86 °F) </td> <td align="center">18 °C (64 °F) </td> <td align="center">17 °C (63 °F) </td> <td align="center">9 °C (48 °F) </td> <td align="center">131 </td> <td align="center">868 mm (34 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyndham,_Western_Australia" title="Wyndham, Western Australia">Wyndham</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">BSh</a> </td> <td align="center">37 °C (99 °F) </td> <td align="center">26 °C (79 °F) </td> <td align="center">31 °C (88 °F) </td> <td align="center">17 °C (63 °F) </td> <td align="center">176 </td> <td align="center">824 mm (32 in) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distant_Australian_islands">Distant Australian islands</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Island(s) </th> <th>Climate type </th> <th>Coordinates </th> <th>January max. temp </th> <th>January min. temp </th> <th>July max. temp </th> <th>July min. temp </th> <th>No. clear days </th> <th>Annual precipitation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">Am</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Climate_of_Australia&params=10_25_18_S_105_40_41_E_">10°25′18″S 105°40′41″E / 10.42167°S 105.67806°E / -10.42167; 105.67806</a> </td> <td>28 °C (82 °F) </td> <td>23 °C (73 °F) </td> <td>26 °C (79 °F) </td> <td>23 °C (73 °F) </td> <td>8 </td> <td>2,199 mm (87 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">Am</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Climate_of_Australia&params=12_07_S_96_54_E_">12°07′S 96°54′E / 12.117°S 96.900°E / -12.117; 96.900</a> </td> <td>30 °C (86 °F) </td> <td>25 °C (77 °F) </td> <td>28 °C (82 °F) </td> <td>24 °C (75 °F) </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>1,984 mm (78 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island" title="Lord Howe Island">Lord Howe Island</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Climate_of_Australia&params=31_33_15_S_159_05_06_E_">31°33′15″S 159°05′06″E / 31.55417°S 159.08500°E / -31.55417; 159.08500</a> </td> <td>25 °C (77 °F) </td> <td>21 °C (70 °F) </td> <td>19 °C (66 °F) </td> <td>14 °C (57 °F) </td> <td>68 </td> <td>1,464 mm (58 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">ET</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Climate_of_Australia&params=54_30_0_S_158_57_0_E_">54°30′0″S 158°57′0″E / 54.50000°S 158.95000°E / -54.50000; 158.95000</a> </td> <td>9 °C (48 °F) </td> <td>5 °C (41 °F) </td> <td>5 °C (41 °F) </td> <td>2 °C (36 °F) </td> <td>4 </td> <td>993 mm (39 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Climate_of_Australia&params=29.03__S_167.95__E_">29°02′S 167°57′E / 29.03°S 167.95°E / -29.03; 167.95</a> </td> <td>25 °C (77 °F) </td> <td>19 °C (66 °F) </td> <td>18 °C (64 °F) </td> <td>14 °C (57 °F) </td> <td>41 </td> <td>1,286 mm (51 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Willis_Island" title="Willis Island">Willis Island</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">Aw</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Climate_of_Australia&params=16_17_15_S_149_57_52_E_">16°17′15″S 149°57′52″E / 16.28750°S 149.96444°E / -16.28750; 149.96444</a> </td> <td>31 °C (88 °F) </td> <td>26 °C (79 °F) </td> <td>26 °C (79 °F) </td> <td>22 °C (72 °F) </td> <td>67 </td> <td>1,102 mm (43 in) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precipitation">Precipitation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Changing_cloud_cover_over_Australia.ogv/220px--Changing_cloud_cover_over_Australia.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="53" data-mwtitle="Changing_cloud_cover_over_Australia.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Changing_cloud_cover_over_Australia.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Changing_cloud_cover_over_Australia.ogv/Changing_cloud_cover_over_Australia.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Changing_cloud_cover_over_Australia.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Changing_cloud_cover_over_Australia.ogv/Changing_cloud_cover_over_Australia.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Changing_cloud_cover_over_Australia.ogv/Changing_cloud_cover_over_Australia.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Changing_cloud_cover_over_Australia.ogv/Changing_cloud_cover_over_Australia.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Changing_cloud_cover_over_Australia.ogv/Changing_cloud_cover_over_Australia.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Australia sits south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> and under a strong, migrating zone of high-pressure called the <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical ridge">subtropical ridge</a>; this can lead to some interesting cloud cover. Using an advanced supercomputer climate model called GEOS-5, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> scientists recreated 19 days of changing cloud cover over Australia. Watch the visualisation to explore the movement of different systems that formed across the continent. Look for rising <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_cloud" title="Cumulus cloud">cumulus clouds</a> that appear to bubble up over land each day.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Todd_Weather_Folios_Synoptic_chart_1883_Nov_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Todd_Weather_Folios_Synoptic_chart_1883_Nov_10.jpg/220px-Todd_Weather_Folios_Synoptic_chart_1883_Nov_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Todd_Weather_Folios_Synoptic_chart_1883_Nov_10.jpg/330px-Todd_Weather_Folios_Synoptic_chart_1883_Nov_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Todd_Weather_Folios_Synoptic_chart_1883_Nov_10.jpg/440px-Todd_Weather_Folios_Synoptic_chart_1883_Nov_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2469" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption>When the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_forties" class="mw-redirect" title="Roaring forties">Roaring forties</a> contract towards southeastern Australia, they would usually bring rainfall and as well as snow in the southeast, particularly around the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Alps" title="Australian Alps">Australian Alps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:123_years_of_Australian_rainfall.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/123_years_of_Australian_rainfall.pdf/page1-220px-123_years_of_Australian_rainfall.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/123_years_of_Australian_rainfall.pdf/page1-330px-123_years_of_Australian_rainfall.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/123_years_of_Australian_rainfall.pdf/page1-440px-123_years_of_Australian_rainfall.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4964" data-file-height="7020" /></a><figcaption>123 years of rainfall in Australia (1900–2022), report by <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rain">Rain</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">Wet season</a></div> More than 80% of Australia has an annual rainfall of less than 600 mm (24 in); among the continents, only Antarctica receives less rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-portrait-91">[91]</a> A place inland near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Eyre" title="Lake Eyre">Lake Eyre</a> (in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>) would only receive 81 mm (3 in) of rain annually.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Another place, Troudaninna Bore (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Climate_of_Australia&params=29_11_44_S_138_59_28_E_">29°11′44″S 138°59′28″E / 29.19556°S 138.99111°E / -29.19556; 138.99111</a>, altitude : 46 m) in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, from 1893 to 1936, received, in average, 104.9 mm (4.13 inches) of precipitation.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> From one extreme to another, parts of the far <a href="/wiki/North_Queensland" title="North Queensland">North Queensland</a> coast annually average over 4,000 mm (157 in), with the Australian annual record being 12,461 mm (491 in), set at the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bellenden_Ker" title="Mount Bellenden Ker">Mount Bellenden Ker</a> in 2000. Four factors contribute to the dryness of the Australian landmass: <ul><li>Cold ocean currents off the west coast</li> <li>Low elevation of landforms</li> <li>Dominance of high-pressure systems</li> <li>Shape of the landmass</li></ul> The average annual rainfall in the <a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Australian desert</a> is low, ranging from 81 to 250 mm (3 to 10 in). <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorms</a> are relatively common in the region, with an annual average of 15 to 20 thunderstorms.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Summer daytime temperatures range from 32 to 40 °C (90 to 104 °F); winter temperatures run 18 to 23 °C (64 to 73 °F). The southern parts of Australia get the usual <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerly</a> winds and rain-bearing <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold fronts</a> that come when high–pressure systems move towards northern Australia during winter. Cold snaps may bring frosts inland, though temperatures near the coast are mild or near mild all year round. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_northwest_cloudbands" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian northwest cloudbands">Australian northwest cloudbands</a> provides up to 80% of the annual rainfall for northwestern Australia and up to 40% of the annual rainfall for southwestern Australia, including most of the winter rainfall over northwest <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Australia" title="Central Australia">Central Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Summers in southern Australia are generally dry and hot with coastal <a href="/wiki/Sea_breeze" title="Sea breeze">sea breezes</a>. During a lengthy dry spell, hot and dry winds from the interior can cause bushfires in some southern and eastern states, though most commonly <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>. The tropical areas of northern Australia have a wet summer because of the monsoon. During "the wet", typically October to April, humid north-westerly winds bring showers and thunderstorms. Occasionally, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> can bring heavy rainfall to tropical coastal regions, which is also likely to reach further inland. After the monsoonal season, the dry season comes ("winter"), which brings mostly clear skies and milder conditions. Rainfall records tend to be concentrated along the east coast of Australia, particularly in tropical north Queensland. The highest 24‑hour rainfall on record in Australia was 907.0 millimetres (35.7 in) in <a href="/wiki/Crohamhurst,_Queensland" title="Crohamhurst, Queensland">Crohamhurst</a> on 3 February 1893.<a href="#cite_note-Rainfall-97">[97]</a> The highest monthly rainfall on record was 5,387.0 millimetres (212.1 in) recorded at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bellenden_Ker" title="Mount Bellenden Ker">Mount Bellenden Ker</a>, Queensland in January 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Rainfall-97">[97]</a> The highest annual rainfall was 12,461.0 millimetres (490.6 in) recorded also at Mount Bellenden Ker in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-Rainfall-97">[97]</a> Additionally, the location which receives the highest average annual rainfall in Australia is <a href="/wiki/Babinda" title="Babinda">Babinda</a> in Queensland with an annual average of 4,279.4 millimetres (168.5 in).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Cold ocean currents off the coast of Western Australia result in little <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> occurring. Hence, rain clouds are sparsely formed and rarely do they form long enough for a continuous period of rain to be recorded. Australia's arid/semi-arid zone extends to this region. The absence of any significant mountain range or area of substantial height above sea level, results in very little rainfall caused by <a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">orographic uplift</a>. In the east the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">Great Dividing Range</a> limits rain moving into inland Australia. Australia has a compact shape, and no significant <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">bodies of water</a> penetrate very far inland. This is important in as much as moist winds are prevented from penetrating inland, so keeping rainfall low.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanangra_winter_wonderland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kanangra_winter_wonderland.jpg/250px-Kanangra_winter_wonderland.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kanangra_winter_wonderland.jpg/500px-Kanangra_winter_wonderland.