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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1820s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1820s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1820s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1830–1837" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1830–1837"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1830–1837 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1830–1837-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Parliament </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parliament-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Parliament subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Back-bencher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Back-bencher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Back-bencher </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Back-bencher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bentinck_and_the_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bentinck_and_the_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Bentinck and the leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bentinck_and_the_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Chancellor of the Exchequer </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chancellor of the Exchequer subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Derby_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Derby_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 First Derby government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Derby_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Budget </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Derby_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Derby_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Second Derby government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Derby_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_and_third_term_as_Chancellor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_and_third_term_as_Chancellor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Opposition and third term as Chancellor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_and_third_term_as_Chancellor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tory_Democrat:_the_1867_Reform_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tory_Democrat:_the_1867_Reform_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Tory Democrat: the 1867 Reform Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tory_Democrat:_the_1867_Reform_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1868)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1868)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Prime Minister (1868) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1868)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prime Minister (1868) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1868)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 First term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_government,_February–December_1868" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_government,_February–December_1868"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 First government, February–December 1868 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_government,_February–December_1868-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_leader;_1874_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_leader;_1874_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Opposition leader; 1874 election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_leader;_1874_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1874–1880)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1874–1880)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prime Minister (1874–1880) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1874–1880)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prime Minister (1874–1880) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1874–1880)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Second term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Domestic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Civil Service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suez" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suez"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Suez </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suez-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Titles_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Titles_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Royal Titles Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Titles_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkans_and_Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkans_and_Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Balkans and Bulgaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkans_and_Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congress_of_Berlin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_of_Berlin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Congress of Berlin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress_of_Berlin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan_to_Zululand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan_to_Zululand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.5 Afghanistan to Zululand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan_to_Zululand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1880_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1880_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 1880 election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1880_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_months,_death,_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_months,_death,_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Final months, death, and memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_months,_death,_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Literary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Political </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Jewishness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Jewishness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Role of Jewishness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Jewishness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Novels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Young_England_Trilogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_England_Trilogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Young England Trilogy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_England_Trilogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Drama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Non-fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes and references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electronic_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Electronic editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Benjamin Disraeli</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" > 91 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="بينجامين دزرائيلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بينجامين دزرائيلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Dizraeli" title="Benjamin Dizraeli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Benjamin Dizraeli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="বেঞ্জামিন ডিসরেইলি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেঞ্জামিন ডিসরেইলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Бенджамін Дызраэлі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бенджамін Дызраэлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Бэнджамін Дызраэлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэнджамін Дызраэлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бенджамин Дизраели – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бенджамин Дизраели" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Μπέντζαμιν Ντισραέλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπέντζαμιν Ντισραέλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بنجامین دیزرائیلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنجامین دیزرائیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli,_an_Ch%C3%A9ad_Iarla_Beaconsfield" title="Benjamin Disraeli, an Chéad Iarla Beaconsfield – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli, an Chéad Iarla Beaconsfield" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A4%EC%A0%80%EB%AF%BC_%EB%94%94%EC%A6%88%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC" title="벤저민 디즈레일리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벤저민 디즈레일리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%A6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Բենջամին Դիզրայելի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բենջամին Դիզրայելի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="बेंजामिन डिसरायली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेंजामिन डिसरायली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli,_1st_Earl_of_Beaconsfield" title="Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99" title="בנג'מין דיזראלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנג'מין דיזראלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬೆಂಜಮಿನ್ ಡಿಸ್ರೇಲಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆಂಜಮಿನ್ ಡಿಸ್ರೇಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბენჯამინ დიზრაელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბენჯამინ დიზრაელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бенджамин Дизраэли – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бенджамин Дизраэли" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beniaminus_Disraeli" title="Beniaminus Disraeli – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Beniaminus Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend%C5%BEamins_Dizraeli" title="Bendžamins Dizraeli – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bendžamins Dizraeli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="ബെഞ്ചമിൻ ഡിസ്രയേലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെഞ്ചമിൻ ഡിസ്രയേലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="बेंजामिन डिझरायली – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेंजामिन डिझरायली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბენჯამინ დიზრაელი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბენჯამინ დიზრაელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89" title="بينجامين دزرائيلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بينجامين دزرائيلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="बेन्जामीन डिसराइली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेन्जामीन डिसराइली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA" title="ベンジャミン・ディズレーリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベンジャミン・ディズレーリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਬੇਂਜਾਮਿਨ ਡਿਜ਼ਰਾਇਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੇਂਜਾਮਿਨ ਡਿਜ਼ਰਾਇਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%DA%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بینجمن ڈزرائیلی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بینجمن ڈزرائیلی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="بنجامين ډيزرايلي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بنجامين ډيزرايلي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дизраэли, Бенджамин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дизраэли, Бенджамин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بێنجامین دیزرائیلی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێنجامین دیزرائیلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бенџамин Дизраели – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бенџамин Дизраели" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="பெஞ்சமின் டிஸ்ரைலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெஞ்சமின் டிஸ்ரைலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D2%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бенҗамин Дизраэли – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бенҗамин Дизраэли" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="เบนจามิน ดิสราเอลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบนจามิน ดิสราเอลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D2%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бенҷамин Дисраели – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бенҷамин Дисраели" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Dizraeli" title="Benjamin Dizraeli – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Benjamin Dizraeli" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Бенджамін Дізраелі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенджамін Дізраелі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%DA%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بینجمن ڈزرائیلی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بینجمن ڈزرائیلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%82%91%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E9%9B%B7%E5%88%A9" title="本傑明·迪斯雷利 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="本傑明·迪斯雷利" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%B0%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E9%9B%B7%E5%88%A9" title="本杰明·迪斯雷利 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="本杰明·迪斯雷利" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Benjamin Disraeli" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E9%9B%B7%E5%88%A9" title="迪斯雷利 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="迪斯雷利" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%82%91%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E9%9B%B7%E5%88%A9" title="本傑明·迪斯雷利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="本傑明·迪斯雷利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82006#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:BenjaminDisraeli.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1868; 1874–1880)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Disraeli" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Disraeli_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Disraeli (disambiguation)">Disraeli (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Earl of Beaconsfield</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a> <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Lieutenant">DL</a> <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Peace">JP</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes,_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Disraeli in old age, wearing a double-breasted suit, bow tie and hat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg/330px-Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg/440px-Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="716" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">1878 portrait</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 20 February 1874 – 21 April 1880</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">William Ewart Gladstone</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 27 February 1868 – 1 December 1868</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">William Ewart Gladstone</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 21 April 1880 – 19 April 1881</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">William Ewart Gladstone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Marquess of Hartington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 December 1868 – 17 February 1874</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">William Ewart Gladstone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">William Ewart Gladstone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">William Ewart Gladstone</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 6 July 1866 – 29 February 1868</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Derby</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">William Ewart Gladstone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt" title="George Ward Hunt">George Ward Hunt</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 26 February 1858 – 11 June 1859</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Derby</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">Sir George Cornewall Lewis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">William Ewart Gladstone</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 27 February 1852 – 17 December 1852</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Derby</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Sir Charles Wood, 3rd Baronet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">William Ewart Gladstone</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Benjamin D'Israeli</div> (1804-12-21)21 December 1804 <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a>, Middlesex, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 1881(1881-04-19) (aged 76) <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Disraeli" title="Mary Anne Disraeli">Mary Anne Evans</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1839; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1872)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_D%27Israeli" title="Isaac D'Israeli">Isaac D'Israeli</a></li> <li>Maria Basevi</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Disraeli_Signature_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benjamin Disraeli's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Benjamin_Disraeli_Signature_2.svg/128px-Benjamin_Disraeli_Signature_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Benjamin_Disraeli_Signature_2.svg/192px-Benjamin_Disraeli_Signature_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Benjamin_Disraeli_Signature_2.svg/256px-Benjamin_Disraeli_Signature_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="70" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Writing career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Grey" title="Vivian Grey">Vivian Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popanilla" title="Popanilla">Popanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Duke" title="The Young Duke">The Young Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contarini_Fleming" title="Contarini Fleming">Contarini Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixion_in_Heaven" title="Ixion in Heaven">Ixion in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wondrous_Tale_of_Alroy" title="The Wondrous Tale of Alroy">The Wondrous Tale of Alroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_of_Iskander" title="The Rise of Iskander">The Rise of Iskander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Infernal_Marriage" title="The Infernal Marriage">The Infernal Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Temple" title="Henrietta Temple">Henrietta Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_(Disraeli_novel)" title="Venetia (Disraeli novel)">Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tancred_(novel)" title="Tancred (novel)">Tancred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_(novel)" title="Lothair (novel)">Lothair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endymion_(Disraeli_novel)" title="Endymion (Disraeli novel)">Endymion</a></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #154e9d; background:#FFFFFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">Conservatism series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0;font-size:180%;font-weight:normal; background:#154e9d"><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation conservatism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">Social policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benjamin Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Michael Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">George Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil, or The Two Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby, or The New Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Charter" title="Industrial Charter">Industrial Charter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:One-nation_conservatism" title="Template:One-nation conservatism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:One-nation_conservatism" title="Template talk:One-nation conservatism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:One-nation_conservatism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:One-nation conservatism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Lieutenant">DL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Peace">JP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was a British statesman, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> politician and writer who twice served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>. He played a central role in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Conservative Party (UK)">modern Conservative Party</a>, defining its policies and its broad outreach. Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his political battles with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">one-nation conservatism</a> or "Tory democracy". He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and military action to expand it, both of which were popular among British voters. He is the only British Prime Minister to have been <a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">born Jewish</a>. Disraeli was born in <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a>, then a part of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>. His father left Judaism after a dispute at his <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>; Benjamin became an <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> at the age of 12. After several unsuccessful attempts, Disraeli entered the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> in 1837. In 1846, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a> split the party over his proposal to repeal the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a>, which involved ending the tariff on imported grain. Disraeli clashed with Peel in the House of Commons, becoming a major figure in the party. When <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a>, the party leader, thrice formed governments in the 1850s and 1860s, Disraeli served as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a>. Upon Derby's retirement in 1868, Disraeli became prime minister briefly before losing that year's general election. He returned to the Opposition before leading the party to a majority in the 1874 general election. He maintained a close friendship with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> who, in 1876, elevated him to the peerage, as <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Beaconsfield" title="Earl of Beaconsfield">Earl of Beaconsfield</a>. Disraeli's second term was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_question" title="Eastern question">Eastern question</a>—the slow decay of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the desire of other European powers, such as Russia, to gain at its expense. Disraeli arranged for the British to purchase a major interest in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Canal Company">Suez Canal Company</a> in Egypt. In 1878, faced with <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russian victories against the Ottomans</a>, he worked at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> to obtain peace in the Balkans at terms favourable to Britain and unfavourable to Russia, its longstanding enemy. This diplomatic victory established Disraeli as one of Europe's leading statesmen. World events thereafter moved against the Conservatives. Controversial wars in <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">South Africa</a> undermined his public support. He angered farmers by refusing to reinstitute the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> in response to poor harvests and cheap imported grain. With Gladstone conducting <a href="/wiki/Midlothian_campaign" title="Midlothian campaign">a massive speaking campaign</a>, the Liberals defeated Disraeli's Conservatives at <a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">the 1880 general election</a>. In his final months, Disraeli led the Conservatives in Opposition. Disraeli wrote novels throughout his career, beginning in 1826, and published his last completed novel, <a href="/wiki/Endymion_(Disraeli_novel)" title="Endymion (Disraeli novel)">Endymion</a>, shortly before he died at the age of 76. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood">edit</a>]</div> Disraeli was born on 21 December 1804 at 6 King's Road, Bedford Row, <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a>, London,<a href="#cite_note-5">[n 1]</a> the second child and eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_D%27Israeli" title="Isaac D'Israeli">Isaac D'Israeli</a>, a literary critic and historian, and Maria (Miriam), née Basevi.<a href="#cite_note-b3-3">[3]</a> The family was mostly from Italy, of <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jewish</a> mercantile background.<a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[n 2]</a> He also had some <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jewish</a> ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> He later romanticised his origins, claiming his father's family was of grand <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> descent; in fact, Isaac's family was of no great distinction,<a href="#cite_note-Blake_(1967),_p._6-9">[7]</a> but on Disraeli's mother's side, in which he took no interest, there were some distinguished forebears, including <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Cardoso" title="Isaac Cardoso">Isaac Cardoso</a>, as well as members of the <a href="/wiki/Goldsmid_family" title="Goldsmid family">Goldsmids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mocatta" title="Mocatta">Mocattas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Montefiore_(surname)" title="Montefiore (surname)">Montefiores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[n 3]</a> Historians differ on Disraeli's motives for rewriting his family history: Bernard Glassman argues that it was intended to give him status comparable to that of England's ruling elite;<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bradford" title="Sarah Bradford">Sarah Bradford</a> believes "his dislike of the commonplace would not allow him to accept the facts of his birth as being as middle-class and undramatic as they really were".<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaac-miriam-sarah-d%27israeli-125px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three portraits; a man and two women" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Isaac-miriam-sarah-d%27israeli-125px.jpg/110px-Isaac-miriam-sarah-d%27israeli-125px.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Isaac-miriam-sarah-d%27israeli-125px.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Disraeli's father, mother and sister—<a href="/wiki/Isaac_D%27Israeli" title="Isaac D'Israeli">Isaac</a>, Maria and Sarah</figcaption></figure> Disraeli's siblings were Sarah, Naphtali (born and died 1807), Ralph and James ("Jem"). He was close to his sister and on affectionate but more distant terms with his surviving brothers.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> Details of his schooling are sketchy.<a href="#cite_note-b11-17">[14]</a> From the age of about six he was a <a href="/wiki/Day_pupil" class="mw-redirect" title="Day pupil">day boy</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Dame_school" title="Dame school">dame school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islington" title="Islington">Islington</a>, which one of his biographers described as "for those days a very high-class establishment".<a href="#cite_note-m19-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[n 4]</a> Two years later or so—the exact date has not been ascertained—he was sent as a boarder to <a href="/wiki/St_Piran%27s_(school)" title="St Piran's (school)">Rev John Potticary's school</a> at <a href="/wiki/Blackheath,_London" title="Blackheath, London">Blackheath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blake_1967,_p._12-24">[20]</a> Following a quarrel in 1813 with the <a href="/wiki/Bevis_Marks_Synagogue" title="Bevis Marks Synagogue">Bevis Marks Synagogue</a>, his father renounced <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and had the four children <a href="/wiki/Baptised" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptised">baptised</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> in July and August 1817.<a href="#cite_note-b11-17">[14]</a> Isaac D'Israeli had never taken religion very seriously but had remained a conforming member of the synagogue.<a href="#cite_note-Blake_(1967),_p._6-9">[7]</a> His father <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_D%27Israeli_(merchant)" title="Benjamin D'Israeli (merchant)">Benjamin</a> was a prominent and devout member; it was probably out of respect for him that Isaac did not leave when he fell out with the synagogue authorities in 1813.<a href="#cite_note-26">[n 5]</a> After Benjamin senior died in 1816, Isaac felt free to leave the congregation following a second dispute.<a href="#cite_note-b11-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[n 6]</a> Isaac's friend <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Turner" title="Sharon Turner">Sharon Turner</a>, a solicitor, convinced him that although he could comfortably remain unattached to any formal religion it would be disadvantageous to the children if they did so. Turner stood as godfather when Benjamin was baptised, aged twelve, on 31 July 1817.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford,_p._7-25">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a> enabled Disraeli to contemplate a career in politics. There had been <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) from <a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">Jewish</a> families since <a href="/wiki/Sampson_Eardley,_1st_Baron_Eardley" title="Sampson Eardley, 1st Baron Eardley">Sampson Gideon</a> in 1770. However, until the <a href="/wiki/Jews_Relief_Act_1858" title="Jews Relief Act 1858">Jews Relief Act 1858</a>, MPs were required to take the oath of allegiance "on the true faith of a Christian", necessitating at least nominal conversion.<a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a> It is not known whether Disraeli formed any ambition for a parliamentary career at the time of his baptism, but there is no doubt that he bitterly regretted his parents' decision not to send him to <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a>,<a href="#cite_note-b8-30">[24]</a> one of the great <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a> which consistently provided recruits to the political elite.<a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a> His two younger brothers were sent there, and it is not clear why Isaac chose to send his eldest son to a much less prestigious school.<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> The boy evidently held his mother responsible for the decision; Bradford speculates that "Benjamin's delicate health and his obviously Jewish appearance may have had something to do with it."<a href="#cite_note-b8-30">[24]</a> The school chosen for him was run by <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Cogan" title="Eliezer Cogan">Eliezer Cogan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Higham_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Higham Hill">Higham Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Walthamstow" title="Walthamstow">Walthamstow</a>. He began there in the autumn term of 1817;<a href="#cite_note-Blake_1967,_p._12-24">[20]</a> he later recalled his education: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I was at school for two or three years under the Revd. Dr Cogan, a Greek scholar of eminence, who had contributed notes to the A[e]schylus of Bishop Blomfield, & was himself the Editor of the Greek Gnostic poets. After this I was with a private tutor for two years in my own County, & my education was severely classical. Too much so; in the pride of boyish erudition, I edited the Idonisian Eclogue of Theocritus, wh. was privately printed. This was my first production: puerile pedantry.<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1820s">1820s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1820s">edit</a>]</div> In November 1821, shortly before his seventeenth birthday, Disraeli was <a href="/wiki/Articled_clerk" title="Articled clerk">articled</a> as a clerk to a firm of <a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">solicitors</a>—Swain, Stevens, Maples, Pearse and Hunt—in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-d8-34">[28]</a> T F Maples was not only the young Disraeli's employer and a friend of his father's, but also his prospective father-in-law: Isaac and Maples considered that the latter's only daughter might be a suitable match for Benjamin.<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> A friendship developed, but there was no romance. The firm had a large and profitable business, and as the biographer R W Davis observes, the clerkship was "the kind of secure, respectable position that many fathers dream of for their children".<a href="#cite_note-d8-34">[28]</a> Although biographers including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blake,_Baron_Blake" title="Robert Blake, Baron Blake">Robert Blake</a> and Bradford comment that such a post was incompatible with Disraeli's romantic and ambitious nature, he reportedly gave his employers satisfactory service, and later professed to have learnt a good deal there.<a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> He recalled: <blockquote>I had some scruples, for even then I dreamed of Parliament. My father's refrain always was '<a href="/wiki/Philip_Carteret_Webb" title="Philip Carteret Webb">Philip Carteret Webb</a>', who was the most eminent solicitor of his boyhood and who was an MP. It would be a mistake to suppose that the two years and more that I was in the office of our friend were wasted. I have often thought, though I have often regretted the University, that it was much the reverse.<a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Grant_(1803-1878)_-_Benjamin_Disraeli_(1804%E2%80%931881),_Earl_of_Beaconsfield,_PC,_FRS,_KG,_as_a_Young_Man_-_428984_-_National_Trust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young man of vaguely Semitic appearance, with long and curly black hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Francis_Grant_%281803-1878%29_-_Benjamin_Disraeli_%281804%E2%80%931881%29%2C_Earl_of_Beaconsfield%2C_PC%2C_FRS%2C_KG%2C_as_a_Young_Man_-_428984_-_National_Trust.jpg/170px-Francis_Grant_%281803-1878%29_-_Benjamin_Disraeli_%281804%E2%80%931881%29%2C_Earl_of_Beaconsfield%2C_PC%2C_FRS%2C_KG%2C_as_a_Young_Man_-_428984_-_National_Trust.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Francis_Grant_%281803-1878%29_-_Benjamin_Disraeli_%281804%E2%80%931881%29%2C_Earl_of_Beaconsfield%2C_PC%2C_FRS%2C_KG%2C_as_a_Young_Man_-_428984_-_National_Trust.jpg/255px-Francis_Grant_%281803-1878%29_-_Benjamin_Disraeli_%281804%E2%80%931881%29%2C_Earl_of_Beaconsfield%2C_PC%2C_FRS%2C_KG%2C_as_a_Young_Man_-_428984_-_National_Trust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Francis_Grant_%281803-1878%29_-_Benjamin_Disraeli_%281804%E2%80%931881%29%2C_Earl_of_Beaconsfield%2C_PC%2C_FRS%2C_KG%2C_as_a_Young_Man_-_428984_-_National_Trust.jpg/340px-Francis_Grant_%281803-1878%29_-_Benjamin_Disraeli_%281804%E2%80%931881%29%2C_Earl_of_Beaconsfield%2C_PC%2C_FRS%2C_KG%2C_as_a_Young_Man_-_428984_-_National_Trust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Disraeli as a young man—a retrospective portrayal painted in 1852</figcaption></figure> The year after joining Maples' firm, Benjamin changed his surname from D'Israeli to Disraeli. His reasons are unknown, but the biographer Bernard Glassman surmises that it was to avoid being confused with his father.<a href="#cite_note-g100-38">[32]</a> Disraeli's sister and brothers adopted the new version of the name; Isaac and his wife retained the older form.<a href="#cite_note-g100-38">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[n 7]</a> Disraeli toured Belgium and the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine Valley</a> with his father in the summer of 1824. He later wrote that while travelling on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> he decided to abandon his position: "I determined when descending those magical waters that I would not be a lawyer."