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id="toc-Cabinet_minister,_1947–1951" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet_minister,_1947–1951"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cabinet minister, 1947–1951</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cabinet_minister,_1947–1951-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cabinet minister, 1947–1951 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cabinet_minister,_1947–1951-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bonfire_of_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bonfire_of_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bonfire of controls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bonfire_of_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_ambitious_young_men" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_ambitious_young_men"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Three ambitious young men</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_ambitious_young_men-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Opposition_(1951–1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Opposition_(1951–1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In Opposition (1951–1964)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Opposition_(1951–1964)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Opposition (1951–1964) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Opposition_(1951–1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shadow_Cabinet,_1954–1963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shadow_Cabinet,_1954–1963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Shadow Cabinet, 1954–1963</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shadow_Cabinet,_1954–1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_Leader,_1963–64" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_Leader,_1963–64"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Opposition Leader, 1963–64</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_Leader,_1963–64-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_premiership_(1964–1970)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_premiership_(1964–1970)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>First premiership (1964–1970)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_premiership_(1964–1970)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First premiership (1964–1970) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_premiership_(1964–1970)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Appointment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Domestic affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Economic policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Social issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_renewal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_renewal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Urban renewal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_renewal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_Services_and_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_Services_and_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.6</span> <span>Social Services and welfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_Services_and_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.7</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.8</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Social policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Regional development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>International development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Taxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.6</span> <span>Liberal reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.7</span> <span>Industrial relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Record_on_income_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Record_on_income_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.8</span> <span>Record on income distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Record_on_income_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Foreign affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_defeat_and_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_defeat_and_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Electoral defeat and resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_defeat_and_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_opposition_(1970–1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_opposition_(1970–1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Return to opposition (1970–1974)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_opposition_(1970–1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_premiership_(1974–1976)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_premiership_(1974–1976)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Second premiership (1974–1976)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_premiership_(1974–1976)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Second premiership (1974–1976) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Second_premiership_(1974–1976)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1975_European_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1975_European_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>1975 European referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1975_European_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_economic_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_economic_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Domestic economic affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_economic_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-premiership_(1976–1995)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-premiership_(1976–1995)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Post-premiership (1976–1995)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-premiership_(1976–1995)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-premiership (1976–1995) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-premiership_(1976–1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Political style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_plots_and_conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_plots_and_conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Possible plots and conspiracy theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_plots_and_conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statues_and_other_tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statues_and_other_tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Statues and other tributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statues_and_other_tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholastic_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholastic_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Scholastic honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholastic_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2</span> <span>Biographical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.3</span> <span>Domestic policy and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.5</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Harold Wilson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="هارولد ويلسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هارولد ويلسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Vilson" title="Harold Vilson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Harold Vilson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="হ্যারল্ড উইলসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হ্যারল্ড উইলসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гаральд Вільсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гаральд Вільсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%8E%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гаральд Ўілсан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гаральд Ўілсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Харолд Уилсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Харолд Уилсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Χάρολντ Ουίλσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάρολντ Ουίλσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="هارولد ویلسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هارولد ویلسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%9F%B4%EB%93%9C_%EC%9C%8C%EC%8A%A8" title="해럴드 윌슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해럴드 윌슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Հարոլդ Վիլսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարոլդ Վիլսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="हेरोल्ड विल्सन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेरोल्ड विल्सन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="הרולד וילסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרולד וילסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гарольд Вильсон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гарольд Вильсон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haroldus_Wilson" title="Haroldus Wilson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Haroldus Wilson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harolds_Vilsons" title="Harolds Vilsons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Harolds Vilsons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Харолд Вилсон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Харолд Вилсон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="हॅरल्ड विल्सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हॅरल्ड विल्सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="هارولد ويلسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هارولد ويلسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="هارولد ویلسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هارولد ویلسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Харольд Вильсон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Харольд Вильсон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="हेरोल्ड विलसन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हेरोल्ड विलसन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ハロルド・ウィルソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハロルド・ウィルソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%DA%88_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ہیرلڈ ولسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیرلڈ ولسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هارولد وېلسن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هارولد وېلسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Вильсон, Гарольд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вильсон, Гарольд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Харолд Вилсон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Харолд Вилсон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гарольд Вильсон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гарольд Вильсон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ฮาโรลด์ วิลสัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮาโรลด์ วิลสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ҳаролд Вилсон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳаролд Вилсон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гарольд Вільсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гарольд Вільсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="哈罗德·威尔逊 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哈罗德·威尔逊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Harold Wilson" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%8B%E7%88%BE%E9%81%9C" title="韋爾遜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="韋爾遜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E9%81%9C" title="哈羅德·威爾遜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈羅德·威爾遜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q128956#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1964–1970, 1974–1976)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Harold Wilson, see <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Harold Wilson (disambiguation)">Harold Wilson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Lord Wilson of Rievaulx</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society">FSS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Gerald_Ford_and_British_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/President_Gerald_Ford_and_British_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-President_Gerald_Ford_and_British_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/President_Gerald_Ford_and_British_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-President_Gerald_Ford_and_British_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/President_Gerald_Ford_and_British_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-President_Gerald_Ford_and_British_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2612" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Wilson in 1975</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 March 1974 – 5 April 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 October 1964 – 19 June 1970</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_State" title="First Secretary of State">First Secretary</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Michael Stewart</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Barbara Castle</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Edward Heath</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Leader of the Labour Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 February 1963 – 5 April 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Edward Short</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 June 1970 – 4 March 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Edward Heath</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Edward Heath</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Edward Heath</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 February 1963 – 16 October 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a></li><li>Alec Douglas-Home</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">George Brown</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Alec Douglas-Home </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Ministerial offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 September 1947 – 23 April 1951</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hartley_Shawcross" title="Hartley Shawcross">Hartley Shawcross</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Overseas_Trade" title="Secretary for Overseas Trade">Secretary for Overseas Trade</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 July 1947 – 29 September 1947</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Clement Attlee</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Marquand" title="Hilary Marquand">Hilary Marquand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bottomley" title="Arthur Bottomley">Arthur Bottomley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Secretary_to_the_Ministry_of_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Works">Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Works</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 July 1945 – 10 July 1947</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Clement Attlee</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Tomlinson_(British_politician)" title="George Tomlinson (British politician)">George Tomlinson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Key" title="Charles Key">Charles Key</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Manningham-Buller" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Manningham-Buller">Reginald Manningham-Buller</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Durbin" title="Evan Durbin">Evan Durbin</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"><a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">Shadow cabinet</a> offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Foreign_Secretary" title="Shadow Foreign Secretary">Shadow Foreign Secretary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2 November 1961 – 14 February 1963</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Hugh Gaitskell</li><li>George Brown</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Patrick Gordon Walker</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer">Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 December 1955 – 2 November 1961</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data">Hugh Gaitskell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Hugh Gaitskell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">James Callaghan </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Parliamentary offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the House of Lords">Member of the House of Lords</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: #eee"><b><a href="/wiki/Lord_Temporal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Temporal">Lord Temporal</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">Life peerage</a></b></span><br />16 September 1983 – 24 May 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Huyton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Huyton (UK Parliament constituency)">Huyton</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 February 1950 – 13 May 1983</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Constituency established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Constituency abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Ormskirk_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ormskirk (UK Parliament constituency)">Ormskirk</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 July 1945 – 3 February 1950</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_King-Hall" title="Stephen King-Hall">Stephen King-Hall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Ronald_Cross,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Ronald Cross, 1st Baronet">Ronald Cross</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James Harold Wilson</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1916-03-11</span>)</span>11 March 1916<br /><a href="/wiki/Cowlersley" title="Cowlersley">Cowlersley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a>, West Riding of Yorkshire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 May 1995<span style="display:none">(1995-05-23)</span> (aged 79)<sup id="cite_ref-Death_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Old_Church,_St_Mary%27s" title="St Mary's Old Church, St Mary's">St Mary's Old Church, St Mary's</a>, Isles of Scilly, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wilson,_Lady_Wilson_of_Rievaulx" title="Mary Wilson, Lady Wilson of Rievaulx">Mary Wilson née Baldwin</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="1 January 1940">1940</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Robin_Wilson_(mathematician)" title="Robin Wilson (mathematician)">Robin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford" title="Jesus College, Oxford">Jesus College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style 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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: darkgrey"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#E4003B;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Premier_Wilson_gaf_persconferentie_na_bespreking_in_Den_Haag_,_Wilson_(kop),_Bestanddeelnr_920-1165_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Premier_Wilson_gaf_persconferentie_na_bespreking_in_Den_Haag_%2C_Wilson_%28kop%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-1165_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Premier_Wilson_gaf_persconferentie_na_bespreking_in_Den_Haag_%2C_Wilson_%28kop%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-1165_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Premier_Wilson_gaf_persconferentie_na_bespreking_in_Den_Haag_%2C_Wilson_%28kop%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-1165_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Premier_Wilson_gaf_persconferentie_na_bespreking_in_Den_Haag_%2C_Wilson_%28kop%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-1165_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Premier_Wilson_gaf_persconferentie_na_bespreking_in_Den_Haag_%2C_Wilson_%28kop%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-1165_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Premier_Wilson_gaf_persconferentie_na_bespreking_in_Den_Haag_%2C_Wilson_%28kop%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-1165_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1927" data-file-height="2566" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#E4003B;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Harold Wilson</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huyton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Huyton (UK Parliament constituency)">MP for Huyton</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Pre-Prime Minister</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1960 Labour Party leadership election">1960 leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1963 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1963 leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964 general election</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</div> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">First term</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1964%E2%80%931970#List_of_ministers" title="Labour government, 1964–1970">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_10/65" title="Circular 10/65">Circular 10/65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax#United_Kingdom" title="Capital gains tax">Capital gains tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_(Abolition_of_Death_Penalty)_Act_1965" title="Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965">Abolition of death penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_Day#Background" title="Decimal Day">Decimalisation announcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">1966 general election</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Second term</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1964%E2%80%931970#List_of_ministers" title="Labour government, 1964–1970">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Offences_Act_1967" title="Sexual Offences Act 1967">Decriminalisation of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_Act_1967" title="Abortion Act 1967">Abortion Act 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1968" title="Race Relations Act 1968">Race Relations Act 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_University#History" title="Open University">Open University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_Reform_Act_1969" title="Divorce Reform Act 1969">Divorce Reform Act 1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Banner" title="Operation Banner">Operation Banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970 general election</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Third and fourth terms</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">February 1974 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1974%E2%80%931979#Wilson_ministry" title="Labour government, 1974–1979">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931975_recession" title="1973–1975 recession">1973–1975 recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">October 1974 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_sterling_crisis" title="1976 sterling crisis">1976 sterling crisis</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/50px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/75px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1256" /></span></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Harold_Wilson.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_Harold_Wilson.svg/30px-Arms_of_Harold_Wilson.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_Harold_Wilson.svg/45px-Arms_of_Harold_Wilson.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Arms_of_Harold_Wilson.svg/60px-Arms_of_Harold_Wilson.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Harold_Wilson_sidebar" title="Template:Harold Wilson sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Harold_Wilson_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Harold Wilson sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harold_Wilson_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harold Wilson sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx</b> (11 March 1916 – 24 May 1995<sup id="cite_ref-Death_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a British statesman and <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> politician who twice served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>, from 1964 to 1970 and again from 1974 to 1976. He was <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Leader of the Labour Party</a> from 1963 to 1976, <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a> twice from 1963 to 1964 and again from 1970 to 1974, and a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) from <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a> to <a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983</a>. Wilson is the only Labour leader to have formed administrations following four general elections. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a>, Yorkshire, to a politically active middle-class family, Wilson studied a combined degree of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_politics_and_economics" title="Philosophy, politics and economics">philosophy, politics and economics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford" title="Jesus College, Oxford">Jesus College, Oxford</a>. He was later an <a href="/wiki/Economic_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic History">Economic History</a> lecturer at <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a>, and a research fellow at <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College, Oxford</a>. Elected to Parliament in 1945, Wilson was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Attlee_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Attlee government">Attlee government</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">Parliamentary secretary</a>; he became <a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Overseas_Trade" title="Secretary for Overseas Trade">Secretary for Overseas Trade</a> in 1947, and was elevated to the Cabinet shortly thereafter as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a>. Following Labour's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1955 United Kingdom general election">1955 election</a>, Wilson joined the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a> as <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Chancellor">Shadow Chancellor</a>, and was moved to the role of <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Foreign_Secretary" title="Shadow Foreign Secretary">Shadow Foreign Secretary</a> in 1961. When Labour leader <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a> died suddenly in January 1963, Wilson won the subsequent <a href="/wiki/1963_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1963 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">leadership election</a> to replace him, becoming Leader of the Opposition. </p><p>Wilson led Labour to a narrow victory at the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964 election</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1964%E2%80%931970" title="Labour government, 1964–1970">first period as prime minister</a> saw a period of low unemployment and economic prosperity; this was however hindered by significant problems with Britain's external <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a>. His government oversaw significant societal changes, abolishing both <a href="/wiki/Murder_(Abolition_of_Death_Penalty)_Act_1965" title="Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965">capital punishment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatres_Act_1968" title="Theatres Act 1968">theatre censorship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_Offences_Act_1967" title="Sexual Offences Act 1967">partially decriminalising male homosexuality</a> in England and Wales, relaxing the <a href="/wiki/Divorce_Reform_Act_1969" title="Divorce Reform Act 1969">divorce laws</a>, limiting immigration, outlawing <a href="/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1965" title="Race Relations Act 1965">racial discrimination</a>, and liberalising <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abortion_Act_1967" title="Abortion Act 1967">abortion law</a>. In the midst of this programme, Wilson called a <a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">snap election in 1966</a>, which Labour won with a much increased majority. His government armed Nigeria during the <a href="/wiki/Biafran_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Biafran War">Biafran War</a>. In 1969, he <a href="/wiki/Operation_Banner" title="Operation Banner">sent British troops to Northern Ireland</a>. After losing the <a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970 election</a> to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a>, Wilson chose to remain in the Labour leadership, and resumed the role of Leader of the Opposition for four years before leading Labour through the <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">February 1974 election</a>, which resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>. Wilson was appointed prime minister <a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1974%E2%80%931979" title="Labour government, 1974–1979">for a second time</a>; he called a <a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">snap election</a> in October 1974, which gave Labour a small majority. During his second term as prime minister, Wilson oversaw the <a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">referendum</a> that confirmed the UK's membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>. </p><p>In March 1976, Wilson suddenly announced his resignation as prime minister. He remained in the House of Commons until retiring in 1983 when he was elevated to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> as Lord Wilson of Rievaulx. While seen by admirers as leading the Labour Party through difficult political issues with considerable skill, Wilson's reputation was low when he left office and is still disputed in historiography. Some scholars praise his unprecedented electoral success for a Labour prime minister and holistic approach to governance,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others criticise his political style and handling of economic issues.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several key issues which he faced while prime minister included the role of public ownership, whether Britain should seek the membership of the European Communities, and British involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-19950525_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-19950525-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His stated ambitions of substantially improving Britain's long-term economic performance, applying technology more democratically, and reducing inequality were to some extent unfulfilled.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson was born at Warneford Road, <a href="/wiki/Cowlersley" title="Cowlersley">Cowlersley</a>, in the western suburbs of the mill town of <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a>, England, on 11 March 1916. He came from a political family: his father James Herbert Wilson was a works chemist who had been active in the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>, serving as <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s deputy election agent in a 1908 by-election, but later joined the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. His mother Ethel (<i>née</i> Seddon) was a schoolteacher before her marriage; in 1901 her brother <a href="/wiki/Harold_Seddon" title="Harold Seddon">Harold Seddon</a> settled in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> and became the 8th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Western_Australian_Legislative_Council" title="President of the Western Australian Legislative Council">President of the Western Australian Legislative Council</a> in 1946. When Wilson was eight, he visited London and a much-reproduced photograph was taken of him standing on the doorstep of <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a>. At the age of ten, he went with his family to Australia, where he became fascinated with the pomp and glamour of politics. On the way home, he told his mother, "I am going to be prime minister."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson won a scholarship to attend <a href="/wiki/Royds_Hall_Grammar_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Royds Hall Grammar School">Royds Hall Grammar School</a>, his local grammar school (now a comprehensive school) in <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a>, Yorkshire.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, working as an industrial chemist, was made redundant in December 1930, and it took him nearly two years to find work; he moved to <a href="/wiki/Spital,_Merseyside" title="Spital, Merseyside">Spital</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula" title="Wirral Peninsula">Wirral Peninsula</a>, to do so. Wilson continued his education in the Sixth Form at the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Grammar_School_for_Boys" title="Wirral Grammar School for Boys">Wirral Grammar School for Boys</a>, where he became <a href="/wiki/Head_Boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Head Boy">Head Boy</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilson_banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wilson_banner.jpg/170px-Wilson_banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wilson_banner.jpg/255px-Wilson_banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wilson_banner.jpg/340px-Wilson_banner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Garter</a> banner of Harold Wilson in the chapel at <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford" title="Jesus College, Oxford">Jesus College, Oxford</a>, where he studied PPE</figcaption></figure> <p>Wilson did well at school and, although he missed getting a scholarship, he obtained an <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_(scholarship)" title="Exhibition (scholarship)">exhibition</a>; this, when topped up by a county grant, enabled him to study at <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford" title="Jesus College, Oxford">Jesus College, Oxford</a>, from 1934. At Oxford, Wilson was moderately active in politics as a member of the Liberal Party but was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a>. His politics tutor, <a href="/wiki/R._B._McCallum" title="R. B. McCallum">R. B. McCallum</a>, considered Wilson to be the best student he ever had.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated in PPE (<a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_politics_and_economics" title="Philosophy, politics and economics">philosophy, politics and economics</a>) with "an outstanding first class Bachelor of Arts degree, with alphas on every paper" in the final examinations, and a series of major academic awards.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>Academically his results put him among prime ministers in the category of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gladstone">Gladstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asquith" class="mw-redirect" title="Asquith">Asquith</a>, and no one else. But...he lacked originality. What he was superb at was the quick assimilation of knowledge, combined with an ability to keep it ordered in his mind and to present it lucidly in a form welcome to his examiners.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He continued in academia, becoming one of the youngest Oxford dons of the century at the age of 21. He was a lecturer in <a href="/wiki/Economic_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic History">Economic History</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College</a> from 1937, and a research <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_service">War service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: War service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Wilson volunteered for military service, but was classed as a specialist and moved into the civil service instead. For much of this time, he was a research assistant to <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a>, the Master of University College, working on the issues of unemployment and the trade cycle. Wilson later became a statistician and economist for the coal industry. He was Director of Economics and Statistics at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Fuel_and_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Fuel and Power">Ministry of Fuel and Power</a> in 1943–44 and was made an <a href="/wiki/OBE" class="mw-redirect" title="OBE">OBE</a> for his services.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was to remain passionately interested in statistics, becoming a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society" title="Royal Statistical Society">Royal Statistical Society</a> in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a>, he was the driving force behind the Statistics of Trade Act 1947, which is still the authority governing most economic statistics in <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">Britain</a>. He was instrumental as prime minister in appointing <a href="/wiki/Claus_Moser" class="mw-redirect" title="Claus Moser">Claus Moser</a> as head of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistical_Office,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Statistical Office, UK">Central Statistical Office</a>, and was president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society" title="Royal Statistical Society">Royal Statistical Society</a> between 1972 and 1973.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Member_of_Parliament_(1945–1947)"><span id="Member_of_Parliament_.281945.E2.80.931947.29"></span>Member of Parliament (1945–1947)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Member of Parliament (1945–1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the war drew to an end, he searched for a seat to contest at the impending general election. He was selected for the constituency of <a href="/wiki/Ormskirk_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ormskirk (UK Parliament constituency)">Ormskirk</a>, then held by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King-Hall" title="Stephen King-Hall">Stephen King-Hall</a>. Wilson agreed to be adopted as the candidate immediately rather than delay until the election was called, and was therefore compelled to resign from his position in the Civil Service. He served as <a href="/wiki/Praelector" title="Praelector">Praelector</a> in Economics at University College between his resignation and his election to the House of Commons. He also used this time to write <i>A New Deal for Coal</i>, which used his wartime experience to argue for the nationalisation of the coal mines on the grounds of the improved efficiency he predicted would ensue. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945 general election</a>, Wilson won his seat in the Labour landslide. To his surprise, he was immediately appointed to the government by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> as <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Secretary">Parliamentary Secretary</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Works (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Works</a>. Two years later, he became <a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Overseas_Trade" title="Secretary for Overseas Trade">Secretary for Overseas Trade</a>, in which capacity he made several official trips to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to negotiate supply contracts. </p><p>The boundaries of his Ormskirk constituency were significantly altered before the <a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">general election of 1950</a>. He stood instead for the new seat of <a href="/wiki/Huyton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Huyton (UK Parliament constituency)">Huyton</a> near Liverpool, and was narrowly elected; he served there for 33 years until 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cabinet_minister,_1947–1951"><span id="Cabinet_minister.2C_1947.E2.80.931951"></span>Cabinet minister, 1947–1951</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cabinet minister, 1947–1951"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bonfire_of_controls">Bonfire of controls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bonfire of controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson was appointed <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a> on 29 September 1947, becoming, at the age of 31, the youngest member of a British Cabinet in the 20th century. Initially Wilson favoured a more interventionist policy, seeking requirements for government officials to be seated on private <a href="/wiki/Boards_of_directors" class="mw-redirect" title="Boards of directors">boards of directors</a>, further <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private industries</a> which opposed government policy. However, he abandoned these plans after his colleagues disagreed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made it a priority to reduce <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">wartime rationing</a>, which he referred to as a "bonfire of controls".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson decided that the massive number of wartime controls was slowing the conversion to peacetime prosperity and he was committed to removing them as fast as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ended rationing of potatoes, bread and jam, as well as shoes and some other clothing controls. </p><p>In November 1948 Wilson announced his Board of Trade had removed the need for over 200,000 licences and permits. By March 1949 he promised to remove the need for another 900,000, although meat remained in short supply and was still rationed, as was petrol.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry Irvine argues that Wilson's success with the bonfire of controls established his reputation as a modernizing specialist, with both the general public and the political elite. Irving also argues that the selection timing and especially the publicity Wilson devoted to the bonfire represented the emerging skills of a brilliant young politician. While each major bonfire was justified in terms of technical economic advantages, it was selected and publicised widely to reach the largest possible audience so that everybody could understand that their bread and jam became free again.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_ambitious_young_men">Three ambitious young men</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Three ambitious young men"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mid-1949, with Chancellor of the Exchequer <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a> having gone to Switzerland in an attempt to recover his health, Wilson was one of a group of three young ministers, all of them former economics dons and wartime civil servants, convened to advise Prime Minister Attlee on financial matters. The others were <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Jay" title="Douglas Jay">Douglas Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Economic_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Economic Secretary to the Treasury">Economic Secretary to the Treasury</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Fuel_and_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Fuel and Power">Minister of Fuel and Power</a>), both of whom soon grew to distrust him. Jay wrote of Wilson's role in the debates over whether or not to devalue sterling that "he changed sides three times within eight days and finished up facing both ways". Wilson was given the task during his Swiss holiday of taking a letter to Cripps informing him of the decision to devalue, to which Cripps had been opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson had tarnished his reputation in both political and official circles.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a successful minister, he was regarded as self-important. He was not seriously considered for the job of Chancellor when Cripps stepped down in October 1950—it was given to Gaitskell—possibly in part because of his cautious role during devaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson was becoming known in the Labour Party as a left-winger, and joined <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Freeman_(British_politician)" title="John Freeman (British politician)">John Freeman</a> in resigning from the government in April 1951 in protest at the introduction of <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> (NHS) medical charges to meet the financial demands imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. At this time, Wilson was not yet regarded as a heavyweight politician: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Hugh Dalton</a> referred to him scornfully as "Nye [Bevan]'s dog".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Labour lost the <a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951 election</a>, he became the Chairman of Keep Left, Bevan's political group. At the bitter Morecambe Conference in late 1952, Wilson was one of the <a href="/wiki/Bevanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Bevanites">Bevanites</a> elected as constituency representatives to Labour's <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Executive Committee of the Labour Party">National Executive Committee</a> (NEC), whilst senior right-wingers such as Dalton and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Herbert Morrison</a> were voted off.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Opposition_(1951–1964)"><span id="In_Opposition_.281951.E2.80.931964.29"></span>In Opposition (1951–1964)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In Opposition (1951–1964)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shadow_Cabinet,_1954–1963"><span id="Shadow_Cabinet.2C_1954.E2.80.931963"></span>Shadow Cabinet, 1954–1963</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shadow Cabinet, 1954–1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Wilson_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Harold_Wilson_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Harold_Wilson_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Harold_Wilson_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Harold_Wilson_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Harold_Wilson_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Harold_Wilson_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Wilson in 1962</figcaption></figure> <p>Wilson had never made much secret that his support of the left-wing Aneurin Bevan was opportunistic. In early 1954, Bevan resigned from the <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Cabinet (UK)">Shadow Cabinet</a> (elected by Labour MPs when the party was in opposition) over Labour's support for the setting-up of the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">Southeast Asia Treaty Organization</a> (SEATO). Wilson, who had been runner-up in the elections, stepped up to fill the vacant place. He was supported in this by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Richard Crossman</a>, but his actions angered Bevan and the other Bevanites.