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanangra-Boyd_National_Park" title="Kanangra-Boyd National Park">Kanangra-Boyd National Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(New_South_Wales)" title="Blue Mountains (New South Wales)">Blue Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snow">Snow</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Snow_in_Australia" title="Snow in Australia">Snow in Australia</a></div> In Australia, snow falls frequently on the highlands of the southeast. There is a regular snow season in several areas which have seasonal <a href="/wiki/Ski_resort" title="Ski resort">skiing</a> industries, such as <a href="/wiki/Thredbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Thredbo">Thredbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabramurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabramurra">Cabramurra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perisher_Ski_Resort" title="Perisher Ski Resort">Perisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hotham_Alpine_Resort" title="Mount Hotham Alpine Resort">Mount Hotham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Buller,_Victoria" title="Mount Buller, Victoria">Mount Buller</a>, among others. Snow falls with some regularity above 600 metres (2,000 ft) on the Great Dividing Range, seldom as far north as <a href="/wiki/Stanthorpe,_Queensland" title="Stanthorpe, Queensland">Stanthorpe</a> in southernmost Queensland and in isolated parts of South Australia and Western Australia. Snow at sea level is rarely recorded on mainland Australia (namely in southern Victoria), but is much more frequent in south-western Tasmania. Light snow generally falls once every few winters in the nation's capital Canberra. Furthermore, the major regional cities of <a href="/wiki/Orange,_New_South_Wales" title="Orange, New South Wales">Orange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a> receive snowfalls on an annual basis, with populations of over 40,000 and 100,000 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Snow has been recorded in every state and territory, though among the state capitals only Canberra, Hobart and Melbourne have recorded snow. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temperatures">Temperatures</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakadu_2534.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kakadu_2534.jpg/300px-Kakadu_2534.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kakadu_2534.jpg/450px-Kakadu_2534.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kakadu_2534.jpg/600px-Kakadu_2534.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Billabong" title="Billabong">billabong</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kakadu_National_Park" title="Kakadu National Park">Kakadu National Park</a>, Northern Territory. The monsoon climate of northern Australia is hot and humid in summer.</figcaption></figure> The tropical <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannah</a> zone of Northern Australia is warm to hot all year. Summers are hot in most of the country with average January maximum temperatures exceeding 30 °C over most of the mainland, except for high elevations. Winters are warm in the north and cool in the south, with nightly frosts common in inland areas south of the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a>. Only at the highly elevated areas do wintertime temperatures approach those found in much of Europe or North America, especially the southern parts. Temperatures in Australia have followed an <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">increasing trend</a> between the years of 1910 and 2004 by approximately 0.7 °C. Overnight minimum temperatures have warmed more rapidly than daytime maximum temperatures. The observed warming has hastened in recent years. The late-20th-century warming has been largely attributed to the increased <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Temperature differences between winter and summer are minor in the tropical region of Australia. However, they are greatest in the southern inland, with seasonal differences along the coast being moderated by the ocean's proximity. In July, a more common latitudinal distribution of average maximums is apparent, ranging from 30 °C near the north coast to below 3 °C in the mountainous areas of the south-east.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Average minimum temperatures in all seasons are highest in northern Australia and near the coastal areas, and are lowest in the elevated areas of the south-east. The highest average January minimum temperatures (near 27 °C) are found near the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">north-west coast</a>, while in winter they exceed 20 °C at some coastal locations in northern Australia and on the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiwi_Islands" title="Tiwi Islands">Tiwi Islands</a>. In the mountains of New South Wales, it is not unusual to have average low minimum temperatures dipping below 5 °C in January and −5 °C in July. Comparatively, most inland (non-mountainous) areas south of the tropics have average July minimum between 0 and 6 °C. In the desert, the dry air and clear skies give rather large ranges in temperature between day and night. Ranges of 15 °C being typical and 20 °C not quite unusual. Light nighttime <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frosts</a> in winter occur over much of the southern half of the arid zone, where mean July minimum temperatures are mostly in the 3 to 6 °C range. Moving north, frosts become increasingly rare, with mean July minimum being around 10 °C on the northern boundary. The highest maximums in Australia are recorded in two regions, the <a href="/wiki/Pilbara" title="Pilbara">Pilbara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gascoyne" title="Gascoyne">Gascoyne</a> regions of north-western Western Australia and the area extending from south-western <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> across South Australia into south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. Many locations in this region have recorded temperatures exceeding 48 °C. In January, average maximum temperatures exceed 35 °C over a large area of the interior and exceed 40 °C over areas in the north-west. The highest summer maximums in the Pilbara and Gascoyne average at around 41 °C (in some years daily maximums consecutively exceed 40 °C for several weeks at a time). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extremes">Extremes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_temperatures_in_Australia" title="List of extreme temperatures in Australia">List of extreme temperatures in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_weather_records" title="List of weather records">List of weather records</a></div> The most powerful <a href="/wiki/Heatwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Heatwave">heatwave</a> in the history of south-eastern Australia occurred in January 1939. Adelaide (46.1 °C on the 12th), Melbourne (45.6 °C on the 13th) and Sydney (45.3 °C on the 14th) all had record-high temperatures during this period, as did many other central district areas in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. Each cities record would later be broken, with Adelaides 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) on 24 January 2019, Melbournes 46.4 °C (115.5 °F) on 7 February 2009 and Sydneys 45.8 °C (114.4 °F) on 18 January 2013. The record number of consecutive days in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> over 40 °C is five, with <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> having two and <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> having three. Heatwaves usually bring by oppressively warm nights, with <a href="/wiki/Oodnadatta" title="Oodnadatta">Oodnadatta</a>, SA recording an Australian record of nine nights above 30 °C in February 2004.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Another extreme event was a prolonged period of extensive heatwaves known as the <a href="/wiki/Angry_Summer" title="Angry Summer">Angry Summer</a> in early 2013. <a href="/wiki/Marble_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Marble Bar">Marble Bar</a> achieved 160 consecutive days above 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) in 1923–24. <a href="/wiki/Nyang_Station" title="Nyang Station">Nyang</a> had an average maximum of 44.8 °C for the months of February 1998 and January 2005, an Australian record. At the other extreme, average January maximums are near 15 °C on the highest peaks of the south-east ranges and near 20 °C in much of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>. In most of the desert region during summer, cool days are rare and usually associated with major rain events—a rather exceptional example occurred in February 1949, when many areas failed to reach 20 °C on one or more days, and the maximum at <a href="/wiki/Boulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulia">Boulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Queensland" title="Western Queensland">western Queensland</a> was at 14.4 °C, which was 23 °C below normal. Many other locations in Australia, except those above 500 metres, have extreme maximums between 43 and 48 °C. Most Tasmanian sites away from the north coast have had extreme maximums between 35 and 40 °C. The lowest extreme maximums are found along the north coast of Tasmania (e.g. 29.5 °C at <a href="/wiki/Low_Head" title="Low Head">Low Head</a>) and at high elevations (27.0 °C at <a href="/wiki/Thredbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Thredbo">Thredbo</a>). While extreme high temperatures are more common inland than they are near the coast, notable extreme maxima have been observed near the coast; 50.7 °C at <a href="/wiki/Onslow,_Western_Australia" title="Onslow, Western Australia">Onslow</a>, 50.5 °C at <a href="/wiki/Mardie_Station" title="Mardie Station">Mardie</a>, 49.9 °C at <a href="/wiki/Nullarbor,_South_Australia" title="Nullarbor, South Australia">Nullarbor, South Australia</a>, 49.8 °C at <a href="/wiki/Eucla,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucla, South Australia">Eucla, South Australia</a> and 49.5 °C at <a href="/wiki/Port_Augusta" title="Port Augusta">Port Augusta</a>, South Australia.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> At lower elevations, most inland places south of the tropics have extreme minimum between −3 and −7 °C, and these low temperatures have also occurred in locations within a few kilometres of southern and eastern coasts, such as <a href="/wiki/Sale,_Victoria" title="Sale, Victoria">Sale, Victoria</a> (−5.6 °C), <a href="/wiki/Bega,_New_South_Wales" title="Bega, New South Wales">Bega, New South Wales</a> (−8.1 °C), <a href="/wiki/Grove,_Tasmania" title="Grove, Tasmania">Grove, Tasmania</a> (−7.5 °C) and <a href="/wiki/Taree" title="Taree">Taree</a>, New South Wales (−5.0 °C). Many locations in this region have recorded −10 °C or lower, including Gudgenby in the Australian Capital Territory (−14.6 °C) and <a href="/wiki/Woolbrook,_New_South_Wales" title="Woolbrook, New South Wales">Woolbrook, New South Wales</a> (−14.5 °C). In the desert, the lowest extreme minimum occur at high elevations, especially around <a href="/wiki/Alice_Springs" title="Alice Springs">Alice Springs</a>, where the temperature has fallen as low as −7.5 °C. In the tropics, extreme minimum near or below 0 °C have occurred at many places distant from the coast, as far north as <a href="/wiki/Herberton,_Queensland" title="Herberton, Queensland">Herberton, Queensland</a> (−5.0 °C). Some locations near tropical coasts, such as <a href="/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a> (−0.8 °C), <a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a> (0.1 °C) and <a href="/wiki/Kalumburu,_Western_Australia" title="Kalumburu, Western Australia">Kalumburu, Western Australia</a> (0.3 °C) have also recorded temperatures near 0 °C. In contrast, some coastal locations, such as <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, have never fallen below 10 °C, and <a href="/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a>, in the Torres Strait, has an extreme minimum of 16.1 °C. The lowest maximum temperature on record in Australia was −6.9 °C (19.6 °F), recorded on 9 July 1978 at Thredbo Ski Resort in New South Wales.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The highest minimum temperature on record was 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on 26 January 2019 at <a href="/wiki/Borrona_Downs_Station" title="Borrona Downs Station">Borrona Downs Station</a> near <a href="/wiki/Wanaaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanaaring">Wanaaring</a>, New South Wales. Before this heatwave, the previous record was 35.5 °C (95.9 °F), recorded on 24 January 1982 in <a href="/wiki/Arkaroola" title="Arkaroola">Arkaroola</a>, South Australia and again on 21 January 2003 in <a href="/wiki/Wittenoom,_Western_Australia" title="Wittenoom, Western Australia">Wittenoom, Western Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> A list of extremes can be found in the tables below: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7">Absolute temperature ranges </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Month </th> <th colspan="3">Maximum temperatures </th> <th colspan="3">Minimum temperatures </th></tr> <tr> <th>°C </th> <th>°F </th> <th>location and date </th> <th>°C </th> <th>°F </th> <th>location and date </th></tr> <tr> <th>January </th> <td style="text-align:right;">50.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">123.3</td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Oodnadatta" title="Oodnadatta">Oodnadatta</a>, South Australia (2 January 1960)<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Onslow,_Western_Australia" title="Onslow, Western Australia">Onslow</a>, Western Australia (13 January 2022)<a href="#cite_note-ABC-108">[108]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−7.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.1</td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Thredbo,_New_South_Wales" title="Thredbo, New South Wales">Thredbo Ski Resort</a>, New South Wales (24 January 2000)<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>February </th> <td style="text-align:right;">50.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">122.9</td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Mardie_Station" title="Mardie Station">Mardie</a>, Western Australia (19 February 1998)<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−7.