<a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a> On their return to England he left the solicitors, at the suggestion of Maples, with the aim of qualifying as a <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>. He enrolled as a student at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Lincoln's Inn">Lincoln's Inn</a> and joined the <a href="/wiki/Barrister%27s_chambers" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrister's chambers">chambers</a> of his uncle, Nathaniel Basevy, and then those of Benjamin Austen, who persuaded Isaac that Disraeli would never make a barrister and should be allowed to pursue a literary career.<a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a> He had made a tentative start: in May 1824 he submitted a manuscript to his father's friend, the publisher <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(1778%E2%80%931843)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Murray (1778–1843)">John Murray</a>, but withdrew it before Murray could decide whether to publish it.<a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a> Released from the law, Disraeli did some work for Murray, but turned most of his attention to speculative dealing on the <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a> There was at the time a boom in shares in South American mining companies. Spain was losing its South American colonies in the face of rebellions. At the urging of <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a> the British government recognised the new independent governments of Argentina (1824), Colombia and Mexico (both 1825).<a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a> With no money of his own, Disraeli borrowed money to invest. He became involved with the financier <a href="/wiki/John_Diston_Powles" title="John Diston Powles">J. D. Powles</a>, who was prominent among those encouraging the mining boom. In 1825, Disraeli wrote three anonymous pamphlets for Powles, promoting the companies.<a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a> The pamphlets were published by John Murray, who invested heavily in the boom.<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Murray_b1788.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/John_Murray_b1788.jpg/120px-John_Murray_b1788.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/John_Murray_b1788.jpg/180px-John_Murray_b1788.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/John_Murray_b1788.jpg/240px-John_Murray_b1788.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="673" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Gibson_Lockhart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/John_Gibson_Lockhart.jpg/120px-John_Gibson_Lockhart.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/John_Gibson_Lockhart.jpg/180px-John_Gibson_Lockhart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/John_Gibson_Lockhart.jpg/240px-John_Gibson_Lockhart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="756" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(1778%E2%80%931843)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Murray (1778–1843)">John Murray</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Gibson_Lockhart" title="John Gibson Lockhart">J. G. Lockhart</a></div></div></div></div> Murray had ambitions to establish a new morning paper to compete with <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-b16-51">[44]</a> In 1825 Disraeli convinced him that he should proceed. The new paper, <a href="/wiki/The_Representative_(newspaper)" title="The Representative (newspaper)">The Representative</a>, promoted the mines and those politicians who supported them, particularly Canning. Disraeli impressed Murray with his energy and commitment to the project, but he failed in his key task of persuading the eminent writer <a href="/wiki/John_Gibson_Lockhart" title="John Gibson Lockhart">John Gibson Lockhart</a> to edit the paper. After that, Disraeli's influence on Murray waned, and to his resentment he was sidelined in the affairs of The Representative.<a href="#cite_note-b16-51">[44]</a> The paper survived only six months, partly because the mining <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_bubble" title="Stock market bubble">bubble</a> burst in late 1825, and partly because, according to Blake, the paper was "atrociously edited".<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a> The bursting of the mining bubble was ruinous for Disraeli. By June 1825 he and his business partners had lost £7,000. Disraeli could not pay off the last of his debts from this debacle until 1849.<a href="#cite_note-dnb-53">[46]</a> He turned to writing, motivated partly by his desperate need for money, and partly by a wish for revenge on Murray and others by whom he felt slighted.<a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> There was a vogue for what was called "silver-fork fiction"—novels depicting aristocratic life, usually by anonymous authors, read by the aspirational middle classes.<a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> Disraeli's first novel, <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Grey" title="Vivian Grey">Vivian Grey</a>, published anonymously in four volumes in 1826–27, was a thinly veiled re-telling of the affair of The Representative.<a href="#cite_note-dxii-56">[49]</a> It sold well, but caused much offence in influential circles when the authorship was discovered.<a href="#cite_note-dxii-56">[49]</a> Disraeli, then just 23, did not move in high society, as the numerous <a href="/wiki/Solecism" title="Solecism">solecisms</a> in his book made obvious. Reviewers were sharply critical on these grounds of both the author and the book. Murray and Lockhart, men of great influence in literary circles, believed that Disraeli had caricatured them and abused their confidence—an accusation denied by the author but repeated by many of his biographers.<a href="#cite_note-57">[50]</a> In later editions Disraeli made many changes, softening his satire, but the damage to his reputation proved long-lasting.<a href="#cite_note-dnb-53">[46]</a> Disraeli's biographer Jonathan Parry writes that the financial failure and personal criticism that Disraeli suffered in 1825 and 1826 were probably the trigger for a serious nervous crisis affecting him over the next four years: "He had always been moody, sensitive, and solitary by nature, but now became seriously depressed and lethargic."<a href="#cite_note-dnb-53">[46]</a> He was still living with his parents in London, but in search of the "change of air" recommended by the family's doctors, Isaac took a succession of houses in the country and on the coast, before Disraeli sought wider horizons.<a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1830–1837">1830–1837</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1830–1837">edit</a>]</div> Together with his sister's fiancé, William Meredith, Disraeli travelled widely in southern Europe and beyond in 1830–31.<a href="#cite_note-60">[n 8]</a> The trip was financed partly by another high society novel, The Young Duke, written in 1829–30. The tour was cut short suddenly by Meredith's death from smallpox in Cairo in July 1831.<a href="#cite_note-62">[n 9]</a> Despite this tragedy, and the need for treatment for a sexually transmitted disease on his return, Disraeli felt enriched by his experiences. He became, in Parry's words, "aware of values that seemed denied to his insular countrymen. The journey encouraged his self-consciousness, his moral relativism, and his interest in Eastern racial and religious attitudes."<a href="#cite_note-dnb-53">[46]</a> Blake regards the tour as one of the formative experiences of Disraeli's career: "[T]he impressions that it made on him were life-lasting. They conditioned his attitude toward some of the most important political problems which faced him in his later years—especially the Eastern Question; they also coloured many of his novels."<a href="#cite_note-63">[54]</a> Disraeli wrote two novels in the aftermath of the tour. <a href="/wiki/Contarini_Fleming" title="Contarini Fleming">Contarini Fleming</a> (1832) was avowedly a self-portrait. It is subtitled "a psychological autobiography" and depicts the conflicting elements of its hero's character: the duality of northern and Mediterranean ancestry, the dreaming artist and the bold man of action. As Parry observes, the book ends on a political note, setting out Europe's progress "from feudal to federal principles".<a href="#cite_note-dnb-53">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wondrous_Tale_of_Alroy" title="The Wondrous Tale of Alroy">The Wondrous Tale of Alroy</a> the following year portrayed the problems of a <a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">medieval Jew</a> in deciding between a small, exclusively Jewish state and a large empire embracing all.<a href="#cite_note-dnb-53">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croker-lyndhurst-henrietta-ladylondonderry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men and two women" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Croker-lyndhurst-henrietta-ladylondonderry.jpg/220px-Croker-lyndhurst-henrietta-ladylondonderry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Croker-lyndhurst-henrietta-ladylondonderry.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Friends and allies of Disraeli in the 1830s: clockwise from top left—<a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_Croker" title="John Wilson Croker">Croker</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Copley,_1st_Baron_Lyndhurst" title="John Copley, 1st Baron Lyndhurst">Lyndhurst</a>, Henrietta Sykes and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Vane,_Marchioness_of_Londonderry" title="Frances Vane, Marchioness of Londonderry">Lady Londonderry</a></figcaption></figure> After these novels were published, Disraeli declared that he would "write no more about myself".<a href="#cite_note-64">[55]</a> He had already turned his attention to politics in 1832, during the great crisis over the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Bill_of_1832" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Bill of 1832">Reform Bill</a>. He contributed to an anti-<a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> pamphlet edited by <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_Croker" title="John Wilson Croker">John Wilson Croker</a> and published by Murray entitled England and France: or a cure for Ministerial Gallomania. The choice of a <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> publication was regarded as strange by Disraeli's friends and relatives, who thought him more of a <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a>. Indeed, he had objected to Murray about Croker's inserting "high Tory" sentiment: Disraeli remarked, "it is quite impossible that anything adverse to the general measure of Reform can issue from my pen."<a href="#cite_note-67">[n 10]</a> Moreover, at the time Gallomania was published, Disraeli was electioneering in <a href="/wiki/Wycombe_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Wycombe (UK Parliament constituency)">High Wycombe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a> interest.<a href="#cite_note-68">[58]</a> Disraeli's politics at the time were influenced both by his rebellious streak and his desire to make his mark.<a href="#cite_note-b87-69">[59]</a> At that time, British politics were dominated by the aristocracy, with a few powerful commoners. The Whigs derived from the coalition of Lords who had forced through the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> and in some cases were their descendants. The Tories tended to support King and Church and sought to thwart political change. A small number of Radicals, generally from northern constituencies, were the strongest advocates of continuing reform.<a href="#cite_note-party-70">[60]</a> In the early 1830s the Tories and the interests they represented appeared to be a lost cause. The other great party, the Whigs, were anathema to Disraeli: "Toryism is worn out & I cannot condescend to be a Whig."<a href="#cite_note-b87-69">[59]</a> There was a by-election and a general election in 1832; Disraeli unsuccessfully stood as a Radical at High Wycombe in each.<a href="#cite_note-71">[61]</a> Disraeli's political views embraced certain Radical policies, particularly electoral reform, and also some Tory ones, including <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>. He began to move in Tory circles. In 1834 he was introduced to the former <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Copley,_1st_Baron_Lyndhurst" title="John Copley, 1st Baron Lyndhurst">Lord Lyndhurst</a>, by Henrietta Sykes, wife of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_William_Sykes,_3rd_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Francis William Sykes, 3rd Baronet">Sir Francis Sykes</a>. She was having an affair with Lyndhurst and began another with Disraeli.<a href="#cite_note-74">[n 11]</a> Disraeli and Lyndhurst took an immediate liking to each other. Lyndhurst was an indiscreet gossip with a fondness for intrigue; this appealed greatly to Disraeli, who became his secretary and go-between. In 1835 Disraeli stood for the last time as a Radical, again unsuccessfully contesting High Wycombe. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O%27connell-Labouchere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men of Victorian appearance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/O%27connell-Labouchere.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Opponents of Disraeli: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">O'Connell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Labouchere,_1st_Baron_Taunton" title="Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton">Labouchere</a></figcaption></figure> In April 1835, Disraeli fought a <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a> at <a href="/wiki/Taunton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Taunton (UK Parliament constituency)">Taunton</a> as a Tory candidate.<a href="#cite_note-75">[64]</a> The Irish MP <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a>, misled by inaccurate press reports, thought Disraeli had slandered him while electioneering at Taunton; he launched an outspoken attack, referring to Disraeli as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">a reptile ... just fit now, after being twice discarded by the people, to become a Conservative. He possesses all the necessary requisites of perfidy, selfishness, depravity, want of principle, etc., which would qualify him for the change. His name shows that he is of Jewish origin. I do not use it as a term of reproach; there are many most respectable Jews. But there are, as in every other people, some of the lowest and most disgusting grade of moral turpitude; and of those I look upon Mr. Disraeli as the worst.<a href="#cite_note-76">[65]</a></blockquote> Disraeli's public exchanges with O'Connell, extensively reproduced in The Times,<a href="#cite_note-77">[66]</a> included a demand for a duel with the 60-year-old O'Connell's son (which resulted in Disraeli's temporary detention by the authorities), a reference to "the inextinguishable hatred with which [he] shall pursue [O'Connell's] existence", and the accusation that O'Connell's supporters had a "princely revenue wrung from a starving race of fanatical slaves".<a href="#cite_note-78">[67]</a> Disraeli was highly gratified by the dispute, which propelled him to general public notice for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-79">[68]</a> He did not defeat the incumbent Whig member, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Labouchere,_1st_Baron_Taunton" title="Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton">Henry Labouchere</a>, but the Taunton constituency was regarded as unwinnable by the Tories. Disraeli kept Labouchere's majority down to 170,<a href="#cite_note-80">[69]</a> a good showing that put him in line for a winnable seat in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-81">[70]</a> With Lyndhurst's encouragement Disraeli turned to writing propaganda for his newly adopted party. His Vindication of the English Constitution, was published in December 1835. It was couched in the form of an open letter to Lyndhurst, and in Bradford's view encapsulates a political philosophy that Disraeli adhered to for the rest of his life: the value of benevolent aristocratic government, a loathing of political dogma, and the modernisation of Tory policies.<a href="#cite_note-82">[71]</a> The following year he wrote a series of satires on politicians of the day, which he published in The Times under the pen-name "Runnymede". His targets included the Whigs, collectively and individually, Irish nationalists, and political corruption. One essay ended: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The English nation, therefore, rallies for rescue from the degrading plots of a profligate oligarchy, a barbarizing sectarianism, and a boroughmongering Papacy, round their hereditary leaders—the Peers. The House of Lords, therefore, at this moment represents everything in the realm except the Whig oligarchs, their tools the Dissenters, and their masters the Irish priests. In the mean time, the Whigs bawl that there is a "collision!" It is true there is a collision, but it is not a collision between the Lords and the People, but between the Ministers and the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-83">[72]</a></blockquote> Disraeli was elected to the exclusively Tory <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club" title="Carlton Club">Carlton Club</a> in 1836, and was also taken up by the party's leading hostess, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Vane,_Marchioness_of_Londonderry" title="Frances Vane, Marchioness of Londonderry">Lady Londonderry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[73]</a> In June 1837 <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a> died, the young <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> succeeded him, and parliament was dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-85">[74]</a> On the recommendation of the Carlton Club, Disraeli was adopted as a Tory parliamentary candidate at the ensuing <a href="/wiki/1837_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1837 United Kingdom general election">general election</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parliament">Parliament</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Parliament">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Back-bencher">Back-bencher</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Back-bencher">edit</a>]</div> In the election in July 1837, Disraeli won a seat in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> as one of two members, both Tory, for the constituency of <a href="/wiki/Maidstone_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Maidstone (UK Parliament constituency)">Maidstone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[75]</a> The other was <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis_(politician)" title="Wyndham Lewis (politician)">Wyndham Lewis</a>, who helped finance Disraeli's election campaign, and who died the following year.<a href="#cite_note-87">[76]</a> In the same year Disraeli published a novel, Henrietta Temple, which was a love story and social comedy, drawing on his affair with Henrietta Sykes. He had broken off the relationship in late 1836, distraught that she had taken yet another lover.<a href="#cite_note-88">[77]</a> His other novel of this period is <a href="/wiki/Venetia_(Disraeli_novel)" title="Venetia (Disraeli novel)">Venetia</a>, a romance based on the characters of <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a>, written quickly to raise much-needed money.<a href="#cite_note-89">[78]</a> Disraeli made his <a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">maiden speech</a> in Parliament on 7 December 1837. He followed O'Connell, whom he sharply criticised for the latter's "long, rambling, jumbling, speech".<a href="#cite_note-mst-90">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[80]</a> He was shouted down by O'Connell's supporters.<a href="#cite_note-94">[n 12]</a> After this unpromising start Disraeli kept a low profile for the rest of the parliamentary session. He was a loyal supporter of the party leader <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a> and his policies, with the exception of a personal sympathy for the <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist</a> movement that most Tories did not share.<a href="#cite_note-dnb-53">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary-anne-disraeli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of a young woman with elaborately styled brown hair, tied up with a blue bow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mary-anne-disraeli.jpg/220px-Mary-anne-disraeli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Mary-anne-disraeli.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Mary Anne Lewis <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1820–30</figcaption></figure> In 1839 Disraeli married <a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Disraeli" title="Mary Anne Disraeli">Mary Anne Lewis</a>, the widow of Wyndham Lewis. Twelve years Disraeli's senior, Mary Lewis had a substantial income of £5,000 a year. His motives were generally assumed to be mercenary, but the couple came to cherish one another, remaining close until she died more than three decades later.<a href="#cite_note-95">[83]</a> "Dizzy married me for my money", his wife said later, "But, if he had the chance again, he would marry me for love."<a href="#cite_note-96">[84]</a> Finding the financial demands of his Maidstone seat too much, Disraeli secured a Tory nomination for <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Shrewsbury (UK Parliament constituency)">Shrewsbury</a>, winning one of the constituency's two seats at the <a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841 general election</a>, despite serious opposition, and heavy debts which opponents seized on.<a href="#cite_note-97">[85]</a> The election was a massive defeat for the Whigs across the country, and Peel became prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-98">[86]</a> Disraeli hoped, unrealistically, for ministerial office.<a href="#cite_note-100">[n 13]</a> Though disappointed at being left on the <a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">back benches</a>, he continued his support for Peel in 1842 and 1843, seeking to establish himself as an expert on foreign affairs and international trade.<a href="#cite_note-dnb-53">[46]</a> Although a Tory (or Conservative, as some in the party now called themselves)<a href="#cite_note-105">[n 14]</a> Disraeli was sympathetic to some of the aims of Chartism, and argued for an alliance between the <a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">landed aristocracy</a> and the working class against the increasing power of the merchants and new industrialists in the middle class.<a href="#cite_note-106">[92]</a> After Disraeli won widespread acclaim in March 1842 for worsting <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> in debate, he was taken up by a small group of idealistic new Tory MPs, with whom he formed the <a href="/wiki/Young_England" title="Young England">Young England</a> group. They held that the landed interests should use their power to protect the poor from exploitation by middle-class businessmen.<a href="#cite_note-107">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[95]</a> Disraeli hoped to forge a paternalistic Tory-Radical alliance, but he was unsuccessful. Before the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Reform Act 1867</a>, the working class did not possess the vote and therefore had little political power. Although Disraeli forged a personal friendship with <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a>, a leading Radical, Disraeli was unable to persuade Bright to sacrifice his distinct position for parliamentary advancement. When Disraeli attempted to secure a Tory-Radical cabinet in 1852, Bright refused.<a href="#cite_note-t207-110">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[n 15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bright-peel-bentinck-stanley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four men" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bright-peel-bentinck-stanley.jpg/220px-Bright-peel-bentinck-stanley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Bright-peel-bentinck-stanley.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></figcaption></figure> Disraeli gradually became a sharp critic of Peel's government, often deliberately taking contrary positions. The young MP attacked his leader as early as 1843. However, the best known of these stances were over the <a href="/wiki/Maynooth_Grant" title="Maynooth Grant">Maynooth Grant</a> in 1845 and the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846.<a href="#cite_note-112">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>, resigned from the cabinet over the Maynooth Grant.<a href="#cite_note-113">[98]</a> The Corn Laws imposed a tariff on imported wheat, protecting British farmers from foreign competition, but making the cost of bread artificially high. Peel hoped that the repeal of the Corn Laws and the resultant influx of cheaper wheat into Britain would relieve the condition of the poor, and in particular the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> caused by successive failure of potato crops in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-114">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[n 16]</a> The first months of 1846 were dominated by a battle in Parliament between the free traders and the protectionists over the repeal of the Corn Laws, with the latter rallying around Disraeli and <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Lord George Bentinck</a>. An alliance of free-trade Conservatives (the "<a href="/wiki/Peelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Peelites">Peelites</a>"), Radicals, and Whigs carried repeal,<a href="#cite_note-117">[101]</a> and the Conservative Party split: the Peelites moved towards the Whigs, while a "new" Conservative Party formed around the protectionists, led by Disraeli, Bentinck, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley</a> (later Lord Derby).<a href="#cite_note-118">[102]</a> The split in the Tory party over the repeal of the Corn Laws had profound implications for Disraeli's political career: almost every Tory politician with experience of office followed Peel, leaving the rump bereft of leadership. In Blake's words, "[Disraeli] found himself almost the only figure on his side capable of putting up the oratorical display essential for a parliamentary leader."<a href="#cite_note-Blake_(1967),_p._247-119">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/George_Campbell,_8th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll">Duke of Argyll</a> wrote that Disraeli "was like a <a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(military)" title="Subaltern (military)">subaltern</a> in a great battle where every superior officer was killed or wounded".<a href="#cite_note-120">[104]</a> If the Tory Party could muster the electoral support necessary to form a government, then Disraeli now seemed to be guaranteed high office, but with a group of men who possessed little or no official experience and who, as a group, remained personally hostile to Disraeli.<a href="#cite_note-121">[105]</a> In the event the Tory split soon had the party out of office, not regaining power until 1852.<a href="#cite_note-122">[106]</a> The Conservatives would not again have a majority in the House of Commons until 1874.<a href="#cite_note-123">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bentinck_and_the_leadership">Bentinck and the leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bentinck and the leadership">edit</a>]</div> Peel successfully steered the repeal of the Corn Laws through Parliament and was then defeated by an alliance of his enemies on the issue of Irish law and order; he resigned in June 1846. The Tories remained split, and the Queen sent for <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a>, the Whig leader. In the <a href="/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1847 United Kingdom general election">1847 general election</a>, Disraeli stood, successfully, for the <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Buckinghamshire</a> constituency.<a href="#cite_note-Dickins-124">[108]</a> The new House of Commons had more Conservative than Whig members, but the depth of the Tory schism enabled Russell to continue to govern. The Conservatives were led by Bentinck in the Commons and Stanley in the Lords.<a href="#cite_note-Blake_(1967),_p._247-119">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russell-rothschild-manners-granby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four men" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Russell-rothschild-manners-granby.jpg/220px-Russell-rothschild-manners-granby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1e/Russell-rothschild-manners-granby.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild" title="Lionel de Rothschild">Rothschild</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Manners,_7th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="John Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland">Manners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></figcaption></figure> In 1847 a small political crisis removed Bentinck from the leadership and highlighted Disraeli's differences with his own party. In that year's general election, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild" title="Lionel de Rothschild">Lionel de Rothschild</a> had been returned for the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="City of London (UK Parliament constituency)">City of London</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">practising Jew</a> he could not take the oath of allegiance in the prescribed Christian form, and therefore could not take his seat. Lord John Russell, the Whig leader who had succeeded Peel as prime minister, proposed in the Commons that the oath should be amended to permit Jews to enter Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-125">[109]</a> Disraeli spoke in favour of the measure, arguing that Christianity was "completed Judaism", and asking the House of Commons "Where is your Christianity if you do not believe in their Judaism?"<a href="#cite_note-126">[110]</a> Russell and Disraeli's future rival Gladstone thought this brave;<a href="#cite_note-127">[111]</a> the speech was badly received by his own party. The Tories and the Anglican establishment were hostile to the bill.<a href="#cite_note-128">[n 17]</a> With the exception of Disraeli, every member of the future protectionist cabinet then in Parliament voted against the measure. The measure was voted down.<a href="#cite_note-129">[112]</a> In the aftermath of the debate Bentinck resigned the leadership and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Lord Granby</a>; Disraeli's speech, thought by many of his own party to be blasphemous, ruled him out for the time being.<a href="#cite_note-130">[113]</a> While these intrigues played out, Disraeli was working with the Bentinck family to secure the necessary financing to purchase <a href="/wiki/Hughenden_Manor" title="Hughenden Manor">Hughenden Manor</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a>. The possession of a country house and incumbency of a county constituency were regarded as essential for a Tory with leadership ambitions. Disraeli and his wife alternated between Hughenden and several homes in London for the rest of their marriage. The negotiations were complicated by Bentinck's sudden death on 21 September 1848, but Disraeli obtained a loan of £25,000 from Bentinck's brothers <a href="/wiki/Lord_Henry_Bentinck" title="Lord Henry Bentinck">Lord Henry Bentinck</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck,_5th_Duke_of_Portland" class="mw-redirect" title="William Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 5th Duke of Portland">Lord Titchfield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[114]</a> Within a month of his appointment Granby resigned the leadership in the Commons and the party functioned without a leader in the Commons for the rest of the session. At the start of the next session, affairs were handled by a triumvirate of Granby, Disraeli, and <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">John Charles Herries</a>—indicative of the tension between Disraeli and the rest of the party, who needed his talents but mistrusted him. This confused arrangement ended with Granby's resignation in 1851; Disraeli effectively ignored the two men regardless.<a href="#cite_note-132">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chancellor of the Exchequer">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Derby_government">First Derby government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First Derby government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Who%3F_Who%3F_ministry" title="Who? Who? ministry">Who? Who? ministry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:14th_Earl_of_Derby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A stately-looking gentleman in a dark suit, sitting with a book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/14th_Earl_of_Derby.jpg/170px-14th_Earl_of_Derby.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/14th_Earl_of_Derby.jpg/255px-14th_Earl_of_Derby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/14th_Earl_of_Derby.jpg/340px-14th_Earl_of_Derby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4060" data-file-height="4979" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a>, Prime Minister 1852, 1858–59, 1866–68</figcaption></figure> In March 1851, Lord John Russell's <a href="/wiki/Whig_government,_1846%E2%80%931852" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig government, 1846–1852">government</a> was defeated over a bill to equalise the county and borough franchises, mostly because of divisions among his supporters. He resigned, and the Queen sent for Stanley, who felt that a minority government could do little and would not last long, so Russell remained in office. Disraeli regretted this, hoping for an opportunity, however brief, to show himself capable in office.<a href="#cite_note-133">[116]</a> Stanley, in contrast, deprecated his inexperienced followers as a reason for not assuming office: "These are not names I can put before the Queen."<a href="#cite_note-134">[117]</a> At the end of June 1851, Stanley succeeded to the title of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Derby" title="Earl of Derby">Earl of Derby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[118]</a> The Whigs were wracked by internal dissensions during the second half of 1851, much of which Parliament spent in recess. Russell dismissed <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> from the cabinet, leaving the latter determined to deprive the Prime Minister of office. Palmerston did so within weeks of Parliament's reassembly on 4 February 1852, his followers combining with Disraeli's Tories to defeat the government on a Militia Bill, and Russell resigned. Derby had either to take office or risk damage to his reputation,<a href="#cite_note-j138-136">[119]</a> and he accepted the Queen's commission as prime minister. Palmerston declined any office; Derby had hoped to have him as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>. Disraeli, his closest ally, was his second choice and accepted, though disclaiming any great knowledge in the financial field. Gladstone refused to join the government.<a href="#cite_note-137">[120]</a> Disraeli may have been attracted to the office by the £5,000 annual salary, which would help pay his debts.<a href="#cite_note-h203-138">[121]</a> Few of the new cabinet had held office before; when Derby tried to inform the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> of the names of the ministers, the old Duke, who was somewhat deaf, inadvertently branded the new government by incredulously repeating "Who? Who?"<a href="#cite_note-j138-136">[119]</a> In the following weeks, Disraeli served as Leader of the House (with Derby as prime minister in the Lords) and as Chancellor. He wrote regular reports on proceedings in the Commons to Victoria, who described them as "very curious" and "much in the style of his books".