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson's course in intra-party matters in the 1950s and early 1960s left him neither fully accepted nor trusted by the left or the right in the Labour Party. Despite his earlier association with Bevan, in <a href="/wiki/1955_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1955 Labour Party leadership election">1955</a> he backed <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a>, the right-wing candidate in internal Labour Party terms, against Bevan for the <a href="/wiki/1955_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1955 Labour Party leadership election">party leadership election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaitskell appointed him <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer">Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> in 1955, and he proved to be very effective.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his procedural moves caused a substantial delay to the progress of the Government's <a href="/wiki/Finance_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Bill">Finance Bill</a> in 1955, and his speeches as Shadow Chancellor from 1956 were widely praised for their clarity and wit. He coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Gnomes_of_Zurich" title="Gnomes of Zurich">Gnomes of Zurich</a>" to ridicule <a href="/wiki/Swiss_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss bank">Swiss bankers</a> for selling Britain short and pushing the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> down by speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He conducted an inquiry into the Labour Party's organisation following its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1955 United Kingdom general election">1955 general election</a>; its report compared Labour's organisation to an antiquated "<a href="/wiki/Penny_farthing" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny farthing">penny farthing</a>" bicycle, and made various recommendations for improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusually, Wilson combined the job of Chairman of the House of Commons' <a href="/wiki/Public_Accounts_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public Accounts Committee (United Kingdom)">Public Accounts Committee</a> with that of Shadow Chancellor from 1959, holding that position until 1963.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Gaitskell's leadership was weakened after the Labour Party's <a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959 defeat</a>, his controversial attempt to ditch Labour's commitment to nationalisation by scrapping <a href="/wiki/Clause_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Clause Four">Clause Four</a>, and his defeat at the 1960 Party Conference over a motion supporting <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_nuclear_disarmament" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilateral nuclear disarmament">unilateral nuclear disarmament</a>. Bevan had died in July 1960, so Wilson established himself as a leader of the Labour left by launching an opportunistic but unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/1960_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1960 Labour Party leadership election">challenge to Gaitskell's leadership in November 1960</a>. Wilson would later be moved to the position of <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Foreign_Secretary" title="Shadow Foreign Secretary">Shadow Foreign Secretary</a> in 1961, before he challenged for the deputy leadership in 1962 but was defeated by <a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_Leader,_1963–64"><span id="Opposition_Leader.2C_1963.E2.80.9364"></span>Opposition Leader, 1963–64</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Opposition Leader, 1963–64"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Shadow_Cabinet_of_Harold_Wilson" title="First Shadow Cabinet of Harold Wilson">First Shadow Cabinet of Harold Wilson</a></div> <p>Gaitskell died in January 1963, just as the Labour Party had begun to unite and appeared to have a very good chance of winning the next election, with the <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan Government</a> running into trouble. Timothy Heppell has explored how Wilson won the <a href="/wiki/1963_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1963 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">Labour Party leadership election</a>. Wilson had alienated the right wing of the party by his angry attempts to defeat Gaitskell in <a href="/wiki/1960_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1960 Labour Party leadership election">1960</a> for the leadership, and George Brown in <a href="/wiki/1962_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1962 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1962</a> for the deputy leadership. These misadventures gave Wilson a reputation for disloyalty and divisiveness. Heppell identifies three factors whereby Wilson overcame these disadvantages. Firstly, he had united the party's left wing behind him and they showed no willingness to compromise. Secondly, the right wing, although more numerous, was deeply split between Brown and <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>. Wilson took the lead on the first ballot and gained momentum on the second. Finally, Brown proved a poor campaigner, emphasizing divisive factors rather than his own credentials, allowing Wilson to emerge, surprisingly, as the unity candidate, thus becoming the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Leader of the Labour Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the party's 1963 annual conference, Wilson made his best-remembered speech, on the implications of scientific and technological change. He argued that "the Britain that is going to be forged in the white heat of this revolution will be no place for restrictive practices or for outdated measures on either side of industry". This speech did much to set Wilson's reputation as a technocrat not tied to the prevailing class system.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Labour's <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964 election campaign</a> was aided by the <a href="/wiki/Profumo_affair" title="Profumo affair">Profumo affair</a>, a ministerial sex scandal that had mortally wounded <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> and hurt the Conservatives. Wilson made capital without getting involved in the less salubrious aspects. (Asked for a statement on the scandal, he reportedly said "No comment ... in glorious <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a>!").<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a> was an <a href="/wiki/British_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="British aristocracy">aristocrat</a> who had given up his <a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">peerage</a> to sit in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> and become prime minister upon Macmillan's resignation. To Wilson's comment that he was out of touch with ordinary people since he was the 14th <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Home" title="Earl of Home">Earl of Home</a>, Home retorted, "I suppose Mr. Wilson is the fourteenth Mr. Wilson".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_premiership_(1964–1970)"><span id="First_premiership_.281964.E2.80.931970.29"></span>First premiership (1964–1970)<span class="anchor" id="First_premiership"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First premiership (1964–1970)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment">Appointment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Appointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Labour won the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964 general election</a> with a narrow majority of four seats, and Wilson became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister</a>, at 48 the youngest person to hold that office since <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rosebery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rosebery">Lord Rosebery</a> 70 years earlier. During 1965, by-election losses reduced the government's majority to a single seat; but in <a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">March 1966</a> Wilson took the gamble of calling another general election. The gamble paid off, because this time Labour achieved a 96-seat majority<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over the Conservatives, who the previous year had made <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> their leader. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_affairs">Domestic affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Domestic affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1964–1970 Labour government carried out a broad range of reforms during its time in office, in such areas as social security,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> civil liberties,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> housing,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> health,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> education,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and worker's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is perhaps best remembered for the liberal social reforms introduced or supported by <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a>. Notable amongst these was the partial decriminalisation of <a href="/wiki/Male_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Male homosexuality">male homosexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abortion in the United Kingdom">abortion</a>, reform of divorce laws, the abolition of theatre censorship and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Capital punishment in the United Kingdom">capital punishment</a> (except for a small number of offences — notably <a href="/wiki/High_treason_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High treason in the United Kingdom">high treason</a>) and various pieces of legislation addressing <a href="/wiki/Race_relations" title="Race relations">race relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorpe64702001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His government also undertook the easing of <a href="/wiki/Means_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Means testing">means testing</a> for non-contributory welfare benefits, the linking of pensions to earnings, and the provision of industrial-injury benefits. Wilson's government also made significant reforms to <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">education</a>, most notably the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive education">comprehensive education</a> and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorpe64702001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_policies">Economic policies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economic policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson's government put faith in <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic planning</a> as a way to solve Britain's economic problems. The government's strategy involved setting up a <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Economic_Affairs" title="Secretary of State for Economic Affairs">Department of Economic Affairs</a> (DEA) which would draw up a National Plan which was intended to promote growth and investment. Wilson believed that scientific progress was the key to economic and social advancement, as such he famously referred to the "white heat of technology", in reference to the modernisation of British industry. This was to be achieved through a new <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Technology" title="Ministry of Technology">Ministry of Technology</a> (shortened to "Mintech") which would coordinate research and development and support the swift adoption of new technology by industry, aided by government-funded infrastructure improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorpe64702001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, however, events derailed much of the initial optimism. Upon coming to power, the government was informed that they had inherited an exceptionally large deficit of £800 million on Britain's <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">balance of trade</a>. This partly reflected the preceding government's expansive fiscal policy in the run-up to the 1964 election. Immediately the pound came under enormous pressure, and many economists advocated <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation</a> of the pound in response, but Wilson resisted, reportedly in part out of concern that Labour, which had previously devalued sterling in 1949, would become tagged as "the party of devaluation". Wilson also believed that a devaluation would disproportionately harm low-income Britons with savings and poorer <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> countries in the <a href="/wiki/Sterling_area" title="Sterling area">sterling area</a>. The government instead opted to deal with the problem by imposing a temporary surcharge on imports, and a series of deflationary measures designed to reduce demand and therefore the inflow of imports.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the latter half of 1967, an attempt was made to prevent the recession in activity from going too far in the form of a stimulus to consumer durable spending through an easing of credit, which in turn prevented a rise in unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-inequality_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inequality-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a costly battle, market pressures forced the government to devalue the pound by 14% from $2.80 to $2.40 in November 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorpe64702001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson was much criticised for a broadcast soon after in which he assured listeners that the "pound in your pocket" had not lost its value.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic performance did show some improvement after the devaluation, as economists had predicted. The devaluation, with accompanying austerity measures which ensured resources went into exports rather than domestic consumption, successfully restored the trade balance to surplus by 1969. In retrospect Wilson has been widely criticised for not devaluing earlier, however, he believed there were strong arguments against it, including the fear that it would set off a round of competitive devaluations, and concern about the impact price rises following a devaluation would have on people on low incomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorpe64702001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government's decision over its first three years to defend sterling's parity with traditional deflationary measures ran counter to hopes for an expansionist push for growth. The National Plan produced by the DEA in 1965 targeted an annual growth rate of 3.8%, however, under the restrained circumstances the actual average rate of growth between 1964 and 1970 was a far more modest 2.2%. The DEA itself was wound up in 1969. The government's other main initiative Mintech did have some success at switching research and development spending from military to civilian purposes, and of achieving increases in industrial productivity, although persuading industry to adopt new technology proved more difficult than had been hoped.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorpe64702001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faith in indicative planning as a pathway to growth,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> embodied in the DEA and Mintech, was at the time by no means confined to the Labour Party. Wilson built on foundations that had been laid by his Conservative predecessors, in the shape, for example, of the <a href="/wiki/National_Economic_Development_Council" title="National Economic Development Council">National Economic Development Council</a> (known as "Neddy") and its regional counterparts (the "little Neddies").<sup id="cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorpe64702001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government intervention in industry was greatly enhanced, with the National Economic Development Office greatly strengthened and the number of "little Neddies" was increased, from eight in 1964 to twenty-one in 1970. The government's policy of selective economic intervention was later characterised by the establishment of a new super-ministry of technology, a connexion not always publicly grasped, under <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The continued relevance of industrial <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> (a centrepiece of the post-War Labour government's programme) had been a key point of contention in Labour's internal struggles of the 1950s and early 1960s. Wilson's predecessor as leader, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a>, had tried in 1960 to tackle the controversy head-on, with a proposal to expunge <a href="/wiki/Clause_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Clause Four">Clause Four</a> (the public ownership clause) from the party's constitution, but had been forced to climb down. Wilson took a characteristically more subtle approach: No significant expansion of public ownership took place under Wilson's government, however, he placated the party's left-wing by renationalising the steel industry under the <a href="/wiki/Iron_and_Steel_Act_1967" title="Iron and Steel Act 1967">Iron and Steel Act 1967</a> (which had been denationalised by the Conservatives in the 1950s) creating the <a href="/wiki/British_Steel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Steel Corporation">British Steel Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorpe64702001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One innovation of the Wilson government was the creation in 1968 of the <a href="/wiki/Girobank" title="Girobank">Girobank</a>, a publicly owned bank which operated via the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">General Post Office</a> network: As most working-class people in the 1960s did not have bank accounts, this was designed to serve their needs, as such it was billed as the "people's bank".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Girobank was a long-term success, surviving until 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson's government presided over a rate of <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">unemployment</a> which was low by historic (and later) standards but did rise during his period in office. Between 1964 and 1966 the average rate of unemployment was 1.6%, while between 1966 and 1970 the average stood at 2.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorpe64702001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had entered power at a time when unemployment stood at around 400,000. It still stood at 371,000 by early 1966 after a steady fall during 1965, but by March 1967 it stood at 631,000. It fell again towards the end of the decade, standing at 582,000 by the time of the general election in June 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the economic difficulties faced by Wilson's government, it was able to achieve important advances in several domestic policy areas. As reflected by Wilson in 1971: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was a government which faced disappointment after disappointment and none greater than the economic restraints in our ability to carry through the social revolution to which we were committed at the speed we would have wished. Yet, despite those restraints and the need to transfer resources from domestic expenditure, private and public, to the needs of our export markets, we carried through an expansion in the social services, health, welfare and housing, unparalleled in our history.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Social issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1964%E2%80%931970#Social_issues" title="Labour government, 1964–1970">Labour government, 1964–1970 § Social issues</a></div> <p>Several liberalising social reforms were passed through parliament during Wilson's first period in government. These dealt with the death penalty, homosexual acts, abortion, <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">censorship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">voting age</a>. There were new restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">immigration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson personally, coming culturally from a provincial non-conformist background, showed no particular enthusiasm for much of this agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education_2">Education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1964%E2%80%931970#Education" title="Labour government, 1964–1970">Labour government, 1964–1970 § Education</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Higher education</a> held special significance for a Labourite of Wilson's generation, given its role in both opening up opportunities for ambitious youth from working-class backgrounds and enabling Britain to seize the potential benefits of scientific advances. Under the first Wilson government, for the first time in British history, more money was allocated to education than to defence.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson continued the rapid creation of new universities, in line with the recommendations of the <a href="/wiki/Robbins_Report" title="Robbins Report">Robbins Report</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship (UK)">bipartisan</a> policy already in train when Labour took power. </p><p>Wilson promoted the concept of an <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>, to give adults who had missed out on tertiary education a second chance through <a href="/wiki/Part-time_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Part-time study">part-time study</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distance_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance learning">distance learning</a>. His political commitment included assigning implementation responsibility to <a href="/wiki/Jennie_Lee,_Baroness_Lee_of_Asheridge" title="Jennie Lee, Baroness Lee of Asheridge">Baroness Lee</a>, the widow of <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ponting_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ponting-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1981, 45,000 students had received degrees through the Open University.<sup id="cite_ref-ponting_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ponting-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Money was also channelled into local-authority run colleges of education.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson's record on <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary education in the United Kingdom">secondary education</a> was motivated by growing pressure for the abolition of the selective principle underlying the "<a href="/wiki/Eleven-plus" title="Eleven-plus">eleven-plus</a>", and replacement with Comprehensive schools which would serve the full range of children (see the article '<a href="/wiki/Grammar_schools_debate" title="Grammar schools debate">grammar schools debate</a>'). Comprehensive education became Labour Party policy. From 1966 to 1970, the proportion of children in comprehensive schools increased from about 10% to over 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Labour pressed local authorities to convert grammar schools into comprehensives. Conversion continued on a large scale during the subsequent Conservative <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a> administration, although the Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, ended the compulsion of local governments to convert. </p><p>Wilson's first government reluctantly decided it could not fulfil its long-held promise to raise the school leaving age to 16, because of the investment required in infrastructure, such as tens of thousands of new classrooms and teachers. </p><p>Overall, public expenditure on education rose as a proportion of GNP from 4.8% in 1964 to 5.9% in 1968, and the number of teachers in training increased by more than a third between 1964 and 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The percentage of students staying on at school after the age of sixteen increased similarly, and the student population increased by over 10% each year. Pupil-teacher ratios were also steadily reduced. As a result of the first Wilson government's educational policies, opportunities for the working-class were improved; overall access to education in 1970 was broader than in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-socialists1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socialists1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As summarised by Brian Lapping, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The years 1964–70 were largely taken up with creating extra places in universities, polytechnics, technical colleges, colleges of education: preparing for the day when a new Act would make it the right of a student, on leaving school, to have a place in an institution of further education.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1966, Wilson was created the first <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a> of the newly created <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bradford" title="University of Bradford">University of Bradford</a>, a position he held until 1985.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Housing">Housing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1964%E2%80%931970#Housing" title="Labour government, 1964–1970">Labour government, 1964–1970 § Housing</a></div> <p>Housing was a major policy area under the first Wilson government. During Wilson's time in office from 1964 to 1970, more new houses were built than in the last six years of the previous Conservative government. The proportion of <a href="/wiki/Council_house" title="Council house">council housing</a> rose from 42% to 50% of the total,<sup id="cite_ref-shorthistory_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shorthistory-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the number of council homes built increased steadily, from 119,000 in 1964 to 133,000 in 1965 and 142,000 in 1966. Allowing for demolitions, 1.3 million new homes were built between 1965 and 1970,<sup id="cite_ref-ponting_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ponting-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To encourage homeownership, the government introduced the Option Mortgage Scheme (1968), which made low-income housebuyers eligible for subsidies (equivalent to tax relief on mortgage interest payments).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This scheme had the effect of reducing housing costs for buyers on low incomes<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and enabling more people to become owner-occupiers.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, house owners were exempted from capital gains tax. Together with the Option Mortgage Scheme, this measure stimulated the private housing market.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson in a 1967 speech said: ''..the grime and muddle and decay of our Victorian heritage is being replaced. The new city centres with their university precincts, their light, clean and well-spaced civic buildings, will not merely brighten the physical environment of our people, they will change the very quality of urban life in Britain.''<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant emphasis was also placed on town planning, with new conservation areas introduced and a new generation of new towns built, notably <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a>. The New Towns Acts of 1965 and 1968 together gave the government the authority (through its ministries) to designate any area of land as a site for a <a href="/wiki/New_town" class="mw-redirect" title="New town">new town</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-byrne1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byrne1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urban_renewal">Urban renewal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Urban renewal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1964%E2%80%931970#Urban_renewal" title="Labour government, 1964–1970">Labour government, 1964–1970 § Urban renewal</a></div> <p>Many subsidies were allocated to local authorities faced with acute areas of <a href="/wiki/Severe_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe poverty">severe poverty</a> (or other social problems).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Housing_Act_1969" title="Housing Act 1969">Housing Act 1969</a> provided local authorities with the duty of working out what to do about 'unsatisfactory areas'. Local authorities could declare 'general improvement areas' in which they would be able to buy up land and houses and spend environmental improvement grants. On the same basis, taking geographical areas of need, a package was developed by the government which resembled a miniature poverty programme.<sup id="cite_ref-cook_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cook-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1967, the government decided to pour money into what the Plowden Committee defined as Educational Priority Areas, poverty-stricken areas where children were environmentally deprived. Some poor inner-city areas were subsequently granted EPA status (despite concerns that Local Education Authorities would be unable to finance Educational Priority Areas).<sup id="cite_ref-taylor_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1968 to 1970, 150 new schools were built under the educational priority programme.<sup id="cite_ref-inequality_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inequality-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_Services_and_welfare">Social Services and welfare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Social Services and welfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1964%E2%80%931970#Social_Services_and_welfare" title="Labour government, 1964–1970">Labour government, 1964–1970 § Social Services and welfare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:This_is_a_photograph_of_Harold_Wilson_visiting_an_Retirement_Home_in_Washington,_UK._The_photograph_was_taken_at_some_point_in_the_late_1960%27s._(9713931559).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/This_is_a_photograph_of_Harold_Wilson_visiting_an_Retirement_Home_in_Washington%2C_UK._The_photograph_was_taken_at_some_point_in_the_late_1960%27s._%289713931559%29.jpg/170px-This_is_a_photograph_of_Harold_Wilson_visiting_an_Retirement_Home_in_Washington%2C_UK._The_photograph_was_taken_at_some_point_in_the_late_1960%27s._%289713931559%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/This_is_a_photograph_of_Harold_Wilson_visiting_an_Retirement_Home_in_Washington%2C_UK._The_photograph_was_taken_at_some_point_in_the_late_1960%27s._%289713931559%29.jpg/255px-This_is_a_photograph_of_Harold_Wilson_visiting_an_Retirement_Home_in_Washington%2C_UK._The_photograph_was_taken_at_some_point_in_the_late_1960%27s._%289713931559%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/This_is_a_photograph_of_Harold_Wilson_visiting_an_Retirement_Home_in_Washington%2C_UK._The_photograph_was_taken_at_some_point_in_the_late_1960%27s._%289713931559%29.jpg/340px-This_is_a_photograph_of_Harold_Wilson_visiting_an_Retirement_Home_in_Washington%2C_UK._The_photograph_was_taken_at_some_point_in_the_late_1960%27s._%289713931559%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="1727" /></a><figcaption>Wilson on a visit to a retirement home in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_County_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, County Durham">Washington, County Durham</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Tony_Atkinson" title="Tony Atkinson">Tony Atkinson</a>, social security received much more attention from the first Wilson government than it did during the previous thirteen years of Conservative government.<sup id="cite_ref-inequality_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inequality-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following its victory in the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964 general election</a>, Wilson's government began to increase social benefits. <a href="/wiki/Prescription_charges" title="Prescription charges">Prescription charges</a> for medicines were abolished immediately,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while pensions were raised to a record 21% of average male industrial wages. In 1966, the system of <a href="/wiki/National_Assistance" title="National Assistance">National Assistance</a> (a social assistance scheme for the poor) was overhauled and renamed <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Benefit" title="Supplementary Benefit">Supplementary Benefit</a>. Before the 1966 election, the <a href="/wiki/Widow%27s_pension" title="Widow's pension">widow's pension</a> was tripled. Due to austerity measures following an economic crisis, prescription charges were re-introduced in 1968 as an alternative to cutting the hospital building programme, although those sections of the population who were most in need (including supplementary benefit claimants, the long-term sick, children, and pensioners) were exempted from charges.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The widow's earning rule was also abolished,<sup id="cite_ref-ponting_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ponting-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a range of new social benefits was introduced. An Act was passed which replaced National Assistance with <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Benefit" title="Supplementary Benefit">Supplementary Benefits</a>. The new Act laid down that people who satisfied its conditions were entitled to these noncontributory benefits. The means test was replaced with a statement of income, and benefit rates for pensioners (the great majority of claimants) were increased, granting them a real gain in income. Unlike the National Assistance scheme, which operated on a discretionary basis, the new Supplementary Benefits scheme was a right of every citizen who found himself or herself in severe difficulties. Those persons over the retirement age with no means who were considered to be unable to live on the basic pension (which provided less than what the government deemed as necessary for subsistence) became entitled to a "long-term" allowance of an extra few shillings a week. Some simplification of the procedure for claiming benefits was also introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1966, an exceptionally severe disablement allowance was added, "for those claimants receiving constant attendance allowance which was paid to those with the higher or intermediate rates of constant attendance allowance and who were exceptionally severely disabled."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Redundancy payments were introduced in 1965 to lessen the impact of unemployment, and earnings-related benefits for maternity,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unemployment, sickness, industrial injuries and widowhood were introduced in 1966, followed by the replacement of flat-rate family allowances with an earnings-related scheme in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-cook_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cook-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From July 1966 onwards, the temporary allowance for widows of severely disabled pensioners was extended from 13 to 26 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increases were made in pensions and other benefits during Wilson's first year in office that were the largest ever real term increases carried out up until that point.<sup id="cite_ref-Timmins_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timmins-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social security benefits were markedly increased during Wilson's first two years in office, as characterised by a budget passed in the final quarter of 1964 which raised the standard benefit rates for old age, sickness and invalidity by 18.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-Taxation_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taxation-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, the government increased the national assistance rate to a higher level relative to earnings, and via annual adjustments, broadly maintained the rate at between 19% and 20% of gross industrial earnings until the start of 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-inequality_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inequality-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through a series of ad hoc annual upratings, as noted by one study, Wilson's government "generally maintained the value of benefits in relation to earnings".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the five years from 1964 up until the last increases made by the First Wilson Government, pensions went up by 23% in real terms, supplementary benefits by 26% in real terms, and sickness and unemployment benefits by 153% in real terms (largely as a result of the introduction of earnings-related benefits in 1967).<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the First Wilson Government, subsidies for farmers were increased.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crossman_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossman-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmers who wished to leave the land or retire became eligible for grants or annuities if their holdings were sold for approved amalgamations, and could receive those benefits whether they wished to remain in their farmhouses or not. A Small Farmers Scheme was also extended, and from 1 December 1965, forty thousand more farmers became eligible for the maximum £1,000 grant. New grants to agriculture also encouraged the voluntary pooling of smallholdings, and in cases where their land was purchased for non-commercial purposes, tenant-farmers could now receive double the previous "disturbance compensation".<sup id="cite_ref-Labour_1968_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labour_1968-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Hill Land Improvement Scheme, introduced by the Agriculture Act 1967, provided 50% grants for a wide range of land improvements, along with a supplementary 10% grant on drainage works benefitting hill land.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Agriculture Act 1967 also provided grants to promote farm amalgamation and to compensate outgoers.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Health">Health</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The proportion of GNP spent on the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> rose from 4.2% in 1964 to about 5% in 1969. This additional expenditure provided for an energetic revival of a policy of building health centres for <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practitioners</a>, extra pay for doctors who served in areas particularly short of them, significant growth in hospital staffing, and a significant increase in a hospital building programme. Far more money was spent each year on the NHS than under the 1951–64 Conservative governments, while much more effort was put into modernising and reorganising the health service.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stronger central and regional organisations were established for bulk purchase of hospital supplies, while some efforts were made to reduce inequalities in standards of care. In addition, the government increased the intake to medical schools.<sup id="cite_ref-inequality_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inequality-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1966_Doctor%27s_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 Doctor's Charter">1966 Doctor's Charter</a> introduced allowances for rent and ancillary staff, significantly increased the pay scales, and changed the structure of payments to reflect "both qualifications of doctors and the form of their practices, i.e. group practice". These changes not only led to higher morale, but also resulted in the increased use of ancillary staff and nursing attachments, growth in the number of health centres and group practices, and a boost in the modernisation of practices in terms of equipment, appointment systems, and buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-byrne1_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byrne1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charter introduced a new system of payment for GPs, with refunds for surgery, rents, and rates, to ensure that the costs of improving his surgery did not diminish the doctor's income, together with allowances for the greater part of ancillary staff costs. In addition, a Royal Commission on medical education was set up, partly to draw up ideas for training GPs (since these doctors, the largest group of all doctors in the country, had previously not received any special training, "merely being those who, at the end of their pre-doctoral courses, did not go on for further training in any speciality").<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, local authorities were empowered to provide free <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> advice and <a href="/wiki/Means-tested" class="mw-redirect" title="Means-tested">means-tested</a> <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive devices">contraceptive devices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Medical education in the United Kingdom">medical training</a> was expanded following the Todd Report on medical education in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-byrne1_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byrne1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, National Health expenditure rose from 4.2% of GNP in 1964 to 5% in 1969 and spending on hospital construction doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-shorthistory_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shorthistory-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Health Services and Public Health Act 1968 empowered local authorities to maintain workshops for the elderly either directly or via the agency of a voluntary body. A <a href="/wiki/Health_Advisory_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Advisory Service">Health Advisory Service</a> was later established to investigate and confront the problems of long-term psychiatric and mentally subnormal hospitals in the wave of <a href="/wiki/Ely_Hospital" title="Ely Hospital">numerous scandals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-byrne1_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byrne1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean Air Act 1968">Clean Air Act 1968</a> extended powers to combat <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air pollution in the United Kingdom">air pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Longman_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longman-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More money was also allocated to hospitals treating the mentally ill.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a Sports Council was set up to improve facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct government expenditure on sports more than doubled from £0.9 million in 1964/65 to £2 million in 1967/68, while 11 regional Sports Councils had been set up by 1968. In Wales, five new health centres had been opened by 1968, whereas none had been opened from 1951 to 1964, while spending on health and welfare services in the region went up from £55.8 million in 1963/64 to £83.9 million in 1967/68.<sup id="cite_ref-Labour_1968_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labour_1968-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_policies">Social policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Social policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Workers">Workers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1964%E2%80%931970#Workers" title="Labour government, 1964–1970">Labour government, 1964–1970 § Workers</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Training_Act_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Training Act 1964">Industrial Training Act 1964</a> set up an Industrial Training Board to encourage training for people in work,<sup id="cite_ref-Longman_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longman-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and within seven years there were "27 ITBs covering employers with some 15 million workers."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1964 to 1968, the number of training places had doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-Labour_1968_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labour_1968-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Docks and Harbours Act (1966) and the Dock Labour Scheme (1967) reorganised the system of employment in the docks in order to put an end to <a href="/wiki/Casual_employment" class="mw-redirect" title="Casual employment">casual employment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shorthistory_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shorthistory-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changes made to the Dock Labour Scheme in 1967 ensured a complete end to casual labour on the docks, effectively giving workers the security of jobs for life.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade unions also benefited from the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Disputes_Act_1965" title="Trade Disputes Act 1965">Trade Disputes Act 1965</a>. This restored the legal immunity of trade union officials, thus ensuring that they could no longer be sued for threatening to strike.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The First Wilson Government also encouraged married women to return to teaching and improved Assistance Board Concessionary conditions for those teaching part-time, "by enabling them to qualify for pension rights and by formulating a uniform scale of payment throughout the country." Soon after coming into office, midwives and nurses were given an 11% pay increase,<sup id="cite_ref-Labour_1968_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labour_1968-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and according to one MP, nurses also benefited from the largest pay rise they had received in a generation.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1966, Wilson announced 30% pay rises for doctors and dentists—a move which did not prove popular with unions, as the national pay policy at the time was for rises of between 3% and 3.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much needed improvements were made in junior hospital doctors' salaries. From 1959 to 1970, while the earnings of manual workers increased by 75%, the salaries of registrars more than doubled while those of house officers more than trebled. Most of these improvements, such as for nurses, came in the pay settlements of 1970. On a limited scale, reports by the <a href="/wiki/National_Board_for_Prices_and_Incomes" title="National Board for Prices and Incomes">National Board for Prices and Incomes</a> encouraged incentive payments schemes to be developed in local government and elsewhere. In February 1969, the government accepted an "above the ceiling" increase for farmworkers, a low-paid group. Some groups of professional workers, such as nurses, teachers, and doctors, gained substantial awards.