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.4</td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Perisher_Ski_Resort" title="Perisher Ski Resort">Perisher Ski Resort</a>, New South Wales (17 February 1979)<a href="#cite_note-bom.gov.au-111">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>March </th> <td style="text-align:right;">48.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">119.3</td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Emu_Creek_Station" title="Emu Creek Station">Emu Creek Station</a>, Western Australia (11 March 2019)<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−7.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.0</td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Kiandra,_New_South_Wales" title="Kiandra, New South Wales">Kiandra</a>, New South Wales (25 March 1964)/<a href="/wiki/Bullocks_Flat" title="Bullocks Flat">Bullocks Flat</a>, New South Wales (31 March 1988)<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>April </th> <td style="text-align:right;">45.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">113.0</td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Port_Hedland,_Western_Australia" title="Port Hedland, Western Australia">Port Hedland</a>, Western Australia (1 April 1948)/<a href="/wiki/Marble_Bar,_Western_Australia" title="Marble Bar, Western Australia">Marble Bar</a>, Western Australia (2 April 1928)<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−13.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.6</td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Pass,_New_South_Wales" title="Charlotte Pass, New South Wales">Charlotte Pass</a>, New South Wales (29 April 2009)<a href="#cite_note-bom.gov.au-111">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>May </th> <td style="text-align:right;">40.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105.1</td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_Bay" title="Lagrange Bay">Bidyadanga</a>, Western Australia (6 May 1990)<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−13.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.9</td> <td> Charlotte Pass, New South Wales (24 May 2008)<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>June </th> <td style="text-align:right;">37.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.2</td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_Station" title="Bradshaw Station">Bradshaw Station</a>, Northern Territory (7 June 2016)<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−23.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−9.4</td> <td> Charlotte Pass, New South Wales (29 June 1994)<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>July </th> <td style="text-align:right;">38.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.9</td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Kalumburu,_Western_Australia" title="Kalumburu, Western Australia">Kalumburu</a>, Western Australia (24 July 2016)<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−19.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−3.3</td> <td> Charlotte Pass, New South Wales (20 July 2010)<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>August </th> <td style="text-align:right;">41.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">106.9</td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Yampi_Sound" title="Yampi Sound">Yampi Sound</a>, Western Australia (26 August 2024)<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−20.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−5.1</td> <td> Charlotte Pass, New South Wales (14 August 1968)<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>September </th> <td style="text-align:right;">43.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">109.6</td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia" title="Broome, Western Australia">West Roebuck</a>, Western Australia (27 September 2003)<a href="#cite_note-Bureau_of_Meteorology-123">[123]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−16.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.9</td> <td> Charlotte Pass, New South Wales (20 September 1967)<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>October </th> <td style="text-align:right;">46.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">116.4</td> <td> Port Hedland, Western Australia (22 October 2002)<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−12.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.4</td> <td> Charlotte Pass, New South Wales (29 October 2006)<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>November </th> <td style="text-align:right;">48.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">119.7</td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Birdsville" title="Birdsville">Birdsville</a>, Queensland (17 November 1990)<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−9.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15.1</td> <td> Charlotte Pass, New South Wales (26 November 1968)<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>December </th> <td style="text-align:right;">49.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">121.8</td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Nullarbor,_South_Australia" title="Nullarbor, South Australia">Nullarbor</a>, South Australia (19 December 2019)<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−9.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15.8</td> <td> Thredbo Ski Resort, New South Wales (13 December 1976)<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Australia </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #800000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.7 (123.3) </td> <td style="background: #820000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.5 (122.9) </td> <td style="background: #A40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.1 (118.6) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.0 (113.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6 (105.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.9 (100.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.3 (100.9) </td> <td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.6 (106.9) </td> <td style="background: #E80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.1 (109.6) </td> <td style="background: #B40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.9 (116.4) </td> <td style="background: #9B0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.7 (119.7) </td> <td style="background: #8B0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.9 (121.8) </td> <td style="background: #800000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">50.7 (123.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.7 (18.1) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.0 (19.4) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2 (19.0) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.0 (8.6) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.4 (7.9) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−23.0 (−9.4) </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.6 (−3.3) </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.6 (−5.1) </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.7 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.0 (10.4) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.4 (15.1) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.0 (15.8) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−23.0 (−9.4) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Bureau of Meteorology, Australian Government<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_hazards_and_disasters">Natural hazards and disasters</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bushfires">Bushfires</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">Bushfires in Australia</a></div> Climatic factors contribute to Australia's high incidence of bushfires, particularly during the summer months. Low <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a>, wind and lack of rain can cause a small fire, either man-made or caused by <a href="/wiki/Lightning_strike" title="Lightning strike">lightning strikes</a>, to spread rapidly. Low humidity, the heat of the sun and lack of water cause vegetation to dry out becoming a perfect fuel for the fire. High winds fan the flames, increasing their intensity and the speed and distance at which they can travel.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Many of the worst bushfires in eastern Australia, such as the 1983 <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday_bushfires" title="Ash Wednesday bushfires">Ash Wednesday fires</a>, accompany <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a> events which tend to cause a warm, dry and windy climate.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The worst bushfires in Australian history occurred during the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Australian_bushfire_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–2020 Australian bushfire season">2019–2020 Australian bushfire season</a>, also known as the "Black Summer", which lasted for 6 months and burnt 140,000 km2 (55,000 mi2) of land primarily in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory. By the end of the season there had been 14-34 direct human deaths, hundreds of indirect human deaths, 1-3 billion animal deaths and 3,500 homes destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Prior to this, the worst had been the <a href="/wiki/Black_Saturday_bushfires" title="Black Saturday bushfires">Black Saturday fires</a> in February to March 2009, causing 173 deaths and destroying over 2000 homes in Victoria.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dust_storms">Dust storms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2009_Australian_dust_storm" title="2009 Australian dust storm">2009 Australian dust storm</a></div> A dust storm or sandstorm, a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi-arid regions, arises when a gust front passes or when the wind force exceeds the threshold value where loose sand and <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a> are removed from the dry surface. Particles are transported by <a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">saltation</a> and suspension, causing soil <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> from one place and <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposition</a> in another. Sandstorm usually refers to dust storms in desert areas when, in addition to fine particles obscuring visibility, a considerable amount of larger sand particles moves closer to the surface. The term dust storm is more likely to be used when finer particles are blown long distances, especially when the dust storm affects urban areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drought">Drought</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheep_on_a_drought-affected_paddock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sheep_on_a_drought-affected_paddock.jpg/220px-Sheep_on_a_drought-affected_paddock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sheep_on_a_drought-affected_paddock.jpg/330px-Sheep_on_a_drought-affected_paddock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sheep_on_a_drought-affected_paddock.jpg/440px-Sheep_on_a_drought-affected_paddock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Drought-affected paddock in the New South Wales farming region of the <a href="/wiki/Riverina" title="Riverina">Riverina</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Australia" title="Drought in Australia">Drought in Australia</a></div> Drought in Australia is defined by rainfall over a three-month period being in the lowest ten per cent of amounts having been recorded for that region in the past.<a href="#cite_note-BOMGlossaryDrought-137">[137]</a> This definition takes into account that low rainfall is a relative term and rainfall deficiencies need to be compared to typical rainfall patterns including seasonal variations. Specifically drought in Australia is defined in relation to a rainfall deficiency of <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_lease" title="Pastoral lease">pastoral leases</a> and is determined by decile analysis applied to a certain area.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Historical climatic records are now sufficiently reliable to profile climate variability taking into account expectations for regions.