<a href="#cite_note-h203-138">[121]</a> Parliament was <a href="/wiki/Legislative_session#Procedure_in_Commonwealth_realms" title="Legislative session">prorogued</a> on 1 July 1852 as the Tories could not govern for long as a minority; Disraeli hoped that they would gain a majority of about 40. Instead, <a href="/wiki/1852_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1852 United Kingdom general election">the election</a> later that month had no clear winner, and the Derby government held to power pending the meeting of Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-139">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budget">Budget</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Budget">edit</a>]</div> Disraeli's task as Chancellor was to devise a budget which would satisfy the protectionist elements who supported the Tories, without uniting the free-traders against it.<a href="#cite_note-140">[123]</a> His proposed budget, which he presented to the Commons on 3 December, lowered the taxes on malt and tea, provisions designed to appeal to the working class. To make his budget revenue-neutral, as funds were needed to provide defences against the French, he doubled the house tax and continued the income tax.<a href="#cite_note-w321-141">[124]</a> Disraeli's overall purpose was to enact policies which would benefit the working classes, making his party more attractive to them.<a href="#cite_note-142">[125]</a> Although the budget did not contain protectionist features, the Opposition was prepared to destroy it—and Disraeli's career as Chancellor—in part out of revenge for his actions against Peel in 1846. MP <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Lea" title="Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea">Sidney Herbert</a> predicted that the budget would fail because "Jews make no converts".<a href="#cite_note-w321-141">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A middle-aged man in Victorian clothes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg/170px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg/255px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg/340px-William_Ewart_Gladstone_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2890" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a> in the 1850s</figcaption></figure> Disraeli delivered the budget on 3 December 1852,<a href="#cite_note-143">[126]</a> and prepared to wind up the debate for the government on 16 December—it was customary for the Chancellor to have the last word. A massive defeat for the government was predicted. Disraeli attacked his opponents individually, and then as a force: "I face a Coalition ... This, too, I know, that England does not love coalitions."<a href="#cite_note-144">[127]</a> His speech of three hours was quickly seen as a parliamentary masterpiece. As MPs prepared to divide, Gladstone rose to his feet and began an angry speech, despite the efforts of Tory MPs to shout him down.<a href="#cite_note-145">[128]</a> The interruptions were fewer, as Gladstone gained control of the House, and in the next two hours painted a picture of Disraeli as frivolous and his budget as subversive. The government was defeated by 19 votes, and Derby resigned four days later. He was replaced by the Peelite <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Earl of Aberdeen</a>, with Gladstone as his Chancellor.<a href="#cite_note-146">[129]</a> Because of Disraeli's unpopularity among the Peelites, no party reconciliation was possible while he remained Tory leader in the Commons.<a href="#cite_note-147">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> With the fall of the government, Disraeli and the Conservatives returned to the Opposition benches. Disraeli would spend three-quarters of his 44-year parliamentary career in Opposition. Derby was reluctant to seek to unseat the government, fearing a repetition of the Who? Who? Ministry and knowing that shared dislike of Disraeli was part of what had formed the governing coalition. Disraeli, on the other hand, was anxious to return to office. In the interim, Disraeli, as Conservative leader in the Commons, opposed the government on all major measures.<a href="#cite_note-148">[131]</a> In June 1853 Disraeli was awarded an honorary degree by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. He had been recommended for it by Lord Derby, the university's <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Oxford University">Chancellor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[132]</a> The start of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> in 1854 caused a lull in party politics; Disraeli spoke patriotically in support. The British military efforts were marked by bungling, and in 1855 a restive Parliament considered a resolution to establish a committee on the conduct of the war. The Aberdeen government made this a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion of confidence">motion of confidence</a>; Disraeli led the Opposition to defeat the government, 305 to 148. Aberdeen resigned, and the Queen sent for Derby, who to Disraeli's frustration refused to take office. Palmerston was deemed essential to any Whig ministry, and he would not join any he did not head. The Queen reluctantly asked Palmerston to form a government.<a href="#cite_note-150">[133]</a> Under Palmerston, the war went better, and was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris</a> in early 1856. Disraeli was early to call for peace but had little influence on events.<a href="#cite_note-151">[134]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">a rebellion</a> broke out in India in 1857, Disraeli took a keen interest, having been a member of a <a href="/wiki/Select_committee_(parliamentary_system)" title="Select committee (parliamentary system)">select committee</a> in 1852 which considered how best to rule the subcontinent, and had proposed eliminating the governing role of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>. After peace was restored, and Palmerston in early 1858 brought in legislation for direct rule of India by the Crown, Disraeli opposed it. Many Conservative MPs refused to follow him, and the bill passed the Commons easily.<a href="#cite_note-152">[135]</a> Palmerston's grip on the premiership was weakened by his response to the <a href="/wiki/Orsini_affair" title="Orsini affair">Orsini affair</a>, in which an attempt was made to assassinate the French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> by an Italian revolutionary with a bomb made in Birmingham. At the request of the French ambassador, Palmerston proposed amending the <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_to_murder" title="Conspiracy to murder">conspiracy to murder</a> statute to make creating an <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">infernal device</a> a felony. He was defeated by 19 votes on the second reading, with many Liberals crossing the aisle against him. He immediately resigned, and Lord Derby returned to office.<a href="#cite_note-153">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Derby_government">Second Derby government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Second Derby government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Derby%E2%80%93Disraeli_ministry" title="Second Derby–Disraeli ministry">Second Derby–Disraeli ministry</a></div> Derby took office at the head of a purely "Conservative" administration, not in coalition. He again offered a place to Gladstone, who declined. Disraeli was once more leader of the House of Commons and returned to the Exchequer. As in 1852, Derby led a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>, dependent on the division of its opponents for survival.<a href="#cite_note-154">[137]</a> As Leader of the House, Disraeli resumed his regular reports to Queen Victoria, who had requested that he include what she "could not meet in newspapers".<a href="#cite_note-155">[138]</a> During its brief life of just over a year, the Derby government proved moderately progressive. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">Government of India Act 1858</a> ended the role of the East India Company in governing the subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-156">[139]</a> The Thames Purification Bill funded the construction of much larger sewers for London.<a href="#cite_note-157">[140]</a> Disraeli had supported efforts <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom">to allow Jews to sit in Parliament</a> with a bill passed through the Commons allowing each house of Parliament to determine what oaths its members should take. This was grudgingly agreed to by the House of Lords, with a minority of Conservatives joining with the Opposition to pass it. In 1858, Baron Lionel de Rothschild became the first MP to profess the Jewish faith.<a href="#cite_note-158">[141]</a> Faced with a vacancy,<a href="#cite_note-160">[n 18]</a> Disraeli and Derby tried yet again to bring Gladstone, still nominally a Conservative MP, into the government, hoping to strengthen it. Disraeli wrote a personal letter to Gladstone, asking him to place the good of the party above personal animosity: "Every man performs his office, and there is a Power, greater than ourselves, that disposes of all this."<a href="#cite_note-161">[143]</a> In response, Gladstone denied that personal feelings played any role in his decisions then and previously whether to accept office, while acknowledging that there were differences between him and Derby "broader than you may have supposed".<a href="#cite_note-162">[144]</a> The Tories pursued a Reform Bill in 1859, which would have resulted in a modest increase to the franchise. The Liberals were healing the breaches between those who favoured Russell and the Palmerston loyalists, and in late March 1859, the government was defeated on a Russell-sponsored amendment. Derby dissolved Parliament, and the <a href="/wiki/1859_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1859 United Kingdom general election">ensuing general election</a> resulted in modest Tory gains, but not enough to control the Commons. When Parliament assembled, Derby's government was defeated by 13 votes on an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">Address from the Throne</a>. He resigned, and the Queen reluctantly sent for Palmerston again.<a href="#cite_note-163">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_and_third_term_as_Chancellor">Opposition and third term as Chancellor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Opposition and third term as Chancellor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Derby%E2%80%93Disraeli_ministry" title="Third Derby–Disraeli ministry">Third Derby–Disraeli ministry</a></div> After Derby's second ejection from office, Disraeli faced dissension within Conservative ranks from those who blamed him for the defeat, or who felt he was disloyal to Derby—the former prime minister warned Disraeli of some MPs seeking his removal from the front bench.<a href="#cite_note-b426-164">[146]</a> Among the conspirators were <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Robert Cecil</a>, a Conservative MP who would a quarter century later become prime minister as Lord Salisbury; he wrote that having Disraeli as leader in the Commons decreased the Conservatives' chance of holding office. When <a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_2nd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury">Cecil's father</a> objected, Lord Robert stated, "I have merely put into print what all the country gentlemen were saying in private."<a href="#cite_note-b426-164">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Robert_Cecil_aetat_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young man with dark hair and huge sideburns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lord_Robert_Cecil_aetat_27.jpg/170px-Lord_Robert_Cecil_aetat_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lord_Robert_Cecil_aetat_27.jpg/255px-Lord_Robert_Cecil_aetat_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lord_Robert_Cecil_aetat_27.jpg/340px-Lord_Robert_Cecil_aetat_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Robert Cecil</a>, Disraeli's fierce opponent in the 1860s, but later his ally and successor</figcaption></figure> Disraeli led a toothless Opposition in the Commons—seeing no way of unseating Palmerston, Derby privately agreed not to seek the government's defeat.<a href="#cite_note-165">[147]</a> Disraeli kept himself informed on foreign affairs, and on what was going on in cabinet, thanks to a source within it. When the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> began in 1861, Disraeli said little publicly, but <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="United Kingdom and the American Civil War">like most Englishmen</a> expected the South to win. Less reticent were Palmerston, Gladstone, and Russell, whose statements in support of the South contributed to years of hard feelings in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-166">[148]</a> In 1862, Disraeli met Prussian Count <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> and said of him, "be careful about that man, he means what he says".<a href="#cite_note-167">[149]</a> The party truce ended in 1864, with Tories outraged over Palmerston's handling of the territorial dispute between the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> and Denmark known as the <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig-Holstein Question">Schleswig-Holstein Question</a>. Disraeli had little help from Derby, who was ill, but he united the party enough on a no-confidence vote to limit the government to a majority of 18—Tory defections and absentees kept Palmerston in office.<a href="#cite_note-168">[150]</a> Despite rumours about Palmerston's health as he turned 80, he remained personally popular, and the Liberals increased their margin in the <a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">July 1865 general election</a>. In the wake of the poor election results, Derby predicted to Disraeli that neither of them would ever hold office again.<a href="#cite_note-169">[151]</a> Political plans were thrown into disarray by Palmerston's death on 18 October 1865. Russell became prime minister again, with Gladstone clearly the Liberal Party's leader-in-waiting, and as Leader of the House Disraeli's direct opponent. One of Russell's early priorities was a Reform Bill, but the proposed legislation that Gladstone announced on 12 March 1866 divided his party. The Conservatives and the <a href="/wiki/Adullamites" title="Adullamites">dissident Liberals</a> repeatedly attacked Gladstone's bill, and in June finally defeated the government; Russell resigned on 26 June. The dissidents were unwilling to serve under Disraeli in the House of Commons, and Derby formed a third Conservative minority government, with Disraeli again as Chancellor.<a href="#cite_note-170">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tory_Democrat:_the_1867_Reform_Act">Tory Democrat: the 1867 Reform Act</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tory Democrat: the 1867 Reform Act">edit</a>]</div> It was Disraeli's belief that if given the vote British people would use it instinctively to put their natural and traditional rulers, the gentlemen of the Conservative Party, into power. Responding to renewed agitation for popular suffrage, Disraeli persuaded a majority of the cabinet to agree to a Reform bill. With what Derby cautioned was "a leap in the dark", Disraeli had outflanked the Liberals who, as the supposed champions of Reform, dared not oppose him. In the absence of a credible party rival and for fear of having an election called on the issue, Conservatives felt obliged to support Disraeli despite their misgivings.<a href="#cite_note-171">[153]</a> There were Tory dissenters, most notably <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Cranborne</a> (as Robert Cecil was by then known) who resigned from the government and spoke against the bill, accusing Disraeli of "a political betrayal which has no parallel in our Parliamentary annals".<a href="#cite_note-172">[154]</a> Even as Disraeli accepted Liberal amendments (although pointedly refusing those moved by Gladstone)<a href="#cite_note-173">[155]</a> that further lowered the property qualification, Cranborne was unable to lead an effective rebellion. Disraeli gained wide acclaim and became a hero to his party for the "marvellous parliamentary skill" with which he secured the passage of Reform in the Commons.<a href="#cite_note-:1-174">[156]</a> From the Liberal benches too there was admiration. MP for Nottingham <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bernal_Osborne" title="Ralph Bernal Osborne">Bernal Ostborne</a> declared:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I have always thought the Chancellor of Exchequer was the greatest Radical in the House. He has achieved what no other man in the country could have done. He has lugged up that great omnibus full of stupid, heavy, country gentlemen--I only say 'stupid' in the parliamentary sense--and has converted these Conservative into Radical Reformers.<a href="#cite_note-175">[157]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Reform Act 1867</a> passed that August.<a href="#cite_note-176">[158]</a> It extended the franchise by 938,427 men—an increase of 88%—by giving the vote to male householders and male lodgers paying at least £10 for rooms. It eliminated <a href="/wiki/Rotten_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotten borough">rotten boroughs</a> with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants, and granted constituencies to 15 unrepresented towns, with extra representation to large municipalities such as Liverpool and Manchester.<a href="#cite_note-177">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1868)">Prime Minister (1868)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1868)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term">First term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: First term">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_premiership_of_Benjamin_Disraeli" class="mw-redirect" title="First premiership of Benjamin Disraeli">First premiership of Benjamin Disraeli</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Disraeli_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Disraeli ministry">First Disraeli ministry</a></div> Derby had long had attacks of <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> which left him bedbound, unable to deal with politics. As the new session of Parliament approached in February 1868, he was unable to leave his home but was reluctant to resign, as at 68 he was much younger than either Palmerston or Russell at the end of their premierships. Derby knew that his "attacks of illness would, at no distant period, incapacitate me from the discharge of my public duties"; doctors had warned him that his health required his resignation.<a href="#cite_note-178">[160]</a> In late February, with Parliament in session and Derby absent, he wrote to Disraeli asking for confirmation that "you will not shrink from the additional heavy responsibility".<a href="#cite_note-a188-179">[161]</a> Reassured, he wrote to the Queen, resigning and recommending Disraeli as "only he could command the cordial support, en masse, of his present colleagues".<a href="#cite_note-a188-179">[161]</a> Disraeli went to <a href="/wiki/Osborne_House" title="Osborne House">Osborne House</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, where the Queen asked him to form a government. The monarch wrote to her daughter, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Prussian Crown Princess Victoria</a>, "Mr. Disraeli is Prime Minister! A proud thing for a man 'risen from the people' to have obtained!"<a href="#cite_note-a188-179">[161]</a> The new prime minister told those who came to congratulate him, "I have climbed to the top of the greasy pole."<a href="#cite_note-180">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_government,_February–December_1868">First government, February–December 1868</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: First government, February–December 1868">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelmsford-Cairns-Hunt-Manning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four men, the second of whom wears a wig resembling that of a judge, and the fourth of whom wears clerical clothes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/Chelmsford-Cairns-Hunt-Manning.jpg/220px-Chelmsford-Cairns-Hunt-Manning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c7/Chelmsford-Cairns-Hunt-Manning.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Baron_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Baron Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt" title="George Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Manning" title="Henry Edward Manning">Manning</a></figcaption></figure> The Conservatives remained a minority in the House of Commons and the passage of the Reform Bill required the calling of a new election once the new voting register had been compiled. Disraeli's term as prime minister, which began in February 1868, would therefore be short unless the Conservatives won the general election. He made only two major changes in the cabinet: he replaced <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Baron_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Baron Chelmsford">Lord Chelmsford</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Lord Cairns</a> and brought in <a href="/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt" title="George Ward Hunt">George Ward Hunt</a> as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Derby had intended to replace Chelmsford once a vacancy in a suitable sinecure developed. Disraeli was unwilling to wait, and Cairns, in his view, was a far stronger minister.<a href="#cite_note-181">[163]</a> Disraeli's first premiership was dominated by the heated debate over the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>. Although Ireland was largely Roman Catholic, the Church of England represented most landowners. It remained the <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a> and was funded by direct taxation, which was greatly resented by the Catholics and Presbyterians. An initial attempt by Disraeli to negotiate with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Manning" title="Henry Edward Manning">Archbishop Manning</a> the establishment of a Catholic university in Dublin foundered in March when Gladstone moved resolutions to disestablish the Irish Church altogether. The proposal united the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberals</a> under Gladstone's leadership, while causing divisions among the Conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-182">[164]</a> The Conservatives remained in office because the new electoral register was not yet ready; neither party wished a poll under the old roll. Gladstone began using the Liberal majority in the Commons to push through resolutions and legislation. Disraeli's government survived until the <a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">December general election</a>, at which the Liberals were returned to power with a majority.<a href="#cite_note-183">[165]</a> In its short life, the first Disraeli government passed noncontroversial laws. It ended public executions, and the <a href="/wiki/Corrupt_Practices_Act_1868" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrupt Practices Act 1868">Corrupt Practices Act</a> did much to end electoral bribery. It authorised an early version of <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a>, having the Post Office buy up the telegraph companies. Amendments to the school law, the Scottish legal system, and the railway laws were passed.<a href="#cite_note-184">[166]</a> In addition, the Public Health (Scotland) Act instituted sanitary inspectors and medical officers. According to one study, "better sanitation was enforced throughout Scotland."<a href="#cite_note-185">[167]</a> Disraeli sent the successful <a href="/wiki/1868_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="1868 Expedition to Abyssinia">expedition</a> against <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II" title="Tewodros II">Tewodros II</a> of Ethiopia under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Napier,_1st_Baron_Napier_of_Magdala" title="Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala">Sir Robert Napier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_leader;_1874_election">Opposition leader; 1874 election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Opposition leader; 1874 election">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Disraeli_by_H_Lenthall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Benjamin_Disraeli_by_H_Lenthall.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Disraeli_by_H_Lenthall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Benjamin_Disraeli_by_H_Lenthall.jpg/330px-Benjamin_Disraeli_by_H_Lenthall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Benjamin_Disraeli_by_H_Lenthall.jpg/440px-Benjamin_Disraeli_by_H_Lenthall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="4027" /></a><figcaption>Disraeli circa 1870</figcaption></figure> Given Gladstone's majority in the Commons, Disraeli could do little but protest as the government advanced legislation; he chose to await Liberal mistakes. He used this leisure time to write a new novel, <a href="/wiki/Lothair_(novel)" title="Lothair (novel)">Lothair</a> (1870). A work of fiction by a former prime minister was a novelty for Britain, and the book became a bestseller.<a href="#cite_note-187">[169]</a> By 1872 there was dissent in the Conservative ranks over the failure to challenge Gladstone. This was quieted as Disraeli took steps to assert his leadership, and as divisions among the Liberals became clear. Public support for Disraeli was shown by cheering at a thanksgiving service in 1872 on the recovery of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">the Prince of Wales</a> from illness, while Gladstone was met with silence. Disraeli had supported the efforts of party manager <a href="/wiki/John_Eldon_Gorst" title="John Eldon Gorst">John Eldon Gorst</a> to put the administration of the Conservative Party on a modern basis. On Gorst's advice, Disraeli gave a speech to a mass meeting in Manchester that year. To roaring approval, he compared the Liberal front bench to "a range of exhausted volcanoes... But the situation is still dangerous. There are occasional earthquakes and ever and again the dark rumbling of the sea."<a href="#cite_note-188">[170]</a> Gladstone, Disraeli stated, dominated the scene and "alternated between a menace and a sigh".<a href="#cite_note-189">[171]</a> At his first departure from <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a> in 1868, Disraeli had Victoria make his wife <a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Disraeli" title="Mary Anne Disraeli">Mary Anne</a> Viscountess Beaconsfield in her own right in lieu of a peerage for himself.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbertpp-190">[172]</a> Through 1872 the eighty-year-old peeress had stomach cancer. She died on 15 December. Urged by a clergyman to turn her thoughts to Jesus Christ in her final days, she said she could not: "You know Dizzy is my J.C."<a href="#cite_note-191">[173]</a> In 1873, Gladstone brought forward legislation to establish a Catholic university in Dublin. This divided the Liberals, and on 12 March an alliance of Conservatives and Irish Catholics defeated the government by three votes. Gladstone resigned, and the Queen sent for Disraeli, who refused to take office. Without a general election, a Conservative government would be another minority; Disraeli wanted the power a majority would bring and felt he could gain it later by leaving the Liberals in office now. Gladstone's government struggled on, beset by scandal and unimproved by a reshuffle. As part of that change, Gladstone took on the office of Chancellor,<a href="#cite_note-193">[n 19]</a> leading to questions as to whether he had to stand for re-election on taking on a second ministry—until the 1920s, MPs becoming ministers <a href="/wiki/Ministerial_by-election" title="Ministerial by-election">had to seek re-election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[175]</a> In January 1874, Gladstone called <a href="/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1874 United Kingdom general election">a general election</a>, convinced that if he waited longer, he would do worse at the polls. Balloting was spread over two weeks, beginning on 1 February.<a href="#cite_note-195">[176]</a> As the constituencies voted, it became clear that the result would be a Conservative majority, the first since 1841. In Scotland, where the Conservatives were perennially weak, they increased from seven seats to nineteen. Overall, they won 350 seats to 245 for the Liberals and 57 for the Irish <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a>. Disraeli became prime minister for the second time.<a href="#cite_note-196">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1874–1880)">Prime Minister (1874–1880)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1874–1880)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term">Second term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Second term">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_premiership_of_Benjamin_Disraeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Second premiership of Benjamin Disraeli">Second premiership of Benjamin Disraeli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Disraeli_ministry" title="Second Disraeli ministry">Second Disraeli ministry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Derby-Northcote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two gentlemen, the second bearded" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Derby-Northcote.jpg/110px-Derby-Northcote.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Derby-Northcote.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Derby</a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></figcaption></figure> Disraeli's cabinet of twelve, with six peers and six commoners, was the smallest since <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform</a>. Of the peers, five of them had been in Disraeli's 1868 cabinet; the sixth, Lord Salisbury, was reconciled to Disraeli after negotiation and became <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>. Lord Stanley (who had succeeded his father, the former prime minister, as Earl of Derby) became Foreign Secretary and <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Sir Stafford Northcote</a> the Chancellor.<a href="#cite_note-197">[178]</a> In August 1876, Disraeli was elevated to the House of Lords as <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Beaconsfield" title="Earl of Beaconsfield">Earl of Beaconsfield</a> and Viscount Hughenden. The Queen had offered to ennoble him as early as 1868; he had then declined. She did so again in 1874, when he fell ill at <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral</a>, but he was reluctant to leave the Commons for a house in which he had no experience. Continued ill health during his second premiership caused him to contemplate resignation, but his lieutenant, Derby, was unwilling, feeling that he could not manage the Queen. For Disraeli, the Lords, where the debate was less intense, was the alternative to resignation. Five days before the end of the 1876 session of Parliament, on 11 August, Disraeli was seen to linger and look around the chamber before departing. Newspapers reported his ennoblement the following morning.<a href="#cite_note-198">[179]</a> In addition to the viscounty bestowed on Mary Anne Disraeli,<a href="#cite_note-Hibbertpp-190">[172]</a> the earldom of Beaconsfield was to have been bestowed on <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> in 1797, but he had died before receiving it.<a href="#cite_note-199">[180]</a> The name <a href="/wiki/Beaconsfield" title="Beaconsfield">Beaconsfield</a>, a town near Hughenden, was given to a minor character in Vivian Grey.<a href="#cite_note-200">[181]</a> Disraeli made various statements about his elevation, writing to <a href="/wiki/Selina_Bridgeman" title="Selina Bridgeman">Selina, Lady Bradford</a> on 8 August 1876, "I am quite tired of that place [the Commons]"<a href="#cite_note-201">[182]</a> but when asked by a friend how he liked the Lords, replied, "I am dead; dead but in the Elysian fields."<a href="#cite_note-202">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Domestic policy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislation">Legislation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legislation">edit</a>]</div> Under the stewardship of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Assheton_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Assheton Cross">Richard Assheton Cross</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, Disraeli's new government enacted many reforms, including the <a href="/wiki/Artisans%27_and_Labourers%27_Dwellings_Improvement_Act_1875" title="Artisans' and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act 1875">Artisans' and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act 1875</a> (<a href="/wiki/38_%26_39_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="38 & 39 Vict.">38 & 39 Vict.</a> c. 36),<a href="#cite_note-mb709-203">[184]</a> which made inexpensive loans available to towns and cities to construct working-class housing. Also enacted were the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Act_1875" title="Public Health Act 1875">Public Health Act 1875</a> (<a href="/wiki/38_%26_39_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="38 & 39 Vict.">38 & 39 Vict.</a> c. 55), modernising sanitary codes,<a href="#cite_note-w530-204">[185]</a> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sale_of_Food_and_Drugs_Act_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875 (page does not exist)">Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875</a> (<a href="/wiki/38_%26_39_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="38 & 39 Vict.">38 & 39 Vict.</a> c. 63), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementary_Education_Act_1876&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementary Education Act 1876 (page does not exist)">Elementary Education Act 1876</a> (<a href="/wiki/39_%26_40_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="39 & 40 Vict.">39 & 40 Vict.</a> c. 70).<a href="#cite_note-mb709-203">[184]</a> Disraeli's government introduced a new <a href="/wiki/Factory_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory Act">Factory Act</a> meant to protect workers, the <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy,_and_Protection_of_Property_Act_1875" title="Conspiracy, and Protection of Property Act 1875">Conspiracy, and Protection of Property Act 1875</a> (<a href="/wiki/38_%26_39_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="38 & 39 Vict.">38 & 39 Vict.</a> c. 86), which allowed peaceful picketing, and the <a href="/wiki/Employers_and_Workmen_Act_1875" title="Employers and Workmen Act 1875">Employers and Workmen Act 1875</a> (<a href="/wiki/38_%26_39_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="38 & 39 Vict.">38 & 39 Vict.</a> c. 90) to enable workers to sue employers in the civil courts if they broke legal contracts. The Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875 prohibited the mixing of injurious ingredients with articles of food or with drugs, and provision was made for the appointment of analysts; all tea "had to be examined by a customs official on importation, and when in the opinion of the analyst it was unfit for food, the tea had to be destroyed".<a href="#cite_note-205">[186]</a> The Employers and Workmen Act 1875, according to one study, "finally placed employers and employed on an equal footing before the law". The Conspiracy, and Protection of Property Act 1875 established the right to strike by providing that "an agreement or combination by one or more persons to do, or procure to be done, any act in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute between employers and workmen, shall not be indictable as a conspiracy if such act committed by one person would not be punishable as a crime".<a href="#cite_note-206">[187]</a> As a result of these social reforms the <a href="/wiki/Liberal-Labour_(UK)" title="Liberal-Labour (UK)">Liberal-Labour</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macdonald_(Lib%E2%80%93Lab_politician)" title="Alexander Macdonald (Lib–Lab politician)">Alexander Macdonald</a> told his constituents in 1879, "The Conservative party have done more for the working classes in five years than the Liberals have in fifty."<a href="#cite_note-mb709-203">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_Service">Civil Service</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Civil Service">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Wilberforce_by_Mowbray_of_Oxford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Samuel_Wilberforce_by_Mowbray_of_Oxford.jpg/170px-Samuel_Wilberforce_by_Mowbray_of_Oxford.