<sup id="cite_ref-inequality_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inequality-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transport">Transport</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Travel Concessions Act 1964, one of the first Acts passed by the First Wilson Government, provided concessions to all pensioners travelling on buses operated by municipal transport authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Transport_Act_1968" title="Transport Act 1968">Transport Act 1968</a> established the principle of government grants for transport authorities if uneconomic passenger services were justified on social grounds. A <a href="/wiki/National_Freight_Corporation" title="National Freight Corporation">National Freight Corporation</a> was also established to provide integrated rail freight and road services. Public expenditure on roads steadily increased and stricter safety precautions were introduced, such as the <a href="/wiki/Breathalyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathalyser">breathalyser</a> test for <a href="/wiki/Drunken_driving" class="mw-redirect" title="Drunken driving">drunken driving</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the 1967 Road Traffic Act.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Transport Act gave a much needed financial boost to <a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Rail</a>, treating them like they were a company which had become bankrupt but could now, under new management, carry on debt-free. The act also established a national freight corporation and introduced government <a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">rail subsidies</a> for passenger transport on the same basis as existing subsidies for roads to enable local authorities to improve public transport in their areas.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The road-building programme was also expanded, with capital expenditure increased to 8% of GDP, "the highest level achieved by any post-war government".<sup id="cite_ref-labour1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-labour1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central government expenditure on roads went up from £125 million in 1963/64 to £225 million in 1967/68, while a number of <a href="/wiki/Road_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Road safety">road safety</a> regulations were introduced, covering <a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">seat belts</a>, lorry drivers' hours, car and lorry standards, and an experimental 70 mile per hour speed limit. In Scotland, spending on <a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">trunk roads</a> went up from £6.8 million in 1963/64 to £15.5 million in 1966/67, while in Wales, spending on Welsh roads went up from £21.2 million in 1963/64 to £31.4 million in 1966/67.<sup id="cite_ref-Labour_1968_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labour_1968-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional_development">Regional development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Regional development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Encouragement of regional development was given increased attention under the First Wilson Government, to narrow economic disparities between the various regions. A policy was introduced in 1965 whereby any new government organisation should be established outside London and in 1967 the government decided to give preference to development areas. A few government departments were also moved out of London, with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a>, the Giro and Inland Revenue to <a href="/wiki/Bootle" title="Bootle">Bootle</a>, and the Motor Tax Office to <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-beckerman_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beckerman-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new Special Development Status was also introduced in 1967 to provide even higher levels of assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-ponting_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ponting-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, five development areas (covering half the population in the UK) were established, while subsidies were provided for employers recruiting new employees in the Development Areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorpe64702001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Highlands and Islands Development Board was also set up to "re-invigorate" the north of Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-Labour_1968_78-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labour_1968-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Industrial Development Act 1966 changed the name of Development Districts (parts of the country with higher levels of <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">unemployment</a> than the national average and which governments sought to encourage greater investment in) to Development Areas and increased the percentage of the workforce covered by development schemes from 15% to 20%, which mainly affected rural areas in Scotland and Wales. Tax allowances were replaced by grants to extend coverage to include firms which were not making a profit, and in 1967 a Regional Employment Premium was introduced. Whereas the existing schemes tended to favour capital-intensive projects, this aimed for the first time at increasing employment in depressed areas. Set at 30s per employee per week and guaranteed for seven years, the Regional Employment Premium subsidised all <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">manufacturing industry</a> (though not services) in Development Areas, amounting to an average subsidy of 7% of labour costs.<sup id="cite_ref-ponting_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ponting-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regional unemployment differentials were narrowed, and spending on regional infrastructure was significantly increased. Between 1965–66 and 1969–70, yearly expenditure on new construction (including power stations, roads, schools, hospitals and housing) rose by 41% in the United Kingdom as a whole. Subsidies were also provided for various industries (such as <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clydeside" class="mw-redirect" title="Clydeside">Clydeside</a>), which helped to prevent many job losses. It is estimated that, between 1964 and 1970, 45,000 government jobs were created outside London, 21,000 of which were located in the Development Areas.<sup id="cite_ref-beckerman_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beckerman-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Local Employment Act, passed in March 1970, embodied the government's proposals for assistance to 54 "intermediate" employment exchange areas not classified as full "development" areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica1971_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica1971-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Funds allocated to regional assistance more than doubled, from £40 million in 1964/65 to £82 million in 1969/70, and from 1964 to 1970, the number of factories completed was 50% higher than from 1960 to 1964, which helped to reduce unemployment in development areas. In 1970, the unemployment rate in development areas was 1.67 times the national average, compared to 2.21 times in 1964. Although national rates of unemployment were higher in 1970 than in the early 1960s, unemployment rates in the development areas were lower and had not increased for three years.<sup id="cite_ref-ponting_54-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ponting-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altogether, the impact of the first Wilson government's regional development policies was such that, according to one historian, the period 1963 to 1970 represented "the most prolonged, most intensive, and most successful attack ever launched on regional problems in Britain."<sup id="cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorpe64702001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_development">International development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: International development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Overseas_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Overseas Development">Ministry of Overseas Development</a> was established, with its greatest success at the time being the introduction of interest-free loans for the poorest countries.<sup id="cite_ref-ponting_54-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ponting-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minister of Overseas Development, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Barbara Castle</a>, set a standard in interest relief on loans to developing nations which resulted in changes to the loan policies of many donor countries, "a significant shift in the conduct of rich white nations to poor brown ones". Loans were introduced to <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> on terms that were more favourable to them than those given by governments of all other developed countries at that time. In addition, Castle was instrumental in setting up an Institute of Development Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a> to devise ways of tackling global <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic inequality">socio-economic inequalities</a>. Overseas aid suffered from the austerity measures introduced by the first Wilson government in its last few years in office, with British aid as a percentage of GNP falling from 0.53% in 1964 to 0.39% in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taxation">Taxation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Taxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson's government made a variety of changes to the <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">tax system</a>. Largely under the influence of the Hungarian-born economists <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kaldor" title="Nicholas Kaldor">Nicholas Kaldor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Balogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Balogh">Thomas Balogh</a>, an idiosyncratic <a href="/wiki/Selective_Employment_Tax" title="Selective Employment Tax">Selective Employment Tax</a> (SET) was introduced that was designed to tax employment in the service sectors while subsidising employment in manufacturing. (The rationale proposed by its economist authors derived largely from claims about potential economies of scale and technological progress, but Wilson in his memoirs stressed the tax's revenue-raising potential.) The SET did not long survive the return of a Conservative government. Of longer-term significance, <a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Capital gains tax in the United Kingdom">capital gains tax</a> (CGT) was introduced across the UK on 6 April 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across his two periods in office, Wilson presided over significant increases in the overall tax burden in the UK. In 1974, three weeks after forming a new government, Wilson's new chancellor <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a> partially reversed the 1971 reduction in the top rate of tax from 90% to 75%, increasing it to 83% in his first budget, which came into law in April 1974. This applied to incomes over £20,000 (equivalent to £263,269 in 2023),<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and combined with a 15% surcharge on 'unearned' income (investments and dividends) could add up to a 98% marginal rate of personal income tax. In 1974, as many as 750,000 people were liable to pay the top rate of income tax.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various changes were also made to the tax system which benefited workers on low and middle incomes. Married couples with low incomes benefited from the increases in the single personal allowance and marriage allowance. In 1965, the regressive allowance for national insurance contributions was abolished and the single personal allowance, marriage allowance and wife's earned income relief were increased. These allowances were further increased in the tax years 1969–70 and 1970–71. Increases in the age exemption and dependant relative's income limits benefited the low-income elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-inequality_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inequality-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, new tax concessions were introduced for widows.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increases were made in some of the minor allowances in the 1969 Finance Act, notably the additional personal allowance, the age exemption and age relief and the dependent relative limit. Apart from the age relief, further adjustments in these concessions were implemented in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-inequality_43-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inequality-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1968 saw the introduction of aggregation of the investment income of unmarried minors with the income of their parents. According to Michael Meacher, this change put an end to a previous inequity whereby two families, in otherwise identical circumstances, paid differing amounts of tax "simply because in one case the child possessed property transferred to it by a grandparent, while in the other case the grandparent's identical property was inherited by the parent."<sup id="cite_ref-inequality_43-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inequality-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1969 budget, income tax was abolished for about 1 million of the lowest-paid and reduced for a further 600,000 people,<sup id="cite_ref-Crossman_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossman-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in the government's last budget (introduced in 1970), two million small taxpayers were exempted from paying any income tax altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberal_reforms">Liberal reforms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Liberal reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1964%E2%80%931970#Liberal_reforms" title="Labour government, 1964–1970">Labour government, 1964–1970 § Liberal reforms</a></div> <p>A wide range of liberal measures were introduced during Wilson's time in office. The <a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_Proceedings_and_Property_Act_1970" title="Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Act 1970">Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Act 1970</a> made provision for the welfare of children whose parents were about to divorce or be judicially separated, with courts (for instance) granted wide powers to order financial provision for children in the form of maintenance payments made by either parent.<sup id="cite_ref-byrne1_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byrne1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This legislation allowed courts to order provision for either spouse and recognised the contribution to the joint home made during marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Longman_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longman-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, spouses were given an equal share of household assets following divorce via the Matrimonial Property Act. The <a href="/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1968" title="Race Relations Act 1968">Race Relations Act 1968</a> was also extended in 1968 and in 1970 the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_1970" title="Equal Pay Act 1970">Equal Pay Act 1970</a> was passed.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important reform, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1967" title="Welsh Language Act 1967">Welsh Language Act 1967</a>, granted 'equal validity' to the declining <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a> and encouraged its revival. Government expenditure was also increased on both sport and the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-shorthistory_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shorthistory-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mines and Quarries (Tips) Act 1969, passed in response to the <a href="/wiki/Aberfan_disaster" title="Aberfan disaster">Aberfan disaster</a>, made provision for preventing disused tips from endangering members of the public.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Borstal" title="Borstal">borstals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Prison Service">prisons</a> was abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seven regional associations were established to develop the arts, and government expenditure on cultural activities rose from £7.7 million in 1964/64 to £15.3 million in 1968/69. A Criminal Injuries Compensation Board was also set up, which had paid out over £2 million to victims of criminal violence by 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Labour_1968_78-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labour_1968-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Commons_Registration_Act_1965" title="Commons Registration Act 1965">Commons Registration Act 1965</a> provided for the registration of all <a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">common land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Village_green" title="Village green">village greens</a>, whilst under the <a href="/wiki/Countryside_Act_1968" title="Countryside Act 1968">Countryside Act 1968</a>, local authorities could provide facilities "for enjoyment of such lands to which the public has access".<sup id="cite_ref-byrne1_64-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byrne1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Family Provision Act 1966 amended a series of pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">estate laws</a> mainly related to persons who died intestate. The legislation increased the amount that could be paid to surviving spouses if a will had not been left, and also expanded upon the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/County_court" title="County court">county courts</a>, which were given the jurisdiction of high courts under certain circumstances when handling matters of estate. The rights of adopted children were also improved with certain wording changed in the Inheritance (Family Provision) Act 1938 to bestow upon them the same rights as natural-born children. In 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Nurseries_and_Child-Minders_Regulation_Act_1948" title="Nurseries and Child-Minders Regulation Act 1948">Nurseries and Child-Minders Regulation Act 1948</a> was updated to include more categories of childminders.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, the <a href="/wiki/Family_Law_Reform_Act_1969" title="Family Law Reform Act 1969">Family Law Reform Act 1969</a> was passed, which allowed people born outside marriage to inherit on the <a href="/wiki/Intestacy" title="Intestacy">intestacy</a> of either parent.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality in England">homosexuality</a> was partially decriminalised (in England & Wales only) by the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_Offences_Act_1967" title="Sexual Offences Act 1967">Sexual Offences Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Public_Records_Act_1967" title="Public Records Act 1967">Public Records Act 1967</a> also introduced a <a href="/wiki/Thirty-year_rule" title="Thirty-year rule">thirty-year rule</a> for access to public records, replacing a previous fifty-year rule.<sup id="cite_ref-SeldonHickson_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeldonHickson-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrial_relations">Industrial relations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Industrial relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson made periodic attempts to mitigate inflation, largely through <a href="/wiki/Wage_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage control">wage</a>-<a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a>—better known in Britain as "prices and <a href="/wiki/Incomes_policy" title="Incomes policy">incomes policy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorpe64702001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (As with indicative planning, such controls—though now generally out of favour—were widely adopted at that time by governments of different ideological complexions, including the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon administration</a> in the United States.) Partly as a result of this reliance, the government tended to find itself repeatedly injected into major industrial disputes, with late-night "beer and sandwiches at Number Ten" an almost routine culmination to such episodes. Among the most damaging of the numerous strikes during Wilson's periods in office was a six-week stoppage by the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Seamen" title="National Union of Seamen">National Union of Seamen</a>, beginning shortly after Wilson's <a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">re-election in 1966</a>, and conducted, he claimed, by "politically motivated men". </p><p>With public frustration over strikes mounting, Wilson's government in 1969 proposed a series of changes to the legal basis for industrial relations (labour law), which were outlined in a White Paper "<a href="/wiki/In_Place_of_Strife" title="In Place of Strife">In Place of Strife</a>" put forward by the Employment Secretary <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Barbara Castle</a>. Following a confrontation with the <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a>, which strongly opposed the proposals, and internal dissent from <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>, the government substantially backed-down from its intentions. The Heath government (1970–1974) introduced the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Relations_Act_1971" title="Industrial Relations Act 1971">Industrial Relations Act 1971</a> with many of the same ideas, but this was largely repealed by the post-1974 Labour government. Some elements of these changes were subsequently to be enacted (in modified form) during the premiership of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorpe64702001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Record_on_income_distribution">Record on income distribution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Record on income distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the economic difficulties faced by the first Wilson government, it succeeded in maintaining low levels of unemployment and inflation during its time in office. Unemployment was kept below 2.7%, and inflation for much of the 1960s remained below 4%. Living standards generally improved, while public spending on housing, social security, transport, research, education and health went up by an average of more than 6% between 1964 and 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-white_heat_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white_heat-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average household grew steadily richer, with the number of cars in the United Kingdom rising from one to every 6.4 persons to one for every five persons in 1968, representing a net increase of three million cars on the road. The rise in the standard of living was also characterised by increased ownership of various consumer durables from 1964 to 1969, as demonstrated by television sets (from 88% to 90%), refrigerators (from 39% to 59%), and washing machines (from 54% to 64%).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceN-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1970, income in Britain was more equally distributed than in 1964, mainly because of increases in cash benefits, including family allowances.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the historian, <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Sandbrook" title="Dominic Sandbrook">Dominic Sandbrook</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In its commitment to social services and public welfare, the Wilson government put together a record unmatched by any subsequent administration, and the mid-sixties are justifiably seen as the 'golden age' of the welfare state.<sup id="cite_ref-white_heat_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white_heat-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As noted by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" title="Ben Pimlott">Ben Pimlott</a>, the gap between those on lowest incomes and the rest of the population "had been significantly reduced" under Wilson's first government.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Wilson government thus saw the distribution of income became more equal,<sup id="cite_ref-socialists1_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socialists1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while big reductions in poverty took place.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These achievements were mainly brought about by several increases in social welfare benefits,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as supplementary benefit, pensions and family allowances, the latter of which were doubled between 1964 and 1970 (although most of the increase in family allowances did not come about until 1968). A new system of rate rebates was introduced, which benefited one million households by the end of the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-ponting_54-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ponting-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increases in national insurance benefits in 1965, 1967, 1968 and 1969 ensured that those dependent on state benefits saw their <a href="/wiki/Disposable_income" title="Disposable income">disposable incomes</a> rise faster than manual wage earners, while income differentials between lower-income and higher-income workers were marginally narrowed. Greater progressivity was introduced in the tax system, with greater emphasis on direct (income-based) as opposed to indirect (typically expenditure-based) taxation as a means of raising revenue, with the amount raised by the former increasing twice as much as that of the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-whiting_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whiting-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, despite an increase in unemployment, the poor improved their share of the national income while that of the rich was slightly reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-labour1945_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-labour1945-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite various cutbacks after 1966, expenditure on services such as education and health was still much higher as a proportion of national wealth than in 1964. In addition, by raising taxes to pay their reforms, the government paid careful attention to the principle of redistribution, with disposable incomes rising for the lowest paid while falling amongst the wealthiest during its time in office.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1964 and 1968, benefits in kind were significantly progressive, in that over the period those in the lower half of the income scale benefited more than those in the upper half. On average those receiving state benefits benefited more in terms of increases in real disposable income than the average manual worker or salaried employee between 1964 and 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-beckerman_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beckerman-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1964 to 1969, low-wage earners did substantially better than other sections of the population. In 1969, a married couple with two children were 11.5% per cent richer in real terms, while for a couple with three children, the corresponding increase was 14.5%, and for a family with four children, 16.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-api.parliament.uk_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-api.parliament.uk-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1965 to 1968, the income of single pensioner households as a percentage of other one adult households rose from 48.9% to 52.5%. For two pensioner households, the equivalent increase was from 46.8% to 48.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-inequality_43-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inequality-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, mainly as a result of big increases in cash benefits, unemployed persons and large families gained more in terms of real disposable income than the rest of the population during Wilson's time in office.<sup id="cite_ref-socialists1_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socialists1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As noted by Paul Whiteley, pensions, sickness, unemployment, and supplementary benefits went up more in real terms under the First Wilson Government than under the preceding Conservative administration: </p><p>"To compare the Conservative period of office with the Labour period, we can use the changes in benefits per year as a rough estimate of comparative performance. For the Conservatives and Labour respectively increases in supplementary benefits per year were 3.5 and 5.2 percentage points, for sickness and unemployment benefits 5.8 and 30.6 percentage points, for pensions 3.8 and 4.6, and for family allowances −1.2 and −2.6. Thus the poor, the retired, the sick and the unemployed did better in real terms under Labour than they did under Conservatives, and families did worse."<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1964 and 1968, cash benefits rose as a percentage of income for all households but more so for poorer than for wealthier households. As noted by the economist Michael Stewart, </p><p>"it seems indisputable that the high priority the Labour Government gave to expenditure on education and the health service had a favourable effect on income distribution."<sup id="cite_ref-beckerman_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beckerman-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a family with two children in the income range £676 to £816 per annum, cash benefits rose from 4% of income in 1964 to 22% in 1968, compared with a change from 1% to 2% for a similar family in the income range £2,122 to £2,566 over the same period. For benefits in kind the changes over the same period for similar families were from 21% to 29% for lower-income families and from 9% to 10% for higher-income families. When taking into account all benefits, taxes and Government expenditures on social services, the first Wilson government succeeded in bringing about a reduction in income inequality. As noted by the historian <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Morgan" title="Kenneth O. Morgan">Kenneth O. Morgan</a>, </p><p>"In the long term, therefore, fortified by increases in supplementary and other benefits under the Crossman regime in 1968–70, the welfare state had made some impact, almost by inadvertence, on social inequality and the maldistribution of real income".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public expenditure as a percentage of GDP rose significantly under the 1964–1970 Labour government, from 34% in 1964–65 to nearly 38% of GDP by 1969–70, whilst expenditure on social services rose from 16% of national income in 1964 to 23% by 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-ponting_54-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ponting-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These measures had a major impact on the living standards of low-income Britons, with disposable incomes rising faster for low-income groups than for high-income groups during the 1960s. When measuring disposable income after taxation but including benefits, the total disposable income of those on the highest incomes fell by 33%, whilst the total disposable income of those on the lowest incomes rose by 104%.<sup id="cite_ref-ponting_54-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ponting-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As noted by one historian, "the net effect of Labour's financial policies was indeed to make the rich poorer and the poor richer".<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_B._Johnson_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_C2537-5_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lyndon_B._Johnson_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_C2537-5_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_C2537-5_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lyndon_B._Johnson_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_C2537-5_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_C2537-5_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lyndon_B._Johnson_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_C2537-5_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_C2537-5_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4578" data-file-height="3463" /></a><figcaption>Wilson with US President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>Wilson believed in a strong "<a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a>" with the United States and wanted to highlight his dealings with the White House to strengthen his prestige as a statesman. President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> disliked Wilson and ignored any "special" relationship. The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> was a sore point.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson needed and asked for help to maintain American prestige. Wilson offered lukewarm verbal support and no military aid. Wilson's policy angered the left-wing of his Labour Party, who <a href="/wiki/Opposed_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposed the Vietnam War">opposed the Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson and Johnson also differed sharply on British economic weakness and its declining status as a world power. Historian Jonathan Colman concludes it made for the most unsatisfactory "special" relationship in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only point of total agreement was that both Johnson and Wilson emphatically supported Israel in the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F019859-0022,_Staatsbesuch_Harold_Wilson,_Ludwig_Erhard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F019859-0022%2C_Staatsbesuch_Harold_Wilson%2C_Ludwig_Erhard.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F019859-0022%2C_Staatsbesuch_Harold_Wilson%2C_Ludwig_Erhard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F019859-0022%2C_Staatsbesuch_Harold_Wilson%2C_Ludwig_Erhard.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F019859-0022%2C_Staatsbesuch_Harold_Wilson%2C_Ludwig_Erhard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F019859-0022%2C_Staatsbesuch_Harold_Wilson%2C_Ludwig_Erhard.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F019859-0022%2C_Staatsbesuch_Harold_Wilson%2C_Ludwig_Erhard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Wilson with West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> in 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the more challenging political dilemmas Wilson faced was the issue of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">British membership of the European Community</a>, the forerunner of the present <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. An entry attempt was vetoed in 1963 by French President <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>. The Labour Party in Opposition had been divided on the issue, with Hugh Gaitskell having come out in 1962 in opposition to Britain joining the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After initial hesitation, Wilson's Government in May 1967 lodged the UK's second application to join the European Community. It was vetoed by de Gaulle in November 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After De Gaulle lost power, Conservative prime minister <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> negotiated <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities">Britain's admission to the EC</a> in 1973. </p><p>Wilson in opposition showed political ingenuity in devising a position that both sides of the party could agree on, opposing the terms negotiated by Heath but not membership in principle. Labour's 1974 manifesto included a pledge to renegotiate terms for Britain's membership and then <a href="/wiki/Referendum_Act_1975" title="Referendum Act 1975">hold a referendum</a> on whether to stay in the EC on the new terms. This was a constitutional procedure without precedent in British history. </p><p>Following Wilson's return to power, the renegotiations with Britain's fellow EC members were carried out by Wilson himself in tandem with Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>, and they toured the capital cities of Europe meeting their European counterparts. The discussions focused primarily on Britain's net <a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">budgetary</a> contribution to the EC. As a small agricultural producer heavily dependent on imports, Britain suffered doubly from the dominance of: </p> <dl><dd>(i) agricultural spending in the EC <a href="/wiki/Government_budget" title="Government budget">budget</a>,</dd> <dd>(ii) agricultural <a href="/wiki/Import_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Import tax">import taxes</a> as a source of EC <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenues</a>.</dd></dl> <p>During the renegotiations, other EEC members conceded, as a partial offset, the establishment of a significant <a href="/wiki/European_Regional_Development_Fund" title="European Regional Development Fund">European Regional Development Fund</a> (ERDF), from which it was agreed that Britain would be a major net beneficiary.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the subsequent referendum campaign, rather than the normal British tradition of "collective responsibility", under which the government takes a policy position which all cabinet members are required to support publicly, members of the Government were free to present their views on either side of the question. The electorate <a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">voted on 5 June 1975</a> to continue membership, by a substantial majority.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare_in_South_Vietnam,_1963%E2%80%931969" title="Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969">American military involvement in Vietnam</a> escalated continuously from 1964 to 1968 and President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> brought pressure to bear for at least a token involvement of British military units. Wilson consistently avoided any commitment of British forces, giving as reasons British military commitments to the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> and British co-chairmanship of the <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His government offered some rhetorical support for the US position (most prominently in the defence offered by the Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Michael Stewart</a> in a much-publicised "<a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">teach-in</a>" or debate on Vietnam). On at least one occasion the British government made an unsuccessful effort to mediate in the conflict, with Wilson discussing peace proposals with <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/USSR_Council_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR Council of Ministers">USSR Council of Ministers</a>. On 28 June 1966 Wilson 'dissociated' his Government from <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">American bombing</a> of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a>. In his memoirs, Wilson writes of "selling LBJ a <a href="/wiki/Bum_steer" title="Bum steer">bum steer</a>", a reference to Johnson's Texas roots, which conjured up images of cattle and cowboys in British minds.<sup id="cite_ref-Government1_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Government1-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the price paid by Wilson after talks with President Johnson in June 1967 for US assistance with the UK economy was his agreement to maintain a military presence <a href="/wiki/East_of_Suez" title="East of Suez">East of Suez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1967 <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Defence Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a> announced that Britain would abandon her mainland bases <a href="/wiki/East_of_Suez" title="East of Suez">East of Suez</a> by 1977, although <a href="/wiki/Airmobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Airmobile">airmobile forces</a> would be retained which could if necessary be deployed in the region. Shortly afterwards, in January 1968, Wilson announced that the proposed timetable for this withdrawal was to be accelerated and that British forces were to be withdrawn from Singapore, Malaysia, and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> by the end of 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson was known for his strongly pro-Israel views.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a particular friend of Israeli Premier <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a>, though her tenure largely coincided with Wilson's 1970–1974 hiatus. Another associate was West German <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)">Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>; all three were members of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British "retreat from Empire" had made headway by 1964 and was to continue during Wilson's administration. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> was not granted independence, principally because Wilson refused to grant independence to the white minority government headed by Rhodesian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a> which was not willing to extend unqualified <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights">voting rights</a> to the native African population. Smith's defiant response was a <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence_(Rhodesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a>, on 11 November 1965. Wilson's immediate recourse was to the United Nations, and in 1965, the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council">Security Council</a> imposed sanctions, which were to last until official independence in 1979. This involved <a href="/wiki/Beira_Patrol" title="Beira Patrol">British warships blockading the port of Beira</a> to try to cause economic collapse in Rhodesia. Wilson was applauded by most nations for taking a firm stand on the issue (and none extended diplomatic recognition to the Smith régime). A number of nations did not join in with sanctions, undermining their efficiency. Certain sections of public opinion started to question their efficacy, and to demand the toppling of the régime by force. Wilson declined to intervene in Rhodesia with military force, believing the British population would not support such action against their "kith and kin". The two leaders met for discussions aboard British warships, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Tiger_(C20)" title="HMS Tiger (C20)"><i>Tiger</i></a> in 1966 and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Fearless_(L10)" title="HMS Fearless (L10)"><i>Fearless</i></a> in 1968. Smith subsequently attacked Wilson in his memoirs, accusing him of delaying tactics during negotiations and alleging duplicity; Wilson responded in kind, questioning Smith's good faith and suggesting that Smith had moved the goal-posts whenever a settlement appeared in sight.<sup id="cite_ref-Government1_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Government1-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The matter was still unresolved at the time of Wilson's resignation in 1976. Wilson had a good relationship with <a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Siaka Stevens</a> of Sierra Leone; the two leaders attempted to work together to find a solution to the question of <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a> in Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But despite this, the British government was actively sending arms, munitions and other equipment to the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Nigeria" title="Military dictatorship in Nigeria">Nigerian military junta</a>, and consistently denied any wrongdoing by the government of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>: Nigerian writer <a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a> wrote that this may have cost him his position.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_defeat_and_resignation">Electoral defeat and resignation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Electoral defeat and resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1969, the Labour Party was suffering serious electoral reverses, and by the turn of 1970 had lost a total of 16 seats in by-elections since the previous general election.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1970, the economy was showing signs of improvement, and by May that year, Labour had overtaken the Conservatives in the opinion polls.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson responded to this apparent recovery in his government's popularity by calling <a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">a general election</a>, but, to the surprise of most observers, was defeated at the polls by the Conservatives under Heath. Most opinion polls had predicted a Labour win, with a poll six days before the election showing a 12.4% Labour lead. Writing in the aftermath of the election, <i>The Times</i> journalist George Clark wrote that the 1970 contest would be "remembered as the occasion when the people of the United Kingdom hurled the findings of the opinion polls back into the faces of the pollsters and at the voting booths proved them wrong—most of them badly wrong".<sup id="cite_ref-ClarkTimes_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClarkTimes-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heath and the Conservatives had attacked Wilson over the economy. Towards the end of the campaign, bad trade figures for May added weight to Heath's campaign and he claimed that a Labour victory would result in a further devaluation. Wilson considered Heath's claims "irresponsible" and "damaging to the nation".<sup id="cite_ref-ClarkTimes2_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClarkTimes2-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, however, the election saw Labour's vote share fall to its lowest since <a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RoseTimes_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoseTimes-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several prominent Labour figures lost their seats, notably <a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a> who was still Deputy Leader of the Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-Times70_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times70-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_opposition_(1970–1974)"><span id="Return_to_opposition_.281970.E2.80.931974.29"></span>Return to opposition (1970–1974)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Return to opposition (1970–1974)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the elections and Labour's subsequent defeat, Wilson survived as leader of the Labour Party in opposition. In August 1973, holidaying on the <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a>, he tried to board a motorboat from a dinghy and stepped into the sea. He was unable to get into the boat and was left in the cold water for more than half an hour, hanging on to the fenders of the motorboat. He was close to death before he was saved by Paul Wolff, the father of novelist <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Wolff" title="Isabel Wolff">Isabel Wolff</a>. When word of the incident became public the following month, Wilson downplayed its severity; it was taken up by the press and resulted in some embarrassment. His press secretary, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Haines_(journalist)" title="Joe Haines (journalist)">Joe Haines</a>, tried to deflect some of the comment by blaming Wilson's dog Paddy for the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in 1974, Wilson became the victim of a <a href="/wiki/Personation" title="Personation">personation</a> fraud. A Staffordshire <a href="/wiki/Property_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property developer">property developer</a>, Ronald Milhench, forged a letter purporting to be from the former Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milhench was involved in negotiations for a property deal; unable to provide finance, he met a journalist, claiming that Wilson was involved with the deal. Milhench further claimed he wanted to deal "a body blow" to Labour's election chances and that he could sell the letter for £25000. In November 1974, Milhench was convicted of forgery, theft and firearms charges.