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Parliaments of the Australian states and territories">State Governments</a> are responsible for declaring a region drought affected and the declaration will take into account factors other than rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-BOMGlossaryDrought-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flooding">Flooding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Australia" title="Floods in Australia">Floods in Australia</a></div> Though most of Australia is arid or semi-arid, some regions have very significant rainfall. The <a href="/wiki/Wet_Tropics_of_Queensland" title="Wet Tropics of Queensland">Wet Tropics</a> in northeast Queensland as well as the western half of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> both average over 1400mm (55 in) of rainfall annually, sometimes much higher. As a result, the former has some of Australia's only <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a>, while the latter features extensive <a href="/wiki/Temperate_rainforest" title="Temperate rainforest">temperate rainforests</a> where floods can occur at any time. Through <a href="/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Niña">La Niña</a> years the eastern seaboard of Australia (east of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">Great Dividing Range</a>) records above-average rainfall, usually creating damaging floods. The 2010–2011 La Niña system broke many rainfall records in Australia, particularly in the states of Queensland and New South Wales, with extensive flooding and major damage to infrastructure and crops. The central east area of Queensland, an area the size of Germany and France combined, was <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Queensland_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–11 Queensland floods">under water in 2010–11</a>. La Nina related flooding has affected major eastern cities such as Sydney, and especially Brisbane. The <a href="/wiki/2022_eastern_Australia_floods" title="2022 eastern Australia floods">2022 eastern Australia floods</a> were also one of the worst recorded flood events. West of the Great Dividing Range, higher than average rainfall may be related to a negative <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Dipole" title="Indian Ocean Dipole">Indian Ocean Dipole</a>, which sometimes leads to inland flooding, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Murray%E2%80%93Darling_basin" title="Murray–Darling basin">Murray–Darling basin</a> river system and its flood plains and especially during winter. The <a href="/wiki/Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a> and much of <a href="/wiki/North_Queensland" title="North Queensland">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland" title="Far North Queensland">Far North Queensland</a> are affected by the Australian monsoon (wet season) which brings heavy rain, thunderstorms, tropical cyclones (see below) and frequent flooding from November to April, making many unsealed roads impassable for part of the year. As a result, these regions are feature extensive tropical savannah. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tornadoes">Tornadoes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australia_tornadoes" title="List of Australia tornadoes">List of Australia tornadoes</a></div> In Australia, a tornado is also known as a twister or willy-willy. The earliest recorded tornado in Australia was in 1795. The country experiences about 60 tornadoes per year.<a href="#cite_note-aidr-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tropical_cyclones">Tropical cyclones</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monica_2006-04-23_0055Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Monica_2006-04-23_0055Z.jpg/170px-Monica_2006-04-23_0055Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Monica_2006-04-23_0055Z.jpg/255px-Monica_2006-04-23_0055Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Monica_2006-04-23_0055Z.jpg/340px-Monica_2006-04-23_0055Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5800" data-file-height="7400" /></a><figcaption>Cyclone Monica at peak intensity</figcaption></figure> Australia is affected by tropical cyclones which primarily occur between December and April but have occasionally developed in November and May.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Cyclones over mainland Australia occur on average five to six times each year.<a href="#cite_note-portrait-91">[91]</a> The regions between <a href="/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia" title="Broome, Western Australia">Broome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exmouth,_Western_Australia" title="Exmouth, Western Australia">Exmouth</a> are most prone to cyclones.<a href="#cite_note-Cyclone2-142">[142]</a> Tropical cyclones are known to bring destructive winds, heavy rain with flooding creating storm surges along the coast, causing inundation to low-lying areas. The strongest Australian region cyclone was 2006's <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Monica" title="Cyclone Monica">Cyclone Monica</a>, with gusts topping 350 km/h (220 mph). Cyclones can also move inland, decaying to rain depressions, dumping heavy rain and causing flooding.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The worst cyclones of Australia have caused billions of dollars of damage and many deaths. <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Tracy" title="Cyclone Tracy">Cyclone Tracy</a> crossed directly over Darwin in 1974, killing 71 persons. It was Australia's most damaging cyclone.<a href="#cite_note-cytci-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Mahina" title="Cyclone Mahina">Cyclone Mahina</a> in 1899 brought a <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a> to <a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland" title="Far North Queensland">Far North Queensland</a> reaching 13 metres (43 ft) high, causing 400 deaths and making it the worst natural disaster to befall Australia.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Larry" title="Cyclone Larry">Cyclone Larry</a> struck North Queensland and passed over <a href="/wiki/Innisfail,_Queensland" title="Innisfail, Queensland">Innisfail</a> in 2006 causing damages estimated at A$1.5 billion. However, there were no deaths in that storm. <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Yasi" title="Cyclone Yasi">Cyclone Yasi</a> caused severe flooding and had a total estimated cost of A$3.5 billion making it the second-most costliest cyclone to strike Australia.<a href="#cite_note-cytci-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia-temp-anomaly-1910-2009.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Australia-temp-anomaly-1910-2009.svg/450px-Australia-temp-anomaly-1910-2009.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Australia-temp-anomaly-1910-2009.svg/675px-Australia-temp-anomaly-1910-2009.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Australia-temp-anomaly-1910-2009.svg/900px-Australia-temp-anomaly-1910-2009.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Australian annual average temperature anomaly from 1910 to 2019 with five-year <a href="/wiki/Local_regression" title="Local regression">locally weighted ('lowess')</a> trend line. Source: Australian BOM.</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change in Australia</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Australia&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-12-07_East_Australian_Fires_Aqua_MODIS-VIIRS-LABELS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2019-12-07_East_Australian_Fires_Aqua_MODIS-VIIRS-LABELS.png/301px-2019-12-07_East_Australian_Fires_Aqua_MODIS-VIIRS-LABELS.png" decoding="async" width="301" height="503" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2019-12-07_East_Australian_Fires_Aqua_MODIS-VIIRS-LABELS.png/452px-2019-12-07_East_Australian_Fires_Aqua_MODIS-VIIRS-LABELS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2019-12-07_East_Australian_Fires_Aqua_MODIS-VIIRS-LABELS.png/602px-2019-12-07_East_Australian_Fires_Aqua_MODIS-VIIRS-LABELS.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1806" /></a><figcaption>Climate change is increasing the frequency and size of bushfires, as evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season" title="2019–20 Australian bushfire season">2019–20 Australian bushfire season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> has been a critical issue in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> since the beginning of the 21st century. Australia is becoming hotter and more prone to extreme heat, <a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">bushfires</a>, droughts, floods, and longer fire seasons because of climate change. Climate issues include <a href="/wiki/Wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildfires">wildfires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heatwaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Heatwaves">heatwaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">cyclones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rising_sea_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Rising sea levels">rising sea levels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:342-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:53-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:62-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:18-150">[150]</a> Since the beginning of the 20th century, Australia has experienced an increase of over 1.5 °C in average annual temperatures,<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:18-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_bom-state-2024-151">[151]</a> with warming occurring at twice the rate over the past 50 years compared with the previous 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Recent climate events such as extremely high temperatures and widespread drought have focused government and public attention on the effects of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">climate change in Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Rainfall in <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Australia">southwestern Australia</a> has decreased by 10–20% since the 1970s, while southeastern Australia has also experienced a moderate decline since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:18-150">[150]</a> Rainfall is expected to become heavier and more infrequent, as well as more common in summer rather than in winter. Australia's annual average temperatures are projected to increase 0.4–2.0 °C above 1990 levels by the year 2030, and 1–6 °C by 2070. Average precipitation in the southwest and southeast Australia is projected to decline during this time, while regions such as the northwest may experience increases in rainfall. Climate change is <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">affecting the continent's environment and ecosystems</a>. Australia is vulnerable to the effects of global warming projected for the next 50 to 100 years because of its extensive arid and semi-arid areas, and already warm climate, high annual rainfall variability. The continent's high fire risk increases this susceptibility to changes in temperature and climate. Meanwhile, Australia's coastlines will experience erosion and inundation from an estimated 8–88 centimetres (3.1–34.6 in) increase in global sea level. Australia's unique ecosystems such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">animal species</a> are also at risk. Climate change also has diverse implications for Australia's economy, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia#Agriculture_forestry_and_livestock" title="Climate change in Australia">its agriculture</a> and public health.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_Preston_Jones-154">[154]</a> Projected impacts include more severe <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>, and cyclones.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Furthermore, Australia's population is highly concentrated in coastal areas at risk from rising sea levels, and existing <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Australia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Australia">pressures on water supply</a> will be exacerbated. The exposure of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> to climate change impacts is exacerbated by existing socio-economic disadvantages which are linked to colonial and post-colonial marginalisation.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:342-147">[147]</a> The communities most affected by climate changes are those in the North where <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander</a> people make up 30% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:23-156">[156]</a> Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities located in the coastal north are the most disadvantaged due to social and economic issues and their reliance on traditional land for food, culture, and health. This has raised the question for many community members in these areas, "Should we stay or move away?"<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:23-156">[156]</a> Australia is also a contributor to climate change, with its <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Australia" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia">greenhouse gas emissions</a> per capita above the world average. The country is <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Australia" title="Coal in Australia">highly reliant on coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia#Oil" title="Energy in Australia">other fossil fuels</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">renewable energy</a> coverage is increasing.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> National <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> efforts include a commitment to achieving <a href="/wiki/Net_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero">net zero</a> emissions by 2050 under the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>, although Australia has repeatedly ranked poorly in the <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a> and other international rankings for its climate targets and implementation. