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id="toc-Lord_Chamberlain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lord_Chamberlain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lord Chamberlain</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lord_Chamberlain-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lord Chamberlain subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lord_Chamberlain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Secretary of State</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secretary_of_State-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secretary of State subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Appointment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_French_Alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_French_Alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The French Alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_French_Alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Domestic crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Peace policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenkins'_Ear_and_Spanish_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenkins'_Ear_and_Spanish_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Jenkins' Ear and Spanish America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jenkins'_Ear_and_Spanish_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Walpole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Walpole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Fall of Walpole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Walpole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_Austrian_Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>War of the Austrian Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_Austrian_Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jacobite_Rising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacobite_Rising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Jacobite Rising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacobite_Rising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_of_Aix-la-Chapelle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_of_Aix-la-Chapelle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_of_Aix-la-Chapelle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newcastle_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newcastle_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Newcastle System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newcastle_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prime minister</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_minister-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime minister subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term:_1754-1756" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term:_1754-1756"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First term: 1754-1756</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term:_1754-1756-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Appointment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_Menorca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_Menorca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Loss of Menorca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_Menorca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interlude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interlude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Interlude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interlude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term:_1757-1762" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term:_1757-1762"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Second term: 1757-1762</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term:_1757-1762-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Return</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seven_Years'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_Years'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Seven Years' War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_Years'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Success</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dismissal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dismissal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Dismissal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dismissal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later years subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Final return</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="دوق نيوكاسل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوق نيوكاسل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Томас Пелхам-Холс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Пелхам-Холс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BC-%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Томас Пэлгэм-Голз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Томас Пэлгэм-Голз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1._hertug_af_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. hertug af Newcastle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. hertug af Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1._Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles_(Newcastleko_I._dukea)" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles (Newcastleko I. dukea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles (Newcastleko I. dukea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="توماس پلهام-هالز نیوکاسل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس پلهام-هالز نیوکاسل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1%C3%BA_Di%C3%BAc_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1ú Diúc Newcastle-upon-Tyne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1ú Diúc Newcastle-upon-Tyne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1ad_Di%C3%B9c_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1ad Diùc Newcastle-upon-Tyne – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1ad Diùc Newcastle-upon-Tyne" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EB%8C%80_%EB%89%B4%EC%BA%90%EC%8A%AC_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%91_%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8E%A0%EB%9F%BC%ED%99%80%EC%8A%A4" title="제1대 뉴캐슬 공작 토머스 펠럼홀스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1대 뉴캐슬 공작 토머스 펠럼홀스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="थामस पेल्हम-होलेस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थामस पेल्हम-होलेस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_Adipati_Newcastle_ke-1" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, Adipati Newcastle ke-1 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, Adipati Newcastle ke-1" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_hertogi_af_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, hertogi af Newcastle – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, hertogi af Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_I_duca_di_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, I duca di Newcastle-upon-Tyne – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, I duca di Newcastle-upon-Tyne" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%9D-%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1" title="תומאס פלהם-הוליס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס פלהם-הוליס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B-%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ტომას პელჰემ-ჰოლსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტომას პელჰემ-ჰოლსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1sa_Dug_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1sa Dug Newcastle – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1sa Dug Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="थॉमस पेल्हाम-होल्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थॉमस पेल्हाम-होल्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="دوق نيوكاسل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دوق نيوكاسل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9_(%E5%88%9D%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AB%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5)" title="トマス・ペラム＝ホリス (初代ニューカッスル公爵) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トマス・ペラム＝ホリス (初代ニューカッスル公爵)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1._hertug_av_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. hertug av Newcastle – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. hertug av Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1._Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1.%C2%BA_Duque_de_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1.º Duque de Newcastle – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1.º Duque de Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BC-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Пелэм-Холлс, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пелэм-Холлс, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1._vojvoda_od_Newcastlea" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. vojvoda od Newcastlea – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1. vojvoda od Newcastlea" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1:e_hertig_av_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1:e hertig av Newcastle – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1:e hertig av Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1-%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="ทอมัส เพลแฮม-โฮลล์ส ดยุกแห่งนิวคาสเซิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทอมัส เพลแฮม-โฮลล์ส ดยุกแห่งนิวคาสเซิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC-%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Томас Пелҳам-Ҳоллес – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Томас Пелҳам-Ҳоллес" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Томас Пелем-Голлс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Пелем-Голлс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_C%C3%B4ng_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_th%E1%BB%A9_1_x%E1%BB%A9_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, Công tước thứ 1 xứ Newcastle – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, Công tước thứ 1 xứ Newcastle" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%BA%BD%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%94%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="第一代纽卡斯尔公爵托马斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="第一代纽卡斯尔公爵托马斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%A0%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" title="紐卡素公爵 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紐卡素公爵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="第一代紐卡斯爾公爵托馬斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第一代紐卡斯爾公爵托馬斯·佩勒姆-霍利斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q273809#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Great Britain (1754–1756; 1757–1762)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Duke of Newcastle" redirects here. For other holders of the title, see <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/His_Grace" class="mw-redirect" title="His Grace">His Grace</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Duke of Newcastle</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg/220px-1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg/330px-1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg/440px-1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="2811" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/William_Hoare" title="William Hoare">William Hoare</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Great Britain">Prime Minister of Great Britain</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 June 1757 – 26 May 1762</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">The Earl of Bute</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 March 1754 – 11 November 1756</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">George II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Duke of Devonshire</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1693-07-21</span>)</span>21 July 1693<br />London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 November 1768<span style="display:none">(1768-11-17)</span> (aged 75)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields" title="Lincoln's Inn Fields">Lincoln's Inn Fields</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">All Saints Churchyard, <a href="/wiki/Laughton,_East_Sussex" title="Laughton, East Sussex">Laughton, East Sussex</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Pelham-Holles,_Duchess_of_Newcastle" title="Harriet Pelham-Holles, Duchess of Newcastle">Lady Henrietta Godolphin</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="2 April 1717">1717</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_1st_Baron_Pelham" title="Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham">Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge" title="Clare College, Cambridge">Clare College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_Signature.svg/128px-Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_Signature.svg/192px-Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_Signature.svg/256px-Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="234" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne</b>, (21 July 1693 – 17 November 1768) was an English <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> statesman who served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of Great Britain</a>, and whose official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as the <b>Duke of Newcastle</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A protégé of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>, he served under him for more than 20 years until 1742. He held power with his brother, prime minister <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a>, until 1754. He had then served as a <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(United_Kingdom)" title="Secretary of State (United Kingdom)">Secretary of State</a> continuously for 30 years and dominated British foreign policy. </p><p>After Henry's death, Newcastle was prime minister for six years in two separate periods. While his first premiership was not particularly notable, Newcastle precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, and his weak diplomacy cost him his premiership.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his second term, he served briefly in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Lord Rockingham</a>'s ministry, before he retired from government. He was most effective as a deputy to a leader of greater ability, such as Walpole, his brother, or Pitt. Few politicians in British history matched his skills and industry in using patronage to maintain power over long stretches of time. His genius appeared as the chief party manager for the Whigs from 1715 to 1761. He used his energy and his money to select candidates, distribute patronage and win elections. He was especially influential in the counties of Sussex, Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. His greatest triumph came in the <a href="/wiki/1754_British_general_election" title="1754 British general election">1754 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside the electoral realm, his reputation has suffered. Historian <a href="/wiki/H._T._Dickinson" title="H. T. Dickinson">Harry Dickinson</a> says that he became </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[n]otorious for his fussiness and fretfulness, his petty jealousies, his reluctance to accept responsibility for his actions, and his inability to pursue any political objective to his own satisfaction or to the nation's profit ... Many modern historians have depicted him as the epitome of unredeemed mediocrity and as a veritable buffoon in office.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg/140px-NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg/210px-NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg/280px-NewcastleHouseJohnBowles1754.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_House" title="Newcastle House">Newcastle House</a> which he inherited from his uncle in 1711, and used as his primary London residence, often throwing lavish parties there.