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Samuel_Wilberforce_by_Mowbray_of_Oxford.jpg/255px-Samuel_Wilberforce_by_Mowbray_of_Oxford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Samuel_Wilberforce_by_Mowbray_of_Oxford.jpg/340px-Samuel_Wilberforce_by_Mowbray_of_Oxford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Disraeli's failure to appoint <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilberforce" title="Samuel Wilberforce">Samuel Wilberforce</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a> may have cost him votes in the 1868 election.</figcaption></figure> Gladstone in 1870 had sponsored an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a>, introducing <a href="/wiki/Competitive_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive examination">competitive examination</a> into <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">the Civil Service</a>, diminishing the political aspects of government hiring. Disraeli did not agree, and while he did not seek to reverse the order, his actions often frustrated its intent. For example, Disraeli made political appointments to positions previously given to career civil servants. He was backed by his party, hungry for office and its emoluments after almost thirty years with only brief spells in government. Disraeli gave positions to hard-up Conservative leaders, even—to Gladstone's outrage—creating one office at £2,000 per year.<a href="#cite_note-207">[188]</a> Nevertheless, Disraeli made fewer peers (only 22, including one of Victoria's sons) than had Gladstone (37 during his just over five years in office).<a href="#cite_note-208">[189]</a> As he had in government posts, Disraeli rewarded old friends with clerical positions, making <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Turner" title="Sydney Turner">Sydney Turner</a>, son of a good friend of Isaac D'Israeli, <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Ripon" title="Dean of Ripon">Dean of Ripon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[190]</a> He favoured <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low church</a> clergymen in promotion, disliking other movements in Anglicanism for political reasons. In this, he came into disagreement with the Queen, who out of loyalty to her late husband <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Albert</a> preferred <a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a> teachings. One controversial appointment had occurred shortly before the <a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">1868 election</a>. When the position of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> fell vacant, Disraeli reluctantly agreed to the Queen's preferred candidate, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Tait" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Tait">Archibald Tait</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a>. To fill Tait's vacant see, Disraeli was urged by many people to appoint <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilberforce" title="Samuel Wilberforce">Samuel Wilberforce</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester" title="Bishop of Winchester">Bishop of Winchester</a>. Disraeli disliked Wilberforce and instead appointed <a href="/wiki/John_Jackson_(bishop)" title="John Jackson (bishop)">John Jackson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln" title="Bishop of Lincoln">Bishop of Lincoln</a>. Blake suggested that, on balance, these appointments cost Disraeli more votes than they gained him.<a href="#cite_note-210">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> Disraeli always considered foreign affairs to be the most critical and interesting part of statesmanship. Nevertheless, his biographer Robert Blake doubts that his subject had specific ideas about foreign policy when he took office in 1874. He had rarely travelled abroad; since his youthful tour of the Middle East in 1830–1831, he had left Britain only for his honeymoon and three visits to Paris, the last of which was in 1856. As he had criticised Gladstone for a do-nothing foreign policy, he most probably contemplated what actions would reassert Britain's place in Europe. His brief first premiership, and the first year of his second, gave him little opportunity to make his mark in foreign affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Blake_(1967),_pp._570–571-211">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suez">Suez</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Suez">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disraeli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Disraeli.jpg/220px-Disraeli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Disraeli.jpg/330px-Disraeli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Disraeli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Disraeli published in 1873</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Disraeli_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Victoria_Disraeli_cartoon.jpg/170px-Victoria_Disraeli_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Victoria_Disraeli_cartoon.jpg/255px-Victoria_Disraeli_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Victoria_Disraeli_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>New Crowns for Old depicts Disraeli as Abanazar from the pantomime <a href="/wiki/Aladdin" title="Aladdin">Aladdin</a>, offering Victoria an imperial crown in exchange for a royal one. Disraeli cultivated a public image of himself as an Imperialist with grand gestures such as conferring on Queen Victoria the title "Empress of India".</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, opened in 1869, cut weeks and thousands of miles off the sea journey between Britain and India; in 1875, approximately 80% of the ships using the canal were British.<a href="#cite_note-212">[193]</a> In the event of another rebellion in India or a Russian invasion, the time saved at Suez might be crucial. Built by French interests, 56% of the stocks in the canal remained in their hands, while 44% of the stock belonged to <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Isma'il Pasha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khedive_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Khedive of Egypt">Khedive of Egypt</a>. He was notorious for his profligate spending. The canal was losing money, and an attempt by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps" title="Ferdinand de Lesseps">Ferdinand de Lesseps</a>, builder of the canal, to raise the tolls had fallen through when the Khedive had threatened military force to prevent it, and had also attracted Disraeli's attention.<a href="#cite_note-Blake_(1967),_pp._570–571-211">[192]</a> The Khedive governed Egypt under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>; as in the Crimea, the issue of the Canal raised the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a> of what to do about the decaying empire governed from Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-w541-213">[194]</a> With much of the pre-canal trade and communications between Britain and India passing through the Ottoman Empire, Britain had done its best to prop up the Ottomans against the threat that Russia would take Constantinople, cutting those communications, and giving Russian ships unfettered access to the Mediterranean. The French might also threaten those lines.<a href="#cite_note-214">[195]</a> Britain had had the opportunity to purchase shares in the canal but had declined to do so.<a href="#cite_note-215">[196]</a> Disraeli sent the Liberal MP <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Rothschild,_1st_Baron_Rothschild" title="Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild">Nathan Rothschild</a> to Paris to enquire about buying de Lesseps's shares.<a href="#cite_note-w541-213">[194]</a> On 14 November 1875, the editor of the <a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Pall Mall Gazette">Pall Mall Gazette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Greenwood" title="Frederick Greenwood">Frederick Greenwood</a>, learnt from London banker Henry Oppenheim that the Khedive was seeking to sell his shares in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Canal Company">Suez Canal Company</a> to a French firm. Greenwood quickly told Lord Derby, the Foreign Secretary, who notified Disraeli. The Prime Minister moved immediately to secure the shares. On 23 November, the Khedive offered to sell the shares for 100,000,000 <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">francs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-baer-216">[197]</a> Rather than seek the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, Disraeli borrowed funds from Lionel de Rothschild, who took a commission on the deal. The banker's capital was at risk as Parliament could have refused to ratify the transaction.<a href="#cite_note-217">[198]</a> The contract for purchase was signed at Cairo on 25 November and the shares deposited at the British consulate the following day.<a href="#cite_note-baer-216">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[199]</a> Disraeli told the Queen, "it is settled; you have it, madam!"<a href="#cite_note-a263-219">[200]</a> The public saw the venture as a daring statement of British dominance of the seas. <a href="/wiki/Ian_Malcolm_(politician)" title="Ian Malcolm (politician)">Sir Ian Malcolm</a> described the Suez Canal share purchase as "the greatest romance of Mr. Disraeli's romantic career".<a href="#cite_note-baer-216">[197]</a> In the following decades, the security of the Suez Canal became a major concern of British foreign policy. Under Gladstone, Britain took control of Egypt in 1882. A later Foreign Secretary, <a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon</a>, described the canal in 1909 as "the determining influence of every considerable movement of British power to the east and south of the Mediterranean".<a href="#cite_note-a263-219">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Royal_Titles_Act">Royal Titles Act</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Royal Titles Act">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Titles_Act_1876" title="Royal Titles Act 1876">Royal Titles Act 1876</a></div> Although initially curious about Disraeli when he entered Parliament in 1837, Victoria came to detest him over his treatment of Peel. Over time, her dislike softened, especially as Disraeli took pains to cultivate her. He told <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>, "Everybody likes flattery; and, when you come to royalty, you should lay it on with a trowel".<a href="#cite_note-220">[201]</a> Disraeli's biographer, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kirsch" title="Adam Kirsch">Adam Kirsch</a>, suggests that Disraeli's obsequious treatment of his queen was part flattery, part belief that this was how a queen should be addressed by a loyal subject, and part awe that a middle-class man of Jewish birth should be the companion of a monarch.<a href="#cite_note-221">[202]</a> By the time of his second premiership, Disraeli had built a strong relationship with Victoria, probably closer to her than any of her prime ministers except her first, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Melbourne">Lord Melbourne</a>. When Disraeli returned as prime minister in 1874 and went to <a href="/wiki/Kiss_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss hands">kiss hands</a>, he did so literally, on one knee; according to Richard Aldous in his book on the rivalry between Disraeli and Gladstone, "Victoria and Disraeli would exploit their closeness for mutual advantage."<a href="#cite_note-222">[203]</a> Victoria had long wished to have an imperial title, reflecting Britain's expanding domain.<a href="#cite_note-223">[204]</a> She was irked when Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> held a higher rank than her as an emperor, and was appalled that her daughter, the Prussian Crown Princess, would outrank her when <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">her husband</a> came to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-224">[205]</a> She also saw an imperial title as proclaiming Britain's increased stature in the world.<a href="#cite_note-225">[206]</a> The title "<a href="/wiki/Empress_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of India">Empress of India</a>" had been used informally for some time and she wished to have that title formally bestowed on her. The Queen prevailed upon Disraeli to introduce a Royal Titles Bill, and also told of her intent to <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">open Parliament</a> in person, which during this time she did only when she wanted something from legislators. Disraeli was cautious in response, as careful soundings of MPs brought a negative reaction, and he declined to place such a proposal in the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Speech">Queen's Speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[207]</a> Once the desired bill was finally prepared, Disraeli's handling of it was not adept. He neglected to notify either the Prince of Wales or the Opposition and was met by irritation from the prince and a full-scale attack from the Liberals. An old enemy of Disraeli, former Liberal Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Robert Lowe</a>, alleged during the debate in the Commons that two previous prime ministers had refused to introduce such legislation for the Queen. Gladstone immediately stated that he was not one of them, and the Queen gave Disraeli leave to quote her saying she had never approached a prime minister with such a proposal. According to Blake, Disraeli "in a brilliant oration of withering invective proceeded to destroy Lowe", who apologised and never held office again.<a href="#cite_note-227">[208]</a> Disraeli said of Lowe that he was the only person in London with whom he would not shake hands: "he is in the mud and there I leave him."<a href="#cite_note-228">[209]</a> Fearful of losing, Disraeli was reluctant to bring the bill to a vote in the Commons, but when he did it passed with a majority of 75. Once the bill was formally enacted, Victoria began signing her letters "Victoria R & I" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Regina et Imperatrix, Queen and Empress).<a href="#cite_note-229">[210]</a> According to Aldous, the bill "shattered Disraeli's authority in the House of Commons".<a href="#cite_note-230">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balkans_and_Bulgaria">Balkans and Bulgaria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Balkans and Bulgaria">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fight_near_Telish_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cavalry wielding sabres fight men with guns on foot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fight_near_Telish_1877.jpg/220px-Fight_near_Telish_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fight_near_Telish_1877.jpg/330px-Fight_near_Telish_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fight_near_Telish_1877.jpg/440px-Fight_near_Telish_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2223" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Fight in Bulgaria during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78</a></figcaption></figure> In July 1875 Serb populations in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a>, then provinces of the Ottoman Empire, <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1875%E2%80%9377)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77)">revolted</a> against the Turks, alleging religious persecution and poor administration. The following January, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülaziz">Abdülaziz</a> agreed to reforms proposed by Hungarian statesman <a href="/wiki/Julius_Andr%C3%A1ssy" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Andrássy">Julius Andrássy</a>, but the rebels, suspecting they might win their freedom, continued their uprising, joined by militants in Serbia <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">and Bulgaria</a>. The Turks suppressed the Bulgarian uprising harshly, and when reports of these actions escaped, Disraeli and Derby stated in Parliament that they did not believe them. Disraeli called them "coffee-house babble" and dismissed allegations of torture by the Ottomans since "Oriental people usually terminate their connections with culprits in a more expeditious fashion".<a href="#cite_note-231">[212]</a> Gladstone, who had left the Liberal leadership and retired from public life, was appalled by reports of <a href="/wiki/Batak_massacre" title="Batak massacre">atrocities in Bulgaria</a>, and in August 1876, penned a hastily written pamphlet arguing that the Turks should be deprived of Bulgaria because of what they had done there. He sent a copy to Disraeli, who called it "vindictive and ill-written ... of all the Bulgarian horrors perhaps the greatest".<a href="#cite_note-232">[213]</a> Gladstone's pamphlet became an immense best-seller and rallied the Liberals to urge that the Ottoman Empire should no longer be a British ally. Disraeli wrote to Lord Salisbury on 3 September, "Had it not been for these unhappy 'atrocities', we should have settled a peace very honourable to England and satisfactory to Europe. Now we are obliged to work from a new point of departure, and dictate to Turkey, who has forfeited all sympathy."<a href="#cite_note-233">[214]</a> In spite of this, Disraeli's policy favoured Constantinople and Ottoman territorial integrity.<a href="#cite_note-234">[215]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantinople-conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four men" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Constantinople-conference.jpg/170px-Constantinople-conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Constantinople-conference.jpg/255px-Constantinople-conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Constantinople-conference.jpg/340px-Constantinople-conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>International delegates at the Constantinople Conference: clockwise from top left, <a href="/wiki/Saffet_Pasha" title="Saffet Pasha">Saffet Pasha</a> (Turkey), <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Pavlovich_Ignatyev" title="Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev">General Ignatieff</a> (Russia), Lord Salisbury (Britain) and the Comte de Chaudordy (France)</figcaption></figure> Disraeli and the cabinet sent Salisbury as lead British representative to the <a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Conference" title="Constantinople Conference">Constantinople Conference</a>, which met in December 1876 and January 1877.<a href="#cite_note-j409-235">[216]</a> In advance of the conference, Disraeli sent Salisbury private word to seek British military occupation of Bulgaria and Bosnia, and British control of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman Army</a>. Salisbury ignored these instructions, which his biographer, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Andrew Roberts</a> deemed "ludicrous".<a href="#cite_note-236">[217]</a> The conference failed to reach agreement with the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-237">[218]</a> Parliament opened in February 1877, with Disraeli now in the Lords as Earl of Beaconsfield. He spoke only once there in the 1877 session on the Eastern Question, stating on 20 February that there was a need for stability in the Balkans, and that forcing Turkey into territorial concessions would not secure it. The Prime Minister wanted a deal with the Ottomans whereby Britain would temporarily occupy strategic areas to deter the Russians from war, to be returned on the signing of a peace treaty, but found little support in his cabinet, which favoured partition of the Ottoman Empire. As Disraeli, by then in poor health, continued to battle within the cabinet, Russia invaded Turkey on 21 April, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">Russo-Turkish War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Congress_of_Berlin">Congress of Berlin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Congress of Berlin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></div> The Russians pushed through Ottoman territory and by December 1877 had captured the strategic Bulgarian town of <a href="/wiki/Pleven" title="Pleven">Plevna</a>. The war divided the British, but the Russian success caused some to forget the atrocities and call for intervention on the Turkish side. Others hoped for further Russian successes. The fall of Plevna was a major story for weeks, and Disraeli's warnings that Russia was a threat to British interests in the eastern Mediterranean were deemed prophetic. The <a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">jingoistic</a> attitude of many Britons increased Disraeli's political support, and the Queen showed her favour by visiting him at Hughenden—the first time she had visited the country home of her prime minister since <a href="/wiki/Second_Melbourne_ministry" title="Second Melbourne ministry">the Melbourne ministry</a>. At the end of January 1878, the Ottoman Sultan appealed to Britain to save Constantinople. Amid war fever in Britain, the government asked Parliament to vote £6,000,000 to prepare the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Navy</a> for war. Gladstone opposed the measure, but less than half his party voted with him. Popular opinion was with Disraeli, though some thought him too soft for not immediately declaring war on Russia.<a href="#cite_note-239">[220]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgaria-SanStefano_-(1878)-byTodorBozhinov.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map. See description" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bulgaria-SanStefano_-%281878%29-byTodorBozhinov.png/220px-Bulgaria-SanStefano_-%281878%29-byTodorBozhinov.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bulgaria-SanStefano_-%281878%29-byTodorBozhinov.png/330px-Bulgaria-SanStefano_-%281878%29-byTodorBozhinov.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bulgaria-SanStefano_-%281878%29-byTodorBozhinov.png/440px-Bulgaria-SanStefano_-%281878%29-byTodorBozhinov.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Bulgaria as constituted under the San Stefano treaty and as divided at Berlin</figcaption></figure> With the Russians close to Constantinople, the Turks yielded and in March 1878, signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Bulgaria" title="Liberation of Bulgaria">conceding a Bulgarian state</a> covering a large part of the Balkans. It would be initially Russian-occupied and many feared that it would give them a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> close to Constantinople. Other Ottoman possessions in Europe would become independent; additional territory was to be ceded directly to Russia. This was unacceptable to the British, who protested, hoping to get the Russians to agree to attend an international conference which German Chancellor Bismarck proposed to hold at Berlin. The cabinet discussed Disraeli's proposal to position Indian troops at Malta for possible transit to the Balkans<a href="#cite_note-240">[221]</a> and call out reserves. Derby resigned in protest, and Disraeli appointed Salisbury as Foreign Secretary. Amid British preparations for war, the Russians and Turks agreed to discussions at Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-241">[222]</a> In advance of the meeting, confidential negotiations took place between Britain and Russia in April and May 1878. The Russians were willing to make changes to the big Bulgaria, but were determined to retain their new possessions, <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> in Europe and <a href="/wiki/Batum" class="mw-redirect" title="Batum">Batum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a> on the east coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. To counterbalance this, Britain required a possession in the Eastern Mediterranean where it might base ships and troops and negotiated with the Ottomans for the cession of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. Once this was secretly agreed, Disraeli was prepared to allow Russia's territorial gains.<a href="#cite_note-242">[223]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pas-de-deux-disraeli-salisbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pas-de-deux-disraeli-salisbury.jpg/170px-Pas-de-deux-disraeli-salisbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pas-de-deux-disraeli-salisbury.jpg/255px-Pas-de-deux-disraeli-salisbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Pas-de-deux-disraeli-salisbury.jpg/340px-Pas-de-deux-disraeli-salisbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Disraeli (right) and Salisbury as Knights of the Garter, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel</a> in The Pas de deux (From the Scène de Triomphe in the Grand Anglo-Turkish Ballet d'Action)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> was held in June and July 1878, the central relationship in it that between Disraeli and Bismarck. In later years, the German chancellor would show visitors to his office three pictures on the wall: "the portrait of my Sovereign, there on the right that of my wife, and on the left, there, that of Lord Beaconsfield".<a href="#cite_note-243">[224]</a> Disraeli caused an uproar in the congress by making his opening address in English, rather than in French, hitherto accepted as the international language of diplomacy. By one account, the British ambassador in Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Odo_Russell,_1st_Baron_Ampthill" title="Odo Russell, 1st Baron Ampthill">Lord Odo Russell</a>, hoping to spare the delegates Disraeli's awful French accent, told Disraeli that the congress was hoping to hear a speech in English by one of its masters.<a href="#cite_note-b648-244">[225]</a> Disraeli left much of the detailed work to Salisbury, concentrating his efforts on making it as difficult as possible for the broken-up big Bulgaria to reunite.<a href="#cite_note-b648-244">[225]</a> Disraeli intended that Batum be demilitarised, but the Russians obtained their preferred language, and in 1886, fortified the town. Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus Convention</a> ceding the island to Britain was announced during the congress, and again made Disraeli a sensation.<a href="#cite_note-b649-245">[226]</a> Disraeli gained agreement that Turkey should retain enough of its European possessions to safeguard the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>. By one account, when met with Russian intransigence, Disraeli told his secretary to order a special train to return them home to begin the war. Czar Alexander II later described the congress as "a European coalition against Russia, under Bismarck".<a href="#cite_note-246">[227]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a> was signed on 13 July 1878 at the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Radziwill Palace</a> in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-249">[n 20]</a> Disraeli and Salisbury returned home to heroes' receptions. At the door of <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a>, Disraeli received flowers sent by the Queen.<a href="#cite_note-250">[230]</a> There, he told the gathered crowd, "Lord Salisbury and I have brought you back peace—but a peace I hope with honour."<a href="#cite_note-Weintraub,_p._597-251">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[n 21]</a> The Queen offered him a dukedom, which he declined, though accepting <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">the Garter</a>, as long as Salisbury also received it.<a href="#cite_note-254">[233]</a> In Berlin, word spread of Bismarck's admiring description of Disraeli, "Der alte Jude, das ist der Mann! "<a href="#cite_note-255">[n 22]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[234]</a> In the weeks after Berlin, Disraeli and the cabinet considered calling a general election to capitalise on the public applause he and Salisbury had received. Parliaments were then for a seven-year term, and it was the custom not to go to the country until the sixth year unless forced to by events. Only four and a half years had passed and they did not see any clouds on the horizon that might forecast Conservative defeat if they waited. This decision not to seek re-election has often been cited as a great mistake by Disraeli. Blake, however, pointed out that results in local elections had been moving against the Conservatives, and doubted if Disraeli missed any great opportunity by waiting.<a href="#cite_note-257">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan_to_Zululand">Afghanistan to Zululand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Afghanistan to Zululand">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_in_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Battle_in_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-Battle_in_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Battle_in_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-Battle_in_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Battle_in_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-Battle_in_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_(1880)" title="Battle of Kandahar (1880)">Battle of Kandahar</a>, fought in 1880. Britain's victory in the Second Anglo-Afghan War proved a boost to Disraeli's government.</figcaption></figure> As successful invasions of India generally came through Afghanistan, the British had observed and sometimes intervened there since the 1830s, hoping to keep the Russians out. In 1878 the Russians sent a mission to Kabul; it was not rejected by the Afghans, as the British had hoped. The British proposed to send their own mission, insisting that the Russians be sent away. The Viceroy of India <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lord Lytton</a> concealed his plans to issue this ultimatum from Disraeli, and when the Prime Minister insisted he take no action, went ahead anyway. When the Afghans made no answer, <a href="/wiki/Gathorne_Gathorne-Hardy,_1st_Earl_of_Cranbrook" title="Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook">Lord Cranbrook</a> as Secretary of State for War, ordered the advance against them in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[236]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Lord Roberts</a>, the British easily defeated them and installed a new ruler, leaving a mission and garrison in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[237]</a> British policy in South Africa was to encourage federation between the British-run <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Boer_republics" title="Boer republics">Boer republics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</a> (annexed by Britain in 1877) and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a>. The governor of Cape Colony, <a href="/wiki/Bartle_Frere" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartle Frere">Sir Bartle Frere</a>, believing that the federation could not be accomplished until the native tribes acknowledged British rule, made demands on the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> and their king, <a href="/wiki/Cetewayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetewayo">Cetewayo</a>, which they were certain to reject. As Zulu troops could not marry until they had washed their spears in blood, they were eager for combat. Frere did not send word to the cabinet of what he had done until the ultimatum was about to expire. Disraeli and the cabinet reluctantly backed him, and in early January 1879 resolved to send reinforcements. Before they could arrive, on 22 January, a Zulu <a href="/wiki/Impi" title="Impi">impi</a> (army), moving with great speed and endurance, destroyed a British encampment in South Africa in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Isandlwana" title="Battle of Isandlwana">Battle of Isandlwana</a>. Over a thousand British and colonial troops were killed. Word of the defeat did not reach London until 12 February.<a href="#cite_note-260">[238]</a> Disraeli wrote the next day, "the terrible disaster has shaken me to the centre".<a href="#cite_note-261">[239]</a> He reprimanded Frere, but left him in charge, attracting fire from all sides. Disraeli sent General <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley,_1st_Viscount_Wolseley" title="Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley">Sir Garnet Wolseley</a> as High Commissioner and Commander in Chief, and Cetewayo and the Zulus were crushed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulundi" title="Battle of Ulundi">Battle of Ulundi</a> on 4 July 1879.<a href="#cite_note-262">[240]</a> On 8 September 1879 <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Napoleon_Cavagnari" title="Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari">Sir Louis Cavagnari</a>, in charge of the mission in Kabul, was killed with his entire staff by rebelling <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Military history of Afghanistan">Afghan soldiers</a>. Roberts undertook a successful punitive expedition against the Afghans over the next six weeks.<a href="#cite_note-263">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1880_election">1880 election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 1880 election">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">1880 United Kingdom general election</a></div> In December 1878, Gladstone was offered the Liberal nomination for <a href="/wiki/Edinburghshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburghshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Edinburghshire</a>, a constituency popularly known as Midlothian. The small Scottish electorate was dominated by two noblemen, the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Walter_Montagu_Douglas_Scott,_5th_Duke_of_Buccleuch" title="Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch">Duke of Buccleuch</a> and the Liberal <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Earl of Rosebery</a>. The Earl, a friend of both Disraeli and Gladstone who would succeed the latter after his final term as prime minister, had journeyed to the United States to view politics there, and was convinced that <a href="/wiki/American_election_campaigns_in_the_19th_century" title="American election campaigns in the 19th century">aspects of American electioneering techniques</a> could be translated to Britain. On his advice, Gladstone accepted the offer in January 1879, and later that year began his <a href="/wiki/Midlothian_campaign" title="Midlothian campaign">Midlothian campaign</a>, speaking not only in Edinburgh, but across Britain, attacking Disraeli, to huge crowds.<a href="#cite_note-264">[242]</a> Conservative chances of re-election were damaged by the poor weather, and consequent effects on agriculture. Four consecutive wet summers through 1879 had led to poor harvests. In the past, the farmer had the consolation of higher prices at such times, but with bumper crops cheaply transported from the United States, grain prices remained low. Other European nations, faced with similar circumstances, opted for protection, and Disraeli was urged to reinstitute the Corn Laws. He declined, stating that he regarded the matter as settled. Protection would have been highly unpopular among the newly enfranchised urban working classes, as it would raise their cost of living. Amid an economic slump generally, the Conservatives lost support among farmers.<a href="#cite_note-265">[243]</a> Disraeli's health continued to fail through 1879. Owing to his infirmities, Disraeli was 45 minutes late for the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London#Role" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor's Dinner</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a> in November, at which it is customary that the Prime Minister speaks. Though many commented on how healthy he looked, it took him great effort to appear so, and when he told the audience he expected to speak to the dinner again the following year, attendees chuckled. Gladstone was then in the midst of his campaign. Despite his public confidence, Disraeli recognised that the Conservatives would probably lose the next election and was already contemplating his <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours" title="Prime Minister's Resignation Honours">Resignation Honours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[244]</a> Despite this pessimism, Conservatives hopes were buoyed in early 1880 with successes in by-elections the Liberals had expected to win, concluding with victory in <a href="/wiki/Southwark_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Southwark (UK Parliament constituency)">Southwark</a>, normally a Liberal stronghold. The cabinet had resolved to wait before dissolving Parliament; in early March they reconsidered, agreeing to go to the country as soon as possible. Parliament was dissolved on 24 March; the first borough constituencies began voting a week later.