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a> can be performed at national and local levels<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> and was identified as a priority for Australia in the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Garnaut_Climate_Change_Review" title="Garnaut Climate Change Review">Garnaut Review</a>. Climate change has been a <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming controversy">divisive or politicised issue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australian_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian politics">Australian politics</a> since the 2000s, contributing to successive governments implementing and repealing mitigation policies such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_pricing_in_Australia" title="Carbon pricing in Australia">carbon pricing</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Australian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian media">Australian media outlets</a> have promoted <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_misinformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change misinformation">climate misinformation</a>. The issue has <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Australia#Climate_change" title="Environmental movement in Australia">sparked protests</a> in support of climate change policies, including some of the largest demonstrations and school strikes in Australia's history.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_seasons" title="Indigenous Australian seasons">Indigenous Australian seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wettest_tropical_cyclones_by_country#Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wettest tropical cyclones by country">List of wettest tropical cyclones by country § Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_extremes_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather extremes in Australia">Weather extremes in Australia</a>, an index of extreme Australian weather articles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation_in_Australia" title="Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Australia">Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_monsoon" title="Australian monsoon">Australian monsoon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/state-of-the-climate/">"State of the Climate 2014"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112120159/http://www.bom.gov.au/state-of-the-climate/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+of+the+Climate+2014&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fstate-of-the-climate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2014/s3956656.htm">"CSIRO report says Australia getting hotter with more to come"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 4 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516052359/http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2014/s3956656.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSIRO+report+says+Australia+getting+hotter+with+more+to+come&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2014-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fpm%2Fcontent%2F2014%2Fs3956656.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/bbd307d0202ca25bca2570de00032610!OpenDocument#CLIMATE%20CHANGE">""Stats" (Australian Government)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430131351/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/bbd307d0202ca25bca2570de00032610!OpenDocument#CLIMATE%20CHANGE">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Stats%22+%28Australian+Government%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAusstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2F94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2%2Fbbd307d0202ca25bca2570de00032610%21OpenDocument%23CLIMATE%2520CHANGE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/ausclim.html">Climate of Australia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwQ7FulHCCsC&pg=PA376">Precipitation in Australia</a>. Routledge. 1997. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12519-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12519-2"><bdi>978-0-415-12519-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230912220643/https://books.google.com/books?id=uwQ7FulHCCsC&pg=PA376">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precipitation+in+Australia&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12519-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuwQ7FulHCCsC%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/water/nwa/2019/canberra/climateandwater/climateandwater.shtml">"Canberra: Climate and water"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813063725/http://www.bom.gov.au/water/nwa/2019/canberra/climateandwater/climateandwater.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canberra%3A+Climate+and+water&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fwater%2Fnwa%2F2019%2Fcanberra%2Fclimateandwater%2Fclimateandwater.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTerritory2020" class="citation web cs1">Territory, Bureau of Meteorology Australian Capital (3 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/BOM_ACT/status/1213311040710234117?s=20">"Untitled"</a>. @BOM_ACT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118030211/https://twitter.com/BOM_ACT/status/1213311040710234117?s=20">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020. <q>Canberra has reached 43.6C—a new hottest temperature record for any month. The previous Canberra records are 42.2C at Canberra Airport in 1968 and 42.8C at the now-closed Acton site in 1939.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%40BOM_ACT&rft.atitle=Untitled&rft.date=2020-01-03&rft.aulast=Territory&rft.aufirst=Bureau+of+Meteorology+Australian+Capital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FBOM_ACT%2Fstatus%2F1213311040710234117%3Fs%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/b5186097bad6b76cca256b3400819cd1">2002 Yearbook of Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012125015/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs%40.nsf/0/b5186097bad6b76cca256b3400819cd1">Archived</a> 12 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 22 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/social/2011/10/southerly-busters/">Southerly Busters Explained</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130817121336/http://www.bom.gov.au/social/2011/10/southerly-busters/">Archived</a> 17 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 21 February 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJason_J._Sharples,_Graham_A._Mills,_Richard_H._D._McRae,_and_Rodney_O._Weber" class="citation news cs1">Jason J. Sharples, Graham A. Mills, Richard H. D. McRae, and Rodney O. 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Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181230024703/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_072023_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_072023_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_056238_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611055002/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_056238_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_056238_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_056002.shtml">"Armidale Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990506101155/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_056002.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 1999. Retrieved 16 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armidale+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_056002.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_047048.shtml">"Broken Hill Airport Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040831111244/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_047048.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2004. Retrieved 16 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Broken+Hill+Airport+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_047048.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_071003_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907231716/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_071003_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_071003_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_059040.shtml">"Coffs Harbour Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990507013740/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_059040.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 1999. Retrieved 16 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coffs+Harbour+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_059040.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_063254_All.shtml">"Orange Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170406221209/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_063254_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orange+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_063254_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_067113_All.shtml">"Penrith Lakes Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615033209/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_067113_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penrith+Lakes+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_067113_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal">"Sydney (Observatory Hill) Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209095647/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sydney+%28Observatory+Hill%29+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fjsp%2Fncc%2Fcdio%2Fcvg%2Fav%3Fp_stn_num%3D066062%26p_prim_element_index%3D0%26p_comp_element_index%3D0%26redraw%3Dnull%26p_display_type%3Dfull_statistics_table%26normals_years%3D1991-2020%26tablesizebutt%3Dnormal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_072150.shtml">"Wagga Wagga Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000817065819/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_072150.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2000. Retrieved 16 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wagga+Wagga+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_072150.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_068188_All.shtml">"Wollongong Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129052420/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_068188_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wollongong+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_068188_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_014015.shtml">"Summary statistics Darwin Airport"</a>. BOM. 15 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980130072336/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_014015.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 1998. Retrieved 26 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+statistics+Darwin+Airport&rft.pub=BOM&rft.date=2009-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_014015.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_015590.shtml">"Summary statistics Alice Springs Airport"</a>. BOM. 16 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110602125448/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_015590.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+statistics+Alice+Springs+Airport&rft.pub=BOM&rft.date=2009-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_015590.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7v.html">"CHAPTER 7: Introduction to the Atmosphere"</a>. physicalgeography.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015060602/http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7v.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=physicalgeography.net&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+7%3A+Introduction+to+the+Atmosphere&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicalgeography.net%2Ffundamentals%2F7v.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/ausclimqld.html">BOM – Climate of Queensland</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/cgi_bin_scripts/clim_classification.cgi">BOM – Australian climatic zones</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_038002_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516120611/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_038002_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_038002_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_040913.shtml">"Brisbane Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017042950/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_040913.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brisbane+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_040913.