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thomas Pelham was born in London on 21 July 1693<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_1st_Baron_Pelham" title="Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham">Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham</a>, by his second wife, the former Lady Grace Holles, younger sister of <a href="/wiki/John_Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne">John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne</a>. He studied at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a> and was admitted as a fellow commoner at <a href="/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge" title="Clare College, Cambridge">Clare College, Cambridge</a>, in 1710.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pelham's uncle died in 1711, and his father the next year, both leaving their large estates to their nephew and son. When he came of age in 1714, Lord Pelham was one of the greatest landowners in the kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enjoying enormous patronage in the county of <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>. One stipulation of his uncle's will was that his nephew add Holles to his name, which he faithfully did, thereafter styling himself as Thomas Pelham-Holles.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A long-standing legal dispute over the estate with his Aunt was finally settled in 1714. </p><p>He increasingly identified with <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political faction)">Whig</a> politics, like his father and uncle, but whereas they had been moderate in their views, he grew increasingly more partisan and militant in his views.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain was very divided between Whigs who favoured the succession of <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George of Hanover</a> after <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a>'s death and <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a> who supported the return of the Jacobite <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Stuart</a>, known later as the 'old pretender'. This issue dominated British politics during the last few years of Queen Anne's reign, leading up to her death in 1714, and had a profound impact on the future career of the young Duke of Newcastle. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Hannover_Club" title="Hannover Club">Hannover Club</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kit_Kat_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Kit Kat Club">Kit Kat Club</a>, both leading centres of Whig thinking and organisation. <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_House" title="Newcastle House">Newcastle House</a> in London became his premier residence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_favour">Royal favour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Royal favour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Walpole_prime_minister_of_Britain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Robert_Walpole_prime_minister_of_Britain.jpg/140px-Robert_Walpole_prime_minister_of_Britain.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Robert_Walpole_prime_minister_of_Britain.jpg/210px-Robert_Walpole_prime_minister_of_Britain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Robert_Walpole_prime_minister_of_Britain.jpg/280px-Robert_Walpole_prime_minister_of_Britain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>From 1720 Newcastle allied himself with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>. They would be political partners for the next 20 years, and Newcastle would remain a loyalist until Walpole's fall in 1742.</figcaption></figure> <p>Newcastle vigorously sustained the Whigs at <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne's</a> death and had much influence in making the Londoners accept <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">King George I</a>, even organising so-called 'Newcastle mobs' to fight with rival <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a> in the street.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His services were too great to be neglected by the new Hanoverian king, and in 1714, he was created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Clare" title="Earl of Clare">Earl of Clare</a>, and in 1715 <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Clare" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquess of Clare">Marquess of Clare</a> and Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, two titles previously held by his late uncle John Holles.<sup id="cite_ref-browningondb_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browningondb-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also became <a href="/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord-Lieutenant">Lord-Lieutenant</a> of the counties of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Nottinghamshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire">Nottingham</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Knight of the Garter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his new position, he was in charge of suppressing Jacobitism in the counties under his control. In Middlesex, he arrested and questioned 800 people and drew up a Voluntary Defence Association to defend the county. In 1715, he became involved in a riot that ended with two men being killed, and Newcastle fleeing along rooftops.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The succession of <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> was secured in late 1715 by the defeat of a Jacobite army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preston_(1715)" title="Battle of Preston (1715)">Battle of Preston</a> and the subsequent flight of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Pretender" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Pretender">Old Pretender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walpole's_ally"><span id="Walpole.27s_ally"></span>Walpole's ally</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Walpole's ally"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The victory of the Hanoverians over the Jacobites marked the beginning of the Whig Ascendancy which lasted for much of the 18th century. Because the Tory opposition had been tainted, in the eyes of George I, by their support of the Jacobite pretenders, he did not trust them and drew all of his ministers and officials from the Whigs. Following their victory, the Whigs split with one group forming the government for George I, and the other dissident Whigs became the effective opposition in Parliament. After a period of political manoeuvring, he was for a while associated with a Whig faction led by <a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">James Stanhope</a>, but from 1720, Newcastle began to identify strongly with the government Whigs, who had quickly come to be dominated by Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walpole gladly welcomed the young Newcastle into his coterie because Walpole believed that he could easily control Newcastle and because it would strengthen Walpole's hand against the rival Whig factions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newcastle joined with Walpole because Newcastle, correctly, believed that Walpole was going to dominate British politics for a generation. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1721, Walpole began to serve as Britain's first prime minister and would hold that position for the next 21 years. He was related to Walpole's leading ally, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend">Charles Townshend</a>, strengthening his bond with the leader of the new administration. </p><p>On 2 April 1717, he increased his Whig connections by marrying <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Pelham-Holles,_Duchess_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrietta Pelham-Holles, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne">Lady Henrietta Godolphin</a>, the granddaughter of the <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough</a>, a national hero following his victories in the recent <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">European war</a> who was considered a Whig icon.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lord_Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lord Chamberlain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_office">In office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewcastleLincoln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NewcastleLincoln.jpg/200px-NewcastleLincoln.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NewcastleLincoln.jpg/300px-NewcastleLincoln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NewcastleLincoln.jpg/400px-NewcastleLincoln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Newcastle (left) and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton,_7th_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln">Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln</a> as painted by <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller" title="Godfrey Kneller">Godfrey Kneller</a>, c. 1721.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1717, at 23, Newcastle first attained high political office as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlain</a> of the Household and was given the responsibility of overseeing theatres.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plays were often extremely political, and Newcastle was tasked with suppressing any plays or playwrights that he believed to be too critical of the Hanoverian succession or the Whig government. Newcastle clashed repeatedly with <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Steele" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Richard Steele">Sir Richard Steele</a>, a leading playwright.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1719, he was one of the three main investors in <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>'s new opera company, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music_(1719)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy of Music (1719)">Royal Academy of Music</a>. The Duke ordered Handel in May 1719 to go to the Continent to contract singers for as long as possible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He held the post for seven years and performed well enough to be considered for further promotion. Despite his youth, he had demonstrated his strength in several <a href="/wiki/General_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="General elections">general elections</a> when he had been able to get as many as 20 MPs elected to seats that he controlled through his family's wealth and political patronage. He survived in the office during the turmoil in the Whigs between 1717 and 1721, and his switch of allegiance to Walpole secured his influence thereafter. Walpole had overseen a brief end to the rift between the Whig factions after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a>, which had left thousands ruined. Newcastle himself had lost £4,000. Walpole was then seen as the only man to bring stability to the country and the Whigs, and he was granted unprecedented powers, effectively making him the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Great Britain">prime minister of Great Britain</a>. </p><p>During his time in the office, Newcastle and his wife had become famous for throwing lavish parties that were attended by much of London society including many of his political opponents. He was also prodigiously fond of <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a> and often went down to <a href="/wiki/Bishopstone,_East_Sussex" title="Bishopstone, East Sussex">Bishopstone</a>, one of his Sussex properties, expressly for that purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time as Lord Chamberlain he oversaw a major overhaul of public buildings, many of which had fallen into very poor repair.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Secretary of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment">Appointment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Appointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1724, Newcastle was chosen by Walpole to be <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Southern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Southern Department">Secretary of State for the Southern Department</a> in place of <a href="/wiki/John_Carteret,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville">Lord Carteret</a>, a move largely engineered by Townshend. He had been for some time considered the third most important man in the government, behind Walpole and Townshend, which was confirmed by his new position. Newcastle had for several years been growing increasingly interested in foreign affairs and had been educating himself on the subtle details of diplomacy and the <a href="/wiki/European_State_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European State System">European State System</a>. However, his first few years in the office had him defer control of British foreign policy to the other Secretary of State, Townshend, and Newcastle effectively served as his deputy. Walpole was generally happy to allow Townshend to control foreign affairs, as he agreed with him on most issues.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_French_Alliance">The French Alliance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The French Alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Alliance_(1716%E2%80%931731)" title="Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)">Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)</a></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a>, which had ended the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">last major European war</a>, Britain had been an ally of France, a strong reversal in policy, as France had previously been considered the premier enemy of Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasons for the alliance were complex, and many had doubted the détente could last long, but when Newcastle became Secretary of State, they had been allies for nearly a decade. By 1719, they had become part of a wider Quadruple Alliance, which was by far the most powerful force in European politics, as had been demonstrated during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">War of the Quadruple Alliance</a>, a largely-naval war in the Mediterranean by which the powers had defeated a Spanish attempt to reclaim lost territory in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alliance was unpopular, however, with many in Parliament and in the country, which continued to consider France to be Britain's natural enemy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne_by_Charles_Jervas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne_by_Charles_Jervas.jpg/170px-Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne_by_Charles_Jervas.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne_by_Charles_Jervas.jpg/255px-Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne_by_Charles_Jervas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne_by_Charles_Jervas.jpg/340px-Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne_by_Charles_Jervas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2929" /></a><figcaption>Newcastle in 1735 when he was <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Southern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Southern Department">Southern Secretary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Walpole_ministry" title="Walpole ministry">Walpole ministry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Newcastle had been joined in government by his young brother, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a>. The two brothers got on well but were prone to have intractable disputes. One constant source of tension between them was Newcastle's poor handling of the family fortune, which was being constantly depleted through his out-of-control spending. Pelham was also considered by many to be the abler of the two brothers, but it was the Duke who was initially more successful in politics. In spite of their differences, they remained firm political allies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_crisis">Domestic crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Domestic crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The administration faced a crisis in 1727, when <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George I of Britain">George I</a> died unexpectedly, and his son <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> succeeded to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new king had previously had exceptionally bad relations with Walpole and Newcastle and, during one altercation between them, George's poor English had made Newcastle think that he had challenged him to a duel.