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic conditions during the 1970s were becoming more difficult for Britain and many other western economies as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, and the Heath government in its turn was buffeted by economic adversity and industrial unrest (notably including confrontation with the coalminers which led to the <a href="/wiki/Three-Day_Week" title="Three-Day Week">Three-Day Week</a>) towards the end of 1973, and on 7 February 1974 (with the crisis still ongoing) Heath called a snap election for 28 February.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_premiership_(1974–1976)"><span id="Second_premiership_.281974.E2.80.931976.29"></span>Second premiership (1974–1976)<span class="anchor" id="Second_premiership"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Second premiership (1974–1976)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1974%E2%80%931979" title="Labour government, 1974–1979">Labour government, 1974–1979</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_of_Great_Britain_at_the_Arrival_Ceremony_for_the_Prime_Minister%27s_State_Visit_-_NARA_-_7518538.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Photograph_of_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_of_Great_Britain_at_the_Arrival_Ceremony_for_the_Prime_Minister%27s_State_Visit_-_NARA_-_7518538.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Photograph_of_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_of_Great_Britain_at_the_Arrival_Ceremony_for_the_Prime_Minister%27s_State_Visit_-_NARA_-_7518538.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Photograph_of_President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_of_Great_Britain_at_the_Arrival_Ceremony_for_the_Prime_Minister%27s_State_Visit_-_NARA_-_7518538.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4513" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Harold Wilson with U.S President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> in 1975, during his second term as prime minister</figcaption></figure> <p>Labour won more seats (though fewer votes) than the Conservative Party in the <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> in February 1974, which resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>. As Heath was unable to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberals</a> to form a <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a>, Wilson returned to 10 Downing Street on 4 March 1974 as prime minister of a minority Labour Government. He gained a three-seat majority in <a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">another election later that year</a>, on 10 October 1974. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1975_European_referendum">1975 European referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: 1975 European referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the key issues addressed during his second period in office was the <a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">referendum on British membership of the European Community (EC)</a> which took place in June 1975: Labour had pledged in its February 1974 manifesto to renegotiate the terms of British accession to the EC, and then to consult the public in a referendum on whether Britain should stay in on the new terms. Although the government recommended a vote in favour of continued membership, the cabinet was split on the issue, and Ministers were allowed to campaign on different sides of the question. The referendum resulted in a near two-to-one majority in favour of Britain remaining in the EC.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_economic_affairs">Domestic economic affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Domestic economic affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Second Wilson Government made a major commitment to the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/British_welfare_state" class="mw-redirect" title="British welfare state">British welfare state</a>, with increased spending on education, health, and housing rents.<sup id="cite_ref-labour1_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-labour1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To pay for it, it imposed controls and raised taxes on the rich. It partially reversed the 1971 reduction in the top rate of tax from 90% to 75%, increasing it to 83% in the first budget from new chancellor <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a>, which came into law in April 1974. Also implemented was an investment income surcharge which raised the top rate on investment income to 98%, the highest level since the Second World War. </p><p>Despite its achievements in social policy, Wilson's government came under scrutiny in 1975 for the rise in the unemployment rate, with the total number of Britons out of work passing one million by that April.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson's second government came into office at a troubled time for the British economy, due to <a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931975_recession" title="1973–1975 recession">a global recession</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">stagflation</a>, in large part this was due to the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, and also the preceding government's <a href="/wiki/1972_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1972 United Kingdom budget">inflationary attempt to boost growth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britrec_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britrec-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to deal with inflation (which peaked at 26% in 1975) the government negotiated a '<a href="/wiki/Social_Contract_(Britain)" title="Social Contract (Britain)">social contract</a>' with the <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> to implement a voluntary <a href="/wiki/Incomes_policy" title="Incomes policy">incomes policy</a>, in which pay rises were held down to limits set by the government. This policy operated with reasonable success for the next few years, and inflation fell to single figures by 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1976 the recession had ended and economic recovery began,<sup id="cite_ref-Britrec_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britrec-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by 1978/79 living standards recovered to the level they had been in 1973/74.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Labour governments of the 1970s did, however, manage to protect the living standards of many people from the worst effects of the recession and high inflation, with pensions increasing by 20% in real terms between 1974 and 1979, while measures such as rent and <a href="/wiki/Price_Commission" title="Price Commission">price controls</a> and food and transport subsidies mitigated the adverse impact on the living standards of many more people.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government's <a href="/wiki/Industrial_policy" title="Industrial policy">industrial policy</a> was greatly influenced by the economist <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Holland" title="Stuart Holland">Stuart Holland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Industry">Secretary of State for Industry</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>. The centrepiece of the policy was the <a href="/wiki/National_Enterprise_Board" title="National Enterprise Board">National Enterprise Board</a> (NEB) which was established in 1975 and was intended to channel public investment into industry, in return for taking a holding of equity in private companies. The NEB was intended to extend <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> of the economy as well as investing in the regeneration of industry, although it had some successes in that aim, in practice one of its main activities became that of propping up failing companies such as <a href="/wiki/British_Leyland" title="British Leyland">British Leyland</a>. The government also continued its policy of encouraging regional development by increasing Regional Employment Premiums, which had first been established in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson's earlier government had witnessed the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> in Northern Ireland. In response to a request from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931972)" title="Government of Northern Ireland (1921–1972)">Government of Northern Ireland</a>, Wilson agreed to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Banner" title="Operation Banner">deploy the British Army</a> in August 1969 to restore the peace. </p><p>While out of office in late 1971, Wilson had formulated a 16-point, 15-year programme that was designed to pave the way for the unification of Ireland. The proposal was not adopted by the then Heath government.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1974, when back in office as leader of a minority government, Wilson condemned the <a href="/wiki/Unionists_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionists (Ireland)">Unionist</a>-controlled <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Workers_Council_strike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulster Workers Council strike (page does not exist)">Ulster Workers Council strike</a> as a "<a href="/wiki/Sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian">sectarian</a> strike". He refused to pressure a reluctant <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> to face down the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster loyalist">Ulster loyalist</a> paramilitaries who were intimidating utility workers. In a televised speech later, he referred to the loyalist strikers and their supporters as "spongers" who expected Britain to pay for their lifestyles. The strike was eventually successful in breaking the power-sharing Northern Ireland executive. </p><p>On 11 September 2008, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>'s <i>Document</i> programme claimed to have unearthed a secret plan—codenamed <i>Doomsday</i>—which proposed to cut all of the United Kingdom's constitutional ties with Northern Ireland and transform the province into an independent <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a>. <i>Document</i> went on to claim that the Doomsday plan was devised mainly by Wilson and was kept a closely guarded secret. The plan then allegedly lost momentum, due in part, it was claimed, to warnings made by both the then Foreign Secretary, James Callaghan, and the then Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">Garret FitzGerald</a> who admitted the 12,000-strong <a href="/wiki/Irish_Army" title="Irish Army">Irish Army</a> would be unable to deal with the ensuing civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Callaghan himself spoke and wrote despondently about the prospect for a British-derived solution to the Northern Ireland issue, supporting a similar plan to push Northern Ireland towards independent status.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, Wilson secretly offered Libya's dictator <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> £14 million to stop arming the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a>, but Gaddafi demanded a far greater sum of money.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This offer did not become publicly known until 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation">Resignation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Wilson entered office for the second time, he had privately admitted that he had lost his enthusiasm for the role, telling a close adviser in 1974 that "I have been around this racetrack so often that I cannot generate any more enthusiasm for jumping any more hurdles."<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_143-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 March 1976, Wilson announced his resignation as prime minister, taking effect on 5 April. He claimed that he had always planned on resigning at the age of 60 and that he was physically and mentally exhausted. As early as the late 1960s he had been telling intimates, like his doctor Sir Joseph Stone (later <a href="/wiki/Lord_Stone_of_Hendon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Stone of Hendon">Lord Stone of Hendon</a>), that he did not intend to serve more than eight or nine years as prime minister. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a> has suggested that Wilson may have been motivated partly by the distaste for politics felt by his loyal and long-suffering wife, Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His doctor had detected problems which would later be diagnosed as <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer">colon cancer</a>, and Wilson had begun drinking brandy during the day to cope with stress.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-19950525_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-19950525-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, by 1976 he might already have been aware of the first stages of early-onset <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, which was to cause both his formerly excellent memory and his powers of concentration to fail dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_2008_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2008-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson's <a href="/wiki/1976_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours" title="1976 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours">Resignation Honours</a> included many businessmen and celebrities, along with his political supporters. His choice of appointments caused lasting damage to his reputation, worsened by the suggestion that the first draft of the list had been written by his political secretary <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Williams" title="Marcia Williams">Marcia Williams</a> on lavender notepaper (it became known as the "Lavender List"). <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a> noted that Wilson's retirement "was disfigured by his, at best, eccentric resignation honours list, which gave peerages or knighthoods to some adventurous business gentlemen, several of whom were close neither to him nor to the Labour Party."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of those whom Wilson honoured included <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Kagan">Lord Kagan</a>, the inventor of <a href="/wiki/Gannex" title="Gannex">Gannex</a> (Wilson's preferred raincoat), who was eventually imprisoned for fraud, and Sir <a href="/wiki/Eric_Miller_(businessman)" title="Eric Miller (businessman)">Eric Miller</a>, who later committed suicide while under police investigation for corruption. </p><p>The Labour Party held an <a href="/wiki/1976_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1976 Labour Party leadership election">election</a> to replace Wilson as leader of the Party, and therefore prime minister. Six candidates stood in the first ballot; in order of votes they were: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a>. In the third ballot, on 5 April, Callaghan defeated Foot in a parliamentary vote of 176 to 137, and served as prime minister until May 1979. </p><p>As Wilson wished to remain an MP after leaving office, he was not immediately given the <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a> customarily offered to retired prime ministers, but instead was created a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Knight Companion of the Garter</a>. He fought one last election in <a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979</a> in which he was returned as a backbench MP for Huyton. Following his departure from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> before the <a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983 general election</a>, after 38 years of service, he was granted a <a href="/wiki/Life_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="Life peerage">life peerage</a> as <b>Baron Wilson of Rievaulx</b>, of <i><a href="/wiki/Kirklees" title="Kirklees">Kirklees</a> in the County of West Yorkshire</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after <a href="/wiki/Rievaulx_Abbey" title="Rievaulx Abbey">Rievaulx Abbey</a>, in the north of his native Yorkshire; the <a href="/wiki/Kirklees" title="Kirklees">Kirklees</a> refers to his home address of Huddersfield, and is not part of his title.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-premiership_(1976–1995)"><span id="Post-premiership_.281976.E2.80.931995.29"></span>Post-premiership (1976–1995)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Post-premiership (1976–1995)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Wilson_1_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Harold_Wilson_1_Allan_Warren.jpg/170px-Harold_Wilson_1_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Harold_Wilson_1_Allan_Warren.jpg/255px-Harold_Wilson_1_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Harold_Wilson_1_Allan_Warren.jpg/340px-Harold_Wilson_1_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5425" data-file-height="6797" /></a><figcaption>Wilson in 1986</figcaption></figure> <p>He was appointed in 1976 to chair the Committee to Review the Functioning of Financial Institutions (the Wilson Committee) which reported in June 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after resigning as prime minister, Wilson was signed by <a href="/wiki/David_Frost" title="David Frost">David Frost</a> to host a series of interview/chat show programmes. The pilot episode proved to be a flop as Wilson appeared uncomfortable with the informality of the format. Wilson also hosted two editions of the BBC chat show <i><a href="/wiki/Friday_Night,_Saturday_Morning" title="Friday Night, Saturday Morning">Friday Night, Saturday Morning</a></i>. He famously floundered in the role, and in 2000, <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> chose one of his appearances as one of the "100 Moments of TV Hell". </p><p>A lifelong <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> fan, in 1975, Wilson joined the Board of Trustees of the <a href="/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company" title="D'Oyly Carte Opera Company">D'Oyly Carte Trust</a> at the invitation of Sir <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Wontner" title="Hugh Wontner">Hugh Wontner</a>, who was then the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Christmas 1978, Wilson appeared on the <i><a href="/wiki/Morecambe_and_Wise" title="Morecambe and Wise">Morecambe and Wise</a></i> Christmas Special. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Morecambe" title="Eric Morecambe">Eric Morecambe</a>'s habit of appearing not to recognise the guest stars was repaid by Wilson, who referred to him throughout as 'Morry-camby' (the mispronunciation of Morecambe's name made by <a href="/wiki/Ed_Sullivan" title="Ed Sullivan">Ed Sullivan</a> when the pair appeared on his famous American television show). Wilson appeared on the show again in 1980. </p><p>Wilson was not especially active in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, although he did initiate a debate on unemployment in May 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His last speech was in a debate on <a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">marine pilotage</a> in 1986, when he commented as an elder brother of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_House" title="Trinity House">Trinity House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year he played himself as prime minister in an <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglia Television">Anglia Television</a> drama, <i>Inside Story</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson suffered from advancing Alzheimer's related dementia in his retirement years, making it difficult for him to earn an income capitalizing on his experience as a former prime minister by writing books and giving speeches. According to his former press secretary, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Haines_(journalist)" title="Joe Haines (journalist)">Joe Haines</a>: "He never had much money of his own. Because of his mental condition he couldn't write articles or make speeches, and his income would have been his pension as an ex-prime minister," which Haines said was a "comparatively small sum" as Conservative and Liberal former prime ministers were usually aristocrats who had their own wealth or would benefit from wealthy benefactors and by being appointed to corporate boards, and thus did not need to rely on their parliamentary pensions to support themselves. One of Wilson's successors as Labour leader, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Neil Kinnock</a>, told <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>: "I heard stories that he was trying to make speeches for money but was unsuccessful because he had lost his fluency." Eventually, Wilson attempted to sell his personal papers to <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a> in Canada for £212,500 in order to fund costs of his health care. This arrangement was considered unsuitable by the government and instead, it was arranged in 1991 that anonymous donors would provide funds so that the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> could buy Wilson's papers in order to keep them in the United Kingdom while also allowing the proceeds to set up a <a href="/wiki/Trust_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust fund">trust fund</a> for Wilson and his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-papers_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papers-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Wilson%27s_grave_St_Mary%27s,_Old_Town_-_geograph_org_uk_-_934336_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Harold_Wilson%27s_grave_St_Mary%27s%2C_Old_Town_-_geograph_org_uk_-_934336_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Harold_Wilson%27s_grave_St_Mary%27s%2C_Old_Town_-_geograph_org_uk_-_934336_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Harold_Wilson%27s_grave_St_Mary%27s%2C_Old_Town_-_geograph_org_uk_-_934336_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Harold_Wilson%27s_grave_St_Mary%27s%2C_Old_Town_-_geograph_org_uk_-_934336_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Harold_Wilson%27s_grave_St_Mary%27s%2C_Old_Town_-_geograph_org_uk_-_934336_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Harold_Wilson%27s_grave_St_Mary%27s%2C_Old_Town_-_geograph_org_uk_-_934336_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Wilson's grave in <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s,_Isles_of_Scilly" title="St Mary's, Isles of Scilly">St Mary's, Isles of Scilly</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Wilson continued regularly attending the House of Lords until just over a year before his death; the last sitting he attended was on 27 April 1994. He had a picture taken with other Labour Lords on 15 June 1994, just under a year before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died from <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer">colon cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> on 24 May 1995, aged 79.<sup id="cite_ref-Death_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson's memorial service was held in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> on 13 July 1995. It was attended by <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Charles, Prince of Wales</a>, former prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, incumbent Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, then Leader of the Opposition and later prime minister. Wilson was buried at <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Old_Church,_St_Mary%27s" title="St Mary's Old Church, St Mary's">St Mary's Old Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s,_Isles_of_Scilly" title="St Mary's, Isles of Scilly">St Mary's, Isles of Scilly</a>, on 6 June.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His epitaph is <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Tempus Imperator Rerum</i></span></i> (<i>Time the Commander of Things</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ScillyJack_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScillyJack-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On New Year's Day 1940, in the chapel of <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_College,_Oxford" title="Mansfield College, Oxford">Mansfield College, Oxford</a>, he married <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wilson,_Lady_Wilson_of_Rievaulx" title="Mary Wilson, Lady Wilson of Rievaulx">Mary Baldwin</a>, whom he remained married to until his death. Mary Wilson became a published poet, and outlived her husband by 23 years. She died on 6 June 2018 at the age of 102. They had two sons, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Wilson_(mathematician)" title="Robin Wilson (mathematician)">Robin</a> and Giles (named after <a href="/wiki/Giles_Alington_(academic)" title="Giles Alington (academic)">Giles Alington</a>); Robin became a professor of mathematics, and Giles became a teacher and later a train driver.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their twenties, his sons were under a kidnap threat from the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">IRA</a> because of their father's prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2024, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Haines_(journalist)" title="Joe Haines (journalist)">Joe Haines</a>, who had served as Wilson's press secretary during his time as Prime Minister, revealed that Wilson had had an affair with Haines' deputy Janet Hewlett-Davies during his final two years in office. Hewlett-Davies died aged 85 in October 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-times-20240410_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-20240410-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-telegraph-20240410_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-20240410-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking on BBC Radio 4's <i><a href="/wiki/Today_(BBC_Radio_4)" title="Today (BBC Radio 4)">Today</a></i> programme, Wilson's former adviser <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Donoughue" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Donoughue">Bernard Donoughue</a> said the affair had provided "a little sunshine at sunset" for Wilson, who was becoming "increasingly paranoid about the security services", was dealing with political difficulties, and was possibly in the early stages of <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_style">Political style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Political style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson regarded himself as a "man of the people" and did much to promote this image, contrasting himself with the stereotypical aristocratic conservatives and other statesmen who had preceded him, as an example of social mobility. He largely retained his <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire accent">Yorkshire accent</a>. Other features of this persona included his working man's <a href="/wiki/Gannex" title="Gannex">Gannex</a> raincoat, his pipe (the British Pipesmokers' Council voted him <a href="/wiki/Pipe_Smoker_of_the_Year" title="Pipe Smoker of the Year">Pipe Smoker of the Year</a> in 1965 and Pipeman of the Decade in 1976, though in private he preferred cigars), his love of simple cooking and fondness for popular British relish <a href="/wiki/HP_Sauce" title="HP Sauce">HP Sauce</a>, and his support for his home town's football team, <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Huddersfield Town">Huddersfield Town</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first general election victory relied heavily on associating these down-to-earth attributes with a sense that the UK urgently needed to modernise after "thirteen years of Tory mis-rule".<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson exhibited his populist touch in June 1965 when he had <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> honoured with the award of <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire">MBE</a>. The award was popular with young people and contributed to a sense that the prime minister was "in touch" with the younger generation. There were some protests by conservatives and elderly members of the military who were earlier recipients of the award, but such protesters were in the minority. Critics claimed that Wilson acted to solicit votes for the next general election (which took place less than a year later), but defenders noted that, since the minimum voting age at that time was 21, this was hardly likely to impact many of the Beatles' fans who at that time were predominantly teenagers. It cemented Wilson's image as a modernistic leader and linked him to the burgeoning pride in the 'New Britain' typified by the Beatles.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beatles mentioned Wilson rather negatively, naming both him and his opponent <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> in <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Taxman" title="Taxman">Taxman</a>", the opener to 1966's <i><a href="/wiki/Revolver_(Beatles_album)" title="Revolver (Beatles album)">Revolver</a></i>—recorded and released after the MBEs.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, Wilson had a different interaction with a musical ensemble. He sued the pop group <a href="/wiki/The_Move" title="The Move">the Move</a> for libel after the band's manager <a href="/wiki/Tony_Secunda" title="Tony Secunda">Tony Secunda</a> published a promotional postcard for the single "<a href="/wiki/Flowers_in_the_Rain" title="Flowers in the Rain">Flowers in the Rain</a>", featuring a caricature depicting Wilson in bed with his female assistant, <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Williams" title="Marcia Williams">Marcia Williams</a>. Gossip had hinted at an improper relationship, though these rumours were never substantiated. Wilson won the case, and all royalties from the song (composed by Move leader <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wood" title="Roy Wood">Roy Wood</a>) were assigned in perpetuity to a charity of Wilson's choosing.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson coined the term '<a href="/wiki/Selsdon_Man" title="Selsdon Man">Selsdon Man</a>' to refer to the free market policies of the Conservative leader <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>, developed at a policy retreat held at the <a href="/wiki/Selsdon_Park_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Selsdon Park Hotel">Selsdon Park Hotel</a> in early 1970. This phrase, intended to evoke the 'primitive throwback' qualities of anthropological discoveries such as <a href="/wiki/Piltdown_Man" title="Piltdown Man">Piltdown Man</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Swanscombe Man</a>, was part of a British political tradition of referring to political trends by suffixing 'man'.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other memorable phrases attributed to Wilson include "the white heat of the [technological] revolution", and "a week is a long time in politics", meaning that political fortunes can change extremely rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his broadcast after the 1967 devaluation of the pound, Wilson said: "This does not mean that the pound here in Britain—in your pocket or purse—is worth any less" and the phrase "the pound in your pocket" subsequently took on a life of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reputation">Reputation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite his successes, Wilson's reputation took a long time to start a recovery from the low ebb reached immediately following his second premiership. The reinvention of the Labour Party would take the better part of two decades at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Neil Kinnock</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">John Smith</a> and, electorally and most conclusively, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>. Disillusion with Britain's weak economic performance and troubled industrial relations, combined with active spadework by figures such as Sir <a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Keith Joseph</a>, had helped to make a radical market programme politically feasible for <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> (which was, in turn, to influence the subsequent Labour leadership, especially under Blair). An opinion poll in September 2011 found that Wilson came in third place when respondents were asked to name the best post-war Labour Party leader. He was beaten only by John Smith and Tony Blair.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Glen O'Hara in 2006:<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Much of the disillusionment with Harold Wilson as Labour's leader and prime minister was due to his perceived failure on the economic front. He pledged not to devalue sterling, but did exactly that in 1967; he promised to keep unemployment low, but had by 1970 accepted a higher rate of joblessness than the Conservatives had managed. Some of the elements in Labour's programme – the emphasis on steadier growth, for instance – were probably misguided. These problems and defeats have, however, obscured some of the real achievements of the period. Science and education spending grew very quickly; industrial investment rose; government was increasingly well informed and better advised about the performance of the economy. In an increasingly unstable and rapidly changing economic environment, this government's economic record is here shown to be, if not hugely impressive, then at least relatively creditable.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_plots_and_conspiracy_theories">Possible plots and conspiracy theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Possible plots and conspiracy theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson_plot_allegations" title="Harold Wilson plot allegations">Harold Wilson plot allegations</a></div> <p>In 1963, Soviet defector <a href="/wiki/Anatoliy_Golitsyn" title="Anatoliy Golitsyn">Anatoliy Golitsyn</a> is said to have secretly claimed that Wilson was a <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> agent.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitrokhin_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitrokhin-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of intelligence officers did not believe that Golitsyn was credible in this and various other claims, but a significant number did (most prominently <a href="/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton" title="James Jesus Angleton">James Jesus Angleton</a>, Deputy Director of Operations for <a href="/wiki/Counter-Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-Intelligence">Counter-Intelligence</a> at the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>) and factional strife broke out between the two groups. Former <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wright_(MI5_officer)" title="Peter Wright (MI5 officer)">Peter Wright</a> claimed in his memoirs, <i><a href="/wiki/Spycatcher" title="Spycatcher">Spycatcher</a></i>, that 30 MI5 agents then collaborated in an attempt to undermine Wilson. He later retracted that claim, saying that there was only one man.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1987, James Miller, a former agent, claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Workers_Council_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Workers Council Strike">Ulster Workers Council Strike</a> of 1974 had been promoted by MI5 to help destabilise Wilson's government.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1987, Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a> used his <a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">maiden speech</a> to raise the 1975 allegations of a former Army Press officer in Northern Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Wallace" title="Colin Wallace">Colin Wallace</a>, who also alleged a plot to destabilise Wilson. <a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Chris Mullin</a> MP, speaking on 23 November 1988, argued that sources other than Peter Wright supported claims of a long-standing attempt by MI5 to undermine Wilson's government.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> television programme <i>The Plot Against Harold Wilson</i>, broadcast on 16 March 2006 on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a>, it was claimed there were threats of a <i>coup d'état</i> against the Wilson government, which were corroborated by leading figures of the time on both the left and the right. Wilson told two BBC journalists, <a href="/wiki/Barrie_Penrose" title="Barrie Penrose">Barrie Penrose</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Courtiour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Courtiour (page does not exist)">Roger Courtiour</a>, who recorded the meetings on a <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassette tape recorder">cassette tape recorder</a>, that he feared he was being undermined by MI5. The first time was in the late 1960s after the Wilson Government <a href="/wiki/Devalued" class="mw-redirect" title="Devalued">devalued</a> the pound sterling but the threat faded after <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">election of 1970</a>. However, following the <a href="/wiki/1972_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike" title="1972 United Kingdom miners' strike">1972 British miners' strike</a> Heath decided to hold an election to renew his mandate to govern in <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">February 1974</a> but lost narrowly to Wilson. There was again talk of a military coup, with rumours of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Lord Mountbatten</a> as head of an interim administration after Wilson had been deposed.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> occupied <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> on the grounds of training for possible <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">IRA</a> terrorist action at the airport. Although the military stated that this was a planned <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">military exercise</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a> was not informed in advance, and Wilson himself interpreted it as a show of strength, or warning, being made by the army.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Christopher Andrew</a>'s official history of MI5, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Defence_of_the_Realm:_The_Authorized_History_of_MI5" class="mw-redirect" title="The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5">The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5</a></i>, included a chapter (section E part 4) specifically alluding to a conspiracy instead of a plot against Wilson in the 1970s: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The characterisation of Harold Wilson as paranoid does not take account of the political context of the time, which was characterised by a paranoid political style generally which applied to both left and right (including MI5 itself). The suspicion of Wilson and others towards the unlawful activities of the security services and other right-wing figures resulted from concrete domestic and international developments discussed in more detail below. Andrew is correct to be sceptical, and there remains limited evidence of a 'plot' if a plot is defined as a tightly organised high-level conspiracy with a detailed plan. However, there is evidence of a conspiracy: a loosely connected series of unlawful manoeuvres against an elected government by a group of like-minded figures.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Director-General of the Security Service assured Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, and she told the House of Commons on 6 May 1987: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He has found no evidence of any truth in the allegations. He has given me his personal assurance that the stories are false. In particular, he has advised me that all the Security Service officers who have been interviewed have categorically denied that they were involved in, or were aware of, any activities or plans to undermine or discredit Lord Wilson and his Government when he was prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2009, <i>The Defence of the Realm</i> held that while MI5 kept a file on Wilson from 1945 when he became an MP—because communist civil servants claimed that he had similar political sympathies—there was no bugging of his home or office, and no conspiracy against him.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 newspaper reports made detailed allegations that the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a> had required that the section on bugging of <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a> be omitted from the history for "wider public interest reasons". In 1963, on Macmillan's orders following the Profumo affair, MI5 bugged the Cabinet room, the waiting room, and the prime minister's study until the devices were removed in 1977 on Callaghan's orders. From the records, it is unclear if Wilson or Heath knew of the bugging, and no recorded conversations were retained by MI5 so possibly the bugs were never activated.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Andrew had previously recorded in the preface of the history that "One significant excision as a result of these [Cabinet Office] requirements (in the chapter on The Wilson Plot) is, I believe, hard to justify", giving credence to these new allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of his concerns about the danger to British parliamentary democracy, Wilson issued instructions that no agency should ever bug the telephones of any members of Parliament, a policy (still in place) which came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Doctrine" title="Wilson Doctrine">Wilson Doctrine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wilson was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1969" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1969">Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1969</a> under Statute 12 of the Society's regulations, which covers people who have rendered conspicuous service to the cause of science or are such that their election would be of signal benefit to the Society.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Government of Bangladesh</a> posthumously awarded Wilson with the <a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Friends of Liberation War Honour</a> for highlighting the plight of the people of Bangladesh during the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statues_and_other_tributes">Statues and other tributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Statues and other tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Wilson_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Harold_Wilson_statue.jpg/170px-Harold_Wilson_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Harold_Wilson_statue.jpg/255px-Harold_Wilson_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Harold_Wilson_statue.jpg/340px-Harold_Wilson_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="4529" /></a><figcaption>Statue in St George's Square, <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A portrait of Harold Wilson, painted by the Scottish portrait artist <a href="/wiki/Cowan_Dobson" title="Cowan Dobson">Cowan Dobson</a>, hangs today at University College, Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two statues of Harold Wilson stand in prominent places. The first, unveiled by the then prime minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> in July 1999, stands outside <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield_railway_station" title="Huddersfield railway station">Huddersfield railway station</a> in St George's Square, Huddersfield. Costing £70,000, the statue, designed by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Ian_Walters" title="Ian Walters">Ian Walters</a>, is based on photographs taken in 1964 and depicts Wilson in walking pose at the start of his first term as prime minister. His widow, Mary requested that the eight-foot-tall monument not show Wilson holding his famous pipe as she feared it would make the representation a caricature.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A block of high-rise flats in Huddersfield is named after Wilson.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In September 2006, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> unveiled a second bronze statue of Wilson in the latter's former constituency of <a href="/wiki/Huyton" title="Huyton">Huyton</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>. The statue was created by Liverpool sculptor, Tom Murphy, and Blair paid tribute to Wilson's legacy at the unveiling, including the <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>. He added: "He also brought in a whole new culture, a whole new country. He made the country very, very different".<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 2006, a street on a new housing development in <a href="/wiki/Tividale" title="Tividale">Tividale</a>, West Midlands, was named Wilson Drive in honour of Wilson. Along with neighbouring new development Callaghan Drive (named after <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>), it formed part of a large housing estate developed since the 1960s where all streets were named after former prime ministers or senior parliamentary figures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Harold Wilson </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_James_Harold_Wilson,_Baron_Wilson_of_Rievaulx,_KG,_OBE,_PC,_FRS,_FSS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coat_of_Arms_of_James_Harold_Wilson%2C_Baron_Wilson_of_Rievaulx%2C_KG%2C_OBE%2C_PC%2C_FRS%2C_FSS.png/250px-Coat_of_Arms_of_James_Harold_Wilson%2C_Baron_Wilson_of_Rievaulx%2C_KG%2C_OBE%2C_PC%2C_FRS%2C_FSS.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coat_of_Arms_of_James_Harold_Wilson%2C_Baron_Wilson_of_Rievaulx%2C_KG%2C_OBE%2C_PC%2C_FRS%2C_FSS.png/375px-Coat_of_Arms_of_James_Harold_Wilson%2C_Baron_Wilson_of_Rievaulx%2C_KG%2C_OBE%2C_PC%2C_FRS%2C_FSS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coat_of_Arms_of_James_Harold_Wilson%2C_Baron_Wilson_of_Rievaulx%2C_KG%2C_OBE%2C_PC%2C_FRS%2C_FSS.png/500px-Coat_of_Arms_of_James_Harold_Wilson%2C_Baron_Wilson_of_Rievaulx%2C_KG%2C_OBE%2C_PC%2C_FRS%2C_FSS.png 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Coronet</dt> <dd>A Baron's <a href="/wiki/Coronet" title="Coronet">Coronet</a></dd> <dt>Crest</dt> <dd>In front of a mount of rock thereon a lighthouse a spade in bend proper debruised by a quill pen in bend sinister Argent.