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_031011_All.shtml">"Cairns Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111032613/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_031011_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cairns+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_031011_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_040764_All.shtml">"Gold CoastClimate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201233107/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_040764_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+CoastClimate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_040764_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_033119_All.shtml">"Mackay Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304073924/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_033119_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mackay+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_033119_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_029127_All.shtml">"Mt Isa Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106101907/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_029127_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mt+Isa+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_029127_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_039083_All.shtml">"Rockhampton Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150510054441/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_039083_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rockhampton+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_039083_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_041095_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509133729/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_041095_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_041095_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_041103_All.shtml">"Toowoomba Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090504022945/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_041103_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toowoomba+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_041103_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_032040_All.shtml">"Townsville Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205185122/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_032040_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Townsville+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_032040_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_027045_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150510051820/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_027045_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_027045_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100315233707/http://www.atlas.sa.gov.au/go/resources/atlas-of-south-australia-1986/environment-resources/climate-and-weather">"Atlas of South Australia | Climate and Weather"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlas.sa.gov.au/go/resources/atlas-of-south-australia-1986/environment-resources/climate-and-weather">the original</a> on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+South+Australia+%26%23124%3B+Climate+and+Weather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlas.sa.gov.au%2Fgo%2Fresources%2Fatlas-of-south-australia-1986%2Fenvironment-resources%2Fclimate-and-weather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_023090_All.shtml">"Adelaide Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403204623/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_023090_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adelaide+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_023090_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_022807_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007094554/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_022807_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_022807_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_026021_All.shtml">"Mount Gambier Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922010113/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_026021_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Gambier+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_026021_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_017043_All.shtml">"Oodnadatta Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118203649/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_017043_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oodnadatta+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_017043_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_018201_All.shtml">"Port Augusta Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021556/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_018201_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+Augusta+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_018201_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_023785_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180121000113/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_023785_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_023785_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_018120_All.shtml">"Whyalla Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190916110538/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_018120_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whyalla+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_018120_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090222154659/http://www.bom.gov.au/weather/tas/launceston/climate.shtml">"Climate of Launceston"</a>. BOM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/weather/tas/launceston/climate.shtml">the original</a> on 22 February 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BOM&rft.atitle=Climate+of+Launceston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fweather%2Ftas%2Flaunceston%2Fclimate.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre2020" class="citation news cs1">McIntyre, Damian (7 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-07/record-low-temperature-at-coldest-tasmanian-town-liawenee/12533394">"Liawenee in Tasmania's Central Highlands breaks record for coldest temperature in island state"</a>. Australia: ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807235100/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-07/record-low-temperature-at-coldest-tasmanian-town-liawenee/12533394">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Liawenee+in+Tasmania%27s+Central+Highlands+breaks+record+for+coldest+temperature+in+island+state&rft.date=2020-08-07&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-08-07%2Frecord-low-temperature-at-coldest-tasmanian-town-liawenee%2F12533394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_091009_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110901/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_091009_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_091009_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_091126_All.shtml">"Devonport Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131130054340/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_091126_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devonport+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_091126_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_099005_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015110/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_099005_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_099005_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_094029_All.shtml">"Hobart Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107070355/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_094029_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hobart+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_094029_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_098017.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610032246/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_098017.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_098017.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_091311_All.shtml">"Launceston Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109113315/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_091311_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Launceston+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_091311_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_096033_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314155126/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_096033_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_096033_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_097034_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709005102/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_097034_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_097034_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_092120_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509035829/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_092120_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_092120_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_097072.shtml">"Strahan Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041123035433/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_097072.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2004. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strahan+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_097072.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunraysiadaily.com.au/news/local/news/general/hopetoun-sizzles-as-mildura-sweats/1430009.aspx">Hopetoun sizzles as Mildura sweats</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114112700/http://www.sunraysiadaily.com.au/news/local/news/general/hopetoun-sizzles-as-mildura-sweats/1430009.aspx">Archived</a> 14 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/national/city-swelters-records-tumble-in-heat-20090207-80ai.html">"City swelters, records tumble in heat"</a>. The Age. Melbourne. 7 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208073446/http://www.theage.com.au/national/city-swelters-records-tumble-in-heat-20090207-80ai.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=City+swelters%2C+records+tumble+in+heat&rft.date=2009-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fcity-swelters-records-tumble-in-heat-20090207-80ai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_085279_All.shtml">"Bairnsdale Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030041057/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_085279_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bairnsdale+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_085279_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_089002_All.shtml">"Ballarat Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110112151815/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_089002_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ballarat+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_089002_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_012038_All.shtml">"Bendigo Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325100836/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_012038_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bendigo+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_012038_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_083084_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629080603/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_083084_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_083084_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_087163_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604052516/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_087163_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_087163_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_087117_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430080625/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_087117_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_087117_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086071_All.shtml">"Melbourne Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031175240/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086071_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melbourne+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_086071_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_076031.shtml">"Mildura Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101073347/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_076031.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mildura+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_076031.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_090171_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718084337/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_090171_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_090171_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_081125_All.shtml">"Shepparton Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325130220/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_081125_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shepparton+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_081125_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_090082_All.shtml">"Warrnambool Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052017/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_090082_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warrnambool+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_090082_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/ausclimwa.html">"Climate of Western Australia"</a>. BOM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/ausclimwa.htm">the original</a> on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+of+Western+Australia&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Flam%2Fclimate%2Flevelthree%2Fausclim%2Fausclimwa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Miller G, Mangan J, Pollard D, Thompson S, Felzer B, et al. (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsajournals.org/gsaonline/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1130%2FG21033.1">Sensitivity of the Australian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation: Implications for human impact on continental moisture balance.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060404180943/http://www.gsajournals.org/gsaonline/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1130%2FG21033.1">Archived</a> 4 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Geology: Vol. 33, No. 1 pp. 65–68 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feargod.net/wa-snow1.php">Snow in Western Australia: About Snow in WA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511051459/http://www.feargod.net/wa-snow1.php">Archived</a> 11 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 4 February 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_009500_All.shtml">"Albany Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102190402/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_009500_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albany+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_009500_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_003003_All.shtml">"Broome Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206154731/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_003003_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Broome+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_003003_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_011003.