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their relationship had not improved in recent years, and many anticipated the imminent replacement of the government. </p><p>Instead, Walpole made himself extremely useful to George II, who soon became convinced of his competence and retained him in his post. The thawing of relations was helped by the friendship between Newcastle and George's daughter <a href="/wiki/Princess_Amelia_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Amelia of Great Britain">Amelia</a>, leading many to speculate, without substantive evidence, that they were having an affair.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November 1727, Walpole and Newcastle's positions were both safe once more, boosted by an election victory that saw them gain 430 seats to the opposition's 128 in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1729, a rift broke out in the government over the direction of Britain's foreign policy. Townshend was convinced that Britain's principal enemy was now <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Austria">Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walpole and Newcastle saw Spain as the main threat to British power because of its large navy and colonial interests. Eventually, Walpole had his way, forcing Townshend from office, and replacing him with <a href="/wiki/William_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_of_Harrington" title="William Stanhope, 1st Earl of Harrington">Lord Harrington</a>. From then on, Newcastle served as the senior Secretary of State and largely controlled British foreign policy himself. Newcastle was saddened by the demise of his relative and former patron although their partnership had become increasingly strained and the new situation offered enormous possibilities to him personally.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_policy">Peace policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Peace policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Together, Newcastle and Walpole managed to drive a wedge between Spain and Austria, making an ally of the latter and directing their future efforts against Spain. Subsequently, however, it turned out that Britain's long-term major rival was neither but France, which had been considered a close ally. The increasingly-confrontational actions of the French Chief Minister, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Fleury" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Fleury">Cardinal Fleury</a>, soon convinced them that they had been wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This misjudgment was later used by the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Whigs" title="Patriot Whigs">Patriot Whigs</a> to castigate the ministry for their lack of preparation against the French threat. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg/170px-George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg/255px-George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg/340px-George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a>, who reigned from 1727 to 1760. Despite their initial violent hatred of each other, he and Newcastle grew to have a very productive relationship, which lasted for over three decades.</figcaption></figure> <p>In general, Newcastle shared Walpole's abhorrence of war and wished to prevent Britain from getting dragged into major wars on the continent. Notably, Britain did not become embroiled in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> and indeed tried to prevent it from breaking out. Newcastle attempted to throw both the French and Austrians off-guard by being cagey about Britain's response if war broke out, but that did not stop the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the war had started, George II tried to push for Britain to honour its commitment to assist Austria, but he was blocked by Walpole, who insisted that Britain should not join the war. Newcastle broadly supported the same position as the king, but he accepted the decision.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newcastle's brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a> had now attained the lucrative position of <a href="/wiki/Paymaster_General" title="Paymaster General">Paymaster General</a> and had effectively replaced Townshend as the third man of the government. The three men continued what had become dubbed as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norfolk Congress (page does not exist)">Norfolk Congress</a> by meeting regularly at <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Hall" title="Houghton Hall">Houghton Hall</a>, Sir Robert Walpole's <a href="/wiki/Country_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Country house">country house</a> in Norfolk. The three men would hold private meetings, draw up wide-ranging policies on foreign and domestic issues and then present them to parliament for their seal of approval, which their vast majority allowed them to do. Slowly, however, Newcastle and his brother were moving out of the shadow of Walpole and being more assertive. Newcastle was particularly annoyed both by what he saw as the abandonment of Austria and by the suggestion that Walpole no longer trusted him.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1735, Newcastle had largely assumed control of colonial affairs, further increasing the amount of patronage he controlled. A devout Anglican, he was also given control over ecclesiastical matters, especially the appointment of bishops and lucrative positions in the Church of England.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newcastle's growing independence from Walpole was helped by the support of his brother and his best friend, <a href="/wiki/Baron_Hardwicke" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Hardwicke">Hardwicke</a>, who had become Lord Chancellor.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the latter half of the decade, his job was increasingly dominated by managing relations with Spain, which included trade disputes and objections to the controversial founding of the American colony of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(colony)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (colony)">Georgia</a> in 1733. The longstanding peace policy was now beginning to look extremely fragile. He also acted as a mediator in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a>, helping to bring the conflict to an end in 1738. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jenkins'_Ear_and_Spanish_America"><span id="Jenkins.27_Ear_and_Spanish_America"></span>Jenkins' Ear and Spanish America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jenkins' Ear and Spanish America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></div> <p>The growing tension between Britain and Spain came to a head in 1731 during an incident known as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkins_(master_mariner)" title="Robert Jenkins (master mariner)">Jenkins' Ear</a>, when a British merchant captain was captured for illegal trading off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> by a Spanish privateer, and in punishment for his alleged breach of the strict laws forbidding foreign commerce with Spanish colonies, he had an ear cut off.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident shocked Britain not so much because of its brutality but because many saw it as an outrage that Spain should have the temerity to harm a British subject simply for trading, which many held to be a legitimate occupation despite the legal prohibition in force.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1738, Jenkins appeared in Parliament to testify about his treatment. Other merchants sent petitions, and the powerful <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a> mobilised popular opinion. To many, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> was crumbling, and its South American possessions were ripe for the picking. A vociferous group in Parliament demanded war with Spain. Walpole was adamantly opposed to such a policy and became a target for unprecedented attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newcastle too came under intense pressure but initially considered the demands for Britain to declare war with Spain a dangerous step, and in spite of his increasingly bellicose statements, he still considered the idea of an Anglo-Spanish alliance as late as 1739. He tried to negotiate a solution to the crisis with the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Pardo" title="Convention of Pardo">Convention of Pardo</a>, which agreed a sum of compensation to be paid to British merchants,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but British public opinion had shifted, and Walpole felt that there was no option but to declare war in December 1739. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Pelham,_Parliamentary_Art_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Henry_Pelham%2C_Parliamentary_Art_Collection.jpg/170px-Henry_Pelham%2C_Parliamentary_Art_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Henry_Pelham%2C_Parliamentary_Art_Collection.jpg/255px-Henry_Pelham%2C_Parliamentary_Art_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Henry_Pelham%2C_Parliamentary_Art_Collection.jpg/340px-Henry_Pelham%2C_Parliamentary_Art_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Newcastle enjoyed a close but at times strained relationship with his brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a>. The two men formed a formidable political partnership following the fall of Walpole, and together dominated British politics until Henry's death in 1754.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British opened the war with a victory, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Porto_Bello_(1739)" title="Battle of Porto Bello (1739)">capturing Porto Bello</a> in Panama. That led to an outbreak of patriotic fervour, and further increased the pressure on Walpole and Newcastle for their perceived unwilling prosecution of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newcastle tried to combat that by cultivating a reputation as the leading "patriot" of the cabinet. He took on additional military responsibilities and, for the first two years of war, served as a <i>de facto</i> Minister of War.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his most notable suggestions during the period was the recruitment of large numbers of troops drawn from the <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">American colonies</a>, whose growing manpower had previously gone largely untapped. </p><p>In 1741, the main British campaign against Spain was a combined amphibious attack on the South American city of <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a>, which had experienced considerable delays. Command was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Edward_Vernon" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Edward Vernon">Admiral Edward Vernon</a>, the victor of Porto Bello, who was given a force of 31,000 soldiers and sailors to take the city. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">siege</a> proved to be a total disaster for the British, who lost thousands of men before being forced to withdraw. Although Newcastle had issued the orders and overseen the organisation of the expedition, much of the blame for the disaster fell on the shoulders of the ailing prime minister, Walpole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Walpole">Fall of Walpole</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fall of Walpole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the wake of the Cartagena disaster, Britain held <a href="/wiki/1741_British_general_election" title="1741 British general election">a general election</a>. The result reduced Walpole's former dominance of the House to an unworkable majority. Within months, he had been forced out of office and succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Wilmington" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Wilmington">Lord Wilmington</a>. Though Newcastle stayed with Walpole to the end, he was later accused by many of Walpole's supporters of having undermined him.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a>, his son, continued to attack Newcastle's behaviour for years to come. </p><p>Newcastle continued in office after Walpole's fall and became more powerful on his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a> becoming prime minister in 1743.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, the two brothers and their supporters known as the 'Old Whigs' made a coalition with the '<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Whigs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Whigs (page does not exist)">New Whigs</a>', previous opponents of the Walpole government. However, there remained a strident opposition, led vocally by men like <a href="/wiki/Pitt_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitt the Elder">William Pitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Lord Sandwich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_the_Austrian_Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: War of the Austrian Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg/140px-Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg/210px-Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg/280px-Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>Newcastle was a strong supporter of <a href="/wiki/Hasburg_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasburg Empire">Austria</a> and advocated aid to the country during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>. After the war, he built his system for retaining peace around the alliance with Austria, only for it to collapse spectacularly in 1756.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1740, shortly after the declaration of war with Spain, a separate war had broken out simultaneously in Europe into which the War of Jenkins' Ear soon became submerged. In a dispute over the throne of Austria, both France and Prussia had invaded Austria and planned to remove <a href="/wiki/Empress_Maria_Theresa" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Maria Theresa">Empress Maria Theresa</a> and replace her with their own claimant. Austria's longstanding alliance with Britain required the latter to declare war. It was also considered by many that a French victory would leave the French too strong in Europe. However, Britain soon found itself dragged into this wider war despite the reluctance of its government. </p><p>Initially, Britain's involvement was limited to financial subsidies and diplomacy in support of Austria, but by 1742, it was apparent that a more substantial commitment would be needed if the alliance were not to end in defeat. In the same year, 16,000 British troops were sent to the continent. Newcastle was a staunch <a href="/wiki/Austrophile" title="Austrophile">Austrophile</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and strongly supported aid to the Austrians. He had long thought that the only way Britain could defeat France was in alliance with Austria, a view sharply at odds with many other leading politicians such as Walpole and Pitt. </p><p>Newcastle's position had briefly been threatened by <a href="/wiki/John_Carteret,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville">Carteret</a>, a royal favourite, but by 1743, Newcastle and his brother were firmly in control of British policy until 1756. Newcastle now set about drawing up a fresh scheme to enhance British power on the continent, including an attempt to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> into the anti-French alliance and mediating the dispute between Austria and Prussia, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dresden" title="Treaty of Dresden">Treaty of Dresden</a> in 1745. He also approved plans for a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">colonial raid against Louisbourg in 1745</a>, which was successful. Along with the defeat of a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Invasion_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Invasion of Georgia">Spanish Invasion of Georgia</a> in 1742, this strengthened the British position in North America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacobite_Rising">Jacobite Rising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jacobite Rising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a></div> <p>In 1745, the Jacobite Rising broke out in Scotland and soon spread to <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">northern England</a>. Newcastle feared an attack from the north by <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnie Prince Charlie">Bonnie Prince Charlie</a>, who had already gathered 5,000 men in <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, and a French invasion of southern England. In the panic, a number of false rumours circulated around London, including news that Newcastle had fled to the Continent for fear that all was lost. He was forced to show himself to a crowd that had gathered outside <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_House" title="Newcastle House">Newcastle House</a> to prove that he was still there.