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Argent an ancient galley proper pennons flying to the dexter Gules, on a chief Gules a stag's head cabossed Or between two water bougets Argent.</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>Dexter: a winged lion Purpure charged on the wing with three roses Argent barbed Or seeded Vert; Sinister: a griffin Or charged on the wing with three roses Gules barbed Or.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>TEMPUS RERUM IMPERATOR</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholastic_honours">Scholastic honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Scholastic honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Chancellor, visitor, governor, and fellowships</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">Location </th> <th style="width:20%;">Date </th> <th style="width:40%;">School </th> <th style="width:20%;">Position </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span>England</td> <td><b>1977</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Huddersfield" title="University of Huddersfield">University of Huddersfield</a></td> <td>Honorary Fellow<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span>England</td> <td><b>1966–1985</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bradford" title="University of Bradford">University of Bradford</a></td> <td>Chancellor<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Honorary degrees</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">Location </th> <th style="width:20%;">Date </th> <th style="width:40%;">School </th> <th style="width:20%;">Degree </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span>England</td> <td><b>1964</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span>England</td> <td><b>1965</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span>England</td> <td><b>1966</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span>England</td> <td><b>1966</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span>England</td> <td><b>1967</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Essex" title="University of Essex">University of Essex</a></td> <td>Doctorate<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span>England</td> <td><b>18 May 1974</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of the University">Doctor of the University</a> (D.Univ)<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span>Israel</td> <td><b>1976</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University" title="Bar-Ilan University">Bar-Ilan University</a></td> <td>Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D)<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_British_prime_ministers#Harold_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural depictions of British prime ministers">Cultural depictions of British prime ministers § Harold Wilson</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Labour Party (UK)">History of the Labour Party (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Goodman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Goodman">Lord Goodman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/harold-wilson">"Harold Wilson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gov.uk" title="Gov.uk">Gov.uk</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=Harold+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fhistory%2Fpast-prime-ministers%2Fharold-wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins, Roy</a> (7 January 2016). "Wilson, (James) Harold, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F58000">10.1093/ref:odnb/58000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wilson%2C+%28James%29+Harold%2C+Baron+Wilson+of+Rievaulx&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F58000&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas-Thomas Symonds, <i>Harold Wilson: The Winner</i> (Orion Publishing Company, 2023).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew S. Crines and Kevin Hickson, eds., <i>Harold Wilson: The Unprincipled Prime Minister?: A Reappraisal of Harold Wilson</i> (Biteback Publishing, 2016) p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-19950525-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian-19950525_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian-19950525_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Goodman" title="Geoffrey Goodman">Goodman, Geoffrey</a> (1 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1995/may/25/obituaries">"Harold Wilson obituary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614222946/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1995/may/25/obituaries">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Harold+Wilson+obituary&rft.date=2005-07-01&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F1995%2Fmay%2F25%2Fobituaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Pimlott, <i>Harold Wilson</i> (1992), pp. 604–605, 648, 656, 670–677, 689.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Pimlott, <i>Harold Wilson</i> (1992), pp. 3–20, quote p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor1995" class="citation web cs1">Major, John (24 May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://johnmajorarchive.org.uk/1995/05/24/mr-majors-commons-tribute-to-harold-wilson-24-may-1995/">"Mr Major's Commons Tribute to Harold Wilson – 24 May 1995"</a>. <i>The Rt. Hon. Sir John Major KG CH</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rt.+Hon.+Sir+John+Major+KG+CH&rft.atitle=Mr+Major%27s+Commons+Tribute+to+Harold+Wilson+%E2%80%93+24+May+1995&rft.date=1995-05-24&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjohnmajorarchive.org.uk%2F1995%2F05%2F24%2Fmr-majors-commons-tribute-to-harold-wilson-24-may-1995%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth O. Morgan, <i>Labour People: Leaders and Lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock</i> (Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Pimlott, <i>Harold Wilson,</i> (1993), p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKynaston2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kynaston" title="David Kynaston">Kynaston, David</a> (2008). <i>Austerity Britain 1945–51</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. pp. 236, 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9923-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9923-4"><bdi>978-0-7475-9923-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austerity+Britain+1945%E2%80%9351&rft.pages=236%2C+237&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-9923-4&rft.aulast=Kynaston&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1996" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, Peter G. (1996). "Obituary: James Harold Wilson 1916–95". <i>Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society)</i>. <b>159</b> (1): 167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-985X.1996.tb00710.x">10.1111/j.1467-985X.1996.tb00710.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2983476">2983476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Statistical+Society.+Series+A+%28Statistics+in+Society%29&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+James+Harold+Wilson+1916%E2%80%9395.&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=167&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-985X.1996.tb00710.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2983476%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClapson2009" class="citation book cs1">Clapson, Mark (23 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HwyCAgAAQBAJ&q=wilson+mp+for+ormskirk&pg=PA283"><i>The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134476954" title="Special:BookSources/9781134476954"><bdi>9781134476954</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417194149/https://books.google.com/books?id=HwyCAgAAQBAJ&q=wilson+mp+for+ormskirk&pg=PA283">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Britain+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-06-23&rft.isbn=9781134476954&rft.aulast=Clapson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHwyCAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwilson%2Bmp%2Bfor%2Bormskirk%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe1997" class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Andrew (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0"><i>A History of the British Labour Party</i></a>. London: Macmillan Education UK. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-25305-0">10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-56081-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-56081-5"><bdi>978-0-333-56081-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+British+Labour+Party&rft.place=London&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-25305-0&rft.isbn=978-0-333-56081-5&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-25305-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pimlott (1992) pp 135–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. N. Medlicott, <i>Contemporary England 1914–1964</i> (1967) p. 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving2014" class="citation journal cs1">Irving, Henry (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720140318/http://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/2324/2/The%20birth%20of%20a%20politician_%20Harold%20Wilson%20and%20the%20bonfires%20of%20controls%2C%201948-9.pdf">"The birth of a politician: Harold Wilson and the bonfires of controls, 1948–9"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Twentieth Century British History</i>. <b>25</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhws044">10.1093/tcbh/hws044</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/2324/2/The%20birth%20of%20a%20politician_%20Harold%20Wilson%20and%20the%20bonfires%20of%20controls,%201948-9.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+British+History&rft.atitle=The+birth+of+a+politician%3A+Harold+Wilson+and+the+bonfires+of+controls%2C+1948%E2%80%939&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhws044&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk%2F2324%2F2%2FThe%2520birth%2520of%2520a%2520politician_%2520Harold%2520Wilson%2520and%2520the%2520bonfires%2520of%2520controls%2C%25201948-9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dell 1997, pp. 120, 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dell 1997, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pimlott (1992) pp 133–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell 1987, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell 1987, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell 1987, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1995" class="citation news cs1">Goodman, Geoffrey (25 May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politics.guardian.co.uk/politicsobituaries/story/0,,563492,00.html">"Harold Wilson: Leading Labour beyond pipe dreams"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071231165647/http://politics.guardian.co.uk/politicsobituaries/story/0,,563492,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Harold+Wilson%3A+Leading+Labour+beyond+pipe+dreams&rft.date=1995-05-25&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitics.guardian.co.uk%2Fpoliticsobituaries%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C563492%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pimlott, pp. 211–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrinesHickson2016" class="citation book cs1">Crines, Andrew S.; Hickson, Kevin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N-qzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62"><i>Harold Wilson: The Unprincipled Prime Minister?: A Reappraisal of Harold Wilson</i></a>. Biteback. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785900587" title="Special:BookSources/9781785900587"><bdi>9781785900587</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200204104636/https://books.google.com/books?id=N-qzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harold+Wilson%3A+The+Unprincipled+Prime+Minister%3F%3A+A+Reappraisal+of+Harold+Wilson&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Biteback&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781785900587&rft.aulast=Crines&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rft.au=Hickson%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN-qzCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pimlott, pp. 194–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Heppell, "The Labour Party leadership election of 1963: Explaining the unexpected election of Harold Wilson." <i>Contemporary British History</i> 24.2 (2010): 151–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-'70s-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-'70s_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/9"><i>How We Got Here: The '70s</i></a></span>. New York City: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04195-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04195-4"><bdi>978-0-465-04195-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-465-04195-4&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwegothere70sd00frum%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pimlott, pp. 285–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrines_and_Hickson2016" class="citation book cs1">Crines and Hickson (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N-qzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT258"><i>Harold Wilson: The Unprincipled Prime Minister?: A Reappraisal of Harold Wilson</i></a>. Biteback. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785900587" title="Special:BookSources/9781785900587"><bdi>9781785900587</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181208210148/https://books.google.com/books?id=N-qzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT258">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harold+Wilson%3A+The+Unprincipled+Prime+Minister%3F%3A+A+Reappraisal+of+Harold+Wilson&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Biteback&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781785900587&rft.au=Crines+and+Hickson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN-qzCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/vote2001/in_depth/election_battles/1966_over.stm">"VOTE2001 | THE ELECTION BATTLES 1945–1997"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331231214/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/vote2001/in_depth/election_battles/1966_over.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=VOTE2001+%26%23124%3B+THE+ELECTION+BATTLES+1945%E2%80%931997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fstatic%2Fvote2001%2Fin_depth%2Felection_battles%2F1966_over.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmsocsec/56/9112407.htm">"House of Commons — Social Security — Minutes of Evidence"</a>. <i>Publications.parliament.uk</i>. 13 December 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119215652/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmsocsec/56/9112407.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publications.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons+%E2%80%94+Social+Security+%E2%80%94+Minutes+of+Evidence&rft.date=1999-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm199900%2Fcmselect%2Fcmsocsec%2F56%2F9112407.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearceStewart2013" class="citation book cs1">Pearce, Malcolm; Stewart, Geoffrey (13 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JbTbAAAAQBAJ&q=labour+government+1967+family+planning&pg=PA489"><i>British Political History, 1867–2001: Democracy and Decline — Malcolm Pearce, Geoffrey Stewart — Google Books</i></a>. Routledge. p. 489. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136453533" title="Special:BookSources/9781136453533"><bdi>9781136453533</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009103743/https://books.google.com/books?id=JbTbAAAAQBAJ&q=labour+government+1967+family+planning&pg=PA489">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Political+History%2C+1867%E2%80%932001%3A+Democracy+and+Decline+%E2%80%94+Malcolm+Pearce%2C+Geoffrey+Stewart+%E2%80%94+Google+Books&rft.pages=489&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft.isbn=9781136453533&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJbTbAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlabour%2Bgovernment%2B1967%2Bfamily%2Bplanning%26pg%3DPA489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmans1997" class="citation book cs1">Holmans, A. E. (28 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfp_sdl12MsC&q=harold+wilson+rent+act+1965&pg=PA75"><i>Directions in Housing Policy: Towards Sustainable Housing Policies for the UK — A. E. Holmans — Google Books</i></a>. Sage Publications (CA). p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781446226650" title="Special:BookSources/9781446226650"><bdi>9781446226650</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009120846/https://books.google.com/books?id=pfp_sdl12MsC&q=harold+wilson+rent+act+1965&pg=PA75">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directions+in+Housing+Policy%3A+Towards+Sustainable+Housing+Policies+for+the+UK+%E2%80%94+A.+E.+Holmans+%E2%80%94+Google+Books&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Sage+Publications+%28CA%29&rft.date=1997-01-28&rft.isbn=9781446226650&rft.aulast=Holmans&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpfp_sdl12MsC%26q%3Dharold%2Bwilson%2Brent%2Bact%2B1965%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglundBeery2013" class="citation book cs1">Englund, H. M.; Beery, W. T. (2 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bRwlBQAAQBAJ&q=united+kingdom+1968+clean+air+act+public+health&pg=PA1189"><i>Proceedings of the Second International Clean Air Congress — Google Books</i></a>. Elsevier. p. 1189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483272436" title="Special:BookSources/9781483272436"><bdi>9781483272436</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009093408/https://books.google.com/books?id=bRwlBQAAQBAJ&q=united+kingdom+1968+clean+air+act+public+health&pg=PA1189">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Second+International+Clean+Air+Congress+%E2%80%94+Google+Books&rft.pages=1189&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013-10-02&rft.isbn=9781483272436&rft.aulast=Englund&rft.aufirst=H.+M.&rft.au=Beery%2C+W.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbRwlBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dunited%2Bkingdom%2B1968%2Bclean%2Bair%2Bact%2Bpublic%2Bhealth%26pg%3DPA1189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000132953">"International yearbook of education, v. 28"</a>. UNESCO International Bureau of Education. 1967. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417194150/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000132953">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+yearbook+of+education%2C+v.+28&rft.pub=UNESCO+International+Bureau+of+Education&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000132953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1996" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Jim (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9p9pcQ0PY8C&pg=PA28"><i>The Great Alliance: Economic Recovery and the Problems of Power, 1945–1951</i></a>. Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745310374" title="Special:BookSources/9780745310374"><bdi>9780745310374</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417194152/https://books.google.com/books?id=j9p9pcQ0PY8C&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Alliance%3A+Economic+Recovery+and+the+Problems+of+Power%2C+1945%E2%80%931951&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=9780745310374&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj9p9pcQ0PY8C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thorpe64702001-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorpe64702001_41-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2001" class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Andrew (2001). <i>A History of the British Labour Party</i>. Palgrave. pp. <span class="nowrap">145–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-92908-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-92908-X"><bdi>0-333-92908-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+British+Labour+Party&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-333-92908-X&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThorpe1997">Thorpe (1997)</a>, p. 125-145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inequality-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inequality_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inequality_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inequality_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inequality_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inequality_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inequality_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inequality_43-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inequality_43-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inequality_43-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inequality_43-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend1972" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, Peter (1972). Bosanquet, Nicholas (ed.). <i>Labour and inequality: Sixteen Fabian Essays</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7163-4004-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7163-4004-1"><bdi>978-0-7163-4004-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labour+and+inequality%3A+Sixteen+Fabian+Essays&rft.pub=Fabian+Society&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7163-4004-1&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/19/newsid_3208000/3208396.stm">"1967: Wilson defends 'pound in your pocket'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 19 November 1967. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824050638/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/19/newsid_3208000/3208396.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1967%3A+Wilson+defends+%27pound+in+your+pocket%27&rft.date=1967-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fnovember%2F19%2Fnewsid_3208000%2F3208396.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An influential study at the time, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Shonfield" title="Andrew Shonfield">Andrew Shonfield</a>'s <i>Modern Capitalism</i> (OUP, 1965), provided intellectual backing for the belief that indicative planning largely underlay the superior growth performance of France and Germany compared to the UK.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceN-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceN_46-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Labour Government 1964–70</i> by Brian Lapping.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/ea8cf00b-5d7e-4c7c-b8fe-264110303bd1">"THE NATIONAL GIRO"</a>. The National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128163504/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/ea8cf00b-5d7e-4c7c-b8fe-264110303bd1">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+NATIONAL+GIRO&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2Fea8cf00b-5d7e-4c7c-b8fe-264110303bd1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2857020/Girobank-disappears-in-AandL-brand-makeover.html">"Girobank disappears in A&L brand makeover"</a>. The Telegraph. 7 July 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622095731/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2857020/Girobank-disappears-in-AandL-brand-makeover.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Girobank+disappears+in+A%26L+brand+makeover&rft.date=2003-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2F2857020%2FGirobank-disappears-in-AandL-brand-makeover.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028013514/http://www.socialiststudies.org.uk/cinc%201930s.shtml">"Socialist Studies – Capitalism in Crisis – Unemployment in the 1930s"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialiststudies.org.uk/cinc%201930s.shtml">the original</a> on 28 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Socialist+Studies+%E2%80%93+Capitalism+in+Crisis+%E2%80%93+Unemployment+in+the+1930s.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialiststudies.org.uk%2Fcinc%25201930s.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Wilson, The Labour Government 1964–1970: A Personal Record</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/dec/16/labour-immigration-poll-ratings-managed-migration">"Labour dealt with immigration in 1965 – and it can do so again | Martin Kettle"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 16 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Labour+dealt+with+immigration+in+1965+%E2%80%93+and+it+can+do+so+again+%7C+Martin+Kettle&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2016%2Fdec%2F16%2Flabour-immigration-poll-ratings-managed-migration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Battle of Britain: The Home Front</i>, by George Goldsmith Carter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Decade of Disillusion: British Politics in the Sixties</i>, edited by David Mckie and Chris Cook.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ponting-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ponting_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ponting_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ponting_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ponting_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ponting_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ponting_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ponting_54-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ponting_54-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ponting_54-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ponting_54-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ponting_54-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Breach of Promise – Labour in Power, 1964–70</i> by Clive Ponting.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Changing party policy in Britain: an introduction</i> by Richard Kelly.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Short History Of The Labour Party</i> by Henry Pelling.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-socialists1-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-socialists1_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-socialists1_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-socialists1_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity</i> by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shorthistory-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shorthistory_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shorthistory_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shorthistory_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shorthistory_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Short History of the Labour Party</i> by Alastair J. Reid and Henry Pelling.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Housing policy: an introduction</i> by Paul N. Balchin and Maureen Rhoden.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Capitalism and public policy in the UK</i> by Tom Burden and Mike Campbell.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=166">"Speech Archive"</a>. British Political Speech. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015183320/http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=166">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speech+Archive&rft.pub=British+Political+Speech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpoliticalspeech.org%2Fspeech-archive.htm%3Fspeech%3D166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Evolution of the British Welfare State</i> by Derek Fraser.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=165">"British Political Speech | Speech Archive"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Political+Speech+%26%23124%3B+Speech+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpoliticalspeech.org%2Fspeech-archive.htm%3Fspeech%3D165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-byrne1-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-byrne1_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-byrne1_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-byrne1_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-byrne1_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-byrne1_64-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-byrne1_64-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Social Services: Made Simple</i> by Tony Byrne, BA, BSc(Econ.), and Colin F. Padfield, LLB, DPA(Lond).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cook-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cook_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cook_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The decade of disillusion: British politics in the '60s</i> by David McKie and Chris Cook.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylor-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taylor_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taylor_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mastering Economic and Social History</i> by David Taylor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Labour's First Century</i> by <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Tanner" title="Duncan Tanner">Duncan Tanner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Thane" title="Pat Thane">Pat Thane</a> and Nick Tiratsoo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2000" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Neville S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wxjQFu2zsMC&q=From+1966%2C+following+a+recommendation+of+the+McCorquodale&pg=PA471"><i>Social Security Law in Context</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198763086" title="Special:BookSources/9780198763086"><bdi>9780198763086</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417194150/https://books.google.com/books?id=4wxjQFu2zsMC&q=From+1966,+following+a+recommendation+of+the+McCorquodale&pg=PA471">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Security+Law+in+Context&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780198763086&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Neville+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4wxjQFu2zsMC%26q%3DFrom%2B1966%252C%2Bfollowing%2Ba%2Brecommendation%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMcCorquodale%26pg%3DPA471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Committee_Office,_House_of_Commons1999" class="citation web cs1">The Committee Office, House of Commons (13 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmsocsec/56/9112407.htm">"House of Commons – Social Security – Minutes of Evidence"</a>. Publications.parliament.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119215652/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmsocsec/56/9112407.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+of+Commons+%E2%80%93+Social+Security+%E2%80%93+Minutes+of+Evidence&rft.pub=Publications.parliament.uk&rft.date=1999-12-13&rft.au=The+Committee+Office%2C+House+of+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm199900%2Fcmselect%2Fcmsocsec%2F56%2F9112407.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabour_Party_(Great_Britain)._Conference" class="citation web cs1">Labour Party (Great Britain). Conference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zOwNAQAAMAAJ&q=From+July,+1966,+the+temporary+allowance+for+the+widow+of+a+severely+disabled+pensioner+was+extended+from+1+3+weeks+to+26+weeks.">"Report of the Annual Conference and Special Conference of the Labour Party"</a>. <i>Google Books</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417194153/https://books.google.com/books?id=zOwNAQAAMAAJ&q=From+July,+1966,+the+temporary+allowance+for+the+widow+of+a+severely+disabled+pensioner+was+extended+from+1+3+weeks+to+26+weeks.">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Books&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Annual+Conference+and+Special+Conference+of+the+Labour+Party&rft.au=Labour+Party+%28Great+Britain%29.+Conference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzOwNAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DFrom%2BJuly%2C%2B1966%2C%2Bthe%2Btemporary%2Ballowance%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bwidow%2Bof%2Ba%2Bseverely%2Bdisabled%2Bpensioner%2Bwas%2Bextended%2Bfrom%2B1%2B3%2Bweeks%2Bto%2B26%2Bweeks.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timmins-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Timmins_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State</i> by Nicholas Timmins.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taxation-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taxation_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Taxation, Wage Bargaining, and Unemployment</i> by Isabela Mares.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Testing the Limits of Social Welfare International perspectives on policy changes in nine countries edited by Robert Morris, University Press of New England, 1988, p.45 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Labour Party in Crisis</i> by Paul Whiteley.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/34">"Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1968"</a>. Legislation.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824191848/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/34">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agriculture+%28Miscellaneous+Provisions%29+Act+1968&rft.pub=Legislation.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1968%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crossman-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crossman_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crossman_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Crossman, <i>The diaries of a cabinet minister, Volume 3: Secretary of State for Social Services, 1968–1970</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labour_1968-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Labour_1968_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Labour_1968_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Labour_1968_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Labour_1968_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Labour_1968_78-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Labour_1968_78-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Labour_1968_78-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Labour: A Dictionary Of Achievement</i>, published by the Labour Party, Transport House, Smith Square, London, S.W.1. Printed by C.W.S. Printing Factory, Elgar Road, Reading (October 1968).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1970-03-25a.1592.0">"Orders of the Day — Hill Land Improvement Scheme"</a>. <i>theyworkforyou.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807021939/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1970-03-25a.1592.0">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theyworkforyou.com&rft.atitle=Orders+of+the+Day+%E2%80%94+Hill+Land+Improvement+Scheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theyworkforyou.com%2Fdebates%2F%3Fid%3D1970-03-25a.1592.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidmoreMoore-Colyer2006" class="citation book cs1">Midmore, Peter; Moore-Colyer, Richard J. (30 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSc3GUjfIwwC&q=Livestock+Rearing+Act+1951+sheep+cattle&pg=PT15"><i>Cherished Heartland: Future of the Uplands in Wales – Peter Midmore, Richard J. Moore-Colyer – Google Books</i></a>. Institute of Welsh Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904773061" title="Special:BookSources/9781904773061"><bdi>9781904773061</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417194155/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSc3GUjfIwwC&q=Livestock+Rearing+Act+1951+sheep+cattle&pg=PT15">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherished+Heartland%3A+Future+of+the+Uplands+in+Wales+%E2%80%93+Peter+Midmore%2C+Richard+J.+Moore-Colyer+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Institute+of+Welsh+Affairs&rft.date=2006-08-30&rft.isbn=9781904773061&rft.aulast=Midmore&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Moore-Colyer%2C+Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZSc3GUjfIwwC%26q%3DLivestock%2BRearing%2BAct%2B1951%2Bsheep%2Bcattle%26pg%3DPT15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>General practice under the National Health Service 1948–1997</i> by Irvine Loudon, John Horder, Charles Webster.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Longman-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Longman_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Longman_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Longman_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Longman Companion to The Labour Party 1900–1998</i> by Harry Harmer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinnerMaguire2014" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, Dennis; Maguire, Kevin (18 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_wphBQAAQBAJ&q=dennis+skinner+miners+swimming+pool+sports+council&pg=PT41"><i>Sailing Close to the Wind</i></a>. Quercus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782061588" title="Special:BookSources/9781782061588"><bdi>9781782061588</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417194151/https://books.google.com/books?id=_wphBQAAQBAJ&q=dennis+skinner+miners+swimming+pool+sports+council&pg=PT41">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+Close+to+the+Wind&rft.pub=Quercus&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft.isbn=9781782061588&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Maguire%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_wphBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddennis%2Bskinner%2Bminers%2Bswimming%2Bpool%2Bsports%2Bcouncil%26pg%3DPT41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryantDunnillFlanaganHayes2007" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Robin; Dunnill, Richard; Flanagan, Karen; Hayes, Dennis (1 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDbRCaCPD7wC&q=labour+government+council+for+academic+awards+1964&pg=PA251"><i>Teaching and Training in Post-compulsory Education</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780335222674" title="Special:BookSources/9780335222674"><bdi>9780335222674</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417194149/https://books.google.com/books?id=sDbRCaCPD7wC&q=labour+government+council+for+academic+awards+1964&pg=PA251">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+and+Training+in+Post-compulsory+Education&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft.isbn=9780335222674&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Dunnill%2C+Richard&rft.au=Flanagan%2C+Karen&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsDbRCaCPD7wC%26q%3Dlabour%2Bgovernment%2Bcouncil%2Bfor%2Bacademic%2Bawards%2B1964%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105051327/http://www.thespiritof45.com/how-we-did-it">"Ken Loach's film The Spirit Of '45 – How We Did it"</a>. Thespiritof45.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespiritof45.com/How-We-Did-it">the original</a> on 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ken+Loach%27s+film+The+Spirit+Of+%2745+%E2%80%93+How+We+Did+it&rft.pub=Thespiritof45.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespiritof45.com%2FHow-We-Did-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1969/oct/31/pensions-and-education#S5CV0790P0_19691031_HOC_46">PENSIONS AND EDUCATION (Hansard, 31 October 1969.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312115253/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1969/oct/31/pensions-and-education#S5CV0790P0_19691031_HOC_46">Archived</a> 12 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> vol 790 cc509-608 – api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008100355/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/4/newsid_2502000/2502925.stm">"1966: Doctors and dentists get huge pay rise"</a>. <i>BBC Home: On this day – 1950–2005</i>. 4 May 1966. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/4/newsid_2502000/2502925.stm">the original</a> on 8 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Home%3A+On+this+day+%E2%80%93+1950%E2%80%932005&rft.atitle=1966%3A+Doctors+and+dentists+get+huge+pay+rise&rft.date=1966-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmay%2F4%2Fnewsid_2502000%2F2502925.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/10th-november-1967/98/two-pronged-fare-concessions-bid">"Two-pronged fare-concessions bid"</a>. <i>commercialmotor.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910102145/http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/10th-november-1967/98/two-pronged-fare-concessions-bid">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commercialmotor.com&rft.atitle=Two-pronged+fare-concessions+bid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.commercialmotor.com%2Farticle%2F10th-november-1967%2F98%2Ftwo-pronged-fare-concessions-bid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-labour1-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-labour1_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-labour1_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ten Years of New Labour</i>, edited by Matt Beech and Simon Lee.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beckerman-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beckerman_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beckerman_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beckerman_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beckerman_90-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Labour government's Economic record: 1964–1970</i>, edited by Wilfred Beckerman.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Tomlinson, Jim (2004). <i>The Labour Governments 1964–1970, Volume 3, Economic Policy</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Labour+Governments+1964%E2%80%931970%2C+Volume+3%2C+Economic+Policy&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Tomlinson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica1971-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica1971_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Britannica Book of the Year 1971</i>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., William Benton (Publisher).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531082945/http://www.warr.co.uk/Changes-To-Capital-Gains-Tax.htm">"Warr & Co Chartered Accountants – Article – Changes To Capital Gains Tax"</a>. Warr.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warr.co.uk/Changes-To-Capital-Gains-Tax.htm">the original</a> on 31 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warr+%26+Co+Chartered+Accountants+%E2%80%93+Article+%E2%80%93+Changes+To+Capital+Gains+Tax&rft.pub=Warr.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warr.co.uk%2FChanges-To-Capital-Gains-Tax.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.org.uk/bns/bn25.pdf">"IFS: Long-Term trends in British Taxation and Spending"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150202090902/http://www.ifs.org.uk/bns/bn25.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IFS%3A+Long-Term+trends+in+British+Taxation+and+Spending&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifs.org.uk%2Fbns%2Fbn25.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.uk-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThaneEvans2012" class="citation book cs1">Thane, Pat; Evans, Tanya (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HZvhMJWK930C&q=harold+wilson+widows+tax+concessions+1967&pg=PA129"><i>Sinners? Scroungers? Saints?</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199578504" title="Special:BookSources/9780199578504"><bdi>9780199578504</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417194151/https://books.google.com/books?id=HZvhMJWK930C&q=harold+wilson+widows+tax+concessions+1967&pg=PA129">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinners%3F+Scroungers%3F+Saints%3F&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2012-05&rft.isbn=9780199578504&rft.aulast=Thane&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft.au=Evans%2C+Tanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHZvhMJWK930C%26q%3Dharold%2Bwilson%2Bwidows%2Btax%2Bconcessions%2B1967%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Le contrat dans les pays anglo-saxons: théories et pratiques" by Jean-Louis Breteau.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsUK/planning/legislation/minewaste.html">"Legislation & policy: mineral ownership | Planning | MineralsUK"</a>. Bgs.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103200113/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/planning/legislation/mineWaste.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legislation+%26+policy%3A+mineral+ownership+%26%23124%3B+Planning+%26%23124%3B+MineralsUK&rft.pub=Bgs.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgs.ac.uk%2FmineralsUK%2Fplanning%2Flegislation%2Fminewaste.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2009" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Brian (26 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oVH0fVcMx5cC&q=UK+corporal+punishment+1948&pg=PP149"><i>Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom 1951–1970 – Brian Harrison – Google Books</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191606786" title="Special:BookSources/9780191606786"><bdi>9780191606786</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417194149/https://books.google.com/books?id=oVH0fVcMx5cC&q=UK+corporal+punishment+1948&pg=PP149">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+a+Role%3A+The+United+Kingdom+1951%E2%80%931970+%E2%80%93+Brian+Harrison+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft.isbn=9780191606786&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoVH0fVcMx5cC%26q%3DUK%2Bcorporal%2Bpunishment%2B1948%26pg%3DPP149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Family day care: international perspectives on policy, practice and quality</i> by Ann Mooney and June Statham.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/relationships/overview/legitimacyadoption/">"Marriage: legitimacy and adoption – UK Parliament"</a>. Parliament.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226112421/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/relationships/overview/legitimacyadoption/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marriage%3A+legitimacy+and+adoption+%E2%80%93+UK+Parliament&rft.pub=Parliament.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Ftransformingsociety%2Fprivate-lives%2Frelationships%2Foverview%2Flegitimacyadoption%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeldonHickson-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SeldonHickson_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Labour, Old Labour: The Wilson and Callaghan Governments, 1974–79</i> edited by Anthony Seldon and Kevin Hickson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-white_heat-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-white_heat_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-white_heat_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>White Heat: A History of Britain in the Swinging Sixties</i>, Dominic Sandbrook.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Struggle for Labour's Soul: Understanding Labour's political thought since 1945</i> by Raymond Plant, Matt Beech and Kevin Hickson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Harold Wilson</i> by Ben Pimlott.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240714195554/https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/improving-our-understanding-of-uk-poverty-will-require-better-data/">Improving our understanding of UK poverty will require better data by Adam Corlett, 6 January 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Poverty in Britain, 1900–1965</i> by Ian Gazeley.