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980130071908/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_011003.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 1998. Retrieved 9 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_011003.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_008051_All.shtml">"Geraldton Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918023408/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_008051_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geraldton+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_008051_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_012038_All.shtml">"Kalgoorlie Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325100836/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_012038_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kalgoorlie+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_012038_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_004083_All.shtml">"Karratha Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325181130/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_004083_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karratha+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_004083_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_009034_All.shtml">"Perth Climate Statistics"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090528092515/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_009034_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perth+Climate+Statistics&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_009034_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_001013_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045834/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_001013_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_001013_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_200790_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111227150102/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_200790_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_200790_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_200284_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605050106/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_200284_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_200284_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_200839_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813063157/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_200839_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_200839_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_300004_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230758/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_300004_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_300004_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_200288_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140709011813/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_200288_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_200288_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_200283_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110095344/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_200283_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_200283_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia">Roaring Forties' shift south means more droughts for southern Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031230652/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia">Archived</a> 31 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Helen Davidson from <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 12 May 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-portrait-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-portrait_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-portrait_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLofflerAnneliese_LofflerA._J._RoseDenis_Warner1983" class="citation book cs1">Loffler, Ernst; Anneliese Loffler; A. J. Rose; Denis Warner (1983). Australia: Portrait of a continent. Richmond, Victoria: Hutchinson Group (Australia). pp. 37–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-130460-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-130460-7"><bdi>978-0-09-130460-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%3A+Portrait+of+a+continent&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Hutchinson+Group+%28Australia%29&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-09-130460-7&rft.aulast=Loffler&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft.au=Anneliese+Loffler&rft.au=A.+J.+Rose&rft.au=Denis+Warner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwQ7FulHCCsC&pg=PA376">Rain</a>. Routledge. 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415125192" title="Special:BookSources/9780415125192"><bdi>9780415125192</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230912220643/https://books.google.com/books?id=uwQ7FulHCCsC&pg=PA376">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rain&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780415125192&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuwQ7FulHCCsC%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gHgz-VKdykkC&pg=PA48">Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia No.50-1964, p. 48</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuleshowde_HoedtWrightBrewster2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kuleshow, Y; de Hoedt, G; Wright, W; Brewster, A (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111142343/http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/2002/kuleshov_hres.pdf">"Thunderstorm distribution and frequency in Australia"</a> (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. 51 (3): 148. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-9743">0004-9743</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/2002/kuleshov_hres.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Meteorological+Magazine&rft.atitle=Thunderstorm+distribution+and+frequency+in+Australia&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=148&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0004-9743&rft.aulast=Kuleshow&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=de+Hoedt%2C+G&rft.au=Wright%2C+W&rft.au=Brewster%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Famm%2Fdocs%2F2002%2Fkuleshov_hres.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/watl/about-weather-and-climate/australian-climate-influences.shtml?bookmark=iod">"Indian Ocean"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814151705/http://www.bom.gov.au/watl/about-weather-and-climate/australian-climate-influences.shtml?bookmark=iod">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Ocean&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fwatl%2Fabout-weather-and-climate%2Faustralian-climate-influences.shtml%3Fbookmark%3Diod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/watl/about-weather-and-climate/australian-climate-influences.shtml?bookmark=nwcloudband">"Northwest cloudbands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a>. 5 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806192833/http://www.bom.gov.au/watl/about-weather-and-climate/australian-climate-influences.shtml?bookmark=nwcloudband">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northwest+cloudbands&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fwatl%2Fabout-weather-and-climate%2Faustralian-climate-influences.shtml%3Fbookmark%3Dnwcloudband&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rainfall-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rainfall_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rainfall_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rainfall_97-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/extreme/records.shtml">"Rainfall and Temperature Records"</a>. Climate Extremes. BOM. 28 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313040735/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/extreme/records.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Extremes&rft.atitle=Rainfall+and+Temperature+Records&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Fextreme%2Frecords.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=139&p_display_type=dataFile&p_stn_num=031004">"Climate Statistics for Babinda, QL"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045420/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=139&p_display_type=dataFile&p_stn_num=031004">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Statistics+for+Babinda%2C+QL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fjsp%2Fncc%2Fcdio%2FweatherData%2Fav%3Fp_nccObsCode%3D139%26p_display_type%3DdataFile%26p_stn_num%3D031004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/zones.html">Australia – Climate of Our Continent</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.australianweathernews.com/snow/Snow%20days%20VIC.htm">"Snowy days (annual)"</a>. AustralianWeatherNews. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AustralianWeatherNews&rft.atitle=Snowy+days+%28annual%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianweathernews.com%2Fsnow%2FSnow%2520days%2520VIC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/bbd307d0202ca25bca2570de00032610!OpenDocument#CLIMATE%20CHANGE">""Statistics" Australian gov't"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430131351/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/bbd307d0202ca25bca2570de00032610!OpenDocument#CLIMATE%20CHANGE">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Statistics%22+Australian+gov%27t&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAusstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2F94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2%2Fbbd307d0202ca25bca2570de00032610%21OpenDocument%23CLIMATE%2520CHANGE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/46d1bc47ac9d0c7bca256c470025ff87/BBD307D0202CA25BCA2570DE00032610?opendocument">""Statistics" Australian Gov't"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927205920/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/46d1bc47ac9d0c7bca256c470025ff87/BBD307D0202CA25BCA2570DE00032610?opendocument">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Statistics%22+Australian+Gov%27t&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAusstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2F46d1bc47ac9d0c7bca256c470025ff87%2FBBD307D0202CA25BCA2570DE00032610%3Fopendocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001211200600/http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.htm">"BOM – Australian Climate Extremes"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.htm">the original</a> on 11 December 2000. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BOM+%E2%80%93+Australian+Climate+Extremes&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Flam%2Fclimate%2Flevelthree%2Fc20thc%2Ftemp1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/annual_extremes.cgi?climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2019">"Australian daily extremes tables"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525131947/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/annual_extremes.cgi?climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2019">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+daily+extremes+tables&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft.date=2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fannual_extremes.cgi%3Fclimtab%3Dtmax_high%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=7&day=11">"Official records for Australia in July"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220036/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=7&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+July&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmax_low%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D7%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_high&area=aus&year=2019&mon=1&day=26">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Australian Daily Extremes Tables. BOM. 11 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814194154/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_high&area=aus&year=2019&mon=1&day=26">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Daily+Extremes+Tables&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2019-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmin_high%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2019%26mon%3D1%26day%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2013&mon=1&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215953/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2013&mon=1&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmax_high%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D1%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC-108"><a href="#cite_ref-ABC_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBirch2022" class="citation web cs1">Birch, Laura (13 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-13/onslow-in-the-pilbara-equals-australias-hottest-day-on-record/100754082">"Onslow in the Pilbara reaches 50.7C, equalling Australia's