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, his position was threatened since if the Jacobites were triumphant his estates would likely have been confiscated and he would have been forced into exile. </p><p>Newcastle awoke to the threat posed by the Jacobites much faster than George II and many of his colleagues, who dismissed the rebellion as a farce. Newcastle organised a response, and by late 1745, he had rallied all of the southern militias and regular forces. The Jacobites withdrew to northern Scotland where they were defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Culloden</a> in 1746. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_of_Aix-la-Chapelle">Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)</a></div> <p>On the Continent, the British continued the war effort, but they were now under pressure from the Dutch Republic to make peace with the French. The Dutch feared that the French would soon launch a devastating onslaught and overrun their country. Newcastle considered that any peace that would be made would be extremely disadvantageous to Britain, and he tried to keep the anti-French coalition strong through constant diplomacy and offers of <a href="/wiki/Golden_Cavalry_of_St_George" title="Golden Cavalry of St George">financial subsidies</a>. </p><p>Talks for a peace settlement were convened in the city of <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a> in 1746. Newcastle was instrumental in securing the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Sandwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Sandwich">Lord Sandwich</a> as the British representative at the talks, as his views were very close to his own.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sandwich's principal instructions were to delay the talks until a significant British victory allowed them to negotiate from a position of strength. The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Breda" title="Congress of Breda">Congress of Breda</a> did not progress well initially because the participants were not yet fully committed to peace. The Allies continued to do badly by suffering severe defeats at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1747)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747)">Bergen op Zoom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lauffeld" title="Battle of Lauffeld">Lauffeld</a>. Newcastle's brother, Henry, was now strongly advocating peace, but Newcastle firmly rejected that since he was still convinced a major Allied victory was imminent. </p><p>In 1747, Newcastle was involved in organising a coup to put the <a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William IV, Prince of Orange">Prince of Orange</a> in power in the Netherlands. Orange wanted to continue the war with the French but soon had to apply to the British for a massive loan.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newcastle, now aware of how close the Dutch were to collapsing altogether, reluctantly turned towards seeking a peaceful accommodation with France. He berated himself for his "ignorance, obstinacy and credulity" and half expected his misjudgment in putting so much faith in the Dutch to result in his dismissal,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but both the king and the rest of the cabinet retained their faith in him. </p><p>To oversee the peace settlement, Newcastle switched across to the position of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Secretary of State">Northern Secretary</a>. He secured Sandwich's promotion to <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">the Admiralty</a> although he had wanted Sandwich to succeed him as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Secretary">Southern Secretary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the summer of 1748, Newcastle made his first ever trip outside Britain when he visited <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> and was received with a rapturous reception wherever he went.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the talks got underway, they went far more smoothly, and in October 1748, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> was formally concluded. Britain would give back <a href="/wiki/Louisbourg" title="Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a> to France in exchange for the return of <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> and a full French withdrawal from the Low Countries. The issue of free trade for which Britain had gone to war with Spain in 1739 was not mentioned at all.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newcastle was immediately attacked by his opponents for giving up Louisbourg, but many of them failed to realise just how weak the British position on the Continent had become.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria was also deeply unhappy as they felt the British had abandoned them and had not tried enough for <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> to be returned.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Newcastle was happy with the terms that had been gained, and observers on the continent were full of praise on how he had overturned such a disadvantageous situation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newcastle_System">Newcastle System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Newcastle System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the peace, Newcastle began to put into practice a policy that he had been developing for a very long time. He believed that the <a href="/wiki/Stately_quadrille" title="Stately quadrille">stately quadrille</a>, which had seen states continually shifting alliances, had been unstable and led to repeated wars. He wanted instead to use vigorous diplomacy to create a lasting peace that would be built around a strong and stable British alliance with Austria. Like many Whigs he saw maintaining the European balance of power, as essential. He described the process as "restoring the Old System", but it was popularly known as the Newcastle System.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He came under continuous attack from Pitt and the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Whigs" title="Patriot Whigs">Patriot Whigs</a>, who despised his European policy because of their belief that the previous war had shown that North America was increasingly the most important theatre of war. They mocked Newcastle for his perceived lack of vision and ignored the complex nature of European politics and Britain's relationship with Hanover and the fact that as early as 1740 Newcastle had been aware of the expanding power of the <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">American colonies</a>. </p><p>Newcastle remained extremely attentive to the Austrian Alliance. He spent several years trying to secure the election of <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria">Maria Theresa's</a> son, the future Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a>, as <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>, a title of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> that carried enormous prestige but little real power, only to see the scheme fail because of Austrian indifference. There were a number of warning signs that all was not well with the alliance, but Newcastle ignored most of them since he was convinced that neither Austria or Britain had any other serious potential allies to turn to. Referring to the election, Newcastle believed that if his scheme failed, "France and Prussia will dictate to all the world".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He managed to broker a compromise at a <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Hanover" title="Congress of Hanover">Congress of Hanover</a> to secure the election of Joseph. His triumph at the Congress was soon undermined by his failure to secure Austrian backing. </p><p>He managed to outmanoeuvre the <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_4th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford">Duke of Bedford</a> by engineering his resignation and the dismissal of Lord Sandwich, whom Newcastle had now begun to consider a dangerously ambitious rival. The ease with which he did so demonstrated his total control of British politics, as Bedford led a strong faction. He had, however, made a significant enemy, who would later try to undermine Newcastle. </p><p>In 1752 he made a rare trip abroad by accompanying George II on his annual trip to <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>. During the visit, Newcastle made an attempt to cultivate <a href="/wiki/Lord_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord North">Lord North</a>, a future prime minister, as an ally into his political faction.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was unsuccessful although both became good friends, and North later spoke out in defence of Newcastle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_minister">Prime minister</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Prime minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term:_1754-1756">First term: 1754-1756 <span class="anchor" id="First_premiership"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: First term: 1754-1756"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Newcastle_ministry" title="First Newcastle ministry">First Newcastle ministry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg/220px-Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg/330px-Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg/440px-Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption>Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland, by <a href="/wiki/John_Giles_Eccardt" title="John Giles Eccardt">John Giles Eccardt</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_van_Loo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste van Loo">Jean Baptiste van Loo</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1740</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appointment_2">Appointment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Appointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On Henry Pelham's death on 6 March 1754, Newcastle succeeded him as prime minister. He had initially hoped to stay in his role as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Secretary">Northern Secretary</a> as he much preferred foreign affairs, but he was persuaded there was no other serious candidate and accepted the seals of office from the king in March.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newcastle's first task was to select someone <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">to represent the government in the Commons</a>. To great surprise, he rejected the favourites, <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">Henry Fox</a>, and chose <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Robinson">Sir Thomas Robinson</a>, who had barely even been considered a candidate by most.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newcastle was largely instrumental in appointing men considered slightly weaker so that he could dominate them. Both Pitt and Fox bore a grudge over the perceived slight and stepped up their attacks on the ministry. </p><p>In April and May 1754, Newcastle oversaw a general election, largely adopting the electoral strategy drawn up by his brother and winning a large majority. His own personal ability to have MPs elected on his slate reached new heights.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He now felt emboldened enough to try to push through some financial reforms. He proposed measures to reduce the amount of interest paid to the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> on the <a href="/wiki/National_Debt" class="mw-redirect" title="National Debt">National Debt</a>. His decision to do so may partly have been to deflect criticism that he was not sufficiently qualified on financial matters to control the Treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, he was still largely directing foreign policy, his main emphasis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="America">America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></div> <p>The rivalry between Britain and France in North America had been growing for some time. Both coveted the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a>, which offered enormous potential for a new wealthy colony to be founded. Both nations sent military forces to occupy the territory. While the British set up the first initial post, they were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Necessity" title="Battle of Fort Necessity">driven out by a French expedition</a> in 1754. Many wealthy Americans agitated for military action, but the preparations of the individual colonies for conflict were poor. There was more pressure in London from <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Whigs" title="Patriot Whigs">Patriot Whigs</a> who felt the time was ripe for British America to expand into the interior. </p><p>In 1755, a <a href="/wiki/Braddock_Expedition" title="Braddock Expedition">major expedition</a> was planned against the French in America. A force of British regulars would be sent to seize Ohio, while another of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> provincials would take control of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. A new <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_Chief_for_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in Chief for North America">commander in chief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Braddock" title="Edward Braddock">Edward Braddock</a>, would be appointed to oversee that to take over from the fractious efforts of the colonial assemblies. The architect of the scheme was the <a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a>, who held enormous political sway at the time. Braddock was a favourite, but Newcastle had his doubts about both Braddock and the plans. Newcastle had temporarily made an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">Henry Fox</a>, whom he also disliked. Fox was a strong supporter of the campaign and forced Newcastle's hand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A few months after arriving in America, Braddock's force was engulfed by disaster at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monongahela" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Monongahela">Battle of Monongahela</a>. Attacked by a mixed force of French and American Natives in the wilderness, more than half were killed, including Braddock. The remainder retreated back to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, leaving the French in full control of the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nova Scotia scheme had been more successful, but the <a href="/wiki/Great_Expulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Expulsion">Great Expulsion</a>, which followed in its wake, created serious headaches for Newcastle. </p><p>All had taken place without war being formally declared. With the decline in the American situation, Newcastle was forced to abandon his plans for financial reform, as the money would instead need to be spent on military forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Loss_of_Menorca">Loss of Menorca</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Loss of Menorca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elderpitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Elderpitt.jpg/170px-Elderpitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Elderpitt.jpg/255px-Elderpitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Elderpitt.jpg/340px-Elderpitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt</a> was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Whigs" title="Patriot Whigs">Patriot Whigs</a> and a constant thorn in Newcastle's side. Many were surprised when the two formed <a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">an electoral partnership</a> in 1757.</figcaption></figure> <p>While Newcastle had been paying attention to the American campaign, more pressing events in Europe demanded his attention. </p><p>Austria had been growing increasingly tense because of a longstanding belief that the British would abandon it at a crucial moment.