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Understanding Social Policy</i> by Michael James Hill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whiting-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whiting_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Labour Party and Taxation: Party Identity and Political Purpose in Twentieth-Century Britain</i> by Richard Whiting.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-labour1945-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-labour1945_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Labour Party since 1945</i> by Eric Shaw.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Labour Party Since 1945</i> by Kevin Jeffreys.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-api.parliament.uk-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-api.parliament.uk_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1970/may/27/clause-14">Clause 14, ALTERATIONS OF PERSONAL RELIEFS (Hansard, 27 May 1970)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308075856/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1970/may/27/clause-14">Archived</a> 8 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Labour in Power, 1945–1951</i> by Kenneth O. Morgan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>To Build A New Jerusalem: The British Labour Movement from the 1880s to the 1990s</i> by A. J. Davies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc Tiley, "Britain, Vietnam and the Special Relationship." <i>History Today</i> 63.12 (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2008" class="citation journal cs1">Vickers, Rhiannon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26923428">"Harold Wilson, the British Labour Party, and the War in Vietnam"</a>. <i>Journal of Cold War Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjcws.2008.10.2.41">10.1162/jcws.2008.10.2.41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1520-3972">1520-3972</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26923428">26923428</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57561207">57561207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=Harold+Wilson%2C+the+British+Labour+Party%2C+and+the+War+in+Vietnam&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1520-3972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57561207%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26923428%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fjcws.2008.10.2.41&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Rhiannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26923428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Colman, <i>A 'Special Relationship'? Harold Wilson, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Anglo-American Relations 'At the Summit', 1964–68</i> (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Six Days: How the 1967 War Shaped the Middle East by Jeremy Bowen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrivati2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Brivati" title="Brian Brivati">Brivati, Brian</a> (6 January 2011). "Gaitskell, Hugh Todd Naylor". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33309">10.1093/ref:odnb/33309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaitskell%2C+Hugh+Todd+Naylor&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33309&rft.aulast=Brivati&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowland2008" class="citation book cs1">Gowland, David; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvt-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69"><i>Britain and European Integration Since 1945: On the Sidelines</i></a>. Routledge. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134354528" title="Special:BookSources/9781134354528"><bdi>9781134354528</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110180415/https://books.google.com/books?id=dvt-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+European+Integration+Since+1945%3A+On+the+Sidelines&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781134354528&rft.aulast=Gowland&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddvt-AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Moravcsik, "The Choice for Europe" (Cornell, 1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6/newsid_2499000/2499297.stm">1975: UK embraces Europe in referendum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620044520/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6/newsid_2499000/2499297.stm">Archived</a> 20 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC On This Day.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhiannon Vickers, "Harold Wilson, the British Labour Party, and the War in Vietnam." <i>Journal of Cold War Studies</i> 10#2 (2008): 41–70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/jcws.2008.10.2.41">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216133217/https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/jcws.2008.10.2.41">Archived</a> 16 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Government1-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Government1_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Government1_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Wilson, "The Labour Government, 1964–70: a Personal Record".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army</i> (1994), p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench1990" class="citation book cs1">French, David (1990). <i>The British Way in Warfare, 1688–2000</i>. Routledge. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-445789-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-445789-3"><bdi>978-0-04-445789-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Way+in+Warfare%2C+1688%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-04-445789-3&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpot2014" class="citation web cs1">Philpot, Robert (7 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/comment/opinion/wilson-true-friend-of-israel-1.58771">"Wilson, true friend of Israel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Chronicle" title="The Jewish Chronicle">The Jewish Chronicle</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828105126/https://www.thejc.com/comment/opinion/wilson-true-friend-of-israel-1.58771">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Wilson%2C+true+friend+of+Israel&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft.aulast=Philpot&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fcomment%2Fopinion%2Fwilson-true-friend-of-israel-1.58771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jamd.com/search?assettype=g&assetid=2634403&text=wilson+meir+brandt">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713180501/http://www.jamd.com/search?assettype=g&assetid=2634403&text=wilson+meir+brandt">Archived</a> 13 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biafra by Peter Schwab, 1971 – pg. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeapman1998" class="citation news cs1">Leapman, Michael (4 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/british-interests-nigerian-tragedy-1136684.html">"British interests, Nigerian tragedy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2010</span>. <q>Edward Heath thanked him without adopting his suggestions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=May+1972+%26%23124%3B+Ireland%3A+The+View+from+Dublin&rft.date=2001-10-31&rft.aulast=Donoghue&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fissues%2F72may%2Fdonoghue.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7610750.stm">"Wilson had NI 'doomsday' plan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 11 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809002945/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7610750.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Wilson+had+NI+%27doomsday%27+plan&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F7610750.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Callaghan, James, <i>Time & Chance</i> (Collins/Fontana, 1987), p. 520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerkaik2009" class="citation web cs1">Verkaik, Robert (5 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015193521/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/britain-offered-gaddafi-16314m-to-stop-supporting-the-ira-1797754.html">"Britain offered Gaddafi £14m to stop supporting the IRA"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/britain-offered-gaddafi-16314m-to-stop-supporting-the-ira-1797754.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Britain+offered+Gaddafi+%C2%A314m+to+stop+supporting+the+IRA&rft.date=2009-10-05&rft.aulast=Verkaik&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fbritain-offered-gaddafi-16314m-to-stop-supporting-the-ira-1797754.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/8290209.stm">"Libya offered £14m over IRA ties"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 5 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809002456/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/8290209.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lord+Wilson+of+Rievaulx+%E2%80%93+Tuesday+15+November+1983+%E2%80%93+Hansard+%E2%80%93+UK+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhansard.parliament.uk%2FLords%2F1983-11-15%2Fdebates%2F1ee97dc9-ec07-4444-8291-b72414768b74%2FLordWilsonOfRievaulx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.univ.ox.ac.uk/news/harold-wilson-proclamation/">"Harold Wilson proclamation"</a>. University College, Oxford<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harold+Wilson+proclamation&rft.pub=University+College%2C+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.univ.ox.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fharold-wilson-proclamation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C3025">"Committee to Review the Functioning of Financial Institutions (Wilson Committee): Evidence Files and Registered Files (FI Series)"</a>. The National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227222416/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C3025">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Committee+to+Review+the+Functioning+of+Financial+Institutions+%28Wilson+Committee%29%3A+Evidence+Files+and+Registered+Files+%28FI+Series%29&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2FC3025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson and Lloyd, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1984/may/09/unemployment">Hansard</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092539/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1984/may/09/unemployment">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> HL 5ser vol 451 cols 923–1002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1986/jun/25/marine-pilotage#S5LV0477P0_19860625_HOL_197">Hansard</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830120001/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1986/jun/25/marine-pilotage#S5LV0477P0_19860625_HOL_197">Archived</a> 30 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> HL 5ser vol 477 cols 389-90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094486/"><i>Inside Story</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a>; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//ITN/1986/02/12/AS120286004">ITNsource</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120031341/http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//ITN/1986/02/12/AS120286004">Archived</a> 20 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for video.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-papers-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-papers_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2024" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Caroline (27 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/jul/27/sad-last-days-of-harold-wilson-revealed-by-cabinet-office-archives">"Sad last days of Harold Wilson revealed by Cabinet Office archives"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Son+of+former+PM+Harold+Wilson+swaps+teaching+for+a+career+as+train+driver&rft.date=2006-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fson-of-former-pm-harold-wilson-swaps-teaching-for-a-career-as-train-driver-7210307.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsborne2006" class="citation news cs1">Usborne, Simon (19 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/and-you-thought-your-family-politics-were-bad-what-s-it-like-to-be-the-child-of-a-politician-8572555.html">"And you thought your family politics were bad... what's it like to be the child of a politician?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200105203241/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/and-you-thought-your-family-politics-were-bad-what-s-it-like-to-be-the-child-of-a-politician-8572555.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=And+you+thought+your+family+politics+were+bad...+what%27s+it+like+to+be+the+child+of+a+politician%3F&rft.date=2006-09-19&rft.aulast=Usborne&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fand-you-thought-your-family-politics-were-bad-what-s-it-like-to-be-the-child-of-a-politician-8572555.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-times-20240410-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-times-20240410_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaguire2024" class="citation news cs1">Maguire, Patrick (10 April 2024). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/harold-wilson-affair-prime-minister-downing-street-press-secretary-2mfkzdljv">"Revealed: Harold Wilson's secret Downing Street affair"</a></span>. <i>The Times</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Harold+Wilson%27s+secret+Downing+Street+affair&rft.date=2024-04-10&rft.aulast=Maguire&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fharold-wilson-affair-prime-minister-downing-street-press-secretary-2mfkzdljv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-20240410-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph-20240410_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayner2024" class="citation news cs1">Rayner, Gordon (10 April 2024). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/04/10/harold-wilson-secret-affair-janet-hewlett-davies/">"Harold Wilson had secret affair in second term in No10 – and it wasn't his secretary"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Harold+Wilson+had+secret+affair+in+second+term+in+No10+%E2%80%93+and+it+wasn%27t+his+secretary&rft.date=2024-04-10&rft.aulast=Rayner&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2024%2F04%2F10%2Fharold-wilson-secret-affair-janet-hewlett-davies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bracknellnews.co.uk/news/national/24245633.wilsons-affair-gave-sunshine-sunset-says-former-adviser/">"Wilson's affair gave him 'sunshine at the sunset', says former adviser"</a>. <i>Bracknell News</i>. 11 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bracknell+News&rft.atitle=Wilson%27s+affair+gave+him+%27sunshine+at+the+sunset%27%2C+says+former+adviser&rft.date=2024-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bracknellnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnational%2F24245633.wilsons-affair-gave-sunshine-sunset-says-former-adviser%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=340222&rel_no=1">"A 2012 Chance for David Beckham?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020011047/http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=340222&rel_no=1">Archived</a> 20 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, OhMy News International Sports, 16 January 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2004" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, Chris (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britain192919980000rowe"><i>Britain 1929–1998</i></a></span>. Heinemann. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britain192919980000rowe/page/82">82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780435327385" title="Special:BookSources/9780435327385"><bdi>9780435327385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+1929%E2%80%931998&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780435327385&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritain192919980000rowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheaRodriguez2007" class="citation book cs1">Shea, Stuart; Rodriguez, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5rGn7xU7zHEC&pg=PA73"><i>Fab Four FAQ: Everything Left to Know about the Beatles-- and More!</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781423421382" title="Special:BookSources/9781423421382"><bdi>9781423421382</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111020318/https://books.google.com/books?id=5rGn7xU7zHEC&pg=PA73">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fab+Four+FAQ%3A+Everything+Left+to+Know+about+the+Beatles--+and+More%21&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781423421382&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5rGn7xU7zHEC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatles1991" class="citation book cs1">Beatles (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DKG-FXj_HNYC&pg=PA69"><i>The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395594261" title="Special:BookSources/9780395594261"><bdi>9780395594261</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109095453/https://books.google.com/books?id=DKG-FXj_HNYC&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beatles+Illustrated+Lyrics&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780395594261&rft.au=Beatles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDKG-FXj_HNYC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaytress2009" class="citation book cs1">Paytress, Mark (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-yk4U2LILeMC&pg=PT269"><i>Marc Bolan: The Rise And Fall Of A 20th Century Superstar</i></a>. Omnibus Press. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857120236" title="Special:BookSources/9780857120236"><bdi>9780857120236</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200104195217/https://books.google.com/books?id=-yk4U2LILeMC&pg=PT269">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marc+Bolan%3A+The+Rise+And+Fall+Of+A+20th+Century+Superstar&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780857120236&rft.aulast=Paytress&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-yk4U2LILeMC%26pg%3DPT269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeppell2014" class="citation book cs1">Heppell, Timothy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eLnfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47"><i>The Tories: From Winston Churchill to David Cameron</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780931142" title="Special:BookSources/9781780931142"><bdi>9781780931142</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118212149/https://books.google.com/books?id=eLnfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tories%3A+From+Winston+Churchill+to+David+Cameron&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781780931142&rft.aulast=Heppell&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeLnfAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandbrook2015" class="citation book cs1">Sandbrook, Dominic (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ug_BgAAQBAJ"><i>White Heat: A History of Britain in the Swinging Sixties</i></a>. Little, Brown. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780349141282" title="Special:BookSources/9780349141282"><bdi>9780349141282</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200104234636/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ug_BgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Heat%3A+A+History+of+Britain+in+the+Swinging+Sixties&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780349141282&rft.aulast=Sandbrook&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ug_BgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan2019" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, William (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NVBwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47"><i>Nine Crises: Fifty Years of Covering the British Economy from Devaluation to Brexit</i></a>. Biteback Publishing. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785903939" title="Special:BookSources/9781785903939"><bdi>9781785903939</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112161825/https://books.google.com/books?id=NVBwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nine+Crises%3A+Fifty+Years+of+Covering+the+British+Economy+from+Devaluation+to+Brexit&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Biteback+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781785903939&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNVBwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/blog/archives/4099">More from YouGov/Sunday Times</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190117141201/http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/blog/archives/4099">Archived</a> 17 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UKPollingReport blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://today.yougov.co.uk/sites/today.yougov.co.uk/files/yg-archives-pol-st-results-3009-011011.pdf">Full polling results</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006095443/http://today.yougov.co.uk/sites/today.yougov.co.uk/files/yg-archives-pol-st-results-3009-011011.pdf">Archived</a> 6 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glen O'Hara "'Dynamic, Exciting, Thrilling Change': the Wilson Government's Economic Policies, 1964–70," <i>Contemporary British History</i> (2006), 20:3, 383–402, DOI: 10.1080/13619460500407087</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitrokhin-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitrokhin_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Vasili Mitrokhin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Christopher Andrew</a> (2000). The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West. Gardners Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028487-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028487-4">978-0-14-028487-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew, <i>Defend the Realm</i>, p. 642.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch87.htm">"Chronology of the Conflict 1987"</a>. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207062946/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch87.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+the+Conflict+1987&rft.pub=Cain.ulst.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fothelem%2Fchron%2Fch87.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/cgi-bin/newhtml_hl?DB=semukparl&STEMMER=en&WORDS=peter%20wright&ALL=&ANY=&PHRASE=%22Peter%20Wright%20%22&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=&SPEAKER=&COLOUR=red&STYLE=s&ANCHOR=Debate-9_spnew6&URL=/pa/cm198889/cmhansrd/1988-11-23/Debate-9.html#Debate-9_spnew6">House of Commons Hansard Debates for 23 November 1988</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074028/https://publications.parliament.uk/cgi-bin/newhtml_hl?DB=semukparl&STEMMER=en&WORDS=peter%20wright&ALL=&ANY=&PHRASE=%22Peter%20Wright%20%22&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=&SPEAKER=&COLOUR=red&STYLE=s&ANCHOR=Debate-9_spnew6&URL=%2Fpa%2Fcm198889%2Fcmhansrd%2F1988-11-23%2FDebate-9.html#Debate-9_spnew6">Archived</a> 16 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 1 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2006" class="citation news cs1">Wheeler, Brian (9 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4789060.stm">"Wilson 'plot': The secret tapes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215151907/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4789060.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Wilson+%27plot%27%3A+The+secret+tapes&rft.date=2006-03-09&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F4789060.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedland2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Freedland" title="Jonathan Freedland">Freedland, Jonathan</a> (15 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/mar/15/comment.labour1">"Enough of this cover-up: the Wilson plot was our Watergate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129013134/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/mar/15/comment.labour1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Enough+of+this+cover-up%3A+the+Wilson+plot+was+our+Watergate&rft.date=2006-03-15&rft.aulast=Freedland&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2006%2Fmar%2F15%2Fcomment.labour1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Moran, "Conspiracy and contemporary history: revisiting MI5 and the Wilson plot[s]." <i>Journal of Intelligence History</i> (2014) 13#2, pp. 161–175, quote at p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Moran, "Conspiracy and contemporary history" at fn 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mi5.gov.uk/the-wilson-plot">MI5, "The Wilson Plot"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180108075322/https://www.mi5.gov.uk/the-wilson-plot">Archived</a> 8 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025629/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8288247.stm">"MI5 kept file on former PM Wilson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 3 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8288247.stm">the original</a> on 9 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=MI5+kept+file+on+former+PM+Wilson&rft.date=2009-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F8288247.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourne2010" class="citation news cs1">Bourne, Brendan (18 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110130537/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/">"Allegations No.10 was bugged by MI5 'removed' from official history"</a>. <i>The Sunday Times</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article7101127.ece">the original</a> on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Allegations+No.10+was+bugged+by+MI5+%27removed%27+from+official+history&rft.date=2010-04-18&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticle7101127.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2009" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Christopher (3 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M84O5pYh3rcC&q=%22One+significant+excision+as+a+result+of+these%22&pg=PR20"><i>Defend the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307272911" title="Special:BookSources/9780307272911"><bdi>9780307272911</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009111759/https://books.google.com/books?id=M84O5pYh3rcC&q=%22One+significant+excision+as+a+result+of+these%22&pg=PR20">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defend+the+Realm%3A+The+Authorized+History+of+MI5&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2009-11-03&rft.isbn=9780307272911&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM84O5pYh3rcC%26q%3D%2522One%2Bsignificant%2Bexcision%2Bas%2Ba%2Bresult%2Bof%2Bthese%2522%26pg%3DPR20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Election 1968". <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</i>. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>25 (2). Royal Society of London: 323. 1970. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1970.0023">10.1098/rsnr.1970.0023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202574391">202574391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Election+1968&rft.volume=24%E2%80%9325&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=323&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1970.0023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202574391%23id-name%3DS2CID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabib2013" class="citation web cs1">Habib, Haroon (24 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/castro-basu-among-those-honoured-by-bangladesh/article4544641.ece">"Castro, Basu among those honoured by Bangladesh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230107151514/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/castro-basu-among-those-honoured-by-bangladesh/article4544641.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Castro%2C+Basu+among+those+honoured+by+Bangladesh&rft.date=2013-03-24&rft.aulast=Habib&rft.aufirst=Haroon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fsouth-asia%2Fcastro-basu-among-those-honoured-by-bangladesh%2Farticle4544641.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/the-right-honourable-sir-harold-wilson-19161995-lord-wilson-of-rievaulx-fellow-prime-minister-19641970-19741976-223862">"The Right Honourable Sir Harold Wilson (1916–1995), Lord Wilson of Rievaulx, Fellow, Prime Minister (1964–1970 & 1974–1976)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Art_UK" title="Art UK">Art UK</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708041817/https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/the-right-honourable-sir-harold-wilson-19161995-lord-wilson-of-rievaulx-fellow-prime-minister-19641970-19741976-223862">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Right+Honourable+Sir+Harold+Wilson+%281916%E2%80%931995%29%2C+Lord+Wilson+of+Rievaulx%2C+Fellow%2C+Prime+Minister+%281964%E2%80%931970+%26+1974%E2%80%931976%29&rft.pub=Art+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartuk.org%2Fdiscover%2Fartworks%2Fthe-right-honourable-sir-harold-wilson-19161995-lord-wilson-of-rievaulx-fellow-prime-minister-19641970-19741976-223862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/390348.stm">"UK PoliticsPipeless Wilson immortalised in bronze"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 15 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810015132/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/390348.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UK+PoliticsPipeless+Wilson+immortalised+in+bronze&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F390348.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120912034350/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23367944-blairs-tribute-to-harold-wilson.do">"Blair's tribute to Harold Wilson"</a>. <i>Evening Standard</i>. London. 15 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23367944-blairs-tribute-to-harold-wilson.do">the original</a> on 12 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Blair%27s+tribute+to+Harold+Wilson&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisislondon.co.uk%2Fstandard%2Farticle-23367944-blairs-tribute-to-harold-wilson.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hud.ac.uk/about/honorary-graduates/">"Honorary graduates – University of Huddersfield"</a>. <i>www.hud.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308154715/https://www.hud.ac.uk/about/honorary-graduates/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hud.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Honorary+graduates+%E2%80%93+University+of+Huddersfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hud.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fhonorary-graduates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bradford.ac.uk/about/chancellor/former-chancellors/">"Former Chancellors – University of Bradford"</a>. <i>www.bradford.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515091609/https://www.bradford.ac.uk/about/chancellor/former-chancellors/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bradford.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Former+Chancellors+%E2%80%93+University+of+Bradford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bradford.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fchancellor%2Fformer-chancellors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/unihistory/growth/motivations.html">"University of Lancaster"</a>. <i>www.lancaster.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180414083225/http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/unihistory/growth/motivations.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lancaster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=University+of+Lancaster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancaster.ac.uk%2Funihistory%2Fgrowth%2Fmotivations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/about-us/ourpeople/honorary-degrees/#sixties">"Honorary Graduates – Lancaster University"</a>. <i>www.lancaster.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141406/http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/about-us/ourpeople/honorary-degrees/#sixties">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lancaster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Honorary+Graduates+%E2%80%93+Lancaster+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancaster.ac.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fourpeople%2Fhonorary-degrees%2F%23sixties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancaster_University2011" class="citation web cs1">Lancaster University (29 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-MhwMTsxG8">"Harold Wilson's Acceptance Speech"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/a-MhwMTsxG8">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harold+Wilson%27s+Acceptance+Speech&rft.date=2011-06-29&rft.au=Lancaster+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Da-MhwMTsxG8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/commsec/calendar/Honorary,Graduates,of,the,University.pdf">Honorary Graduates of the University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207122338/https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/commsec/calendar/Honorary,Graduates,of,the,University.pdf">Archived</a> 7 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>. Accessed on 31 October 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=list-of-honorary-graduates.pdf&site=76">"Honorary Degrees Committee – List of Honorary Graduates as at 01/10/2019"</a>. University of Sussex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119063525/https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=list-of-honorary-graduates.pdf&site=76">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Degrees+Committee+%E2%80%93+List+of+Honorary+Graduates+as+at+01%2F10%2F2019&rft.pub=University+of+Sussex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sussex.ac.uk%2Fwebteam%2Fgateway%2Ffile.php%3Fname%3Dlist-of-honorary-graduates.pdf%26site%3D76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141436/https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/registrar/documents/hon-deg-list-feb2018.pdf">"Honorary Graduates of the University of Nottingham"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.nottingham.ac.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/registrar/documents/hon-deg-list-feb2018.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nottingham.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Honorary+Graduates+of+the+University+of+Nottingham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nottingham.ac.uk%2Fregistrar%2Fdocuments%2Fhon-deg-list-feb2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.essex.ac.uk/honorary_graduates/default.aspx">"Honorary Graduates – Honorary Graduates – University of Essex"</a>. <i>www1.essex.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143505/https://www1.essex.ac.uk/honorary_graduates/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www1.essex.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Honorary+Graduates+%E2%80%93+Honorary+Graduates+%E2%80%93+University+of+Essex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.essex.ac.uk%2Fhonorary_graduates%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open.ac.uk/students/ceremonies/sites/www.open.ac.uk.students.ceremonies/files/files/Honorary_graduate_cumulative_list_2017.pdf">Honorary graduate cumulative list 2017</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322022157/http://www.open.ac.uk/students/ceremonies/sites/www.open.ac.uk.students.ceremonies/files/files/Honorary_graduate_cumulative_list_2017.pdf">Archived</a> 22 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>. Accessed on 31 October 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open.ac.uk/library/digital-archive/clip/clip:wil_clip6">"Clip: Honorary Degree – Open University Digital Archive"</a>. <i>www.open.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142118/http://www.open.ac.uk/library/digital-archive/clip/clip:wil_clip6">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.open.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Clip%3A+Honorary+Degree+%E2%80%93+Open+University+Digital+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fdigital-archive%2Fclip%2Fclip%3Awil_clip6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.biu.ac.il/en-about_doctorate">"Honorary Doctorate Recipients – Bar Ilan University"</a>. <i>www1.biu.ac.il</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170524133245/http://www1.biu.ac.il/en-about_doctorate">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www1.biu.ac.il&rft.atitle=Honorary+Doctorate+Recipients+%E2%80%93+Bar+Ilan+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.biu.ac.il%2Fen-about_doctorate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Death-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Death_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Death_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Death_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Most news sources give Wilson's date of death as 24 May 1995. However, his biography on <a href="/wiki/Gov.uk" title="Gov.uk">gov.uk</a> states that he died on 23 May 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as does his entry in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>, which cites his death certificate.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">however, they were reinstated two years later</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson_bibliography" title="Harold Wilson bibliography">Harold Wilson bibliography</a></div> <ul><li>Wilson, Harold. <i>A Personal Record: The Labour Government, 1964–1970</i> (1971).</li> <li>Wilson, Harold. <i>The Labour Government 1964–1970: A Personal Record</i> (1979)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical">Biographical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Biographical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Farr, Martin. "Wilson, (James) Harold, 1st Baron Wilson 1916–1995." in David Loades, ed., <i>Reader's Guide to British History</i> London: Routledge, 2003. online at Credo Reference; historiography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins, Roy</a> (7 January 2016). "Wilson, (James) Harold, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F58000r">10.1093/ref:odnb/58000r</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wilson%2C+%28James%29+Harold%2C+Baron+Wilson+of+Rievaulx&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F58000r&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" title="Ben Pimlott">Pimlott, Ben</a> (1992). <i>Harold Wilson</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215189-4"><bdi>978-0-00-215189-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harold+Wilson&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-00-215189-4&rft.aulast=Pimlott&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span>; 830pp; a standard scholarly biography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoutledge2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Routledge" title="Paul Routledge">Routledge, Paul</a> (2006). <i>Wilson. Series: The 20 British Prime Ministers of the 20th Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Haus_Publishing" title="Haus Publishing">Haus Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904950-68-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904950-68-4"><bdi>978-1-904950-68-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilson.+Series%3A+The+20+British+Prime+Ministers+of+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-904950-68-4&rft.aulast=Routledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ziegler" title="Philip Ziegler">Ziegler, Philip</a> (1993). <i>Wilson: The Authorised Life of Lord Wilson of Rievaulx</i>. <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81276-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81276-0"><bdi>978-0-297-81276-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilson%3A+The+Authorised+Life+of+Lord+Wilson+of+Rievaulx&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-297-81276-0&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span>, the authorised biography</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy_and_politics">Domestic policy and politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Domestic policy and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blick, Andrew. "Harold Wilson, Labour and the machinery of government". <i>Contemporary British History</i> 20#3 (2006): 343–362.</li> <li>Butler, David, and Anthony King. <i>The British General Election of 1964</i> (1965)</li> <li>Butler, David, and M. Pinto-Duschinsky. <i>The British General Election of 1970</i> (1971).</li> <li>Butler, David, and Dennis Kavanagh. <i>The British General Election of February 1974</i> (1974).</li> <li>Butler, David, and Dennis Kavanagh. <i>The British General Election of October 1974</i> (1975).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(biographer)" title="John Campbell (biographer)">Campbell, John</a> (1987). <i>Nye Bevan and the Mirage of British Socialism</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-78998-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-78998-7"><bdi>978-0-297-78998-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nye+Bevan+and+the+Mirage+of+British+Socialism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-297-78998-7&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Childs, David. <i>Britain since 1945: A Political History</i> (7th ed. 2012), pp. 117–161, 179–196. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Britain-since-1945-Political-History/dp/0415519527/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Coopey, Richard, and Steven Fielding. <i>The Wilson Governments, 1964–1970</i> (1993).</li> <li>Davies, Andrew. <i>To build a new Jerusalem: the British Labour movement from the 1880s to the 1990s</i> (1992), pp. 209–231.</li> <li>Dell, Edmund. <i>The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90</i> (HarperCollins, 1997) (covers economic policy under the Attlee and Wilson governments)</li> <li>Donoughue, Bernard. <i>Prime Minister: the conduct of policy under Harold Wilson and James Callaghan</i> (1987), highly favourable report by insider.</li> <li>Dorey, Pete. "'Well, Harold Insists on Having It!'—The Political Struggle to Establish The Open University, 1965–67." <i>Contemporary British History</i> 29#2 (2015): 241–272.</li> <li>Fielding, Steven, ed. <i>The Labour governments, 1964–70, volume 1: Labour and cultural change</i> (Manchester UP, 2003).</li> <li>Heppell, Timothy. "The Labour Party leadership election of 1963: Explaining the unexpected election of Harold Wilson." <i>Contemporary British History</i> 24.2 (2010): 151–171. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Timothy-Heppell/publication/233071119_The_Labour_Party_Leadership_Election_of_1963_Explaining_the_Unexpected_Election_of_Harold_Wilson/links/56fd30de08aea3275abb9d18/The-Labour-Party-Leadership-Election-of-1963-Explaining-the-Unexpected-Election-of-Harold-Wilson.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Holmes, Martin. <i>The labour government, 1974–79: political aims and economic reality</i> (Macmillan, 1985).</li> <li>King, Anthony. <i>The British General Election of 1966</i> (1966).</li> <li>Lapping, Brian. <i>The Labour Government, 1964–70</i> (Penguin books, 1970).</li> <li>Morgan, Kenneth O. <i>The People's Peace: British History 1945–1989</i> (1990), pp. 239–313.</li> <li>O'Hara, Glen. <i>From dreams to disillusionment: economic and social planning in 1960s Britain</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317692/1/271224.pdf">online PhD version</a></li> <li>Ponting, Clive. <i>Breach of promise: Labour in power, 1964–1970</i> (Penguin, 1989).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Pugh_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Pugh (author)">Pugh, Martin</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Speak_for_Britain!:_A_New_History_of_the_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Speak for Britain!: A New History of the Labour Party">Speak for Britain!: A New History of the Labour Party</a></i> (2010), pp. 319–352.</li> <li>Rogers, Chris. "From Social Contract to 'Social Contrick': The Depoliticisation of Economic Policy‐Making under Harold Wilson, 1974–751." <i>British Journal of Politics & International Relations</i> 11#4 (2009): 634–651. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4276/1/WRAP_Rogers_100211-from_social_contract_to_social_contrick_bjpir_14-05-2009.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Sked, Alan and Chris Cook. <i>Post-War Britain: A Political History</i> (4th ed. 1993), pp. 200–253, 292–311.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Colman, Jonathan. <i>A 'Special Relationship'? Harold Wilson, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Anglo-American Relations 'At the Summit', 1964–68</i> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120073181/a-special-relationship-harold-wilson-lyndon-b">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924121125/https://www.questia.com/library/120073181/a-special-relationship-harold-wilson-lyndon-b">Archived</a> 24 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Daddow, Oliver J. <i>Harold Wilson and European integration: Britain's second application to join the EEC</i> (Psychology Press, 2003).</li> <li>Dockrill, Saki. "Forging the Anglo‐American global defence partnership: Harold Wilson, Lyndon Johnson and the Washington summit, December 1964." <i>Journal of Strategic Studies</i> 23#4 (2000): 107–129.</li> <li>Ellis, Sylvia A. "Lyndon Johnson, Harold Wilson and the Vietnam War: A Not So Special Relationship?." in Jonathan Hollowell, ed., <i>Twentieth-Century Anglo-American Relations</i>. (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001), pp. 180–204.</li> <li>Haeussler, Mathias. "A Pyrrhic Victory: Harold Wilson, Helmut Schmidt, and the British Renegotiation of EC Membership, 1974–5." <i>International History Review</i> 37#4 (2015): 768–789.</li> <li>Hughes, Geraint. <i>Harold Wilson's Cold War: The Labour Government and East-West Politics, 1964–1970</i> (2009)</li> <li>Parr, Helen. "A question of leadership: July 1966 and Harold Wilson's European decision." <i>Contemporary British History</i> 19.4 (2005): 437–458.</li> <li>Parr, Helen. <i>Britain's Policy Towards the European Community: Harold Wilson and Britain's World Role, 1964–1967</i> (Routledge, 2005).</li> <li>Vickers, Rhiannon. "Harold Wilson, the British Labour Party, and the War in Vietnam." <i>Journal of Cold War Studies</i> 10.2 (2008): 41–70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/jcws.2008.10.2.41">online</a></li> <li>Young, John W. ed. <i>The Labour governments 1964–1970 volume 2: International policy</i> (2008).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Crines, Andrew S., ed. <i>Harold Wilson: The Unprincipled Prime Minister?: A Reappraisal of Harold Wilson</i> (2016). evaluations by scholars and politicians; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Harold-Wilson-Unprincipled-Prime-Minister/dp/1785900315/">excerpt</a></li> <li>O'Hara, Glen; Parr, Helen. "The Fall and Rise of a Reputation" <i>Contemporary British History</i> (2006) 20#3, pp. 295–302</li> <li>Perkins, Anne. "Labour needs to rethink Harold Wilson's legacy. It still matters" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/mar/10/labour-harold-wilson-legacy-100-years"><i>The Guardian</i>, 10 March 2016</a></li> <li>Pimlott, Ben. <i>Frustrate Their Knavish Tricks: Writings on Biography, History and Politics</i> (1994) pp. 31–36.