<a href="#cite_note-267">[245]</a> Disraeli took no public part in the electioneering, it being deemed improper for peers to make speeches to influence Commons elections. This meant that the chief Conservatives—Disraeli, Salisbury, and India Secretary <a href="/wiki/Gathorne_Gathorne-Hardy,_1st_Earl_of_Cranbrook" title="Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook">Lord Cranbrook</a>—would not be heard from. The election was thought likely to be close.<a href="#cite_note-268">[246]</a> Once returns began to be announced, it became clear that the Conservatives were decisively beaten. The final result gave the Liberals an absolute majority of about 50.<a href="#cite_note-272">[n 23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_months,_death,_and_memorials">Final months, death, and memorials</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Final months, death, and memorials">edit</a>]</div> Disraeli refused to cast blame for the defeat, which he understood was likely to be final for him. He wrote to Lady Bradford that it was just as much work to end a government as to form one, without any of the fun. Queen Victoria was bitter at his departure. Among the honours he arranged before resigning as Prime Minister on 21 April 1880 was one for his private secretary, <a href="/wiki/Montagu_Corry,_1st_Baron_Rowton" title="Montagu Corry, 1st Baron Rowton">Montagu Corry</a>, who became Baron Rowton.<a href="#cite_note-273">[250]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:247px;max-width:247px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Disraelideathmask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A death mask resembling Disraeli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Disraelideathmask.jpg/105px-Disraelideathmask.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Disraelideathmask.jpg/158px-Disraelideathmask.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Disraelideathmask.jpg/210px-Disraelideathmask.jpg 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Disraeli's <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Primrose_Tomb_-_geograph.org.uk_-_154226.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A grave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Primrose_Tomb_-_geograph.org.uk_-_154226.jpg/134px-The_Primrose_Tomb_-_geograph.org.uk_-_154226.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Primrose_Tomb_-_geograph.org.uk_-_154226.jpg/201px-The_Primrose_Tomb_-_geograph.org.uk_-_154226.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Primrose_Tomb_-_geograph.org.uk_-_154226.jpg/268px-The_Primrose_Tomb_-_geograph.org.uk_-_154226.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Disraeli's tomb at Hughenden</div></div></div></div></div> Returning to Hughenden, Disraeli brooded over his electoral dismissal, but also resumed work on <a href="/wiki/Endymion_(Disraeli_novel)" title="Endymion (Disraeli novel)">Endymion</a>, which he had begun in 1872 and laid aside before the 1874 election. The work was rapidly completed and published by November 1880.<a href="#cite_note-274">[251]</a> He carried on a correspondence with Victoria, with letters passed through intermediaries. When Parliament met in January 1881, he served as Conservative leader in the Lords, attempting to serve as a moderating influence on Gladstone's legislation.<a href="#cite_note-275">[252]</a> Because of his asthma and gout, Disraeli went out as little as possible, fearing more serious episodes of illness. In March, he fell ill with bronchitis, and emerged from bed only for a meeting with Salisbury and other Conservative leaders on the 26th. As it became clear that this might be his final sickness, friends and opponents alike came to call. Disraeli declined a visit from the Queen, saying, "She would only ask me to take a message to Albert."<a href="#cite_note-276">[253]</a> Almost blind, when he received the last letter from Victoria of which he was aware on 5 April, he held it momentarily, then had it read to him by <a href="/wiki/George_Barrington,_7th_Viscount_Barrington" title="George Barrington, 7th Viscount Barrington">Lord Barrington</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Councillor</a>. One card, signed "A Workman", delighted its recipient: "Don't die yet, we can't do without you."<a href="#cite_note-277">[254]</a> Despite the gravity of Disraeli's condition, the doctors concocted optimistic bulletins for public consumption. Prime Minister Gladstone called several times to enquire about his rival's condition, and wrote in his diary, "May the Almighty be near his pillow."<a href="#cite_note-278">[255]</a> There was intense public interest in Disraeli's struggles for life. Disraeli had customarily taken the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">sacrament</a> at Easter; when this day was observed on 17 April, there was discussion among his friends and family if he should be given the opportunity, but those against, fearing that he would lose hope, prevailed.<a href="#cite_note-279">[256]</a> On the morning of the following day, Easter Monday, he became incoherent, then comatose.<a href="#cite_note-w658-280">[257]</a> Disraeli's last confirmed words before dying at his home at 19 <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Street" title="Curzon Street">Curzon Street</a> in the early morning of 19 April were "I had rather live but I am not afraid to die".<a href="#cite_note-281">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-rumoursarounddeath-283">[n 24]</a> The anniversary of Disraeli's death was for some years commemorated in the United Kingdom as <a href="/wiki/Primrose_Day" title="Primrose Day">Primrose Day</a>. Despite having been offered a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> by Queen Victoria, Disraeli's executors decided against a public procession and funeral, fearing that too large crowds would gather to do him honour. The chief mourners at the service at Hughenden on 26 April were his brother Ralph and nephew Coningsby, to whom Hughenden would eventually pass; <a href="/wiki/Gathorne_Gathorne-Hardy,_1st_Earl_of_Cranbrook" title="Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook">Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, Viscount Cranbrook</a>, despite most of Disraeli's former cabinet being present, was notably absent in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-284">[260]</a> Queen Victoria was prostrated with grief, and considered ennobling Ralph or Coningsby as a memorial to Disraeli (without children, his titles became extinct with his death), but decided against it on the ground that their means were too small for a peerage. Protocol forbade her attending Disraeli's funeral (this would not be changed until 1965, when <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> attended the rites for the former prime minister Sir <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>) but she sent <a href="/wiki/Primula_vulgaris" title="Primula vulgaris">primroses</a> ("his favourite flowers") to the funeral and visited the burial vault to place a wreath four days later.<a href="#cite_note-285">[261]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Disraeli_statue,_Parliament_Square_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1324152.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A statue on a podium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Benjamin_Disraeli_statue%2C_Parliament_Square_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1324152.jpg/170px-Benjamin_Disraeli_statue%2C_Parliament_Square_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1324152.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Benjamin_Disraeli_statue%2C_Parliament_Square_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1324152.jpg/255px-Benjamin_Disraeli_statue%2C_Parliament_Square_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1324152.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Benjamin_Disraeli_statue%2C_Parliament_Square_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1324152.jpg/340px-Benjamin_Disraeli_statue%2C_Parliament_Square_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1324152.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Disraeli,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Benjamin Disraeli, Parliament Square">Statue of Disraeli</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a>, London</figcaption></figure> Disraeli is buried with his wife in a vault beneath the <a href="/wiki/St_Michael_and_All_Angels_Church,_Hughenden" title="St Michael and All Angels Church, Hughenden">Church of St Michael and All Angels</a> which stands in the grounds of his home, Hughenden Manor. There is also a memorial to him in the chancel in the church, erected in his honour by Queen Victoria. His <a href="/wiki/Literary_executor" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary executor">literary executor</a> was his private secretary, Lord Rowton.<a href="#cite_note-286">[262]</a> The Disraeli vault also contains the body of <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Brydges_Willyams" title="Sarah Brydges Willyams">Sarah Brydges Willyams</a>, the wife of James Brydges Willyams of <a href="/wiki/St_Mawgan" title="St Mawgan">St Mawgan</a>. Disraeli carried on a long correspondence with Mrs. Willyams, writing frankly about political affairs. At her death in 1865, she left him a large legacy, which helped clear his debts.<a href="#cite_note-287">[263]</a> His will was proved in April 1882 at £84,019 18 s. 7 d. (roughly equivalent to £10,705,647 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-288">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-probate-290">[266]</a> Disraeli has a <a href="/wiki/Burials_and_memorials_in_Westminster_Abbey" title="Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey">memorial in Westminster Abbey</a>, erected by the nation on the motion of Gladstone in his memorial speech on Disraeli in the House of Commons. Gladstone had absented himself from the funeral, with his plea of the press of public business met with public mockery. His speech was widely anticipated, if only because his dislike for Disraeli was well known. In the event, the speech was a model of its kind, in which he avoided comment on Disraeli's politics while praising his personal qualities.<a href="#cite_note-291">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Disraeli's literary and political career interacted over his lifetime and fascinated <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Britain#Late" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Britain">Victorian Britain</a>, making him "one of the most eminent figures in Victorian public life", and occasioned a large output of commentary.<a href="#cite_note-292">[268]</a> Critic <a href="/wiki/Shane_Leslie" title="Shane Leslie">Shane Leslie</a> noted three decades after his death that "Disraeli's career was a romance such as no Eastern <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> or Western <a href="/wiki/Plutocrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutocrat">plutocrat</a> could tell. He began as a pioneer in dress and an aesthete of words ... Disraeli actually made his novels come true."<a href="#cite_note-293">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary">Literary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Literary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sybil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The cover of a book, entitled "Sybil; or, the Two Nations"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sybil.jpg/220px-Sybil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sybil.jpg/330px-Sybil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sybil.jpg/440px-Sybil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2206" data-file-height="3760" /></a><figcaption>Title page of first edition of <a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a> (1845)</figcaption></figure> Disraeli's novels are his main literary achievement.<a href="#cite_note-stewart-294">[270]</a> They have from the outset divided critical opinion. The writer R. W. Stewart observed that there have always been two criteria for judging Disraeli's novels—political and artistic. The critic Robert O'Kell, concurring, writes, "It is after all, even if you are a Tory of the staunchest blue, impossible to make Disraeli into a first-rate <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a>. And it is equally impossible, no matter how much you deplore the extravagances and improprieties of his works, to make him into an insignificant one."<a href="#cite_note-stewart-294">[270]</a> Disraeli's early "silver fork" novels <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Grey" title="Vivian Grey">Vivian Grey</a> (1826) and <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Duke" title="The Young Duke">The Young Duke</a> (1831) featured romanticised depictions of <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic life</a> (despite his ignorance of it) with character sketches of well-known public figures lightly disguised.<a href="#cite_note-gale-295">[271]</a> In some of his early fiction Disraeli also portrayed himself and what he felt to be his <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byronic</a> dual nature: the poet and the man of action.<a href="#cite_note-b53-296">[272]</a> His most autobiographical novel was Contarini Fleming (1832), an avowedly serious work that did not sell well.<a href="#cite_note-b53-296">[272]</a> The critic William Kuhn suggests that Disraeli's fiction can be read as "the memoirs he never wrote", revealing the inner life of a politician for whom the norms of Victorian public life appeared to represent a social straitjacket—particularly with regard to what Kuhn sees as the author's "ambiguous sexuality".<a href="#cite_note-297">[273]</a> Of the other novels of the early 1830s, Alroy is described by Blake as "profitable but unreadable",<a href="#cite_note-298">[274]</a> and The Rise of Iskander (1833), The Infernal Marriage and Ixion in Heaven (1834) made little impact.<a href="#cite_note-299">[275]</a> Henrietta Temple (1837) was Disraeli's next major success.<a href="#cite_note-b143-300">[276]</a> It draws on the events of his affair with Henrietta Sykes to tell the story of a debt-ridden young man torn between a mercenary loveless marriage and a passionate <a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">love at first sight</a> for the eponymous heroine.<a href="#cite_note-b143-300">[276]</a> Venetia (1837) was a minor work, written to raise much-needed cash.<a href="#cite_note-301">[277]</a> In the 1840s Disraeli wrote a trilogy of novels with political themes. Coningsby attacks the evils of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Whig Reform Bill of 1832</a> and castigates the leaderless conservatives for not responding. Sybil; or, The Two Nations (1845) reveals Peel's betrayal over the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a>. These themes are expanded in Tancred (1847).<a href="#cite_note-302">[278]</a> With Coningsby; or, The New Generation (1844), Disraeli, in Blake's view, "infused the novel genre with political sensibility, espousing the belief that England's future as a world power depended not on the complacent old guard, but on youthful, idealistic politicians."<a href="#cite_note-gale-295">[271]</a> Sybil; or, The Two Nations was less idealistic than Coningsby; the "two nations" of its sub-title referred to the huge economic and social gap between the privileged few and the deprived working classes. The last was Tancred; or, The New Crusade (1847), promoting the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s role in reviving Britain's flagging spirituality.<a href="#cite_note-gale-295">[271]</a> Disraeli often wrote about religion, for he was a strong promoter of the Church of England. He was troubled by the growth of elaborate rituals in the late 19th century, such as the use of incense and vestments, and heard warnings to the effect that the ritualists were going to turn control of the Church of England over to the Pope. He consequently was a strong supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Worship_Regulation_Act_1874" title="Public Worship Regulation Act 1874">Public Worship Regulation Act 1874</a> which allowed the archbishops to go to court to stop the ritualists.<a href="#cite_note-303">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lothair_(novel)" title="Lothair (novel)">Lothair</a> was "Disraeli's ideological <a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress" title="The Pilgrim's Progress">Pilgrim's Progress</a>",<a href="#cite_note-304">[280]</a> It tells a story of political life with particular regard to the roles of the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches. It reflected anti-Catholicism of the sort that was popular in Britain, and which fueled support for <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> ("Risorgimento").<a href="#cite_note-305">[281]</a> Endymion, despite having a Whig as hero, is a last exposition of the author's economic policies and political beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-306">[282]</a> Disraeli continued to the last to pillory his enemies in barely disguised caricatures: the character St Barbe in Endymion is widely seen as a parody of <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">Thackeray</a>, who had offended Disraeli more than thirty years earlier by lampooning him in <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a> as "Codlingsby".<a href="#cite_note-307">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-merritt-308">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[n 25]</a> Disraeli left an unfinished novel in which the <a href="/wiki/Priggish" class="mw-redirect" title="Priggish">priggish</a> central character, Falconet, is unmistakably a caricature of Gladstone.<a href="#cite_note-310">[285]</a> Blake commented that Disraeli "produced an epic poem, unbelievably bad, and a five-act blank verse tragedy, if possible worse. Further he wrote a discourse on political theory and a political biography, the Life of Lord George Bentinck, which is excellent ... remarkably fair and accurate."<a href="#cite_note-311">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Political">edit</a>]</div> In the years after Disraeli's death, as Salisbury began his reign of more than twenty years over the Conservatives, the party emphasised the late leader's "<a href="/wiki/One_nation_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="One nation conservatism">One Nation</a>" views, that the Conservatives at root shared the beliefs of the working classes, with the Liberals the party of the urban élite. The memory of Disraeli was used by the Conservatives to appeal to the working classes, with whom he was said to have had a rapport.<a href="#cite_note-312">[287]</a> This aspect of his policies has been re-evaluated by historians in the 20th and 21st centuries. In 1972 B. H. Abbott stressed that it was not Disraeli but <a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a> who invented the term "Tory democracy", though it was Disraeli who made it an essential part of Conservative policy and philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-313">[288]</a> In 2007 Parry wrote, "The tory democrat myth did not survive detailed scrutiny by professional historical writing of the 1960s [which] demonstrated that Disraeli had very little interest in a programme of social legislation and was very flexible in handling parliamentary reform in 1867."<a href="#cite_note-314">[289]</a> Despite this, Parry sees Disraeli, rather than Peel, as the founder of the modern Conservative party.<a href="#cite_note-315">[290]</a> The Conservative politician and writer <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Douglas Hurd</a> wrote in 2013, "[Disraeli] was not a one-nation Conservative—and this was not simply because he never used the phrase. He rejected the concept in its entirety."<a href="#cite_note-316">[291]</a> Disraeli's enthusiastic propagation of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> has also been seen as appealing to working-class voters. Before his leadership of the Conservative Party, imperialism was the province of the Liberals, most notably Palmerston. Disraeli made the Conservatives the party that most loudly supported both the Empire and military action to assert its primacy. This came about in part because Disraeli's own views stemmed that way, in part because he saw advantage for the Conservatives, and partially in reaction against Gladstone, who disliked the expense of empire. Blake argued that Disraeli's imperialism "decisively orientated the Conservative party for many years to come, and the tradition which he started was probably a bigger electoral asset in winning working-class support during the last quarter of the century than anything else".<a href="#cite_note-317">[292]</a> Some historians have commented on a romantic impulse behind Disraeli's approach to Empire and foreign affairs: Abbott writes, "To the mystical Tory concepts of Throne, Church, Aristocracy and People, Disraeli added Empire."<a href="#cite_note-318">[293]</a> Others have identified a strongly pragmatic aspect to his policies. Gladstone's biographer <a href="/wiki/Philip_Magnus-Allcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Magnus-Allcroft">Philip Magnus</a> contrasted Disraeli's grasp of foreign affairs with that of Gladstone, who "never understood that high moral principles, in their application to foreign policy, are more often destructive of political stability than motives of national self-interest."<a href="#cite_note-319">[294]</a> In Parry's view, Disraeli's foreign policy "can be seen as a gigantic castle in the air (as it was by Gladstone), or as an overdue attempt to force the British commercial classes to awaken to the realities of European politics."<a href="#cite_note-320">[295]</a> During his lifetime Disraeli's opponents, and sometimes even his friends and allies, questioned whether he sincerely held the views he propounded, or whether they were adopted by him as politically essential and lacked conviction. Lord John Manners, in 1843 at the time of Young England, wrote, "could I only satisfy myself that D'Israeli believed all that he said, I should be more happy: his historical views are quite mine, but does he believe them?"<a href="#cite_note-smith-321">[296]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Smith_(historian)" title="Paul Smith (historian)">Paul Smith</a>, in his journal article on Disraeli's politics, argues that Disraeli's ideas were coherently argued over a political career of nearly half a century, and "it is impossible to sweep them aside as a mere bag of burglar's tools for effecting felonious entry to the British political pantheon."<a href="#cite_note-smith-321">[296]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?54339-1/disraeli-biography">Booknotes interview with Stanley Weintraub on Disraeli: A Biography, February 6, 1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><a href="#cite_note-cspan-322">[297]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Weintraub" title="Stanley Weintraub">Stanley Weintraub</a>, in his biography of Disraeli, points out that his subject did much to advance Britain towards the 20th century, carrying one of the two great Reform Acts of the 19th despite the opposition of his Liberal rival, Gladstone. <blockquote>He helped preserve constitutional monarchy by drawing the Queen out of mourning into a new symbolic national role and created the climate for what became '<a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">Tory democracy</a>'. He articulated an imperial role for Britain that would last into World War II and brought an intermittently self-isolated Britain into the concert of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-323">[298]</a></blockquote> Frances Walsh comments on Disraeli's multifaceted public life: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The debate about his place in the Conservative pantheon has continued since his death. Disraeli fascinated and divided contemporary opinion; he was seen by many, including some members of his own party, as an adventurer and a charlatan and by others as a far-sighted and patriotic statesman. As an actor on the political stage he played many roles: Byronic hero, man of letters, social critic, parliamentary virtuoso, squire of Hughenden, royal companion, European statesman. His singular and complex personality has provided historians and biographers with a particularly stiff challenge.<a href="#cite_note-324">[299]</a></blockquote> Historian <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Woodward" title="Llewellyn Woodward">Llewellyn Woodward</a> has evaluated Disraeli:<a href="#cite_note-325">[300]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Disraeli's political ideas have not stood the test of time....His detachment from English prejudices did not give him any particular insight into foreign affairs; as a young man he accepted the platitudes of Metternich and failed to understand the meaning of the nationalist movements in Europe. The imperialism of his later years was equally superficial: an interpretation of politics without economics. Disraeli liked to think of himself in terms of pure intellect, but his politics were more personal than intellectual in character. He had far-reaching schemes but little administrative ability, and there was some foundation for Napoleon Ill's judgement that he was 'like all literary men, from Chateaubriand to Guizot, ignorant of the world'.... In spite of these faults...Disraeli's courage, quickness of wit, capacity for affection, and freedom from sordid motives earned him his position. His ambition was of the nobler sort . He brought politics nearer to poetry, or, at all events, to poetical prose, than any English politician since Burke.</blockquote> Historical writers have often played Disraeli and Gladstone against each other as great rivals.<a href="#cite_note-326">[301]</a> Roland Quinault, however, cautions not to exaggerate the confrontation:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">they were not direct antagonists for most of their political careers. Indeed initially they were both loyal to the Tory party, the Church and the landed interest. Although their paths diverged over the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 and later over fiscal policy more generally, it was not until the later 1860s that their differences over parliamentary reform, Irish and Church policy assumed great partisan significance. Even then their personal relations remained fairly cordial until their dispute over the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a> in the later 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-327">[302]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Jewishness">Role of Jewishness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Role of Jewishness">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">History of the Jews in England</a></div> By 1882, 46,000 <a href="/wiki/English_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="English Jews">Jews lived in England</a> and, by 1890, Jewish emancipation was complete. Since 1858, Parliament has never been without practising Jewish members. The first Jewish <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Salomons" title="David Salomons">David Salomons</a>, was elected in 1855, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Jewish emancipation in the United Kingdom">1858 emancipation of the Jews</a>. On 26 July 1858, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild" title="Lionel de Rothschild">Lionel de Rothschild</a> was allowed to sit in the House of Commons when the hitherto specifically Christian oath of office was changed. Disraeli, a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">baptised Christian</a> of Jewish parentage, was already an MP, as the mandated oath of office presented no barrier to him. In 1884 <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild,_1st_Baron_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild</a> became the first Jewish member of the British <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>; Disraeli was already a member.<a href="#cite_note-328">[303]</a> Disraeli as a leader of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, with its ties to the landed aristocracy, used his Jewish ancestry to claim an aristocratic heritage of his own. His biographer <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Parry" title="Jonathan Parry">Jonathan Parry</a> argues:<a href="#cite_note-329">[304]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Disraeli convinced himself (wrongly) that he derived from the Sephardi aristocracy of <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian Jews">Iberian Jews</a> <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">driven from Spain</a> at the end of the fifteenth century....Presenting himself as Jewish symbolized Disraeli's uniqueness when he was fighting for respect, and explained his set-backs. Presenting Jewishness as aristocratic and religious legitimized his claim to understand the perils facing modern England and to offer 'national' solutions to them. English toryism was 'copied from the mighty [Jewish] prototype' (Coningsby, bk 4, chap. 15). Disraeli was thus able to square his Jewishness with his equally deep attachment to England and her history. </blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Todd_Endelman" title="Todd Endelman">Todd Endelman</a> points out that, "The link between Jews and old clothes was so fixed in the popular imagination that Victorian political cartoonists regularly drew Benjamin Disraeli as an old clothes man in order to stress his Jewishness." He adds, "Before the 1990s...few biographers of Disraeli or historians of Victorian politics acknowledged the prominence of the antisemitism that accompanied his climb up the greasy pole or its role in shaping his own singular sense of Jewishness."<a href="#cite_note-330">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[306]</a> According to Michael Ragussis:<a href="#cite_note-332">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[308]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">What began in the 1830s as scattered anti-Semitic remarks aimed at him [Disraeli] by the crowds in his early electioneering became in the 1870s a kind of national scrutiny of his Jewishness — a scrutiny that erupted into a kind of anti-Semitic attack led by some of the most prominent intellectuals and politicians of the time and anchored in the charge that Disraeli was a <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Jew">crypto-Jew</a>.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Disraeli,_Vanity_Fair,_1869-01-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Benjamin_Disraeli%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-01-30.jpg/170px-Benjamin_Disraeli%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-01-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Benjamin_Disraeli%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-01-30.jpg/255px-Benjamin_Disraeli%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-01-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Benjamin_Disraeli%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-01-30.jpg/340px-Benjamin_Disraeli%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-01-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1858" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Disraeli, the first person caricatured in the London magazine <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>, 30 January 1869. Caricatures led to a rapid increase in demand for the magazine.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg/220px-Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg/330px-Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg/440px-Disraeli-1929-lobbycard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1223" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>In 1929, actor George Arliss won the Oscar for personifying Disraeli's "paternalistic, kindly, homely statesmanship."</figcaption></figure> Historian Michael Diamond asserts that for British <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a> patrons in the 1880s and 1890s, "xenophobia and pride in empire" were reflected in the halls' most popular political heroes: all were Conservatives and Disraeli stood out above all, even decades after his death, while Gladstone was used as a villain.<a href="#cite_note-334">[309]</a> Film historian Roy Armes has argued that historical films helped maintain the political status quo in Britain in the 1920s and 1930s by imposing an establishment viewpoint that emphasized the greatness of monarchy, empire, and tradition. The films created "a facsimile world where existing values were invariably validated by events in the film and where all discord could be turned into harmony by an acceptance of the status quo."<a href="#cite_note-335">[310]</a> Steven Fielding has argued that Disraeli was an especially popular film hero: "historical dramas favoured Disraeli over Gladstone and, more substantively, promulgated an essentially deferential view of democratic leadership." Stage and screen actor <a href="/wiki/George_Arliss" title="George Arliss">George Arliss</a> was known for his portrayals of Disraeli, winning the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor" title="Academy Award for Best Actor">Academy Award for Best Actor</a> for 1929's <a href="/wiki/Disraeli_(1929_film)" title="Disraeli (1929 film)">Disraeli</a>. Fielding says Arliss "personified the kind of paternalistic, kindly, homely statesmanship that appealed to a significant proportion of the cinema audience ... Even workers attending Labour party meetings deferred to leaders with an elevated social background who showed they cared."<a href="#cite_note-336">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> portrayed Disraeli in 1941, in <a href="/wiki/Thorold_Dickinson" title="Thorold Dickinson">Thorold Dickinson</a>'s morale-boosting film <a href="/wiki/The_Prime_Minister_(film)" title="The Prime Minister (film)">The Prime Minister</a>, which followed the politician from age 30 to 70. <a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a> portrayed him in <a href="/wiki/The_Mudlark" title="The Mudlark">The Mudlark</a> (1950).