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newcastle's worst fears were confirmed in 1756, when Austria concluded an alliance with France; the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution" title="Diplomatic Revolution">Diplomatic Revolution</a> suddenly threw the whole balance of power in Europe askew. </p><p>Newcastle had hoped to prevent the outbreak of a major war in Europe by encircling France with hostile powers. He believed that would both deter them from attacking their neighbours and from sending reinforcements to North America.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thought that the only way war could happen now was if <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> unilaterally attacked Austria, but the clear disparity in numbers would make him a "madman" to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newcastle hoped he had managed to avert war in Europe, but in 1756, Frederick invaded Saxony and Bohemia triggering the major European war that Newcastle had feared and failed to prevent. What had begun as a limited war in the Ohio Country between Britain and France now took on global proportions. </p><p>Newcastle was widely blamed for Britain's poor start to the Seven Years' War, and in November 1756 he was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">Duke of Devonshire</a>. Some had even called for his execution after the <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_Menorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of Menorca">loss of Menorca</a> (historically called "Minorca" by the British) in 1756.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the commander of the British fleet, <a href="/wiki/John_Byng" title="John Byng">John Byng</a>, was shot after a court-martial, which many considered a smokescreen to protect Newcastle. </p><p>For his long services, he was created Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, with remainder to the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_2nd_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne">9th Earl of Lincoln</a>, who had married his niece Catherine Pelham.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interlude">Interlude</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Interlude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire</a></div> <p>Between November 1756 and June 1757, the Duke of Devonshire replaced Newcastle as prime minister although <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt</a> is widely credited as the main influence on policy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term:_1757-1762">Second term: 1757-1762 <span class="anchor" id="Second_premiership"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Second term: 1757-1762"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Great Britain in the Seven Years' War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Return">Return</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Return"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1757, he again became prime minister as <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt</a> could not gain enough support in Parliament. It is often incorrectly stated that Pitt was prime minister during the war, but Newcastle actually held the office. Their relationship grew into a fruitful partnership and provided a determined leadership that some felt had been lacking for some time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quibcardinaux2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Quibcardinaux2.jpg/220px-Quibcardinaux2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Quibcardinaux2.jpg/330px-Quibcardinaux2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Quibcardinaux2.jpg/440px-Quibcardinaux2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>1759 became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirablis" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus Mirablis">Annus mirabilis</a>" after Britain enjoyed victories on several continents as well as at sea. In November a French fleet <a href="/wiki/Planned_French_Invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned French Invasion of Britain (1759)">planning to invade England</a> was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay" title="Battle of Quiberon Bay">Quiberon</a>. Much of the credit went to Pitt, rather than Newcastle.</figcaption></figure> <p>On paper, it was an implausible alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt had been a strident critic of Newcastle for years, and they had separate, conflicting visions of strategy. Newcastle saw Britain's best chance of victory in directing resources to the war on the continent, but Pitt wanted a wholesale shift in policy to concentrate British forces in North America, West Africa and Asia, where the French were most vulnerable. However, they shared some views, were both ardent Whigs and had even once tried to create a political alliance. Newcastle had previously tried to have Pitt appointed Secretary of War in 1745, but George II vetoed the appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seven_Years'_War"><span id="Seven_Years.27_War"></span>Seven Years' War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Seven Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ultimately British policies were formed from a mixture of these two views. Newcastle insisted on British involvement on the continent to tie down French troops and to authorise a number of expeditions against French colonies. As they were successful, the expeditions began to grow in number and size. Pitt largely took over control of directing them, and Newcastle agreed with the measures and made sure that <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> was kept on-side by mobilising his control of MPs. However, Pitt and Newcastle would discuss strategy along with a small number of other figures such as <a href="/wiki/Philip_Yorke,_1st_Earl_of_Hardwicke" title="Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke">Hardwicke</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Anson,_1st_Baron_Anson" title="George Anson, 1st Baron Anson">Anson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ligonier,_1st_Earl_Ligonier" title="Edward Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier">Ligonier</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Newcastle had been deeply concerned by Britain's poor start to the war, particularly by the loss of <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a> and the French occupation of key ports in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>. To try to boost Britain's position in the Mediterranean, he pushed for an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, which was then controlled by neutral <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, to use as a naval base or for a British attack on <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> to drive the French out. Pitt was alarmed that both prospects would lead Britain into war with Austria or Genoa. Instead, to placate Newcastle and George II, Pitt agreed to send a British contingent to fight in Germany in 1758. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Success">Success</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Success"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_of_1759" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus Mirabilis of 1759">Annus Mirabilis of 1759</a></div> <p>In 1758, Pitt began despatching expeditions around the world to seize French colonies. In 1758, they captured <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a> in West Africa and <a href="/wiki/Louisbourg" title="Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a> in North America. He planned to intensify this the next year by despatching large expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> and Canada. To do so, Pitt stripped the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> of troops and ships, which caused Newcastle to worry that they were ill-defended. His fears increased when the British received intelligence of French plans to launch an <a href="/wiki/Planned_French_Invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned French Invasion of Britain (1759)">invasion of Britain</a>. Pitt was determined to press ahead with that year's plans but agreed to lessen the scale of colonial expeditions for 1760 since he expected that 1759 would provide a knockout blow to the French war effort. </p><p>Newcastle had retained his previous belief that Britain needed to create as broad a coalition as possible and that Europe, rather than the Americas, would be decisive. He thus attempted to persuade a number of different states to join the anti-French alliance. He was largely unsuccessful since the Dutch, Danes and Portuguese remained neutral, and Sweden and Russia joined the French and Austrians in attacking Prussia. He authorised large sums to be paid as subsidies to the Prussians, who were fighting countries whose land forces dwarfed their own. </p><p>One of Newcastle's greatest personal achievements was his use of diplomacy to keep Spain out of the war until 1762, when it was too late to alter the balance of power significantly. In 1759, he and Pitt organised Britain's defences against a planned French invasion, which failed because of British naval victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lagos" title="Battle of Lagos">Lagos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay" title="Battle of Quiberon Bay">Quiberon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dismissal">Dismissal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Dismissal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This "<a href="/wiki/Broad_bottom_government" title="Broad bottom government">broad bottom government</a>", under which Britain gained reputation abroad, gradually fell owing to the affection of the new king <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a> for <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute</a>, who, having supplanted Pitt, became prime minister in place of Newcastle in May 1762.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George III had described Pitt as a "snake in the grass" and Newcastle as a "knave".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their undeniably competent prosecution of the war, the new king did not trust either man with the future of Britain and cast them both into opposition. It marked arguably the last occasion upon which a British monarch was able to remove a prime minister purely out of personal animosity: that privilege would in future be ceded entirely to Parliament. As Bute was a Tory, this marked the end of the Whig monopoly on government which had been continual since the Hanoverian Succession in 1714. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claremont.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Claremont.JPG/220px-Claremont.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Claremont.JPG/330px-Claremont.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Claremont.JPG/440px-Claremont.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2257" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>Newcastle spent much of his last few years at <a href="/wiki/Claremont_(country_house)" title="Claremont (country house)">Claremont</a>. He was exceptionally proud of the house and its <a href="/wiki/Claremont_Landscape_Garden" title="Claremont Landscape Garden">extensive gardens</a> on which he had spent a fortune.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Duke went into opposition and lost his two Lord-Lieutenancies for opposing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">peace of 1763</a>. Along with Pitt, he felt the terms of peace were overly generous to France and Spain because of the position of strength held by the British. Many territories captured during the war were handed back, but the French presence had been effectively destroyed permanently in Canada and <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">in India</a>. </p><p>He spent much of his time at his house at <a href="/wiki/Claremont_(country_house)" title="Claremont (country house)">Claremont</a>, which he considered one of his finest achievements. Newcastle had been in government for almost 45 continuous years and initially enjoyed the new freedom that opposition gave him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_return">Final return</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Final return"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1765, he became <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> in the government of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Lord Rockingham</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who shared many similarities with Newcastle, and both men were both wealthy Whig grandees. Newcastle was at one point offered the position of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Southern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Southern Department">Southern Secretary</a> by the king, but he turned it down. He lasted for a few months before the government collapsed, which was replaced by that of the <a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Duke of Grafton</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He remained in active opposition but accepted he would not hold office again.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to wield enormous patronage and influence, but his health swiftly gave way after a stroke in December 1767, which left him lame and impaired in speech and memory.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his final few months, he had counselled against the <a href="/wiki/Coercive_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Coercive Acts">Coercive Acts</a> on <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>. He died in November 1768, aged 75, at his London home in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields" title="Lincoln's Inn Fields">Lincoln's Inn Fields</a>. After his death, Claremont was sold to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a> who had made his name in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. </p><p>The Duke was industrious and energetic, and to his credit, the statesman who almost monopolised the patronage of office for half a century twice refused a pension and finally left office £300,000 poorer than he entered it<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of his heavy spending on political campaigns, his lavish lifestyle and his neglect of the family budget.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_KG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_KG.jpg/220px-Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_KG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_KG.jpg/330px-Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_KG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_KG.jpg/440px-Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle_KG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>The Duke of Newcastle wearing the Robes of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>, by <a href="/wiki/William_Hoare" title="William Hoare">William Hoare</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Newcastle was widely caricatured, often being portrayed as a muddle-headed buffoon who struggled to understand the business of government. He was one of the most ridiculed politicians of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common and widely circulated example of his cluelessness is his reported response to being told by <a href="/wiki/John_Ligonier,_1st_Earl_Ligonier" title="John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier">Ligonier</a> that <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia">Annapolis</a> needed to be defended, to which Newcastle allegedly replied, "Annapolis! Oh yes, Annapolis must be defended, to be sure. Annapolis must be defended—where is Annapolis?".<sup id="cite_ref-pm88_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pm88-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a>, no friend of him, sketched his character thus: "A borrowed importance and real insignificance gave him the perpetual air of a solicitor.... He had no pride, though infinite self-love. He loved business immoderately; yet was only always doing it, never did it. When left to himself, he always plunged into difficulties, and then shuddered for the consequences."