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Wilson&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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.sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Harold Wilson</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span 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decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Harold_Wilson" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Harold Wilson">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526033640/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7623253/Lord-Wilson-of-Rievaulx.html">Lord Wilson of Rievaulx</a> obituary in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070421180710/http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page129.asp">Harold Wilson</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street" title="Downing Street">Downing Street</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04868">Portraits of Harold Wilson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128956#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F256835">"Archival material relating to Harold Wilson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Harold+Wilson&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF256835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128956#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_King-Hall" title="Stephen King-Hall">Stephen King-Hall</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Ormskirk_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ormskirk (UK Parliament constituency)">Ormskirk</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a>–<a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Ronald_Cross,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Ronald Cross, 1st Baronet">Ronald Cross</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New constituency</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Huyton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Huyton (UK Parliament constituency)">Huyton</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a>–<a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Constituency abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Manningham-Buller" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Manningham-Buller">Reginald Manningham-Buller</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Works (United Kingdom)">Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Works</a> </b><br />1945–1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Durbin" title="Evan Durbin">Evan Durbin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Marquand" title="Hilary Marquand">Hilary Marquand</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Overseas_Trade" title="Secretary for Overseas Trade">Secretary for Overseas Trade</a> </b><br />1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bottomley" title="Arthur Bottomley">Arthur Bottomley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a> </b><br />1947–1951 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hartley_Shawcross" title="Hartley Shawcross">Hartley Shawcross</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer">Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> </b><br />1955–1961 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Foreign_Secretary" title="Shadow Foreign Secretary">Shadow Foreign Secretary</a> </b><br />1961–1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Patrick Gordon Walker</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1963–1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />1964–1970 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="4">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord of the Treasury</a> </b><br />1964–1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_the_Civil_Service" title="Minister for the Civil Service">Minister for the Civil Service</a> </b><br />1968–1970 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="4">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1970–1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />1974–1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord of the Treasury</a> </b><br />1974–1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_the_Civil_Service" title="Minister for the Civil Service">Minister for the Civil Service</a> </b><br />1974–1976 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Austen_Albu" title="Austen Albu">Austen Albu</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> </b><br />1954–1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cole" title="Margaret Cole">Margaret Cole</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Richard Crossman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Executive Committee of the Labour Party">Chair of the Labour Party</a> </b><br />1961–1962 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dai_Davies_(trade_unionist)" title="Dai Davies (trade unionist)">Dai Davies</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Leader of the Labour Party</a> </b><br />1963–1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bradford" title="University of Bradford">University of Bradford</a> </b><br />1966–1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey-Jones" title="John Harvey-Jones">John Harvey-Jones</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Alfred_Barnard" title="George Alfred Barnard">George Barnard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Royal Statistical Society">President of the Royal Statistical Society</a> </b><br />1972–1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/D._J._Finney" title="D. J. Finney">D. J. Finney</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Harold_Wilson_navigational_boxes99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Harold_Wilson_navigational_boxes99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Harold Wilson navigational boxes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Harold_Wilson291" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Harold_Wilson" title="Template:Harold Wilson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harold_Wilson" title="Template talk:Harold Wilson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harold_Wilson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harold Wilson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Harold_Wilson291" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harold Wilson</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premierships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_government,_1964%E2%80%931970" title="Labour government, 1964–1970">1964–1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Harold_Wilson%27s_second_prime_ministership" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Harold Wilson's second prime ministership">1974–1976</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodwilson.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dodwilson.JPG/100px-Dodwilson.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dodwilson.JPG/150px-Dodwilson.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dodwilson.JPG/200px-Dodwilson.JPG 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="894" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">February 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">October 1974</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Party elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1960 Labour Party leadership election">1960 leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1962 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1962 deputy leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1963 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1963 leadership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shadow Cabinet elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1952 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1953 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1954 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1955 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1956 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1957 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1958 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1959 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1959 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1960</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975 European Communities membership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ormskirk_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ormskirk (UK Parliament constituency)">Ormskirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huyton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Huyton (UK Parliament constituency)">Huyton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resignation Honours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours" title="1970 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours" title="1976 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours">1976</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wilson,_Lady_Wilson_of_Rievaulx" title="Mary Wilson, Lady Wilson of Rievaulx">Mary Wilson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Wilson_(mathematician)" title="Robin Wilson (mathematician)">Robin Wilson</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Seddon" title="Harold Seddon">Harold Seddon</a> (Uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_parodies_(Private_Eye)#Harold_Wilson:_Mrs._Wilson's_Diary" title="Prime Minister parodies (Private Eye)">Mrs. Wilson's Diary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yesterday%27s_Men_(TV_programme)" title="Yesterday's Men (TV programme)">Yesterday's Men</a></i> (TV documentary, 1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lavender_List" title="The Lavender List">The Lavender List</a></i> (TV, 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longford_(film)" title="Longford (film)">Longford</a></i> (TV, 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Made_in_Dagenham" title="Made in Dagenham">Made in Dagenham</a></i> (Film, 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Audience_(2013_play)" title="The Audience (2013 play)">The Audience</a></i> (Play, 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(season_3)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crown (season 3)">The Crown</a></i> (TV, 2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stonehouse_(TV_series)" title="Stonehouse (TV series)">Stonehouse</a></i> (TV, 2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beira_Patrol" title="Beira Patrol">Beira Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-notice_affair" title="D-notice affair">D-notice affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomes_of_Zurich" title="Gnomes of Zurich">Gnomes of Zurich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson_plot_allegations" title="Harold Wilson plot allegations">Harold Wilson plot allegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_letters_affair" title="Harry letters affair">Harry letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Place_of_Strife" title="In Place of Strife">In Place of Strife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Doctrine" title="Wilson Doctrine">Wilson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson_bibliography" title="Harold Wilson bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Barbara Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elwyn_Jones,_Baron_Elwyn-Jones" title="Elwyn Jones, Baron Elwyn-Jones">Lord Elwyn-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Lever,_Baron_Lever_of_Manchester" title="Harold Lever, Baron Lever of Manchester">Harold Lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Mason" title="Roy Mason">Roy Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mellish,_Baron_Mellish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Mellish, Baron Mellish">Bob Mellish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morris,_Baron_Morris_of_Aberavon" title="John Morris, Baron Morris of Aberavon">John Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Mulley" title="Fred Mulley">Fred Mulley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Orme,_Baron_Orme" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Orme, Baron Orme">Stanley Orme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Fred Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reg_Prentice" title="Reg Prentice">Reg Prentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlyn_Rees,_Baron_Merlyn-Rees" class="mw-redirect" title="Merlyn Rees, Baron Merlyn-Rees">Merlyn Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rodgers,_Baron_Rodgers_of_Quarry_Bank" title="Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank">Bill Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Ross,_Baron_Ross_of_Marnock" title="Willie Ross, Baron Ross of Marnock">Willie Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Shepherd,_2nd_Baron_Shepherd" title="Malcolm Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd">Lord Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shore" title="Peter Shore">Peter Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Edward Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Silkin" title="John Silkin">John Silkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Varley,_Baron_Varley" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Varley, Baron Varley">Eric Varley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Shirley Williams</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harold Wilson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government)_(St_Edwards_Crown).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Government Coat of Arms." 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)335" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of the United 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href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole (Orford)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">Wilmington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Bute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">G. Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Chatham (Pitt the Elder)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Grafton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Lord Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Goderich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli (Beaconsfield)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Barnes_(British_politician)" title="George Barnes (British politician)">George Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adamson" title="William Adamson">William Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">J. R. Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">George Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Herbert Morrison</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown, Baron George-Brown</a>^</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Neil Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">John Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Margaret Beckett</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harriet Harman</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harriet Harman</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (UK)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Deputy Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_(Edinburgh_MP)" title="William Graham (Edinburgh MP)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Griffiths" title="Jim Griffiths">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Roy Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Margaret Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">John Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harriet Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Watson,_Baron_Watson_of_Wyre_Forest" title="Tom Watson, Baron Watson of Wyre Forest">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Rayner" title="Angela Rayner">Angela Rayner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Labour_Party" title="General Secretary of the Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">General Secretaries</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Middleton_(political_organiser)" title="James Middleton (political organiser)">Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Phillips" title="Morgan Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Williams_(politician)" title="Leonard Williams (politician)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Barker" title="Sara Barker">Barker</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Nicholas" title="Harry Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Hayward" title="Ron Hayward">Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mortimer" title="Jim Mortimer">Mortimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Whitty,_Baron_Whitty" title="Larry Whitty, Baron Whitty">Whitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sawyer,_Baron_Sawyer" title="Tom Sawyer, Baron Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_McDonagh,_Baroness_McDonagh" title="Margaret McDonagh, Baroness McDonagh">McDonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Triesman,_Baron_Triesman" title="David Triesman, Baron Triesman">Triesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Carter_(politician)" title="Matt Carter (politician)">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Watt" title="Peter Watt">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Collins,_Baron_Collins_of_Highbury" title="Ray Collins, Baron Collins of Highbury">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_McNicol" title="Iain McNicol">McNicol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Formby" title="Jennie Formby">Formby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Evans_(political_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Evans (political official)">Evans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Labour_Party" title="Treasurer of the Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Treasurers</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lathan" title="George Lathan">Lathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Nicholas" title="Harry Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Davies_(trade_unionist)" title="Dai Davies (trade unionist)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Atkinson" title="Norman Atkinson">Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Varley" title="Eric Varley">Varley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Booth" title="Albert Booth">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_McCluskie" title="Sam McCluskie">McCluskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Burlison" title="Tom Burlison">Burlison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Prosser,_Baroness_Prosser" title="Margaret Prosser, Baroness Prosser">Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Elsby" title="Jimmy Elsby">Elsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dromey" title="Jack Dromey">Dromey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Holland" title="Diana Holland">Holland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_in_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the Labour Party in the House of Lords"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leaders in the Lords</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pakenham,_7th_Earl_of_Longford" title="Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford">Pakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Shepherd,_2nd_Baron_Shepherd" title="Malcolm Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd">Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Richard" title="Ivor Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Jay,_Baroness_Jay_of_Paddington" title="Margaret Jay, Baroness Jay of Paddington">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Williams,_Baron_Williams_of_Mostyn" title="Gareth Williams, Baron Williams of Mostyn">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Amos,_Baroness_Amos" title="Valerie Amos, Baroness Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ashton" title="Catherine Ashton">Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Royall,_Baroness_Royall_of_Blaisdon" title="Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">Smith of Basildon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Scottish Labour Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Dewar" title="Donald Dewar">Dewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_McLeish" title="Henry McLeish">McLeish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Jamieson" title="Cathy Jamieson">Jamieson</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_McConnell" title="Jack McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Jamieson" title="Cathy Jamieson">Jamieson</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Alexander" title="Wendy Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Jamieson" title="Cathy Jamieson">Jamieson</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Gray" title="Iain Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Lamont" title="Johann Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Sarwar" title="Anas Sarwar">Sarwar</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Murphy" title="Jim Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Gray" title="Iain Gray">Gray</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kezia_Dugdale" title="Kezia Dugdale">Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Rowley" title="Alex Rowley">Rowley</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Baillie" title="Jackie Baillie">Baillie</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Leonard" title="Richard Leonard">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Sarwar" title="Anas Sarwar">Sarwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="Parliamentary Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">PLP Chairs</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Barnes_(British_politician)" title="George Barnes (British politician)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hodge_(politician)" title="John Hodge (politician)">Hodge</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wardle" title="George Wardle">Wardle</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adamson" title="William Adamson">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Houghton,_Baron_Houghton_of_Sowerby" title="Douglas Houghton, Baron Houghton of Sowerby">Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Mikardo" title="Ian Mikardo">Mikardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Willey" title="Fred Willey">Willey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dormand" title="Jack Dormand">Dormand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Orme" title="Stan Orme">Orme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Hoyle" title="Doug Hoyle">Hoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Soley" title="Clive Soley">Soley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Corston,_Baroness_Corston" title="Jean Corston, Baroness Corston">Corston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Clwyd" title="Ann Clwyd">Clwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Lloyd" title="Tony Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Watts,_Baron_Watts" title="David Watts, Baron Watts">Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cryer" title="John Cryer">Cryer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="European Parliamentary Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">EPLP Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Lomas" title="Alf Lomas">Lomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Martin_(Scottish_politician)" title="David Martin (Scottish politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Seal_(politician)" title="Barry Seal (politician)">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyn_Ford" title="Glyn Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Green" title="Pauline Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_David" title="Wayne David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Donnelly" title="Alan Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Murphy_(British_politician)" title="Simon Murphy (British politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Titley" title="Gary Titley">Titley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenis_Willmott" title="Glenis Willmott">Willmott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Corbett" title="Richard Corbett">Corbett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Board_of_Trade68" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="Template:Presidents of the Board of Trade"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Board of Trade"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Board of Trade"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Board_of_Trade68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">Presidents of the Board of Trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Egerton,_3rd_Earl_of_Bridgewater" title="John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgewater">Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_2nd_Earl_of_Stamford" title="Thomas Grey, 2nd Earl of Stamford">Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thynne,_1st_Viscount_Weymouth" title="Thomas Thynne, 1st Viscount Weymouth">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_2nd_Earl_of_Stamford" title="Thomas Grey, 2nd Earl of Stamford">Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Finch,_4th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Charles Finch, 4th Earl of Winchilsea">Winchilsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_North,_2nd_Baron_Guilford" title="Francis North, 2nd Baron Guilford">Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley,_4th_Baron_Berkeley_of_Stratton" title="William Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley of Stratton">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_6th_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Henry Howard, 6th Earl of Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Darcy,_3rd_Earl_of_Holderness" title="Robert Darcy, 3rd Earl of Holderness">Holderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mildmay,_1st_Earl_FitzWalter" title="Benjamin Mildmay, 1st Earl FitzWalter">FitzWalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Monson,_1st_Baron_Monson" title="John Monson, 1st Baron Monson">Monson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu-Dunk,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax" title="George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wills_Hill,_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire">Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Legge,_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wills_Hill,_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire">Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nugent,_1st_Earl_Nugent" title="Robert Nugent, 1st Earl Nugent">Nugent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wills_Hill,_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire">Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Legge,_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Sackville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Howard,_5th_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jenkinson,_1st_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Graham,_3rd_Duke_of_Montrose" title="James Graham, 3rd Duke of Montrose">Montrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eden,_1st_Baron_Auckland" title="William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trench,_2nd_Earl_of_Clancarty" title="Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty">Clancarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">Huskisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grant,_1st_Baron_Glenelg" title="Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Vesey-FitzGerald,_2nd_Baron_FitzGerald_and_Vesey" title="William Vesey-FitzGerald, 2nd Baron FitzGerald and Vesey">Vesey-Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poulett_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Sydenham" title="Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Baring,_1st_Baron_Ashburton" title="Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton">Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poulett_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Sydenham" title="Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Labouchere,_1st_Baron_Taunton" title="Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton">Labouchere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Labouchere,_1st_Baron_Taunton" title="Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton">Labouchere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._W._Henley" title="J. W. Henley">Henley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cardwell,_1st_Viscount_Cardwell" title="Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell">Cardwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_2nd_Baron_Stanley_of_Alderley" title="Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._W._Henley" title="J. W. Henley">Henley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hely-Hutchinson,_4th_Earl_of_Donoughmore" title="Richard Hely-Hutchinson, 4th Earl of Donoughmore">Donoughmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Milner_Gibson" title="Thomas Milner Gibson">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Parkinson-Fortescue,_1st_Baron_Carlingford" title="Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue, 1st Baron Carlingford">Parkinson-Fortescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adderley,_1st_Baron_Norton" title="Charles Adderley, 1st Baron Norton">Adderley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_3rd_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 3rd Earl of Harrowby">Sandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanhope" title="Edward Stanhope">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Mundella" title="A. J. Mundella">Mundella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stanley,_16th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Mundella" title="A. J. Mundella">Mundella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">Bryce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Balfour,_2nd_Earl_of_Balfour" title="Gerald Balfour, 2nd Earl of Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Buxton,_1st_Earl_Buxton" title="Sydney Buxton, 1st Earl Buxton">Buxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burns" title="John Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Runciman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Stanley,_1st_Baron_Ashfield" title="Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Geddes,_1st_Baron_Geddes" title="Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes">Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cunliffe-Lister,_1st_Earl_of_Swinton" title="Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton">Cunliffe-Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_(Edinburgh_MP)" title="William Graham (Edinburgh MP)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cunliffe-Lister,_1st_Earl_of_Swinton" title="Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton">Cunliffe-Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Runciman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Duncan_(businessman)" title="Andrew Duncan (businessman)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton,_1st_Viscount_Chandos" title="Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos">Lyttelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Duncan_(businessman)" title="Andrew Duncan (businessman)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Llewellin,_1st_Baron_Llewellin" title="John Llewellin, 1st Baron Llewellin">Llewellin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton,_1st_Viscount_Chandos" title="Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos">Lyttelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartley_Shawcross" title="Hartley Shawcross">Shawcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Eccles,_1st_Viscount_Eccles" title="David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles">Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Erroll,_1st_Baron_Erroll_of_Hale" title="Frederick Erroll, 1st Baron Erroll of Hale">Erroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Jay" title="Douglas Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Mason" title="Roy Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Noble,_Baron_Glenkinglas" title="Michael Noble, Baron Glenkinglas">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(British_businessman)" title="John Davies (British businessman)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Walker,_Baron_Walker_of_Worcester" title="Peter Walker, Baron Walker of Worcester">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Varley" title="Eric Varley">Varley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Jenkin" title="Patrick Jenkin">Jenkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shore" title="Peter Shore">Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dell" title="Edmund Dell">Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nott" title="John Nott">Nott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biffen" title="John Biffen">Biffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cockfield,_Baron_Cockfield" title="Arthur Cockfield, Baron Cockfield">Cockfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Tebbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Brittan" title="Leon Brittan">Brittan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Channon" title="Paul Channon">Channon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Graffham" title="David Young, Baron Young of Graffham">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley,_Baron_Ridley_of_Liddesdale" title="Nicholas Ridley, Baron Ridley of Liddesdale">Ridley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lilley" title="Peter Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Heseltine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Lang,_Baron_Lang_of_Monkton" title="Ian Lang, Baron Lang of Monkton">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Mandelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Byers" title="Stephen Byers">Byers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hewitt" title="Patricia Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Darling" title="Alistair Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hutton,_Baron_Hutton_of_Furness" title="John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Mandelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Cable" title="Vince Cable">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Clark" title="Greg Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Trevelyan" title="Anne-Marie Trevelyan">Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reynolds" title="Jonathan Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" 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role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leaders of the Opposition of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ponsonby" title="George Ponsonby">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tierney" title="George Tierney">Tierney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Hartington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li>Vacant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby (Stanley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_5th_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon of Kedleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">4th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby of Shulbrede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">5th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">Alexander of Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Cledwyn of Penrhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Richard" title="Ivor Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury">Cranborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Galbraith,_2nd_Baron_Strathclyde" title="Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Royall,_Baroness_Royall_of_Blaisdon" title="Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon">Royall of Blaisdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">Smith of Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_True,_Baron_True" title="Nicholas True, Baron True">True</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Labour_Party231" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Template:Labour Party (UK)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Template talk:Labour Party (UK)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Labour Party (UK)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Labour_Party231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Labour Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="History231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Labour Party (UK)">History of the Labour Party</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Electoral history of the Labour Party (UK)">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Labour_Party_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Labour Party (UK) general election manifestos">General election manifestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="European Parliamentary Labour Party">European Parliamentary Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour_Party_(1888)" title="Scottish Labour Party (1888)">Scottish Labour Party (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Representation_Committee_(1900)" title="Labour Representation Committee (1900)">Labour Representation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone%E2%80%93MacDonald_pact" title="Gladstone–MacDonald pact">Gladstone–MacDonald pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Organisation" title="National Labour Organisation">National Labour Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Independent_Group" title="Labour Independent Group">Labour Independent Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Democratic_Socialism" title="Campaign for Democratic Socialism">Campaign for Democratic Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%E2%80%93Lab_pact" title="Lib–Lab pact">Lib–Lab pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)#Creation_of_the_SDP" title="Social Democratic Party (UK)">Formation of SDP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(SDP)" title="Gang of Four (SDP)">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limehouse_Declaration" title="Limehouse Declaration">Limehouse Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_tendency" title="Militant tendency">Militant tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_longest_suicide_note_in_history" title="The longest suicide note in history">The longest suicide note in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Listens" title="Labour Listens">Labour Listens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_more_heave" title="One more heave">One more heave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony%27s_Cronies" title="Tony's Cronies">Tony's Cronies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Labour" title="One Nation Labour">One Nation Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakrabarti_Inquiry" title="Chakrabarti Inquiry">Chakrabarti Inquiry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="Leadership231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Barnes_(British_politician)" title="George Barnes (British politician)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adamson" title="William Adamson">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a>^</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (UK)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Deputy Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_(Edinburgh_MP)" title="William Graham (Edinburgh MP)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Griffiths" title="Jim Griffiths">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Watson,_Baron_Watson_of_Wyre_Forest" title="Tom Watson, Baron Watson of Wyre Forest">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Rayner" title="Angela Rayner">Rayner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Labour_Party" title="General Secretary of the Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">General Secretaries</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Middleton_(political_organiser)" title="James Middleton (political organiser)">Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Phillips" title="Morgan Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Williams_(politician)" title="Leonard Williams (politician)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Barker" title="Sara Barker">Barker</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Nicholas" title="Harry Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Hayward" title="Ron Hayward">Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mortimer" title="Jim Mortimer">Mortimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Whitty,_Baron_Whitty" title="Larry Whitty, Baron Whitty">Whitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sawyer,_Baron_Sawyer" title="Tom Sawyer, Baron Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_McDonagh,_Baroness_McDonagh" title="Margaret McDonagh, Baroness McDonagh">McDonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Triesman,_Baron_Triesman" title="David Triesman, Baron Triesman">Triesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Carter_(politician)" title="Matt Carter (politician)">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Watt" title="Peter Watt">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Collins,_Baron_Collins_of_Highbury" title="Ray Collins, Baron Collins of Highbury">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_McNicol" title="Iain McNicol">McNicol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Formby" title="Jennie Formby">Formby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Evans_(political_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Evans (political official)">Evans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Labour_Party" title="Treasurer of the Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Treasurers</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lathan" title="George Lathan">Lathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Nicholas" title="Harry Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Davies_(trade_unionist)" title="Dai Davies (trade unionist)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Atkinson" title="Norman Atkinson">Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Varley" title="Eric Varley">Varley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Booth" title="Albert Booth">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_McCluskie" title="Sam McCluskie">McCluskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Burlison" title="Tom Burlison">Burlison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Prosser,_Baroness_Prosser" title="Margaret Prosser, Baroness Prosser">Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Elsby" title="Jimmy Elsby">Elsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dromey" title="Jack Dromey">Dromey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Holland" title="Diana Holland">Holland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_in_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the Labour Party in the House of Lords"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leaders in the Lords</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pakenham,_7th_Earl_of_Longford" title="Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford">Pakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Shepherd,_2nd_Baron_Shepherd" title="Malcolm Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd">Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Richard" title="Ivor Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Jay,_Baroness_Jay_of_Paddington" title="Margaret Jay, Baroness Jay of Paddington">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Williams,_Baron_Williams_of_Mostyn" title="Gareth Williams, Baron Williams of Mostyn">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Amos,_Baroness_Amos" title="Valerie Amos, Baroness Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ashton" title="Catherine Ashton">Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Royall,_Baroness_Royall_of_Blaisdon" title="Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">Smith of Basildon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Scottish Labour Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Dewar" title="Donald Dewar">Dewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_McLeish" title="Henry McLeish">McLeish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Jamieson" title="Cathy Jamieson">Jamieson</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_McConnell" title="Jack McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Jamieson" title="Cathy Jamieson">Jamieson</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Alexander" title="Wendy Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Jamieson" title="Cathy Jamieson">Jamieson</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Gray" title="Iain Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Lamont" title="Johann Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Sarwar" title="Anas Sarwar">Sarwar</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Murphy" title="Jim Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Gray" title="Iain Gray">Gray</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kezia_Dugdale" title="Kezia Dugdale">Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Rowley" title="Alex Rowley">Rowley</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Baillie" title="Jackie Baillie">Baillie</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Leonard" title="Richard Leonard">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Baillie" title="Jackie Baillie">Baillie</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Sarwar" title="Anas Sarwar">Sarwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="Parliamentary Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">PLP Chairs</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Barnes_(British_politician)" title="George Barnes (British politician)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hodge_(politician)" title="John Hodge (politician)">Hodge</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wardle" title="George Wardle">Wardle</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adamson" title="William Adamson">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Houghton,_Baron_Houghton_of_Sowerby" title="Douglas Houghton, Baron Houghton of Sowerby">Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Mikardo" title="Ian Mikardo">Mikardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Willey" title="Fred Willey">Willey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dormand" title="Jack Dormand">Dormand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Orme" title="Stan Orme">Orme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Hoyle" title="Doug Hoyle">Hoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Soley" title="Clive Soley">Soley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Corston,_Baroness_Corston" title="Jean Corston, Baroness Corston">Corston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Clwyd" title="Ann Clwyd">Clwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Lloyd" title="Tony Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Watts,_Baron_Watts" title="David Watts, Baron Watts">Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cryer" title="John Cryer">Cryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Morden" title="Jessica