<a href="#cite_note-337">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_McShane" title="Ian McShane">Ian McShane</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[313]</a> starred in the four-part 1978 <a href="/wiki/Associated_Television" title="Associated Television">ATV</a> miniseries <a href="/wiki/Disraeli:_Portrait_of_a_Romantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Disraeli: Portrait of a Romantic">Disraeli: Portrait of a Romantic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-339">[314]</a> written by <a href="/wiki/David_Butler_(screenwriter)" title="David Butler (screenwriter)">David Butler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[315]</a> Presented in the U.S. on PBS's <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Masterpiece Theatre">Masterpiece Theatre</a> in 1980,<a href="#cite_note-341">[316]</a> it was nominated for the Emmy Award for <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Limited_or_Anthology_Series" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited or Anthology Series">Outstanding Limited Series</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pasco" title="Richard Pasco">Richard Pasco</a> played Disraeli in the <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> series <a href="/wiki/Number_10_(TV_series)" title="Number 10 (TV series)">Number 10</a> in 1983. In the 1997 film <a href="/wiki/Mrs_Brown" title="Mrs Brown">Mrs Brown</a>, Disraeli was played by <a href="/wiki/Antony_Sher" title="Antony Sher">Antony Sher</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Blue" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/75px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/113px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/150px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a state model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternalism" title="Maternalism">Maternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism#Politics" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">Organised religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Freyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Gómez Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Reza Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Personal variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele#Political_views" title="Nayib Bukele">Bukelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a 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sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Novels">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Grey" title="Vivian Grey">Vivian Grey</a> (1826, revised 1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popanilla" title="Popanilla">Popanilla</a> (1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Duke" title="The Young Duke">The Young Duke</a> (1831, revised 1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contarini_Fleming" title="Contarini Fleming">Contarini Fleming</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixion_in_Heaven" title="Ixion in Heaven">Ixion in Heaven</a> (1832-33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wondrous_Tale_of_Alroy" title="The Wondrous Tale of Alroy">The Wondrous Tale of Alroy</a> (1833) - heavily revised as Alroy: A Romance (1846 and 1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_of_Iskander" title="The Rise of Iskander">The Rise of Iskander</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Infernal_Marriage" title="The Infernal Marriage">The Infernal Marriage</a> (unfinished 1834)</li> <li>A Year at Hartlebury, or The Election - with Sarah Disraeli (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Temple" title="Henrietta Temple">Henrietta Temple</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_(Disraeli_novel)" title="Venetia (Disraeli novel)">Venetia</a> (1837)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_(novel)" title="Lothair (novel)">Lothair</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endymion_(Disraeli_novel)" title="Endymion (Disraeli novel)">Endymion</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconet_(novel)" title="Falconet (novel)">Falconet</a> (unfinished 1881) - posthumously published in 1905</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Young_England_Trilogy"><a href="/wiki/Young_England" title="Young England">Young England</a> Trilogy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Young England Trilogy">edit</a>]</div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a>, or the New Generation (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a>, or The Two Nations (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tancred_(novel)" title="Tancred (novel)">Tancred</a>, or the New Crusade (1847)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Revolutionary Epick (1834)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama">Drama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Drama">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Tragedy of Count Alarcos (1839)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Non-fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>An Inquiry into the Plans, Progress, and Policy of the American Mining Companies (1825)</li> <li>Lawyers and Legislators: or, Notes, on the American Mining Companies (1825)</li> <li>The present state of Mexico (1825)</li> <li>England and France, or a Cure for the Ministerial Gallomania (1832)</li> <li>What Is He? (1833)</li> <li>The Vindication of the English Constitution (1835)</li> <li>The Letters of Runnymede (1836)</li> <li>Lord George Bentinck (1852)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Arms">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Benjamin Disraeli </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg/225px-Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg/300px-Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Disraeli,_Earl_of_Beaconsfield.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_Disraeli%2C_Earl_of_Beaconsfield.svg/200px-Arms_of_Disraeli%2C_Earl_of_Beaconsfield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_Disraeli%2C_Earl_of_Beaconsfield.svg/300px-Arms_of_Disraeli%2C_Earl_of_Beaconsfield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_Disraeli%2C_Earl_of_Beaconsfield.svg/400px-Arms_of_Disraeli%2C_Earl_of_Beaconsfield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Crest</dt> <dd>Issuant from a wreath of oak Proper a castle triple-towered Argent.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Per saltire Gules and Argent a castle triple-towered in chief Argent two lions rampant in fess Sable and an eagle displayed in base Or.</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>Dexter an eagle Or sinister a lion Or each gorged with a collar Gules and pendent therefrom an escutcheon of the last charged with a tower Argent.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>Forti Nihili Difficile<a href="#cite_note-343">[318]</a></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> Notes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The street was renamed some time after 1824 as <a href="/wiki/Theobald%27s_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobald's Road">Theobald's Road</a>;<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> a commemorative plaque marks the current 22 Theobald's Road as Disraeli's birthplace.<a href="#cite_note-b3-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Both Disraeli's grandfathers were born in Italy; Isaac's father, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_D%27Israeli_(merchant)" title="Benjamin D'Israeli (merchant)">Benjamin</a>, moved in 1748 from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> to England. His second wife, Disraeli's grandmother, was Sarah Shiprut de Gabay Villareal. The maternal grandfather, Naphtali Basevi from <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, settled in London in 1762. He married in 1767 Rebecca Rieti, born in England, the daughter of Sarah Cardoso and granddaughter of Jacob Aboab Cardoso who was already born in London (from this line, Disraeli had already four generations born in Britain).<a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-6">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Disraeli's mother's ancestors included <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Aboab_of_Castile" title="Isaac Aboab of Castile">Isaac Aboab</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Gaon_(Hebrew)" title="Gaon (Hebrew)">Gaon</a> of Castille, the Cardoso family (among whose members were <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Cardoso" title="Isaac Cardoso">Isaac Cardoso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Miguel_Cardoso" title="Abraham Miguel Cardoso">Miguel Cardoso</a>) and other prominent families; Disraeli was described in The Times as having "some of the best blood in Jewry".<a href="#cite_note-wolf-12">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Monypenny gives his age as "six or earlier"; Parry concurs, giving his first year at Miss Roper's as 1810 or 1811;<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> Hibbert<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> and Ridley<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> give his age unequivocally as six. Kuhn puts his starting age as early as four.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Isaac was elected, without his consent, as Warden (parnas) of the synagogue. He refused the post, partly lest it interfere with his literary research and partly because he was ideologically much more liberal than the ruling orthodox group. Under the synagogue's rules he became liable for a fine of £40 for declining to serve. He refused to pay.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford,_p._7-25">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Breaking away from Judaism was not uncommon among well-off Sephardic families in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">the late Georgian period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Some people, notably Disraeli's opponents, continued to include the apostrophe when writing his name. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_5th_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne">Lord Lincoln</a> referred to "D'Israeli" in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a> in 1846.<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> Peel followed suit.<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> The Times took several years before it dropped the apostrophe and used Disraeli's spelling.<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> Even in the 1870s, towards the end of Disraeli's career, the practice continued.<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> En route, the pair met <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Falcieri" title="Giovanni Battista Falcieri">Giovanni Battista Falcieri</a> ("Tita"), <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>'s former manservant, who joined them and subsequently returned to England with Disraeli.<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> After Meredith's death, Sarah Disraeli never married. She devoted the rest of her life to her family.<a href="#cite_note-61">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> At that time only about one in seven British men (and no women) were entitled to vote in general elections.<a href="#cite_note-65">[56]</a> Those arguing for reform wanted rationalisation and liberalisation of the property-holding qualifications necessary to be a voter, and elimination of the most unrepresentative constituencies in which the local landowner heavily-influenced the vote.<a href="#cite_note-66">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Blake comments, "the true relationship between the three cannot be determined with certainty"<a href="#cite_note-72">[62]</a> but he, like later biographers including Bradford and Parry, is in no doubt that Henrietta and Disraeli conducted an affair. Bradford refers to the couple's "reckless openness".<a href="#cite_note-73">[63]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> The defiant closing words of his speech have been variously recorded. The Times's parliamentary reports were in the third person: its account is, "He would sit down now, but the time would come when they would hear him."<a href="#cite_note-mst-90">[79]</a> Bradford gives his words as, "I sit down now, but the time must come when you will hear me."<a href="#cite_note-92">[81]</a> Blake has the words as, "I will sit down now, but the time will come when you will hear me."<a href="#cite_note-93">[82]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Blake records later speculation that Disraeli's exclusion was due to the scandal of his affair with Henrietta Sykes or to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley</a>'s suspicion of him. Blake's view is that at this point in his career Disraeli was simply too junior and lacking in political clout to qualify for office. Peel had so many party grandees to accommodate that there was never any question of finding room for Disraeli.<a href="#cite_note-99">[87]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> The term "Conservative" had been increasingly used since the early 1830s, and was actively promoted by the party in the 1837 elections.<a href="#cite_note-101">[88]</a> The two terms were used concurrently thereafter,<a href="#cite_note-102">[89]</a> but in the 1840s they were not always seen as interchangeable. The historian <a href="/wiki/Roy_Douglas_(academic)" title="Roy Douglas (academic)">Roy Douglas</a> writes, "Perhaps the safest way to think about party origins is to consider that, around 1830, the Whig and Tory Parties both began to disintegrate, and it was not until the late 1860s that the Liberal and Conservative Parties had come into existence in a fully recognisable form."<a href="#cite_note-103">[90]</a> In the 1840s Disraeli applied the term "Conservatives" to the <a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelites</a> as opposed to the Tories from whom Peel had seceded.<a href="#cite_note-104">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> The specific occasion was the 1852 Budget. Disraeli seems to have held out the possibility that Bright, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Milner_Gibson" title="Thomas Milner Gibson">Thomas Milner Gibson</a> might eventually join the cabinet in exchange for the support of the Radicals.<a href="#cite_note-t207-110">[96]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> According to some modern historians, Peel recognised the inevitability of free trade and used the alleviation of the Irish famine as a convenient pretext for moving away from protectionism despite strong opposition from within his party.<a href="#cite_note-115">[100]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Of the 26 Anglican bishops and archbishops who sat in the House of Lords, 23 voted on the measure and 17 were opposed. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Earl_of_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough">Lord Ellenborough</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Control" title="President of the Board of Control">President of the Board of Control</a>, had resigned amid a political crisis about his supervision of the governing of India.<a href="#cite_note-159">[142]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Gladstone caused great surprise by this move; he transferred the incumbent Chancellor, Robert Lowe, to the Home Office. <a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Lord Ripon</a> left the cabinet, making way as <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> for <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bruce,_1st_Baron_Aberdare" title="Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare">Henry Bruce</a>, moved from the Home Office.<a href="#cite_note-192">[174]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> For the first time, the title of Britain's lead signatory was given as "Prime Minister":<a href="#cite_note-247">[228]</a> Disraeli signed as "First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister of her Britannic Majesty".<a href="#cite_note-248">[229]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Disraeli was probably trying to evoke the unfortunate words of Russell before the Crimean War, "If peace cannot be maintained with honour, it is no longer peace."<a href="#cite_note-Weintraub,_p._597-251">[231]</a> Disraeli's words would be recalled by later Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> in 1938, saying that it was the second time a Prime Minister had <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">returned from Germany</a> bearing peace with honour, before declaring "peace for our time".<a href="#cite_note-252">[232]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Variously translated, but literally "The old Jew, this is the man!" </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Party labels being less precise in the nineteenth century than latterly, accounts vary of the number of seats won. Of the 652 Commons seats, Blake gives the distribution as 353 (Liberals), 238 (Conservatives) and 61 (Home Rulers);<a href="#cite_note-269">[247]</a> Bradford gives the figures as 353, 237 and 62;<a href="#cite_note-270">[248]</a> Aldous gives 347, 240 and 65.<a href="#cite_note-271">[249]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rumoursarounddeath-283"><a href="#cite_ref-rumoursarounddeath_283-0">^</a> According to Disraeli's biographer <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Weintraub" title="Stanley Weintraub">Stanley Weintraub</a>, rumours about his last hours included that he may have summoned a Jesuit to receive him into the Catholic Church on his deathbed,<a href="#cite_note-w658-280">[257]</a> or that Disraeli may have grasped his friend <a href="/wiki/Sir_Philip_Rose,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Philip Rose, 1st Baronet">Sir Philip Rose</a>'s hand and mumbled, "There is—one God—of Israel!", which the biographer identifies as a version of the <a href="/wiki/Shema_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Shema Yisrael">Shema</a>, the Jewish declaration of faith in a unitary god.<a href="#cite_note-w658-280">[257]</a> "More likely", Weintraub concludes, "Disraeli died as he had lived, a confirmed skeptic in the tradition of his father."<a href="#cite_note-w658-280">[257]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> James D. Merritt advanced an alternative theory in 1968, proposing <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> as Disraeli's target.<a href="#cite_note-merritt-308">[284]</a> </li> </ol></div> References <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Aldous, Richard. "The Lion and the Unicorn", p. 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Pierpoint, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/s12notesqueries02londuoft#page/170/mode/2up">"Kingsway"</a> Notes and Queries, 26 August 1916, p. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-b3-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b3_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b3_3-1">b</a> Blake (1967), p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/disraeli-benjamin-earl-of-beaconsfield-1804-1881">"Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield, 1804–1881"</a> English Heritage, accessed 20 August 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-academia.edu-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_6-1">b</a> Wolf, Lucien. 1905. The Disraeli Family, "Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England", vol. 5, pp. 202–218. Of these surnames, Shiprut de Gabay, Cardoso, Aboab, and, most likely, Israeli are <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Jewish">Sephardic</a>, Basevi is of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi Jewish">Ashkenazic</a> origin, while Rieti was originally taken by a family whose ancestors lived in Italy for centuries; -see Beider, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/35766905/Pseudo-Sephardic_Surnames_from_Italy">[1]</a> Pseudo-Sephardic Surnames from Italy. "Avotaynu: The International Review of Jewish Genealogy," vol. XXXIII, Number 3, Fall 2017, pp. 3–8 (see pp. 5–6). </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoth1952" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Cecil (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2021AAAAIAAJ">Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield</a>. Philosophical Library. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8022-1382-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8022-1382-2"><bdi>978-0-8022-1382-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Disraeli%2C+Earl+of+Beaconsfield&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0-8022-1382-2&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2021AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blake_(1967),_p._6-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_(1967),_p._6_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_(1967),_p._6_9-1">b</a> Blake (1967), p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1902" class="citation journal cs1">Wolf, Lucien (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29777634">"The Disraeli Family"</a>. Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England). 5: 202–218. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2047-2331">2047-2331</a>. <q>When Isaac D'Israeli married Maria Basevi, he became related, through his brother-in-law, Joshua Basevi, and his sister-in-law, Sarah Basevi, to all the leading Jewish families of the day – the Lindos, the Lumbrozo de Mattos Mocattas, the Mendez da Costas, the Ximenes, the Montefiores, the Lousadas, and the Goldsmids.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+%28Jewish+Historical+Society+of+England%29&rft.atitle=The+Disraeli+Family&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=202-218&rft.date=1902&rft.issn=2047-2331&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29777634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzratty2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ezratty, Harry A. (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajrsem.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Benjamin_Disraeli_Ezratty.pdf">"Adam Kirsch: Benjamin Disraeli"</a> (PDF). The Journal of the Academy for Jewish Religion. 6 (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-3501">1944-3501</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ajrsem.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Benjamin_Disraeli_Ezratty.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. <q>Benjamin's mother had the true Sephardic pedigree he was looking for. He needn't have fabricated one. Not only was she related to the accomplished and wealthy Montefiores, she was a descendant of the distinguished Basevi and Aboab Cardoso families. Isaac Aboab Cardoso was the last gaon of Castile who in 1492 negotiated the movement of Jewish exiles from Spain to Portugal. She was the fourth generation of her family living in England. That would have been an easier and more truthful bloodline to follow, but for some unknown reason Disraeli did not avail himself of it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Academy+for+Jewish+Religion&rft.atitle=Adam+Kirsch%3A+Benjamin+Disraeli&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2010-05&rft.issn=1944-3501&rft.aulast=Ezratty&rft.aufirst=Harry+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fajrsem.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F02%2FBenjamin_Disraeli_Ezratty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolf-12"><a href="#cite_ref-wolf_12-0">^</a> Wolf, Lucien. "The Disraeli Family", The Times, 21 December 1904, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Glassman, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Bradford, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Bradford, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-b11-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b11_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b11_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b11_17-2">c</a> Blake (1967), p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-m19-18"><a href="#cite_ref-m19_18-0">^</a> Monypenny and Buckle, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Parry, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Hibbert, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Ridley, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Kuhn, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-Blake_1967,_p._12-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_1967,_p._12_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake_1967,_p._12_24-1">b</a> Blake (1967), p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford,_p._7-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradford,_p._7_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradford,_p._7_25-1">b</a> Bradford, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Endelmann, p. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Blake (1967), p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-b8-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b8_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b8_30-1">b</a> Bradford, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Richmond and Smith, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Glassman, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Disraeli (1975), p. 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-d8-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d8_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d8_34-1">b</a> Davis, pp. 8–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Blake (1967), p. 18; 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Weeks, "Disraeli as political egotist: a literary and historical investigation." <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_British_Studies" title="Journal of British Studies">Journal of British Studies</a> 28.4 (1989): 387–410. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175437">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Shannon_(historian)" title="Richard Shannon (historian)">Richard Shannon</a>, The Age of Disraeli, 1868-1881: The Rise of Tory Democracy (1992) pp. 199–210 </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> Schwarz, p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Diana Moore, "Romances of No-Popery: Transnational Anti-Catholicism in Giuseppe Garibaldi's The Rule of the Monk and Benjamin Disraeli's Lothair." Catholic Historical Review 106.3 (2020): 399–420 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/762416/summary">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Bradford, pp. 287–289 (Lothair); and 380–383 (Endymion) </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> Blake (1967), pp. 191–192; and Bradford, p. 381 </li> <li id="cite_note-merritt-308">^ <a href="#cite_ref-merritt_308-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-merritt_308-1">b</a> James D. Merritt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2932319">"The Novelist St. Barbe in Disraeli's Endymion: Revenge on Whom?"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth-Century_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nineteenth-Century Fiction">Nineteenth-Century Fiction</a>, June 1968, pp. 85–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Blake (1967), pp. 739–741 </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> Blake, Robert in Hartley, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> Blake (1967), pp. 523–524 </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> Abbott, pp. 17–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> Parry, p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> Parry, p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> Hurd, Douglas and Edward Young. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10131861/Disraeli-discussed-by-Douglas-Hurd-and-Edward-Young.html">"Disraeli discussed by Douglas Hurd and Edward Young"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, 27 June 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> Blake (1967), pp. 760–761 </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> Abbott, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> Magnus, p. 287 </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> Parry, p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-321">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_321-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_321-1">b</a> Smith, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679151">"Disraeli's Politics"</a>, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Fifth Series, vol 37, 1987, pp. 65–66 (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-cspan-322"><a href="#cite_ref-cspan_322-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?54339-1/disraeli-biography">"Disraeli: A Biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>. 6 February 1994. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disraeli%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft.date=1994-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F54339-1%2Fdisraeli-biography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> Weintraub, p. 665 </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.credoreference.com/entry/routbrithistory/disraeli_benjamin_ist_earl_of_beaconsfield_1804_1881">"Disraeli, Benjamin, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield 1804–1881"</a> 2003, in Reader's Guide to British History, Routledge, Credo Reference, accessed 26 August 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> Llewellyn Woodward, The Age of Reform, 1815-1870 (Oxford University Press, 1938) pp 111-112. </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> Dick Leonard, The Great Rivalry: Gladstone and Disraeli (2013) is popular, while Richard Aldous, The Lion and The Unicorn: Gladstone and Disraeli (2007) is scholarly. For the historiography see Roland Quinault, "Gladstone and disraeli: a Reappraisal of their Relationship." History 91.304 (2006): 557–576. </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> Roland Quinault, "The Great Rivalry," <a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a> (Nov 2013) 63.11 p 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> Andrzej Diniejko, "Benjamin Disraeli and the Jewish Question in Victorian England" The Victorian Web (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://victorianweb.org/authors/disraeli/judaism.html">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> Jonathan Parry, Benjamin Disraeli (Oxford UP 2007) p 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> Todd M. Endelman, The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000 (U of California Press, 2002) p 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> See also Anthony S. Wohl, "'Ben JuJu': Representations of Disraeli's Jewishness in the Victorian political cartoon." Jewish history 10.2 (1996): 89-134 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01650962">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> Michael Ragussis, Figures of Conversion. The "Jewish Question" and English National Identity (1995) p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> See also Anthony S. Wohl, "'Ben JuJu': Representations of Disraeli's Jewishness in the Victorian political cartoon." Jewish history 10.2 (1996): 89-134. </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> Michael Diamond, "Political Heroes of the Victorian Music Hall." History Today 40 (1990): 33–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> Roy Armes, A critical history of British cinema (London, 1978), pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> Steven Fielding, "British Politics and Cinema's Historical Dramas, 1929–1938." Historical Journal 56.2 (2013): 487–511, quotes on pp. 488 and 509-10. </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapua2017" class="citation book cs1">Capua, Michelangelo (2017). Jean Negulesco: The Life and Films. McFarland. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean+Negulesco%3A+The+Life+and+Films&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Capua&rft.aufirst=Michelangelo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlide1996" class="citation book cs1">Slide, Anthony (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_S4f-nobIxEC&pg=PA177">Some Joe You Don't Know: An American Biographical Guide to 100 British Television Personalities</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Joe+You+Don%27t+Know%3A+An+American+Biographical+Guide+to+100+British+Television+Personalities&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Slide&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_S4f-nobIxEC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelotte2020" class="citation book cs1">Telotte, Leigh Ehlers (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3ntDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">Victoria, Queen of the Screen: From Silent Cinema to New Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. pp. 106–109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victoria%2C+Queen+of+the+Screen%3A+From+Silent+Cinema+to+New+Media&rft.pages=106-109&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Telotte&rft.aufirst=Leigh+Ehlers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt3ntDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurt2001" class="citation book cs1">Burt, Daniel S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpFrgSAaKAUC&pg=PA114">The Biography Book: A Reader's Guide to Nonfiction, Fictional, and Film Biographies of More Than 500 of the Most Fascinating Individuals of All Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biography+Book%3A+A+Reader%27s+Guide+to+Nonfiction%2C+Fictional%2C+and+Film+Biographies+of+More+Than+500+of+the+Most+Fascinating+Individuals+of+All+Time&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjpFrgSAaKAUC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1980" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Christian (31 May 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1980/05/31/prime-portrait/2c08bae4-555f-4b25-8aa9-6b6e9ea3e396/">"Prime Portrait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 1 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Prime+Portrait&rft.date=1980-05-31&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1980%2F05%2F31%2Fprime-portrait%2F2c08bae4-555f-4b25-8aa9-6b6e9ea3e396%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emmys.com/shows/disraeli-portrait-romantic-masterpiece-thea">"Disraeli: Portrait of a Romantic"</a>. Emmys.com. Retrieved 1 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emmys.com&rft.atitle=Disraeli%3A+Portrait+of+a+Romantic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emmys.com%2Fshows%2Fdisraeli-portrait-romantic-masterpiece-thea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Burke's Peerage. 1878. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burke%27s+Peerage&rft.pages=87&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1972" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, B. H. (1972). Gladstone and Disraeli. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-327210-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-327210-9"><bdi>0-00-327210-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone+and+Disraeli&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-00-327210-9&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=B.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldous2007" class="citation book cs1">Aldous, Richard (2007) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lionunicornglads00aldo">The Lion and the Unicorn: Gladstone vs Disraeli</a> (first American ed.). New York: W W Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06570-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06570-1"><bdi>978-0-393-06570-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lion+and+the+Unicorn%3A+Gladstone+vs+Disraeli&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=first+American&rft.pub=W+W+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06570-1&rft.aulast=Aldous&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flionunicornglads00aldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blake,_Baron_Blake" title="Robert Blake, Baron Blake">Blake, Robert</a> (1967) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disraeli00blak">Disraeli</a>. New York: St Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/400326">400326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F400326&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisraeli00blak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1982" class="citation book cs1">Blake, Robert (1982). Disraeli's Grand Tour: Benjamin Disraeli and the Holy Land, 1830–31. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-77910-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-77910-9"><bdi>0-297-77910-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli%27s+Grand+Tour%3A+Benjamin+Disraeli+and+the+Holy+Land%2C+1830%E2%80%9331&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-297-77910-9&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bradford" title="Sarah Bradford">Bradford, Sarah</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disraeli00brad">Disraeli</a>. New York: Stein and Day. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8128-2899-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8128-2899-2"><bdi>0-8128-2899-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-8128-2899-2&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisraeli00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConacher1971" class="citation book cs1">Conacher, J. B. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergenceofbriti00jbco">The Emergence of British Parliamentary Democracy in the Nineteenth Century</a>. New York: John Wiley and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+British+Parliamentary+Democracy+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Conacher&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femergenceofbriti00jbco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1976" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Richard W. (1976). Disraeli. London: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-127690-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-127690-X"><bdi>0-09-127690-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-09-127690-X&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickins1987" class="citation book cs1">Dickins, Gordon (1987). An Illustrated Literary Guide to Shropshire. Shrewsbury: Shropshire Libraries. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903802-37-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-903802-37-6"><bdi>0-903802-37-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Literary+Guide+to+Shropshire&rft.place=Shrewsbury&rft.pub=Shropshire+Libraries&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-903802-37-6&rft.aulast=Dickins&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisraeli1975" class="citation book cs1">Disraeli, Benjamin (1975). Swartz, Helen; Swartz, Marvin (eds.). Disraeli's Reminiscences. London: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/471699820">471699820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli%27s+Reminiscences&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F471699820&rft.aulast=Disraeli&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisraeli1982" class="citation book cs1">Disraeli, Benjamin (1982). Gunn, J. A. W.; Weibe, M. G. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benjamindisraeli0006disr">Benjamin Disraeli—Letters, 1815–1834</a>. Toronto and London: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59238073">59238073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Disraeli%E2%80%94Letters%2C+1815%E2%80%931834&rft.place=Toronto+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59238073&rft.aulast=Disraeli&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbenjamindisraeli0006disr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Douglas_(academic)" title="Roy Douglas (academic)">Douglas, Roy</a> (2005). Liberals: A History of the Liberal and Liberal Democrat Parties. London and New York: Hambledon and London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-4342-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-4342-7"><bdi>0-8264-4342-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberals%3A+A+History+of+the+Liberal+and+Liberal+Democrat+Parties&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Hambledon+and+London&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8264-4342-7&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndelman1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Todd_Endelman" title="Todd Endelman">Endelman, Todd M.</a> (1998). "'A Hebrew to the End': The Emergence of Disraeli's Jewishness". In Richmond, Charles; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Smith_(historian)" title="Paul Smith (historian)">Paul, Smith</a> (eds.). The Self-Fashioning of Disraeli, 1818–1851. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-49729-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-49729-9"><bdi>0-521-49729-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27A+Hebrew+to+the+End%27%3A+The+Emergence+of+Disraeli%27s+Jewishness&rft.btitle=The+Self-Fashioning+of+Disraeli%2C+1818%E2%80%931851&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-49729-9&rft.aulast=Endelman&rft.aufirst=Todd+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGash1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Gash" title="Norman Gash">Gash, Norman</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sirrobertpeellif0000gash">Sir Robert Peel: The Life of Sir Robert Peel After 1830</a>. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87471-132-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87471-132-0"><bdi>0-87471-132-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Robert+Peel%3A+The+Life+of+Sir+Robert+Peel+After+1830&rft.place=Totowa%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-87471-132-0&rft.aulast=Gash&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsirrobertpeellif0000gash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassman2003" class="citation book cs1">Glassman, Bernard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bm1lr4aXnesC&pg=PA32">Benjamin Disraeli: The Fabricated Jew in Myth and Memory</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham</a>, MD: University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2472-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-2472-3"><bdi>0-7618-2472-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Disraeli%3A+The+Fabricated+Jew+in+Myth+and+Memory&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7618-2472-3&rft.aulast=Glassman&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbm1lr4aXnesC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2011" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Robin (2011). The Conservatives—A History. London: Bantam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-06511-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-06511-2"><bdi>978-0-593-06511-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservatives%E2%80%94A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-593-06511-2&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disraelipersonal0000hibb">Disraeli: A Personal History</a>. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-714717-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-714717-1"><bdi>0-00-714717-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli%3A+A+Personal+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-00-714717-1&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisraelipersonal0000hibb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurdYoung2013" class="citation book cs1">Hurd, Douglas; Young, Edward (2013). Disraeli, Or The Two Lives. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86097-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86097-6"><bdi>978-0-297-86097-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli%2C+Or+The+Two+Lives&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-297-86097-6&rft.aulast=Hurd&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Young%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins, Roy</a> (2002) [1995]. Gladstone: A Biography. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-6641-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-6641-4"><bdi>0-8129-6641-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House+Trade+Paperbacks&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8129-6641-4&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Kirsch" title="Adam Kirsch">Kirsch, Adam</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benjamindisraeli0000kirs">Benjamin Disraeli</a>. Jewish Encounters. New York: Schocken. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4249-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4249-2"><bdi>978-0-8052-4249-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Disraeli&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Jewish+Encounters&rft.pub=Schocken&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-4249-2&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbenjamindisraeli0000kirs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2006" class="citation book cs1">Kuhn, William (2006). The Politics of Pleasure—A Portrait of Benjamin Disraeli. London: The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5687-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5687-5"><bdi>0-7432-5687-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Pleasure%E2%80%94A+Portrait+of+Benjamin+Disraeli&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7432-5687-5&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnus1954" class="citation book cs1">Magnus, Philip (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gladstonebiograp0000magn_c2z4">Gladstone</a>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/752967336">752967336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F752967336&rft.aulast=Magnus&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgladstonebiograp0000magn_c2z4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonypennyBuckle1929" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/William_Flavelle_Monypenny" title="William Flavelle Monypenny">Monypenny, William Flavelle</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Earle_Buckle" title="George Earle Buckle">Buckle, George Earle</a> (1929). The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield. Vol. I, 1804–1859. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60091922">60091922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Benjamin+Disraeli%2C+Earl+of+Beaconsfield&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60091922&rft.aulast=Monypenny&rft.aufirst=William+Flavelle&rft.au=Buckle%2C+George+Earle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry2007" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Jonathan (2007). Benjamin Disraeli. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921359-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921359-7"><bdi>978-0-19-921359-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Disraeli&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921359-7&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"> Text also available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7689?docPos=1">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmondPaul_Smith1999" class="citation book cs1">Richmond, Charles; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Smith_(historian)" title="Paul Smith (historian)">Paul Smith</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jnF3IRJbKR8C&pg=PA121">The Self-Fashioning of Disraeli, 1818–1851</a>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-49729-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-49729-9"><bdi>0-521-49729-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Self-Fashioning+of+Disraeli%2C+1818%E2%80%931851&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-49729-9&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Paul+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjnF3IRJbKR8C%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidley1995" class="citation book cs1">Ridley, Jane (1995). The Young Disraeli. London: Sinclair-Stevenson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85619-250-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85619-250-4"><bdi>1-85619-250-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Disraeli&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sinclair-Stevenson&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-85619-250-4&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Andrew</a> (2000) [1999]. Salisbury: Victorian Titan. London: Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7538-1091-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7538-1091-3"><bdi>0-7538-1091-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salisbury%3A+Victorian+Titan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7538-1091-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz1979" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, Daniel R (1979). Disraeli's Fiction. New York: Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-496124-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-496124-9"><bdi>0-06-496124-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli%27s+Fiction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-06-496124-9&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartzSwartz1975" class="citation book cs1">Swartz, Helen M; Swartz, Martin (1975). Disraeli's Reminiscences. London: Hamish Hamilton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli%27s+Reminiscences&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Helen+M&rft.au=Swartz%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">Trevelyan, G. M.</a> (1913) [1900]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028314049">The Life of John Bright</a>. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/493021686">493021686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+John+Bright&rft.place=Boston+and+New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F493021686&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=G.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924028314049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeintraub1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Weintraub" title="Stanley Weintraub">Weintraub, Stanley</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disraelibiograph00wein">Disraeli: A Biography</a>. New York: Truman Talley Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-93668-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-93668-8"><bdi>0-525-93668-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Truman+Talley+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-525-93668-8&rft.aulast=Weintraub&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisraelibiograph00wein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Woodward, Llewellyn. (1962) The Age of Reform, 1815-1870 (Oxford University Press, 1938; 2nd ed. 1962) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofreform181510000wood">online</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Braun, Thom. Disraeli the Novelist (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li>Bright, J. Franck. A History of England. Period 4: Growth of Democracy: Victoria 1837–1880 (1893)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9CJAAQAAMAAJ">online</a> 608pp; highly detailed political narrative</li> <li>Cesarani, David. Disraeli: The Novel Politician (Yale UP, 2016).</li> <li>Clausson, Nils. "Benjamin Disraeli, Sybil, or The Two." in Handbook of the English Novel, 1830–1900 ed. by Martin Middeke and Monika Pietrzak-Franger (2020) pp 189–204. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/498030">online</a></li> <li>Davis, Richard W. "Disraeli, the Rothschilds, and anti-Semitism." Jewish History (1996): 9-19 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20101265">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Todd_Endelman" title="Todd Endelman">Endelman, Todd M</a> (May 1985). "Disraeli's Jewishness Reconsidered". Modern Judaism. 5 (2): 109–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmj%2F5.2.109">10.1093/mj/5.2.109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Judaism&rft.atitle=Disraeli%27s+Jewishness+Reconsidered&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-123&rft.date=1985-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmj%2F5.2.109&rft.aulast=Endelman&rft.aufirst=Todd+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Ghosh, P R (April 1984). "Disraelian Conservatism: A Financial Approach". The English Historical Review. 99 (391): 268–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCIX.CCCXCI.268">10.1093/ehr/XCIX.CCCXCI.268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Disraelian+Conservatism%3A+A+Financial+Approach&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=391&rft.pages=268-296&rft.date=1984-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCIX.CCCXCI.268&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=P+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hurd, Douglas; Young, Edward (2013). Disraeli or The Two Lives. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli+or+The+Two+Lives&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Hurd%2C+Douglas&rft.au=Young%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kalmar, Ivan Davidson. "Benjamin Disraeli, romantic orientalist." Comparative studies in society and history 47.2 (2005): 348–371. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/35322/1/disraeli.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ković, Miloš (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qTKiTZIyr3AC">Disraeli and the Eastern Question</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957460-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957460-5"><bdi>978-0-19-957460-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli+and+the+Eastern+Question&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957460-5&rft.aulast=Kovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Milo%C5%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqTKiTZIyr3AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Mahajan, Sneh (2002). British Foreign Policy, 1874–1914. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26010-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26010-8"><bdi>0-415-26010-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Foreign+Policy%2C+1874%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-26010-8&rft.aulast=Mahajan&rft.aufirst=Sneh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Malchow, Howard LeRoy. Agitators and Promoters in the Age of Gladstone and Disraeli: A Biographical Dictionary of the Leaders of British Pressure Groups founded between 1865 and 1886 (2 vol 1983), includes thousands of activists.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Matthew, H. C. G. (September 1979). "Disraeli, Gladstone, and the Politics of Mid-Victorian Budgets". The Historical Journal. 22 (3): 615–643. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00017015">10.1017/S0018246X00017015</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638657">2638657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Disraeli%2C+Gladstone%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Mid-Victorian+Budgets&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=615-643&rft.date=1979-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00017015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638657%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=H.+C.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maurois" title="André Maurois">Maurois, André</a> (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20230351">Disraeli</a>. Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Maurois&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fadedpage.com%2Fshowbook.php%3Fpid%3D20230351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"> (translated by Hamish Miles)</li> <li>Miller, Henry. "Disraeli, Gladstone and the personification of party, 1868–80." in Miller, Politics personified (Manchester University Press, 2016).</li> <li>Monypenny, William Flavelle and George Earle Buckle, The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield (2 vol. London: John Murray, 1929); contains vol 1–4 and vol 5–6 of the original edition Life of Benjamin Disraeli volume 1 1804–1837, Volume 2 1837–1846, Volume 3 1846–1855, Volume 4 1855–1868, Volume 5 1868–1876, Volume 6 1876–1881. Vol 1 to 6 are available free from Google books: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUkn3ZSDenAC&pg=PR3">vol 1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0zGy8IjL-4C">vol 2</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=incNAAAAIAAJ">vol 3</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJANAAAAIAAJ">vol 4</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdJarJdAJ7QC">vol 5</a>; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1t7Jr8apQt8C">vol 6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Morley,_1st_Viscount_Morley_of_Blackburn" class="mw-redirect" title="John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn">Morley, John</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gD0GAQAAIAAJ">The Life of William Ewart Gladstone, Volume 2</a>. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+William+Ewart+Gladstone%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgD0GAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Napton, Dani. "Historical Romance and the Mythology of Charles I in D'Israeli, Scott and Disraeli." English Studies 99.2 (2018): 148–165.</li> <li>Nicolay, Claire. "The anxiety of 'Mosaic' influence: Thackeray, Disraeli, and Anglo-Jewish assimilation in the 1840s." Nineteenth-Century Contexts 25.2 (2003): 119–145.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">O'Kell, Robert P. (2014). Disraeli: The Romance of Politics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli%3A+The+Romance+of+Politics&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=O%27Kell&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"> looks at close links between his fiction and his politics.</li> <li>Parry, J. P. "Disraeli, the East and religion: Tancred in context." English Historical Review 132.556 (2017): 570–604.</li> <li>Saab, Ann Pottinger. "Disraeli, Judaism, and the Eastern Question." International History Review 10.4 (1988): 559–578.</li> <li>Schwarz, Daniel R. "" Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin": Jewish Perspectives in Disraeli's Fiction." Jewish History (1996): 37-55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20101267">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Seton-Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Seton-Watson">Seton-Watson, R. W.</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disraeligladston0000seto_b4d6">Disraeli, Gladstone, and the Eastern Question</a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli%2C+Gladstone%2C+and+the+Eastern+Question&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Seton-Watson&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisraeligladston0000seto_b4d6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Seton-Watson, R. W. Britain in Europe, 1789–1914. (1938); comprehensive history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.226175/2015.226175.Britain-In.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Shannon, Richard. The crisis of imperialism, 1865–1915 (1976), pp 101–41.</li> <li>Spevack, Marvin. "In the Shadow of the Son: Isaac D'Israeli and Benjamin Disraeli." Jewish Culture and History 8.2 (2006): 73–92.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Winter, James (January 1966). "The Cave of Adullam and Parliamentary Reform". The English Historical Review. 81 (318): 38–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXXI.CCCXVIII.38">10.1093/ehr/LXXXI.CCCXVIII.38</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Cave+of+Adullam+and+Parliamentary+Reform&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=318&rft.pages=38-55&rft.date=1966-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXXI.CCCXVIII.38&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Letters of Benjamin Disraeli. 10 vol edited by Michael W. Pharand, et al. (1982 to 2014), ending in 1868. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/s?k=disraeli+letters&i=stripbooks">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Anonymous (1873). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_men_of_the_day/The_Right_Hon._B._Disraeli">Cartoon Portraits and Biographical Sketches of Men of the Day</a>. Illustrated by <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Frederick_Waddy" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Frederick Waddy">Frederick Waddy</a>. London: Tinsley Brothers. pp. 38–45. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartoon+Portraits+and+Biographical+Sketches+of+Men+of+the+Day&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38-45&rft.pub=Tinsley+Brothers&rft.date=1873&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FCartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_men_of_the_day%2FThe_Right_Hon._B._Disraeli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hicks, Geoff, et al. eds. Documents on Conservative Foreign Policy, 1852-1878 (2013), 550 documents <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Documents-Conservative-Foreign-Policy-1852-1878/dp/1107035929/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Partridge, Michael, and Richard Gaunt. Lives of Victorian Political Figures Part 1: Palmerston, Disraeli and Gladstone (4 vol. Pickering & Chatto. 2006) reprints 32 original pamphlets on Disraeli.</li> <li>Temperley, Harold and L.M. Penson, eds. Foundations of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902) (1938), primary sources <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.2629">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Henry, Edward</a> (1978). Vincent, John (ed.). Disraeli, Derby and the Conservative Party: Journals and memoirs of Edward Henry, Lord Stanley 1849–1869. Hassocks, Sussex.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli%2C+Derby+and+the+Conservative+Party%3A+Journals+and+memoirs+of+Edward+Henry%2C+Lord+Stanley+1849%E2%80%931869&rft.pub=Hassocks%2C+Sussex&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Diniejko, Andrzej. "Benjamin Disraeli and the Jewish Question in Victorian England" The Victorian Web (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://victorianweb.org/authors/disraeli/judaism.html">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Parry, Jonathan P. "Disraeli and England." Historical Journal (2000): 699-728 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020975">online</a>.</li> <li>Quinault, Roland. "Gladstone and Disraeli: A Reappraisal of their Relationship." History 91.304 (2006): 557–576.</li> <li>St. John, Ian. The Historiography of Gladstone and Disraeli (Anthem Press, 2016) 402 pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ybo1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">excerpt</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Benjamin Disraeli at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli,_1st_Earl_of_Beaconsfield" class="extiw" title="c:Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" class="extiw" title="q:Benjamin Disraeli">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Benjamin_Disraeli" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Benjamin Disraeli">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_History/Benjamin_Disraeli" class="extiw" title="b:Modern History/Benjamin Disraeli">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Benjamin Disraeli <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Benjamin+Disraeli&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Benjamin+Disraeli">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Benjamin+Disraeli&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Benjamin Disraeli <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Benjamin+Disraeli&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Benjamin+Disraeli">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Benjamin+Disraeli&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-benjamin-disraeli">contributions in Parliament by Benjamin Disraeli</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050203033206/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/198cdapm.asp">Disraeli as the inventor of modern conservatism</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-19817520">John Prescott interview with Andrew Neill.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_westminster_hour/7971143.stm">BBC Radio 4 series The Prime Ministers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/projects/disraeli/disraeli.html">Bodleian Library Disraeli bicentenary exhibition, 2004</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22118">What Disraeli Can Teach Us</a> by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wheatcroft" title="Geoffrey Wheatcroft">Geoffrey Wheatcroft</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F257611">"Archival material relating to Benjamin Disraeli"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Benjamin+Disraeli&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF257611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Disraeli" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82006#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a>, the holdings in numerous British archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp00307">Portraits of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82006#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_editions">Electronic editions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Electronic editions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/benjamin-disraeli">Works by Benjamin Disraeli in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1292">Works by Benjamin Disraeli</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Disraeli%2C%20Benjamin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Benjamin%20Disraeli%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Disraeli%2C%20Benjamin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Benjamin%20Disraeli%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Disraeli%2C%20B%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Benjamin%20Disraeli%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Disraeli%2C%20Benjamin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Benjamin%20Disraeli%22%29%20OR%20%28%221804-1881%22%20AND%20Disraeli%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Benjamin Disraeli</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/422">Works by Benjamin Disraeli</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Sir Charles Wood, Bt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> 1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> 1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">Sir George Lewis, Bt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> 1858–1859 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> 1858–1859 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> 1866–1868 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt" title="George Ward Hunt">George Ward Hunt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> 1866–1868 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> 1868 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> 1874–1880 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> 1874–1876 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">The Earl of Malmesbury</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> 1876–1878 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Percy,_6th_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Algernon Percy, 6th Duke of Northumberland">The Duke of Northumberland</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">The Duke of Richmond</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a> 1876–1880 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">The Earl Granville</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Wildey_Robarts" title="Abraham Wildey Robarts">Abraham Wildey Robarts</a> <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis_(politician)" title="Wyndham Lewis (politician)">Wyndham Lewis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Maidstone_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Maidstone (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Maidstone</a> <a href="/wiki/1837_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1837 United Kingdom general election">1837</a>–<a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841</a> With: <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis_(politician)" title="Wyndham Lewis (politician)">Wyndham Lewis</a> 1837–1838 <a href="/wiki/John_Minet_Fector" title="John Minet Fector">John Minet Fector</a> 1838–1841 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beresford_Hope" title="Alexander Beresford Hope">Alexander Beresford Hope</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Dodd_(MP)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Dodd (MP)">George Dodd</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jenkins_(UK_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Jenkins (UK politician)">Richard Jenkins</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aglionby_Slaney" title="Robert Aglionby Slaney">Robert Aglionby Slaney</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Shrewsbury (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Shrewsbury</a> <a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841</a>–<a href="/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1847 United Kingdom general election">1847</a> Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/George_Tomline_(politician)" title="George Tomline (politician)">George Tomline</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Holmes_Baldock" title="Edward Holmes Baldock">Edward Holmes Baldock</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aglionby_Slaney" title="Robert Aglionby Slaney">Robert Aglionby Slaney</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Caledon_Du_Pr%C3%A9" title="Caledon Du Pré">Caledon Du Pré</a> <a href="/wiki/William_FitzMaurice_(MP)" class="mw-redirect" title="William FitzMaurice (MP)">William Fitzmaurice</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tower_(died_1884)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Tower (died 1884)">Christopher Tower</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Buckinghamshire</a> <a href="/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1847 United Kingdom general election">1847</a>–<a href="/wiki/1876_Buckinghamshire_by-election" title="1876 Buckinghamshire by-election">1876</a> With: <a href="/wiki/Caledon_Du_Pr%C3%A9" title="Caledon Du Pré">Caledon Du Pré</a> 1847–1874 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cavendish,_1st_Baron_Chesham" title="Charles Cavendish, 1st Baron Chesham">The Hon. Charles Cavendish</a> 1847–1857 <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_2nd_Baron_Chesham" title="William Cavendish, 2nd Baron Chesham">The Hon. William Cavendish</a> 1857–1863 <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Harvey,_1st_Baronet,_of_Langley_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Harvey, 1st Baronet, of Langley Park">Sir Robert Bateson Harvey</a> 1863–1868, 1874–1876 <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lambert" title="Nathaniel Lambert">Nathaniel Lambert</a> 1868–1876 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Harvey,_1st_Baronet,_of_Langley_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Harvey, 1st Baronet, of Langley Park">Sir Robert Bateson Harvey</a> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lambert" title="Nathaniel Lambert">Nathaniel Lambert</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fremantle,_2nd_Baron_Cottesloe" title="Thomas Fremantle, 2nd Baron Cottesloe">Thomas Fremantle</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Marquess of Granby</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)#Overall_leaders_of_the_party_(1834–1922)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Leader in the Commons</a> 1849–1876 With: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Marquess of Granby</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">John Charles Herries</a> 1849–1851 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the British Conservative Party</a> 1868–1881 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">The Duke of Richmond</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)#Leaders_in_the_House_of_Lords_(1834–present)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> 1876–1881 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Glasgow" title="Rector of the University of Glasgow">Rector of the University of Glasgow</a> 1871–1877 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New creation </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Beaconsfield" title="Earl of Beaconsfield">Earl of Beaconsfield</a> 1876–1881 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Extinct </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Records </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">The Earl Russell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Oldest-living_British_prime_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest-living British prime minister">Oldest-living British prime minister</a> 1878–1881 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Benjamin_Disraeli_navigational_boxes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Benjamin_Disraeli_navigational_boxes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Benjamin Disraeli navigational boxes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole (Orford)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">G. Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Chatham (Pitt the Elder)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Grafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Lord Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Goderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disraeli (Beaconsfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Discuss this 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Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ponsonby" title="George Ponsonby">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tierney" title="George Tierney">Tierney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Hartington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li>Vacant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby (Stanley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_5th_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon of Kedleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">4th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby of Shulbrede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">5th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">Alexander of Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Cledwyn of Penrhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Richard" title="Ivor Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury">Cranborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Galbraith,_2nd_Baron_Strathclyde" title="Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Royall,_Baroness_Royall_of_Blaisdon" title="Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon">Royall of Blaisdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">Smith of Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_True,_Baron_True" title="Nicholas True, Baron True">True</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_exchequer" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Template:Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Template talk:Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_exchequer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellors of the exchequer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_England" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_of_Fauconberg" title="Eustace of Fauconberg">Eustace of Fauconberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maunsell" title="John Maunsell">Maunsell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralf_de_Leicester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralf de Leicester (page does not exist)">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_of_Westminster_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward of Westminster (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">W. Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Giffard" title="Godfrey Giffard">G. Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_de_la_Leye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger de la Leye (page does not exist)">de la Leye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Willoughby" title="Philip de Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Benstede" title="John de Benstede">Benstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sandale" title="John Sandale">Sandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hotham_(bishop)" title="John Hotham (bishop)">Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_de_Stanton" title="Hervey de Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Harvington" title="Adam de Harvington">Harvington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wodehouse" title="Robert Wodehouse">Wodehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Stratford" title="Robert de Stratford">Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ashby_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Ashby (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Ashton" title="Robert de Ashton">Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Barnham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Barnham (page does not exist)">Barnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Somer" title="Henry Somer">Somer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Somerset" title="John Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Browne (died 1460)">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thwaites_(civil_servant)" title="Thomas Thwaites (civil servant)">Thwaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fowler_(chancellor)" title="Richard Fowler (chancellor)">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Catesby" title="William Catesby">Catesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lovell" title="Thomas Lovell">Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bourchier,_2nd_Baron_Berners" title="John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners">Berners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(died_1558)" title="John Baker (died 1558)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sackville_(escheator)" title="Richard Sackville (escheator)">Sackville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mildmay" title="Walter Mildmay">Mildmay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_of_Salden" title="John Fortescue of Salden">Fortescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Home,_1st_Earl_of_Dunbar" title="George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar">Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(judge)" title="Julius Caesar (judge)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulke_Greville,_1st_Baron_Brooke" title="Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke">Greville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Weston,_1st_Earl_of_Portland" title="Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Barrett,_1st_Lord_Barrett_of_Newburgh" title="Edward Barrett, 1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cottington,_1st_Baron_Cottington" title="Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington">Cottington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Colepeper,_1st_Baron_Colepeper" title="John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper">Colepeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duncombe_(Bury_St_Edmunds_MP)" title="John Duncombe (Bury St Edmunds MP)">Duncombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernle" title="John Ernle">Ernle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Booth,_1st_Earl_of_Warrington" title="Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington">Delamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hampden" title="Richard Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_Great_Britain" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Harley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Benson,_1st_Baron_Bingley" title="Robert Benson, 1st Baron Bingley">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Wyndham,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir William Wyndham, 3rd Baronet">Wyndham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Onslow,_1st_Baron_Onslow" title="Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aislabie" title="John Aislabie">Aislabie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt_(judge)" title="John Pratt (judge)">Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(English_judge)" title="William Lee (English judge)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lyttelton,_1st_Baron_Lyttelton" title="George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton">Lyttelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_1st_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dashwood,_11th_Baron_le_Despencer" title="Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer">Dashwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dowdeswell_(politician,_born_1721)" title="William Dowdeswell (politician, born 1721)">Dowdeswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Baron_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough">Ellenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Petty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Abbott,_1st_Baron_Tenterden" title="Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden">Tenterden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Denman,_1st_Baron_Denman" title="Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman">Denman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spring_Rice,_1st_Baron_Monteagle_of_Brandon" title="Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon">Spring Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baring,_1st_Baron_Northbrook" title="Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook">Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Wood</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt" title="George Ward Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derick_Heathcoat-Amory,_1st_Viscount_Amory" title="Derick Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Viscount Amory">Heathcoat-Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lamont" title="Norman Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Darling" title="Alistair Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasi_Kwarteng" title="Kwasi Kwarteng">Kwarteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Reeves" title="Rachel Reeves">Reeves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italic: Interim Chancellor of the Exchequer, as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template talk:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leaders of the House of Commons</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1757_caretaker_ministry" title="1757 caretaker ministry">Vacant (caretaker ministry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">Huskisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks-Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">Chuter Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Crookshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bowden,_Baron_Aylestone" title="Herbert Bowden, Baron Aylestone">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prior" title="Jim Prior">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_St_John-Stevas" title="Norman St John-Stevas">St John-Stevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biffen" title="John Biffen">Biffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wakeham" title="John Wakeham">Wakeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacGregor,_Baron_MacGregor_of_Pulham_Market" title="John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market">MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree" title="Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Taylor,_Baroness_Taylor_of_Bolton" title="Ann Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Bolton">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hain" title="Peter Hain">Hain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Hoon" title="Geoff Hoon">Hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Cookham" title="George Young, Baron Young of Cookham">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lansley" title="Andrew Lansley">Lansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">Lidington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Leadsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Stride" title="Mel Stride">Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Spencer_(British_politician)" title="Mark Spencer (British politician)">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt" title="Penny Mordaunt">Mordaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Powell" title="Lucy Powell">Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template talk:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Archive" title="Conservative Party Archive">Conservative Party Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Conservative Party (UK)">History of the Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism">History of conservatism in Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Electoral history of the Conservative Party (UK)">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club" title="Carlton Club">Carlton Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primrose_League" title="Primrose League">Primrose League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_Reform_League" title="Tariff Reform League">Tariff Reform League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Free_Food_League" title="Unionist Free Food League">Unionist Free Food League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Coupon" title="Coalition Coupon">Coalition Coupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting" title="Carlton Club meeting">Carlton Club meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Conservative Party (UK) general election manifestos">General election manifestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party" title="Fourth Party">Fourth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Conservative_Party" title="Irish Conservative Party">Irish Conservative Party </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Scotland)" title="Unionist Party (Scotland)">Scottish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(UK,_1917)" title="National Party (UK, 1917)">National Party (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> (1828–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> (1834–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li>vacant (1848–1849)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disraeli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leaders (1922–)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chairman of the Conservative Party">Chairmen (1911–)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Steel-Maitland" title="Arthur Steel-Maitland">Steel-Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Younger,_1st_Viscount_Younger_of_Leckie" title="George Younger, 1st Viscount Younger of Leckie">Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jackson_(cricketer)" title="Stanley Jackson (cricketer)">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._C._Davidson" title="J. C. C. Davidson">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird,_1st_Viscount_Stonehaven" title="John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hacking,_1st_Baron_Hacking" title="Douglas Hacking, 1st Baron Hacking">Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne" title="Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne">Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Assheton,_1st_Baron_Clitheroe" title="Ralph Assheton, 1st Baron Clitheroe">Assheton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">Woolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hare,_1st_Viscount_Blakenham" title="John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham">Blakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_du_Cann" title="Edward du Cann">du Cann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Gwydir" title="Peter Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gwydir">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gummer" title="John Gummer">Gummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Tebbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Sutton_Mandeville" title="Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Fowler,_Baron_Fowler" title="Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hanley" title="Jeremy Hanley">Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mawhinney" title="Brian Mawhinney">Mawhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Fox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Saatchi,_Baron_Saatchi" title="Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi">Saatchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Maude" title="Francis Maude">Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Spelman" title="Caroline Spelman">Spelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Pickles" title="Eric Pickles">Pickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsi" title="Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi">Warsi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Shapps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McLoughlin" title="Patrick McLoughlin">McLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lewis" title="Brandon Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Milling" title="Amanda Milling">Milling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dowden" title="Oliver Dowden">Dowden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stephenson" title="Andrew Stephenson">Stephenson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Berry" title="Jake Berry">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Hands" title="Greg Hands">Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holden_(British_politician)" title="Richard Holden (British politician)">Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fuller_(Conservative_politician)" title="Richard Fuller (Conservative politician)">Fuller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lilley" title="Peter Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership elections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1965_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1965 Conservative Party leadership election">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1975 Conservative Party leadership election">1975</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1989 Conservative Party leadership election">1989</a> <ul><li>Thatcher re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">1995</a> <ul><li>Major re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1997 Conservative Party leadership election">1997</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2001 Conservative Party leadership election">2001</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2003 Conservative Party leadership election">2003</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2005 Conservative Party leadership election">2005</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">July–September 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">October 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2024 Conservative Party leadership election">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_structure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party structure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Board" title="Conservative Party Board">Conservative Party Board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters" title="Conservative Campaign Headquarters">Conservative Campaign Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Treasurer of the Conservative Party">Treasurer of the Conservative Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Research_Department" title="Conservative Research Department">Conservative Research Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Voluntary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Convention" title="National Conservative Convention">National Conservative Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Parliamentary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chief Whip of the Conservative Party">Conservative Chief Whip's Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Conference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party Conference (UK)">Conservative Party Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Conservatives" title="Northern Ireland Conservatives">Northern Ireland Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Scottish Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Conservatives" title="Welsh Conservatives">Welsh Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Conservatives" title="Gibraltar Conservatives">Gibraltar Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Directly elected city mayoral authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">London Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Association" title="Conservative Association">Conservative Associations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Review_(2016)" title="Conservative Party Review (2016)">Conservative Party Review (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisations_associated_with_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="List of organisations associated with the Conservative Party (UK)">Organisations associated with the Conservative Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Women%27s_Organisation" title="Conservative Women's Organisation">Conservative Women's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_Abroad" title="Conservatives Abroad">Conservatives Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%2B_Conservatives" title="LGBT+ Conservatives">LGBT+ Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Conservative_Clubs" title="Association of Conservative Clubs">Association of Conservative Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_group" title="2020 group">2020 group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activate_(organisation)" title="Activate (organisation)">Activate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Bridge" title="The Atlantic Bridge">The Atlantic Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Animal_Welfare_Foundation" title="Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation">Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Co-operative_Movement" title="Conservative Co-operative Movement">Conservative Co-operative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Countryside_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Countryside Forum (page does not exist)">Conservative Countryside Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Disability_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Disability Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Disability Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_European_Forum" title="Conservative European Forum">Conservative European Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Friends of America">Conservative Friends of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_the_Chinese" title="Conservative Friends of the Chinese">Conservative Friends of the Chinese</a></li> <li>Conservative Friends of Gibraltar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_India" title="Conservative Friends of India">Conservative Friends of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Israel" title="Conservative Friends of Israel">Conservative Friends of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Palestine" title="Conservative Friends of Palestine">Conservative Friends of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Turkey" title="Conservative Friends of Turkey">Conservative Friends of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_History_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative History Group (page does not exist)">Conservative History Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Humanist_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Humanist Association (page does not exist)">Conservative Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mainstream" title="Conservative Mainstream">Conservative Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Health (page does not exist)">Conservative Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Muslim_Forum" title="Conservative Muslim Forum">Conservative Muslim Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Education_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Education Society (page does not exist)">Conservative Education Society</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_National_Property_Advisory_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative National Property Advisory Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative National Property Advisory Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Rural_Affairs_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Rural Affairs Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Rural Affairs Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Science_%26_Technology_Forum" title="Conservative Science & Technology Forum">Conservative Science & Technology Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservative Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Transport_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Transport Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Transport Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Way_Forward" title="Conservative Way Forward">Conservative Way Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Women_National_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Women National Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative Women National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Workers_%26_Trade_Unionists" title="Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists">Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_4_Cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives 4 Cities (page does not exist)">Conservatives 4 Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_Against_Fox_Hunting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives Against Fox Hunting (page does not exist)">Conservatives Against Fox Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservatives at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_for_International_Travel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives for International Travel (page does not exist)">Conservatives for International Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Recovery_Group" title="COVID Recovery Group">COVID Recovery Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_Start_(politics)" title="Fresh Start (politics)">Fresh Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Thatcher Foundation">Margaret Thatcher Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Monday_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Monday Club">Monday Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/92_Group" title="92 Group">92 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Campaign_(UK)" title="No Campaign (UK)">No Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Turning_Back_(political_group)" title="No Turning Back (political group)">No Turning Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Research_Group" title="Northern Research Group">Northern Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Conservatism" title="Popular Conservatism">Popular Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewing_One_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renewing One Nation (page does not exist)">Renewing One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsdon_Group" title="Selsdon Group">Selsdon Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tory_Green_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tory Green Initiative (page does not exist)">Tory Green Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Britons%27_Foundation" title="Young Britons' Foundation">Young Britons' Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Families_(Conservative_Party)" title="Five Families (Conservative Party)">Five Families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_(UK)" title="List of Conservative Party MPs (UK)">List of MPs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2005–2010)">2005–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2010–2015)">2010–2015</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_in_London" title="List of Conservative Party MPs in London">London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Think_tanks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Think tanks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Group" title="Bow Group">Bow Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Social Justice">Centre for Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onward_(think_tank)" title="Onward (think tank)">Onward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Conservative_Lawyers" title="Society of Conservative Lawyers">Society of Conservative Lawyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_alliances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party alliances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of current alliances </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Democrat_Union" title="European Democrat Union">European Democrat Union</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_Group_and_Democratic_Alliance" title="European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance">European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of former alliances </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93DUP_agreement" title="Conservative–DUP agreement">Conservative–DUP agreement</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives" title="European Conservatives">European Conservative Group</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democrats" title="European Democrats">European Democrats</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_European_Reform" title="Movement for European Reform">Movement for European Reform</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_an_Open_Europe" title="Alliance for an Open Europe">Alliance for an Open Europe</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Conservatives_and_Unionists" title="Ulster Conservatives and Unionists">Ulster Conservatives and Unionists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Benjamin_Disraeli_(1868)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Disraeli_Ministry" title="Template:First Disraeli Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Disraeli_Ministry" title="Template talk:First Disraeli Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Disraeli_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Disraeli Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Benjamin_Disraeli_(1868)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benjamin Disraeli</a> (1868)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">The Earl Cairns</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Disraeli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Disraeli.jpg/100px-Disraeli.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Disraeli.jpg/150px-Disraeli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Disraeli.jpg/200px-Disraeli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer-Churchill,_7th_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough">The Duke of Marlborough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury"> The Earl of Malmesbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gathorne_Gathorne-Hardy,_1st_Earl_of_Cranbrook" title="Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook">Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Temple-Grenville,_3rd_Duke_of_Buckingham_and_Chandos" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Temple-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos">The Duke of Buckingham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Pakington,_1st_Baron_Hampton" title="John Pakington, 1st Baron Hampton">Sir John Pakington, Bt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt" title="George Ward Hunt">George Ward Hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lowry-Corry_(1803%E2%80%931873)" title="Henry Lowry-Corry (1803–1873)">Henry Lowry-Corry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">The Duke of Richmond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Commissioner_of_Works" title="First Commissioner of Works">First Commissioner of Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Manners,_7th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="John Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland">The Lord John Manners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo" title="Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo">The Earl Mayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Novels_of_Benjamin_Disraeli" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Template:Benjamin Disraeli"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Template talk:Benjamin Disraeli"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Benjamin Disraeli"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Novels_of_Benjamin_Disraeli" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Novels of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benjamin Disraeli</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Grey" title="Vivian Grey">Vivian Grey</a> (1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popanilla" title="Popanilla">Popanilla</a> (1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Duke" title="The Young Duke">The Young Duke</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contarini_Fleming" title="Contarini Fleming">Contarini Fleming</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wondrous_Tale_of_Alroy" title="The Wondrous Tale of Alroy">The Wondrous Tale of Alroy</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Infernal_Marriage" title="The Infernal Marriage">The Infernal Marriage</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixion_in_Heaven" title="Ixion in Heaven">Ixion in Heaven</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Revolutionary_Epick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Revolutionary Epick (page does not exist)">The Revolutionary Epick</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_of_Iskander" title="The Rise of Iskander">The Rise of Iskander</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Temple" title="Henrietta Temple">Henrietta Temple</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_(Disraeli_novel)" title="Venetia (Disraeli novel)">Venetia</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Tragedy_of_Count_Alarcos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Tragedy of Count Alarcos (page does not exist)">The Tragedy of Count Alarcos</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tancred_(novel)" title="Tancred (novel)">Tancred</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_(novel)" title="Lothair (novel)">Lothair</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endymion_(Disraeli_novel)" title="Endymion (Disraeli novel)">Endymion</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconet_(novel)" title="Falconet (novel)">Falconet</a> (1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Victorian_era" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Victorian_era" title="Template:Victorian era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Victorian_era" title="Template talk:Victorian era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Victorian_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Victorian era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Victorian_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #ddddff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">← Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era →</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_and_diplomatic_history_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Political and diplomatic history of the Victorian era">Politics and diplomacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_Victorian_Era" title="British Army during the Victorian Era">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire#Britain's_imperial_century_(1815–1914)" title="British Empire">British empire</a></li> <li>By location <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_century_London" class="mw-redirect" title="19th century London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era#Late_18th_century_and_19th_century" title="Scotland in the modern era">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax Britannia">Pax Britannia</a></li> <li>Prime ministers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">The Viscount Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">The Earl of Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benjamin Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">The Earl of Rosebery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy, society and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Demographics of the Victorian era">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy,_industry,_and_trade_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Economy, industry, and trade of the Victorian era">Economy, industry, and trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics,_science,_technology_and_engineering_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Mathematics, science, technology and engineering of the Victorian era">Mathematics, science, technology and engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_and_culture_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Society and culture of the Victorian era">Society and culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian-era_cosmetics" title="Victorian-era cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_erotica" title="Victorian erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_fashion" title="Victorian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_house" title="Victorian house">Houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_jewellery" title="Victorian jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_masculinity" title="Victorian masculinity">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_painting" title="Victorian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_the_Victorian_era" title="Theatre in the Victorian era">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_burlesque" title="Victorian burlesque">Burlesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Victorian_era" title="Women in the Victorian era">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Bibliography of the Victorian era">Bibliography</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Victorian_era" title="Category:Victorian era">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82006#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82006#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82006#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122796693">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49233448">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1800791/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrWBCtcgPWHqvyhfHgHYP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118526014">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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