<sup id="cite_ref-pm88_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pm88-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical opinion has generally been divided, with some historians drawing the conclusion that he was unfit for his office, but others regard him as a shrewd political operator who subtly navigated the complex European State System of the 18th century. He is both praised and criticised as being perhaps the greatest machine politics operator of the 18th century, who commanded immense voting strength in parliament. He could often organise majorities in the House of Commons for seemingly perplexing, unpopular and absurd policies of the government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Generally, praise for Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War has gone to Pitt rather than Newcastle, who officially headed the government. Traditionally, accounts of the war have portrayed Pitt as a visionary who won the war by reversing Newcastle's previous unwise policy of focusing on European affairs; <a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a> records correspondence between Pitt and his military administrators and none between them and Newcastle. Others have defended Newcastle by contrasting his 'continental policy' with <a href="/wiki/Lord_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord North">Lord North</a>'s failure to gather European allies during the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>, which led to Britain's eventual defeat in this conflict.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was portrayed in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Expedition_of_Humphry_Clinker" title="The Expedition of Humphry Clinker">Humphry Clinker</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Smollett" title="Tobias Smollett">Tobias Smollett</a> as a bungling fool, ignorant of all geography, who is convinced that <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton</a> is not an island.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newcastle was played in the 1948 film <i><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie_(1948_film)" title="Bonnie Prince Charlie (1948 film)">Bonnie Prince Charlie</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/G._H._Mulcaster" title="G. H. Mulcaster">G. H. Mulcaster</a>. He also features in the British television series <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Vice" title="City of Vice">City of Vice</a></i>, which covers the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners" title="Bow Street Runners">Bow Street Runners</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Pelham-Holles_(1693-1768).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Thomas_Pelham-Holles_%281693-1768%29.jpg/170px-Thomas_Pelham-Holles_%281693-1768%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Thomas_Pelham-Holles_%281693-1768%29.jpg/255px-Thomas_Pelham-Holles_%281693-1768%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Thomas_Pelham-Holles_%281693-1768%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne</figcaption></figure> <p>On 2 April 1717, he married <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Pelham-Holles,_Duchess_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Harriet Pelham-Holles, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne">Lady Harriet Godolphin</a>, daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Francis_Godolphin,_2nd_Earl_of_Godolphin" title="Francis Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Godolphin">2nd Earl of Godolphin</a> and granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough</a>. The Duchess suffered from poor health and the couple had no children.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1731, at <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Hall" title="Houghton Hall">Houghton Hall</a>, Sir Robert Walpole's <a href="/wiki/Country_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Country house">country house</a> in Norfolk, the Duke, with the <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Duke of Lorraine</a> (later the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>), was made a Master Mason by the Grand Master, Lord Lovell, at an Occasional Lodge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1739, at the creation of London's <a href="/wiki/Foundling_Hospital" title="Foundling Hospital">Foundling Hospital</a>, he acted as one of the charity's founding governors.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession">Succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the prospect that the dukedom of Newcastle upon Tyne would become extinct once again, <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a> also created the <b>Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne</b> in 1756, with a special remainder for inheritance through his nephew, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_2nd_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne">9th Earl of Lincoln</a>. </p><p>In 1762, he was also created <b>Baron Pelham of Stanmer</b>, with inheritance to his cousin and male heir, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_1st_Earl_of_Chichester" title="Thomas Pelham, 1st Earl of Chichester">Thomas Pelham</a>. </p><p>On his death in 1768, the title Baron Pelham of Stanmer, together with the bulk of the Pelham estates in Sussex and the Duke's private papers, were left to Thomas, who was later created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chichester" title="Earl of Chichester">Earl of Chichester</a>. Pelham and his brother were buried at All Saints' Church in <a href="/wiki/Laughton,_East_Sussex" title="Laughton, East Sussex">Laughton, East Sussex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ThPelODNB_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThPelODNB-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Holles and Clare estates, meanwhile, together with his Newcastle dukedom, were inherited by Lord Lincoln from whom the Duke had become estranged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Pelham,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Pelham, 2nd Baronet">Sir Thomas Pelham, 2nd Baronet, of Laughton</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Pelham,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir John Pelham, 3rd Baronet">Sir John Pelham, 3rd Baronet, of Laughton</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. Mary Wilbraham</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_1st_Baron_Pelham" title="Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham">Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sydney,_2nd_Earl_of_Leicester" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Sydney, 2nd Earl of Leicester">Robert Sydney, 2nd Earl of Leicester</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. Lady Lucy Sydney</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Sidney,_Countess_of_Leicester" title="Dorothy Sidney, Countess of Leicester">Lady Dorothy Percy</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/John_Holles,_2nd_Earl_of_Clare" title="John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare">John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Holles,_3rd_Earl_of_Clare" title="Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare">Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. Hon. Elizabeth Vere</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. Lady Grace Holles</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/William_Pierrepont_(politician)" title="William Pierrepont (politician)">Hon. William Pierrepont</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. Grace Pierrepont</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. Elizabeth Harries</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Pelham-Holles%2C_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="459" /></a></span> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Crest</dt> <dd>A Peacock in pride Proper</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Quarterly of six, 1st and 6th grandquarterly Azure three Pelicans vulning themselves Proper and Ermine two Piles in point Sable; 2nd, Gules two Demi-belts Argent with Buckles Or erect (the augmenting buckles recognising the capture of King John of France (Jean II le Bon) by Sir John Pelham); 3rd, Ermine on a Fess Gules three open Crowns Or; 4th, Azure fretty Or; 5th, Azure two Bars Argent on a Canton Sable a Wolf's Head erased of the Second.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>Loyaulté n'a honte (No shame in loyalty)</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basil Williams, <i>The Whig Supremacy 1714-1760</i> (2nd ed. 1962) pp 352–353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, <i>The Whig Supremacy 1714–1760</i> (1962) pp 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry T. Dickinson, "Newcastle" in David Loads, editor, <i>Readers Guide to British History</i> (2003) 2:951–952</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFACADPLHN709T" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=PLHN709T&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Pelham, Thomas (PLHN709T)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pelham%2C+Thomas+%28PLHN709T%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DPLHN709T%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pelham-Holles%2C+1st+Duke+of+Newcastle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.6–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-browningondb-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-browningondb_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning. ODNB online Ed</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.23–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Field pp.350–352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodger <i>Command of the Ocean</i> p.227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.62–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.49–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms pp.216–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.66–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.67–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.73–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Taylor, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'The Fac Totum in Ecclesiastic Affairs'? The Duke of Newcastle and the Crown's Ecclesiastical Patronage." <i>Albion</i> 24#3 (1992): 409–433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald G. Barnes, "The Duke of Newcastle, Ecclesiastical Minister, 1724-54." <i>Pacific Historical Review</i> 3.2 (1934): 164–191. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633377">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Sykes, "The Duke of Newcastle as Ecclesiastical Minister." <i>English Historical Review</i> 57.225 (1942): 59–84. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/553966">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.78–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodger. <i>Command of the Ocean</i>. p.235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms pp.247–252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodger <i>Command of the Ocean</i> pp.236–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.94–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N.A.M Rodger <i>Lord Sandwich</i> p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodger <i>The Instatiable Earl</i> pp.41–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodger <i>The Instatiable Earl</i> pp.58–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.152–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.154–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms pp.351–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murphy p.41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whiteley p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.198–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning pp.207–08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson p.105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.167–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.672–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson p.129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simms p.675</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLynn p.95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert p.27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning p.322–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 27</i>. Oxford University Press. 2004. pp. 728–729.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography%2C+Volume+27&rft.pages=728-729&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pelham-Holles%2C+1st+Duke+of+Newcastle" class="Z3988"></span>Article by Reed Browning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray A. Kelch, <i>Newcastle: A Duke without Money</i> (1974)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitely p.26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pm88-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pm88_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pm88_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkman, p.88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLynn p.96–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLynn p.97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/collectionsindepth/family/newcastle/biographies/biographyofthomaspelham-holles,4thdukeofnewcastleupontyne%281stdukeof3rdcreation%29and1stdukeofnewcastleunderlyne%28orline%29%281693-1768%29.aspx">University of Nottingham website, Manuscripts and Special Collections section, <i>Biography of Thomas Pelham-Holles, 4th Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne (1st Duke of 3rd creation) and 1st Duke of Newcastle under Lyne (or Line) (1693-1768)</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nichols and Wray, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThPelODNB-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThPelODNB_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>ThPelODNB</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Browning, Reed. "Holles, Thomas Pelham, duke of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F21801">10.1093/ref:odnb/21801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holles%2C+Thomas+Pelham%2C+duke+of+Newcastle-Upon-Tyne&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F21801&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Reed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pelham-Holles%2C+1st+Duke+of+Newcastle" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span>; cited as <i>ThPelODNB</i>.</li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Newcastle,_Dukes_of" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Newcastle, Dukes of">Newcastle, Dukes of s.v. 2. Thomas Pelham Holles</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 471.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Newcastle%2C+Dukes+of+s.v.+2.+Thomas+Pelham+Holles&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=471&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pelham-Holles%2C+1st+Duke+of+Newcastle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2000" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Fred (2000). <i>Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766</i>. 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"The Duke of Newcastle, Ecclesiastical Minister, 1724–54." <i>Pacific Historical Review</i> 3.2 (1934): 164–191. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633377">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1975" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Reed (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dukeofnewcastle0000brow"><i>The Duke of Newcastle</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300017465" title="Special:BookSources/9780300017465"><bdi>9780300017465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duke+of+Newcastle&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780300017465&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdukeofnewcastle0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pelham-Holles%2C+1st+Duke+of+Newcastle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Browning, Reed (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21801">"Holles, Thomas Pelham-, duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and first duke of Newcastle under Lyme (1693–1768)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online May 2011 ed.). 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The Duke of Newcastle and the Crown's Ecclesiastical Patronage." <i>Albion</i> 24#3 (1992): 409–433.