hottest day on record"</a>. Australia: ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113073710/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-13/onslow-in-the-pilbara-equals-australias-hottest-day-on-record/100754082">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Onslow+in+the+Pilbara+reaches+50.7C%2C+equalling+Australia%27s+hottest+day+on+record&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2022-01-13&rft.aulast=Birch&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2022-01-13%2Fonslow-in-the-pilbara-equals-australias-hottest-day-on-record%2F100754082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=1&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220048/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=1&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmin_low%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D1%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2013&mon=2&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220004/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2013&mon=2&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmax_high%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D2%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bom.gov.au-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bom.gov.au_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bom.gov.au_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=2&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220059/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=2&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmin_low%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D2%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fmonthly_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2019&mon=3">"Australian daily extremes tables"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525131945/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?period=/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2019&mon=3">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+daily+extremes+tables&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft.date=2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fmonthly_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fmonthly_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmax_high%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2019%26mon%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=3&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220102/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=3&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmin_low%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D3%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2013&mon=4&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220013/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2013&mon=4&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmax_high%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D4%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2013&mon=5&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220015/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2013&mon=5&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmax_high%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D5%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=5&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220105/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=5&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmin_low%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D5%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fmonthly_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2024&mon=6">"Official records for Australia in June"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 December 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+June&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fmonthly_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fmonthly_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmax_high%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2024%26mon%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=6&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220107/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=6&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmin_low%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D6%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fmonthly_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2024&mon=7">"Official records for Australia in July"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 December 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+July&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fmonthly_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fmonthly_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmax_high%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2024%26mon%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=7&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230912220655/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=7&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmin_low%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D7%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fmonthly_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2024&mon=8">http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fmonthly_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2024&mon=8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=8&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220112/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=8&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmin_low%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D8%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bureau_of_Meteorology-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Bureau_of_Meteorology_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2020&mon=8&day=23">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 23 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407024614/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2020&mon=8&day=23">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2020-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmax_high%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2020%26mon%3D8%26day%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=9&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220115/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=9&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmin_low%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D9%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2013&mon=10&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215955/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2013&mon=10&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmax_high%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D10%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=10&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220050/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=10&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmin_low%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D10%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2013&mon=11&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215957/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2013&mon=11&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmax_high%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D11%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=11&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. BOM. 31 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220054/http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=11&day=11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+January&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi%3Fperiod%3D%252Fcgi-bin%252Fclimate%252Fextremes%252Fdaily_extremes.cgi%26climtab%3Dtmin_low%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2013%26mon%3D11%26day%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/monthly_extremes.cgi?climtab=tmax_high&area=aus&year=2019&mon=12">"Official records for Australia in December"</a>. Daily Extremes. 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Retrieved 23 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Extremes&rft.atitle=Official+records+for+Australia+in+December&rft.date=2019-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fmonthly_extremes.cgi%3Fclimtab%3Dtmax_high%26area%3Daus%26year%3D2019%26mon%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmin_low&area=aus&year=2013&mon=12&day=11">"Official records for Australia in January"</a>. Daily Extremes. 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Retrieved 20 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=%27Extraordinary%27+2019+ends+with+deadliest+day+of+the+worst+fire+season&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fnsw%2Fextraordinary-2019-ends-with-deadliest-day-of-the-worst-fire-season-20191231-p53nw0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/52410744">"Australia fires: Life during and after the worst bushfires in history"</a>. BBC. 28 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715111438/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/52410744">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Australia+fires%3A+Life+during+and+after+the+worst+bushfires+in+history&rft.date=2020-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnewsround%2F52410744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/02/08/australia.wildfires/index.html">"Police: Australian fires create 'a holocaust'"</a>. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190305171924/http://www.ccma.vic.gov.au/soilhealth/climate_change_literature_review/documents/organisations/ago/science-guide.pdf">Climate Change: An Australian Guide to the Science and Potential Impacts</a> (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Greenhouse_Office" title="Australian Greenhouse Office">Australian Greenhouse Office</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920840-12-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920840-12-9"><bdi>978-1-920840-12-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccma.vic.gov.au/soilhealth/climate_change_literature_review/documents/organisations/ago/science-guide.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change%3A+An+Australian+Guide+to+the+Science+and+Potential+Impacts&rft.place=Commonwealth+of+Australia&rft.pub=Australian+Greenhouse+Office&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-920840-12-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccma.vic.gov.au%2Fsoilhealth%2Fclimate_change_literature_review%2Fdocuments%2Forganisations%2Fago%2Fscience-guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre2019" class="citation web cs1">McIntyre, Iain (7 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/when-the-bombs-drop-school-stops-eight-decades-of-australian-school-strikes-and-direct-action/">""When the bombs drop, school stops" - Over 100 years of Australian school strikes and direct action"</a>. The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 5 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commons+Social+Change+Library&rft.atitle=%22When+the+bombs+drop%2C+school+stops%22+-+Over+100+years+of+Australian+school+strikes+and+direct+action&rft.date=2019-09-07&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.org%2Fwhen-the-bombs-drop-school-stops-eight-decades-of-australian-school-strikes-and-direct-action%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGulliver2021" class="citation web cs1">Gulliver, Robyn (3 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/a-comparative-analysis-of-australian-media-coverage-of-the-2019-climate-protests/">"A Comparative Analysis of Australian Media Coverage of the 2019 Climate Protests"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commons+Social+Change+Library&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Analysis+of+Australian+Media+Coverage+of+the+2019+Climate+Protests&rft.date=2021-11-03&rft.aulast=Gulliver&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.org%2Fa-comparative-analysis-of-australian-media-coverage-of-the-2019-climate-protests%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+Australia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="/wiki/Climate_of_Perth" title="Climate of Perth">Perth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_of_Oceania113" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Indonesia" title="Climate of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_New_Zealand" title="Climate of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climate of Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hawaii" title="Climate of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climate of Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles726" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles726" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Australia" title="Archaeology of Australia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">Since 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Australia" title="Mass media in Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Australia" title="Category:Society of Australia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_dying_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted dying in Australia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Australia" title="Prostitution in Australia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Australia" title="Squatting in Australia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a 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