Morden">Morden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="European Parliamentary Labour Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">EPLP Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Lomas" title="Alf Lomas">Lomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Martin_(Scottish_politician)" title="David Martin (Scottish politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Seal_(politician)" title="Barry Seal (politician)">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyn_Ford" title="Glyn Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Green" title="Pauline Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_David" title="Wayne David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Donnelly" title="Alan Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Murphy_(British_politician)" title="Simon Murphy (British politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Titley" title="Gary Titley">Titley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenis_Willmott" title="Glenis Willmott">Willmott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Corbett" title="Richard Corbett">Corbett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div>* = wartime, in opposition <br /> ^ Interim/Acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="Internal_elections_and_selections231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Internal elections and selections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1922 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1922</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1931 Labour Party leadership election">1931</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1932 Labour Party leadership election">1932</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">George Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1935 Labour Party leadership election">1935</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1955 Labour Party leadership election">1955</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1960 Labour Party leadership election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1961 Labour Party leadership election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1963 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1963</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1976 Labour Party leadership election">1976</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1980 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1980</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1983 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1983</a> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Neil Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1992 Labour Party leadership election">1992</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">John Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1994 Labour Party leadership election">1994</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2007 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2007</a> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2010 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2010</a> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2015</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2020 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2020</a> <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a></li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Deputy Leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1952 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1952</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Herbert Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1953 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1956 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1956</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Griffiths" title="Jim Griffiths">Jim Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1959 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1959</a> <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1960 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1960</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1961 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1962 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1970 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1970</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1971 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1972 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1972</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Edward Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1976 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1976</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1980 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1980</a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1981 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1983 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1983</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Roy Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1988 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1992 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1992</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Margaret Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="1994 Labour Party deputy leadership election">1994</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">John Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="2007 Labour Party deputy leadership election">2007</a> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harriet Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="2015 Labour Party deputy leadership election">2015</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Watson,_Baron_Watson_of_Wyre_Forest" title="Tom Watson, Baron Watson of Wyre Forest">Tom Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election" title="2020 Labour Party deputy leadership election">2020</a> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Rayner" title="Angela Rayner">Angela Rayner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Shadow Cabinet elections and reshuffles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=September_1931_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="September 1931 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">Sep 1931 (Henderson)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=November_1931_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="November 1931 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">Nov 1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1932_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1932 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1932 (Lansbury)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1933_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1933 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1935_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1935 (Attlee)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1936_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1936 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1938 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1939_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1939 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election (page does not exist)">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1951 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1952 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1953 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1954 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1955 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1956 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1956 (Gaitskell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1957 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1958 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1959 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1960 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1961 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1962 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1963 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1963 (Wilson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1970 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1971 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1972 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1973 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1979 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1979 (Callaghan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1980 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1980 (Foot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1981 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1982 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1983 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1983 (Kinnock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1984 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1985 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1986 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1987 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1988 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1989 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1990 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1991 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1992 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1992 (Smith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1993 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1994 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1994 (Blair)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1995 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="1996 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Labour_Party_Shadow_Cabinet_election" title="2010 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election">2010 (Miliband)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_shadow_cabinet_resignations" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 United Kingdom shadow cabinet resignations">June 2016 (Corbyn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2021_British_shadow_cabinet_reshuffle" title="May 2021 British shadow cabinet reshuffle">May 2021 (Starmer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2021_British_shadow_cabinet_reshuffle" title="November 2021 British shadow cabinet reshuffle">November 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_British_shadow_cabinet_reshuffle" title="2023 British shadow cabinet reshuffle">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="Party_structure231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party structure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Constitution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clause_IV" title="Clause IV">Clause IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Executive Committee of the Labour Party">National Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Labour_Party" title="General Secretary of the Labour Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Labour_Party" title="Treasurer of the Labour Party">Treasurer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Parliamentary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Labour_Party" title="Parliamentary Labour Party">Parliamentary Labour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Labour_Party" title="Chief Whip of the Labour Party">Chief Whip of the Labour Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Conference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Conference" title="Labour Party Conference">Labour Party Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour">Scottish Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Welsh Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Labour Party in Northern Ireland">Labour Party in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Directly elected city mayoral authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Labour" title="London Labour">London Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">CLPs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituency_Labour_Party" title="Constituency Labour Party">Constituency Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_International" title="Labour International">Labour International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Forum" title="National Policy Forum">National Policy Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)_affiliated_trade_union" title="Labour Party (UK) affiliated trade union">Affiliated trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Party_Liaison_Organisation" title="Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation">Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour and Co-operative">Labour Co-operative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_%E2%80%93_Federation_of_Labour_Groups" title="Labour – Federation of Labour Groups">Labour – Federation of Labour Groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organisations231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisations_associated_with_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="List of organisations associated with the Labour Party (UK)">Organisations associated with the Labour Party</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Labour_(UK)" title="Young Labour (UK)">Young Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_International" title="Labour International">Labour International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%2B_Labour" title="LGBT+ Labour">LGBT+ Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Campaign_for_Trans_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Campaign for Trans Rights">Labour Campaign for Trans Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Students" title="Labour Students">Labour Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAME_Labour" title="BAME Labour">BAME Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Labour" title="Disability Labour">Disability Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Labour_Party_Democracy" title="Campaign for Labour Party Democracy">Campaign for Labour Party Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians_on_the_Left" title="Christians on the Left">Christians on the Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_(think_tank)" title="Compass (think tank)">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Fabians" title="Young Fabians">Young Fabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Britain_Group" title="Future Britain Group">Future Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-Left_Grassroots_Alliance" title="Centre-Left Grassroots Alliance">Centre-Left Grassroots Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labour_Movement" title="Jewish Labour Movement">Jewish Labour Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Campaign_for_Electoral_Reform" title="Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform">Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_CND" title="Labour CND">Labour CND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Friends_of_Israel" title="Labour Friends of Israel">Labour Friends of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Friends_of_Palestine_and_the_Middle_East" title="Labour Friends of Palestine and the Middle East">Labour Friends of Palestine & the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Growth_Group" title="Labour Growth Group">Labour Growth Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Irish_Society" title="Labour Party Irish Society">Labour Party Irish Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Representation_Committee_(2004)" title="Labour Representation Committee (2004)">Labour Representation Committee (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Women%27s_Network" title="Labour Women's Network">Labour Women's Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momentum_(organisation)" title="Momentum (organisation)">Momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Labour" title="Open Labour">Open Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Labour_and_Socialist_Clubs" title="National Union of Labour and Socialist Clubs">National Union of Labour and Socialist Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Britain" title="Progressive Britain">Progressive Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Wall_Caucus" title="Red Wall Caucus">Red Wall Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Appeal_(UK,_1992)" title="Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)">Revolutionary Communist Party</a> <small>Formerly Socialist Appeal</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Health_Association" title="Socialist Health Association">Socialist Health Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Educational_Association" title="Socialist Educational Association">Socialist Educational Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Environment_and_Resources_Association" title="Socialist Environment and Resources Association">Socialist Environment and Resources Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Campaign_Group" title="Socialist Campaign Group">Socialist Campaign Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">Socialist Youth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_society_(Labour_Party)" title="Socialist society (Labour Party)">Socialist societies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Media publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LabourList" title="LabourList">LabourList</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)" title="Tribune (magazine)">Tribune</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B;color:white;"><div id="Party_alliances231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party alliances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E4003B;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1963_Labour_Party_leadership_election216" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1963_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="Template:1963 Labour Party leadership election"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1963_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="Template talk:1963 Labour Party leadership election"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1963_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1963 Labour Party leadership election"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1963_Labour_Party_leadership_election216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1963_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="1963 Labour Party leadership election (UK)"><span style="color:white;">1963 Labour Party leadership election</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;"><div>Acting Leader: <a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown"><span style="color:white;">George Brown</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harold Wilson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shadow_chancellors_of_the_exchequer_of_the_United_Kingdom96" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shadow_chancellors_of_the_exchequer" title="Template:Shadow chancellors of the exchequer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shadow_chancellors_of_the_exchequer" title="Template talk:Shadow chancellors of the exchequer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shadow_chancellors_of_the_exchequer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shadow chancellors of the exchequer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shadow_chancellors_of_the_exchequer_of_the_United_Kingdom96" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer">Shadow chancellors of the exchequer of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shore" title="Peter Shore">Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lilley" title="Peter Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Maude" title="Francis Maude">Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Portillo" title="Michael Portillo">Portillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Letwin" title="Oliver Letwin">Letwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Darling" title="Alistair Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Balls" title="Ed Balls">Balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Leslie" title="Chris Leslie">Leslie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneliese_Dodds" title="Anneliese Dodds">Dodds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Reeves" title="Rachel Reeves">Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Stride" title="Mel Stride">Stride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shadow_foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom128" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shadow_foreign_secretaries" title="Template:Shadow foreign secretaries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shadow_foreign_secretaries" title="Template talk:Shadow foreign secretaries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shadow_foreign_secretaries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shadow foreign secretaries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shadow_foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs">Shadow foreign secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham" title="Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham">Robens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Gordon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Soames" title="Christopher Soames">Soames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Rippon" title="Geoffrey Rippon">Rippon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(British_businessman)" title="John Davies (British businessman)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shore" title="Peter Shore">Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Kaufman" title="Gerald Kaufman">Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Cunningham,_Baron_Cunningham_of_Felling" title="Jack Cunningham, Baron Cunningham of Felling">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maples" title="John Maples">Maples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Maude" title="Francis Maude">Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cooper" title="Yvette Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Alexander" title="Douglas Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Benn" title="Hilary Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Thornberry" title="Emily Thornberry">Thornberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">Lammy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mitchell" title="Andrew Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priti_Patel" title="Priti Patel">Patel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_Public_Accounts_Select_Committee86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chairs_of_the_Public_Accounts_Select_Committee" title="Template:Chairs of the Public Accounts Select Committee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chairs_of_the_Public_Accounts_Select_Committee" title="Template talk:Chairs of the Public Accounts Select Committee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chairs_of_the_Public_Accounts_Select_Committee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chairs of the Public Accounts Select Committee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_Public_Accounts_Select_Committee86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Accounts_Select_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Accounts Select Committee">Public Accounts Select Committee</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baring,_1st_Baron_Northbrook" title="Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook">Baring</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1861–1863</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pleydell-Bouverie" title="Edward Pleydell-Bouverie">Pleydell-Bouverie</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1864–1866</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sclater-Booth,_1st_Baron_Basing" title="George Sclater-Booth, 1st Baron Basing">Sclater-Booth</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1866</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Childers</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1867–1868</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pollard-Urquhart" title="William Pollard-Urquhart">Pollard-Urquhart</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1869</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt" title="George Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1870–1871</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sclater-Booth,_1st_Baron_Basing" title="George Sclater-Booth, 1st Baron Basing">Sclater-Booth</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1872–1873</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_George_Dodson,_1st_Baron_Monk_Bretton" title="John George Dodson, 1st Baron Monk Bretton">Dodson</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1874–1876</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Cavendish" title="Lord Frederick Cavendish">F. Cavendish</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1877–1880</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland,_1st_Viscount_Knutsford" title="Henry Holland, 1st Viscount Knutsford">Holland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1884–1885</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eldon_Gorst" title="John Eldon Gorst">Gorst</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1886</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">Lubbock</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1887–1888</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ughtred_Kay-Shuttleworth,_1st_Baron_Shuttleworth" title="Ughtred Kay-Shuttleworth, 1st Baron Shuttleworth">Kay-Shuttleworth</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1889–1892</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Wodehouse_(Bath_MP)" title="Edmond Wodehouse (Bath MP)">Wodehouse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1893</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Temple,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet">Temple</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1894–1895</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_O%27Connor_(politician,_born_1844)" title="Arthur O'Connor (politician, born 1844)">O'Connor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1896–1900</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hayter,_1st_Baron_Haversham" title="Arthur Hayter, 1st Baron Haversham">Hayter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1901–1905</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire">V. Cavendish</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1906–1908</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Williams,_1st_Baronet,_of_Bridehead" title="Sir Robert Williams, 1st Baronet, of Bridehead">R. Williams</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1908–1918</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dyke_Acland" title="Francis Dyke Acland">Acland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1919–1920</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Williams" title="Aneurin Williams">A. Williams</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1921–1922</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Jowett" title="Fred Jowett">Jowett</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1923</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Guinness,_1st_Baron_Moyne" title="Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne">Guinness</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1924</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_(Edinburgh_MP)" title="William Graham (Edinburgh MP)">Graham</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1924–1929</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Samuel,_1st_Baron_Mancroft" title="Arthur Samuel, 1st Baron Mancroft">Samuel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1929–1931</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Jones_(British_politician)" title="Morgan Jones (British politician)">Jones</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1931–1938</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1938–1941</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elliot_(Scottish_politician)" title="Walter Elliot (Scottish politician)">Elliot</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1941–1943</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assheton_Pownall" title="Assheton Pownall">Pownall</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1943–1945</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osbert_Peake,_1st_Viscount_Ingleby" title="Osbert Peake, 1st Viscount Ingleby">Peake</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1946–1948</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Assheton,_1st_Baron_Clitheroe" title="Ralph Assheton, 1st Baron Clitheroe">Assheton</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1948–1950</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Ronald_Cross,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Ronald Cross, 1st Baronet">Cross</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1950–1951</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Waterhouse_(British_politician)" title="Charles Waterhouse (British politician)">Waterhouse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1950–1951</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards_(British_Labour_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Edwards (British Labour politician)">Edwards</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1951–1952</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Benson_(British_politician)" title="George Benson (British politician)">Benson</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1952–1959</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilson</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1959–1963</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Houghton,_Baron_Houghton_of_Sowerby" title="Douglas Houghton, Baron Houghton of Sowerby">Houghton</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1963–1964</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyd-Carpenter,_Baron_Boyd-Carpenter" title="John Boyd-Carpenter, Baron Boyd-Carpenter">Boyd-Carpenter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1964–1970</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Lever,_Baron_Lever_of_Manchester" title="Harold Lever, Baron Lever of Manchester">Lever</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1970–1973</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dell" title="Edmund Dell">Dell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">acting, 1972–1973</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_du_Cann" title="Edward du Cann">du Cann</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1974–1979</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Barnett" title="Joel Barnett">Barnett</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1979–1983</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheldon,_Baron_Sheldon" title="Robert Sheldon, Baron Sheldon">Sheldon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1983–1997</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">Davis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">1997–2001</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leigh" title="Edward Leigh">Leigh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">2001–2010</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hodge" title="Margaret Hodge">Hodge</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">2010–2015</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meg_Hillier" title="Meg Hillier">Hillier</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">2015–present</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fabian_Society161" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fabian_Society" title="Template:Fabian Society"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Fabian_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Fabian Society (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fabian_Society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fabian Society"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fabian_Society161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Fabian Society</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Laski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(Labour_politician)" title="John Parker (Labour politician)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Albu" title="Austen Albu">Albu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cole" title="Margaret Cole">M. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Skeffington" title="Arthur Skeffington">Skeffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_White,_Baroness_White" title="Eirene White, Baroness White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes_(educationist)" title="Billy Hughes (educationist)">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Henderson,_2nd_Baron_Faringdon" title="Gavin Henderson, 2nd Baron Faringdon">Faringdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Baroness_Stewart_of_Alvechurch" title="Mary Stewart, Baroness Stewart of Alvechurch">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Abel-Smith" title="Brian Abel-Smith">Abel-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Townsend_(sociologist)" title="Peter Townsend (sociologist)">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rodgers,_Baron_Rodgers_of_Quarry_Bank" title="Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank">Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Blenkinsop" title="Arthur Blenkinsop">Blenkinsop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shore" title="Peter Shore">Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Balogh,_Baron_Balogh" title="Thomas Balogh, Baron Balogh">Balogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bray" title="Jeremy Bray">Bray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hall_(urbanist)" title="Peter Hall (urbanist)">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lester,_Baron_Lester_of_Herne_Hill" title="Anthony Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill">Lester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Judd,_Baron_Judd" title="Frank Judd, Baron Judd">Judd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bosanquet" title="Nicholas Bosanquet">Bosanquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Crouch" title="Colin Crouch">Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Radice,_Baron_Radice" class="mw-redirect" title="Giles Radice, Baron Radice">Radice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Leonard" title="Dick Leonard">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Whitehead" title="Phillip Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Archer,_Baron_Archer_of_Sandwell" title="Peter Archer, Baron Archer of Sandwell">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lipsey,_Baron_Lipsey" title="David Lipsey, Baron Lipsey">Lipsey</a></li> <li>Meldram</li> <li>Jeger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessa_Blackstone,_Baroness_Blackstone" title="Tessa Blackstone, Baroness Blackstone">Blackstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McIntosh,_Baron_McIntosh_of_Haringey" title="Andrew McIntosh, Baron McIntosh of Haringey">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Mitchell" title="Austin Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Butler" title="Nick Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Gould" title="Bryan Gould">Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bean_(judge)" title="David Bean (judge)">Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oonagh_McDonald" title="Oonagh McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Hayter" title="Dianne Hayter">Hayter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" title="Ben Pimlott">Pimlott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Dubs,_Baron_Dubs" title="Alf Dubs, Baron Dubs">Dubs</a></li> <li>Rice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Smith,_Baron_Smith_of_Finsbury" title="Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hodge" title="Margaret Hodge">Hodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Wright_(Cannock_Chase_MP)" title="Tony Wright (Cannock Chase MP)">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calum_MacDonald_(politician)" title="Calum MacDonald (politician)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Marsden" title="Gordon Marsden">Marsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_MacShane" title="Denis MacShane">MacShane</a></li> <li>Richards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Twigg" title="Stephen Twigg">Twigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Joyce" title="Eric Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seema_Malhotra" title="Seema Malhotra">Malhotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Balls" title="Ed Balls">Balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Campbell_(politician)" title="Anne Campbell (politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Khan</a></li> <li>Pushpananthan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jess_Asato" title="Jess Asato">Asato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seema_Malhotra" title="Seema Malhotra">Malhotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Green" title="Kate Green">Green</a></li> <li>Bartoletti</li> <li>Edobor</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">General Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Pease" title="Edward R. Pease">Pease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sanders_(politician)" title="William Sanders (politician)">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wallace_Galton" title="Frank Wallace Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(Labour_politician)" title="John Parker (Labour politician)">Parker</a></li> <li>Monck</li> <li>Filson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Chapman,_Baron_Northfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Chapman, Baron Northfield">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rodgers,_Baron_Rodgers_of_Quarry_Bank" title="Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank">Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ponsonby,_3rd_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Thomas Ponsonby, 3rd Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Hayter" title="Dianne Hayter">Hayter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Martin_(UN_official)" title="Ian Martin (UN official)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Willman" title="John Willman">Willman</a></li> <li>Crine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Twigg" title="Stephen Twigg">Twigg</a></li> <li>Jacobs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunder_Katwala" title="Sunder Katwala">Katwala</a></li> <li>Harrop</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cole" title="Margaret Cole">M. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(Labour_politician)" title="John Parker (Labour politician)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes_(educationist)" title="Billy Hughes (educationist)">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Archer,_Baron_Archer_of_Sandwell" title="Peter Archer, Baron Archer of Sandwell">Archer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/21px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/42px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128956#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2979" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128956#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128956#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122820331">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/76345097">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1427199/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbWvx3mQVvgHYj4hWKDbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118772090">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50015727">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12097198t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12097198t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00540796">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35830422">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0001495&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1160636">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/207835">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068398158">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90162496">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz13xm5232767c">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810542039505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007312533205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058524216006706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/69e79cbe-7279-498d-80ea-87126c0f3b58">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1107009">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/Ia6ERfYN">UK Parliament</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/eTD46LNK">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118772090.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118772090">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029320909">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581089">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nz8ppn">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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29.29% 779.315 2 Template:Reflist"," 20.44% 543.713 68 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 9.76% 259.617 48 Template:Cite_web"," 6.80% 180.882 38 Template:Cite_book"," 5.93% 157.655 1 Template:Navboxes"," 5.25% 139.709 79 Template:Main_other"," 3.89% 103.534 27 Template:Cite_news"," 3.85% 102.307 17 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.441","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25304978,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeatles1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoubjailly1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourne2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrivati2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryantDunnillFlanaganHayes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClapson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1970\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCrinesHickson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrines_and_Hickson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonoghue2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglundBeery2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsyth2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedland2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrum2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGowland2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabib2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeppell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmans1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrving2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJack2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKeegan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKynaston2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabour_Party_(Great_Britain)._Conference\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLancaster_University2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeapman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaguire2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajor1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMidmoreMoore-Colyer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaytress2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearceStewart2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilpot2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPimlott1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayner2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoutledge2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandbrook2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheaRodriguez2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkinnerMaguire2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThaneEvans2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Committee_Office,_House_of_Commons1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorpe1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorpe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomlinson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTownsend1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUsborne2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerkaik2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVickers2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiegler1993\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Chairs of the Public Accounts Select Committee\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 46,\n [\"Cn\"] = 8,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section begin\"] = 3,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section end\"] = 3,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Wilson, Harold\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Fabian Society\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 9,\n [\"Formatnum:{{Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"HMS\"] = 2,\n [\"Hansard-contribs\"] = 1,\n [\"Harold Wilson\"] = 1,\n [\"Harold Wilson sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb title\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation-fn\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation-year\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox COA wide\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 4,\n [\"Labour Party Leader\"] = 1,\n [\"Labour Party leadership election, 1963\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Leaders of the Opposition UK\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"NPG name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Other people\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidents of the Board of Trade\"] = 1,\n [\"Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aca\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 14,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 13,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 3,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 20,\n [\"Second Wilson Ministry\"] = 1,\n [\"Shadow Chancellors of the Exchequer\"] = 1,\n [\"Shadow Foreign Secretaries\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"UK Labour Party\"] = 1,\n [\"UK National Archives ID\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 4,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 16,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n \"Gazette%d+\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","540","31.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","11.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","5.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.6"],["type","80","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","2.3"],["[others]","340","19.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-pt8sb","timestamp":"20250215020553","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Harold Wilson","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harold_Wilson","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q128956","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q128956","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-05-17T12:52:28Z","dateModified":"2025-02-08T02:15:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f8\/President_Gerald_Ford_and_British_Prime_Minister_Harold_Wilson_%28crop%29.jpg","headline":"British politician (1916\u20131995)"}</script> </body> </html>