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteley1996" class="citation book cs1">Whiteley, Peter (1996). <i>Lord North: The Prime Minister who lost America</i>. The Hambledon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+North%3A+The+Prime+Minister+who+lost+America&rft.pub=The+Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Whiteley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Pelham-Holles%2C+1st+Duke+of+Newcastle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Williams_(historian)" title="Basil Williams (historian)">Williams, Basil</a>. <i>The Whig Supremacy 1714-1760</i> (2nd ed. Revised By C. H. Stuart; Oxford UP, 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/96742974/the-whig-supremacy-1714-1760">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607051803/http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page170.asp">More about Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle on the Downing Street website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/collectionsindepth/family/newcastle/biographies/biographyofthomaspelham-holles,4thdukeofnewcastleupontyne(1stdukeof3rdcreation)and1stdukeofnewcastleunderlyne(orline)(1693-1768).aspx">Biography of Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle, with links to online catalogues, from Manuscripts and Special Collections at The University of Nottingham</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardjdavies.info/PMs/pelham.htm">Ancestors of Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Paulet,_2nd_Duke_of_Bolton" title="Charles Paulet, 2nd Duke of Bolton">The Duke of Bolton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlain</a> </b><br />1717–1724 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_FitzRoy,_2nd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton">The Duke of Grafton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Carteret,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville">The Lord Carteret</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Southern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Southern Department">Secretary of State for the Southern Department</a> </b><br />1724–1748 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_4th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford">The Duke of Bedford</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_4th_Earl_of_Chesterfield" title="Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield">The Earl of Chesterfield</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Northern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Northern Department">Secretary of State for the Northern Department</a> </b><br />1748–1754 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Darcy,_4th_Earl_of_Holdernesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holdernesse">The Earl of Holdernesse</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a> </b><br />1748–1756 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Great Britain">Prime Minister of Great Britain</a> </b><br />1754–1756 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Great Britain">Prime Minister of Great Britain</a> </b><br />1757–1762 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">The Earl of Bute</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a> </b><br />1757–1762 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wyndham,_2nd_Earl_of_Egremont" title="Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont">The Earl of Egremont</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Spencer,_4th_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough">The Duke of Marlborough</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> </b><br />1765–1766 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt the Elder</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Sheffield,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham_and_Normanby" title="John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby">The Duke of Buckingham<br />and Normanby</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Middlesex" title="Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex">Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex</a> </b><br />1714–1763 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Percy,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland">The Earl of Northumberland</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Custos_Rotulorum_of_Middlesex" title="Custos Rotulorum of Middlesex">Custos Rotulorum of Middlesex</a> </b><br />1714–1762 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/John_Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne">The Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Nottinghamshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire">Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire</a> </b><br />1714–1763 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pierrepont,_2nd_Duke_of_Kingston-upon-Hull" title="Evelyn Pierrepont, 2nd Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull">The Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Ashburnham,_1st_Earl_of_Ashburnham" title="John Ashburnham, 1st Earl of Ashburnham">The Lord Ashburnham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice-Admiral_of_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Admiral of Sussex">Vice-Admiral of Sussex</a> </b><br />1715–1768 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/John_Ashburnham,_2nd_Earl_of_Ashburnham" title="John Ashburnham, 2nd Earl of Ashburnham">The Earl of Ashburnham</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Nevill,_1st_Earl_of_Abergavenny" title="George Nevill, 1st Earl of Abergavenny">The Earl of Abergavenny</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Sussex" title="Lord Lieutenant of Sussex">Lord Lieutenant of Sussex</a> </b><br />1761–1763 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wyndham,_2nd_Earl_of_Egremont" title="Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont">The Earl of Egremont</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pierrepont,_2nd_Duke_of_Kingston-upon-Hull" title="Evelyn Pierrepont, 2nd Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull">The Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Nottinghamshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire">Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire</a> </b><br />1765–1768 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_2nd_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne">The Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Sackville,_1st_Duke_of_Dorset" title="Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset">The Duke of Dorset</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Senior Privy Counsellor </b><br />1765–1768 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Finch,_8th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea">The Earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Peerage of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by <a href="/wiki/John_Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne">John Holles</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne</a> </b><br /><i>3rd creation</i><br />1715–1768 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Extinct </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne</a> </b><br />1756–1768 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_2nd_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne">Henry Pelham-Clinton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Clare" title="Earl of Clare">Earl of Clare</a> </b><br />1714–1768 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Extinct </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Pelham_of_Stanmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Pelham of Stanmer">Baron Pelham of Stanmer</a> </b><br />1762–1768 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_1st_Earl_of_Chichester" title="Thomas Pelham, 1st Earl of Chichester">Thomas Pelham</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage of England</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_1st_Baron_Pelham" title="Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham">Thomas Pelham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chichester" title="Earl of Chichester">Baron Pelham of Laughton</a> </b><br />1712–1768 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Extinct </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_baronetcies" title="List of extant baronetcies">Baronetage of England</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_1st_Baron_Pelham" title="Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham">Thomas Pelham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Pelham_Baronets" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelham Baronets">Baronet</a><br /></b>(of Laughton) <b><br /></b>1712–1768 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_1st_Earl_of_Chichester" title="Thomas Pelham, 1st Earl of Chichester">Thomas Pelham</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole (Orford)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">Wilmington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Bute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">G. Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Chatham (Pitt the Elder)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Grafton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Lord Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Goderich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli (Beaconsfield)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Sir_Robert_Walpole_(1730–1742)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Walpole_ministry" title="Template:Walpole ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Walpole_ministry" title="Template talk:Walpole ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Walpole_ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Walpole ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Sir_Robert_Walpole_(1730–1742)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Sir Robert Walpole</a> (1730–1742)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Southern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Southern Department">Southern Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Duke of Newcastle</a> (1730–1742)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg/100px-Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg/150px-Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg/200px-Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Northern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Northern Department">Northern Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_of_Harrington" title="William Stanhope, 1st Earl of Harrington">The Lord Harrington</a> (1730–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_King,_1st_Baron_King" title="Peter King, 1st Baron King">The Lord King</a> (1730–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Talbot,_1st_Baron_Talbot" title="Charles Talbot, 1st Baron Talbot">The Lord Talbot</a> (1733–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Yorke,_1st_Earl_of_Hardwicke" title="Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke">The Lord Hardwicke</a> (1737–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trevor,_1st_Baron_Trevor" title="Thomas Trevor, 1st Baron Trevor">The Lord Trevor</a> (1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">The Earl of Wilmington</a> (1730–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">The Earl of Wilmington</a> (1730–1731)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_3rd_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a> (1731–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lowther,_3rd_Viscount_Lonsdale" title="Henry Lowther, 3rd Viscount Lonsdale">The Viscount Lonsdale</a> (1733–1735)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Godolphin,_2nd_Earl_of_Godolphin" title="Francis Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Godolphin">The Earl of Godolphin</a> (1735–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hervey,_2nd_Baron_Hervey" title="John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey">The Lord Hervey of Ickworth</a> (1740–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lords_Commissioners_of_the_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Byng,_1st_Viscount_Torrington" title="George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington">The Viscount Torrington</a> (1730–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wager" title="Charles Wager">Sir Charles Wager</a> (1733–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master-General of the Ordnance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_2nd_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll">The Duke of Argyll</a> (1730–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_2nd_Duke_of_Montagu" title="John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu">The Duke of Montagu</a> (1740–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces" title="Paymaster of the Forces">Paymaster of the Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a> (1730–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Steward" title="Lord Steward">Lord Steward</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_4th_Earl_of_Chesterfield" title="Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield">The Earl of Chesterfield</a> (1730–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_3rd_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a> (1733–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Sackville,_1st_Duke_of_Dorset" title="Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset">The Duke of Dorset</a> (1737–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_FitzRoy,_2nd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton">The Duke of Grafton</a> (1730–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Sir_Robert_Walpole_and_The_Viscount_Townshend_(1721–1730)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend">The Viscount Townshend</a> (1721–1730)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord of the Treasury</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Sir Robert Walpole</a> (1721–1730)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg/100px-Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg/150px-Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg/200px-Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller,_Bt_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Charles_Townshend%2C_2nd_Viscount_Townshend_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg/100px-Charles_Townshend%2C_2nd_Viscount_Townshend_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Charles_Townshend%2C_2nd_Viscount_Townshend_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg/150px-Charles_Townshend%2C_2nd_Viscount_Townshend_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Charles_Townshend%2C_2nd_Viscount_Townshend_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg/200px-Charles_Townshend%2C_2nd_Viscount_Townshend_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Northern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Northern Department">Northern Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend">The Viscount Townshend</a> (1721–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Southern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Southern Department">Southern Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Carteret,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville">The Earl Granville</a> (1721–1724)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Duke of Newcastle</a> (1724–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parker,_1st_Earl_of_Macclesfield" title="Thomas Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield">The Earl of Macclesfield</a> (1721–1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_King,_1st_Baron_King" title="Peter King, 1st Baron King">The Lord King</a> (1725–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pierrepont,_1st_Duke_of_Kingston-upon-Hull" title="Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull">The Duke of Kingston</a> (1721–1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trevor,_1st_Baron_Trevor" title="Thomas Trevor, 1st Baron Trevor">The Lord Trevor</a> (1726–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend">The Viscount Townshend</a> (1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">The Lord Carleton</a> (1721–1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_2nd_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a> (1725–1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trevor,_1st_Baron_Trevor" title="Thomas Trevor, 1st Baron Trevor">The Lord Trevor</a> (1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lords_Commissioners_of_the_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Berkeley,_3rd_Earl_of_Berkeley" title="James Berkeley, 3rd Earl of Berkeley">The Earl of Berkeley</a> (1721–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Byng,_1st_Viscount_Torrington" title="George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington">The Viscount Torrington</a> (1727–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master-General of the Ordnance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">The Duke of Marlborough</a> (1721–1722)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cadogan,_1st_Earl_Cadogan" title="William Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan">The Earl Cadogan</a> (1722–1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_2nd_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll">The Duke of Argyll</a> (1725–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces" title="Paymaster of the Forces">Paymaster of the Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_4th_Baron_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 4th Baron Cornwallis">The Lord Cornwallis</a> (1721–1722)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">The Earl of Wilmington</a> (1722–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Steward" title="Lord Steward">Lord Steward</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_2nd_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll">The Duke of Argyll</a> (1721–1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Sackville,_1st_Duke_of_Dorset" title="Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset">The Duke of Dorset</a> (1725–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Duke of Newcastle</a> (1721–1724)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_FitzRoy,_2nd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton">The Duke of Grafton</a> (1724–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Horse" title="Master of the Horse">Master of the Horse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lumley,_2nd_Earl_of_Scarbrough" title="Richard Lumley, 2nd Earl of Scarbrough">The Earl of Scarbrough</a> (1727–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Template:Premier Grand Lodge of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Template talk:Premier Grand Lodge of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Premier Grand Lodge of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Premier Grand Lodge of England">Premier Grand Lodge of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Active 1717–1813, united with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Grand_Lodge_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Grand Lodge of England">Ancient Grand Lodge of England</a> (1751–1813) to create the <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a> (1813–present)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Freemasonry)" title="Grand Master (Freemasonry)">Grand<br />Masters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Sayer" title="Anthony Sayer">Anthony Sayer</a> (1717–1718)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Payne_(Freemason)" title="George Payne (Freemason)">George Payne</a> (1718–1719)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers" title="John Theophilus Desaguliers">John Theophilus Desaguliers</a> (1719–1720)</li> <li>George Payne (1720–1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_2nd_Duke_of_Montagu" title="John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu">Duke of Montagu</a> (1721–1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Wharton,_1st_Duke_of_Wharton" title="Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton">Duke of Wharton</a> (1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Scott,_2nd_Duke_of_Buccleuch" title="Francis Scott, 2nd Duke of Buccleuch">Earl of Dalkeith</a> (1723–1724)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_2nd_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond">Duke of Richmond</a> (1724)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_7th_Earl_of_Abercorn" title="James Hamilton, 7th Earl of Abercorn">Lord Paisley</a> (1724–1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien,_4th_Earl_of_Inchiquin" title="William O'Brien, 4th Earl of Inchiquin">Earl of Inchiquin</a> (1726–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hare,_3rd_Baron_Coleraine" title="Henry Hare, 3rd Baron Coleraine">Baron Colerane</a> (1727–1728)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_King,_4th_Baron_Kingston" title="James King, 4th Baron Kingston">Baron Kingston</a> (1728–1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_8th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 8th Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a> (1730–1731)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester_(fifth_creation)" title="Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester (fifth creation)">Baron Lovell</a> (1731–1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Browne,_6th_Viscount_Montagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Browne, 6th Viscount Montagu">Viscount Montagu</a> (1732–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lyon,_7th_Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="James Lyon, 7th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne</a> (1733–1734)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay,_20th_Earl_of_Crawford" title="John Lindsay, 20th Earl of Crawford">Earl of Crawford</a> (1734–1735)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thynne,_2nd_Viscount_Weymouth" title="Thomas Thynne, 2nd Viscount Weymouth">Lord Weymouth</a> (1735–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_4th_Earl_of_Loudoun" title="John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun">Earl of Loudoun</a> (1736–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bligh,_2nd_Earl_of_Darnley" title="Edward Bligh, 2nd Earl of Darnley">Earl of Darnley</a> (1737–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brydges,_2nd_Duke_of_Chandos" title="Henry Brydges, 2nd Duke of Chandos">Marquis of Carnarvon</a> (1738–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Raymond,_2nd_Baron_Raymond" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Raymond, 2nd Baron Raymond">Baron Raymond</a> (1739–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keith,_3rd_Earl_of_Kintore" class="mw-redirect" title="John Keith, 3rd Earl of Kintore">Earl of Kintore</a> (1740–1741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_14th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton">Earl of Morton</a> (1741–1742)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward,_1st_Viscount_Dudley_and_Ward" title="John Ward, 1st Viscount Dudley and Ward">Baron Ward</a> (1742–1744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cranstoun,_6th_Lord_Cranstoun" class="mw-redirect" title="James Cranstoun, 6th Lord Cranstoun">Lord Cranstoun</a> (1744–1747)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Byron,_5th_Baron_Byron" title="William Byron, 5th Baron Byron">Baron Byron</a> (1747–1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Proby,_1st_Baron_Carysfort" title="John Proby, 1st Baron Carysfort">Baron Carysfort</a> (1752–1753)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brydges,_3rd_Duke_of_Chandos" title="James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos">Marquis of Carnarvon</a> (1754–1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholto_Douglas,_15th_Earl_of_Morton" title="Sholto Douglas, 15th Earl of Morton">Lord Aberdour</a> (1757–1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Shirley,_5th_Earl_Ferrers" title="Washington Shirley, 5th Earl Ferrers">Earl Ferrers</a> (1762–1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadwallader_Blayney,_9th_Baron_Blayney" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadwallader Blayney, 9th Baron Blayney">Baron Blayney</a> (1764–1767)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_5th_Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort">Duke of Beaufort</a> (1767–1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Petre,_9th_Baron_Petre" title="Robert Petre, 9th Baron Petre">Baron Petre</a> (1772–1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu,_4th_Duke_of_Manchester" title="George Montagu, 4th Duke of Manchester">Duke of Manchester</a> (1777–1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn">Duke of Cumberland</a> (1782–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George, Prince of Wales</a> (1792–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Duke of Sussex</a> (1813)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry" title="History of Freemasonry">History of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antient_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Antient Grand Lodge of England">Antient Grand Lodge of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Anderson_(Freemason)" title="James Anderson (Freemason)">James Anderson's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry#Anderson's_''Constitutions''" title="History of Freemasonry">The Constitutions of the Free-Masons</a></i> (1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Tavern" title="Freemasons' Tavern">Freemasons' Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Hall,_London" title="Freemasons' Hall, London">Freemasons' Hall, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Society of Antiquaries of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Society_of_Apothecaries" title="Worshipful Society of Apothecaries">Worshipful Society of Apothecaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spalding_Gentlemen%27s_Society" title="Spalding Gentlemen's Society">Spalding Gentlemen's Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era#English_Enlightenment" title="Georgian era">English Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kit-Cat_Club" title="Kit-Cat Club">Kit-Cat 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href="/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_4th_Earl_of_Chesterfield" title="Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield">Earl of Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Delafaye" title="Charles Delafaye">Charles Delafaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carpenter,_2nd_Baron_Carpenter" title="George Carpenter, 2nd Baron Carpenter">Baron Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Billers" title="William Billers">William Billers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Prendergast,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Prendergast, 2nd Baronet">Sir Thomas Prendergast, 2nd Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Taylor" title="Brook Taylor">Brook Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Folkes" title="Martin Folkes">Martin Folkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Arbuthnot" title="John Arbuthnot">John Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cox_(brewer)" title="Charles Cox (brewer)">Charles Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Earl_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Earl Cornwallis">Earl Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cantillon" title="Richard Cantillon">Richard Cantillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Machin" title="John Machin">John Machin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rutty" title="William Rutty">William Rutty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Vernon_(politician,_born_1646)" title="James Vernon (politician, born 1646)">James Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Senex" title="John Senex">John Senex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thornhill" title="James Thornhill">James Thornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Parker,_2nd_Earl_of_Macclesfield" title="George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield">Earl of Macclesfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Browne_(chemist)" title="John Browne (chemist)">John Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Jurin" title="James Jurin">James Jurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(physician)" title="James Douglas (physician)">James Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stuart_(scientist)" title="Alexander Stuart (scientist)">Alexander Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Chambers" title="Ephraim Chambers">Ephraim Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Manningham" title="Richard Manningham">Richard Manningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Nicholls" title="Frank Nicholls">Frank Nicholls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rawlinson" title="Richard Rawlinson">Richard Rawlinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stanhope_(1673%E2%80%931760)" title="Charles Stanhope (1673–1760)">Charles Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_James_Cavendish_(MP_for_Derby)" title="Lord James Cavendish (MP for Derby)">Lord James Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hope,_2nd_Earl_of_Hopetoun" title="John Hope, 2nd Earl of Hopetoun">Earl of Hopetoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Richardson_(antiquary)" title="William Richardson (antiquary)">William Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Becket" title="William Becket">William Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anstis" title="John Anstis">John Anstis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Bertie,_2nd_Duke_of_Ancaster_and_Kesteven" title="Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven">Duke of Ancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hayes_(mathematician)" title="Charles Hayes (mathematician)">Charles Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Prideaux_(artist)" title="Edmund Prideaux (artist)">Edmund Prideaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shelvocke" title="George Shelvocke">George Shelvocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Woodward_(naturalist)" title="John Woodward (naturalist)">John Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward_(academic)" title="John Ward (academic)">John Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Grano" title="John Baptist Grano">John Baptist Grano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_King,_2nd_Baron_King" title="John King, 2nd Baron King">Baron King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Christoph_Le_Blon" title="Jacob Christoph Le Blon">Jacques Leblon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Oughton" title="Adolphus Oughton">Adolphus Oughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Rich,_4th_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet">Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Temple,_1st_Viscount_Cobham" title="Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham">Viscount Cobham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Columbine" title="Francis Columbine">Francis Columbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Warburton" title="Hugh Warburton">Hugh Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_9th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke">Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_3rd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 3rd Viscount Townshend">Viscount Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bladen" title="Martin Bladen">Martin Bladen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Waldegrave,_1st_Earl_Waldegrave" title="James Waldegrave, 1st Earl Waldegrave">Earl Waldegrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pierrepont,_2nd_Duke_of_Kingston-upon-Hull" title="Evelyn Pierrepont, 2nd Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull">Duke of Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_3rd_Earl_of_Burlington" title="Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington">Earl of Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Capell,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex" title="William Capell, 3rd Earl of Essex">Earl of Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Douglas,_3rd_Duke_of_Queensberry" title="Charles Douglas, 3rd Duke of Queensberry">Duke of Queensberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Scott,_1st_Earl_of_Deloraine" title="Henry Scott, 1st Earl of Deloraine">Earl of Deloraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colyear,_2nd_Earl_of_Portmore" title="Charles Colyear, 2nd Earl of Portmore">Earl of Portmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_3rd_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_5th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore">Baron Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Murray,_2nd_Duke_of_Atholl" title="James Murray, 2nd Duke of Atholl">Duke of Atholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kerr,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lothian" title="William Kerr, 3rd Marquess of Lothian">Marquess of Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lindsay,_4th_Earl_of_Balcarres" title="Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Balcarres">Earl of Balcarres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Finch,_8th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea">Earl of Winchilsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Acheson,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir Arthur Acheson, 5th Baronet">Sir Arthur Acheson, 5th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_Robert_Lawley,_4th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir Robert Lawley, 4th Baronet (page does not exist)">Sir Robert Lawley, 4th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Brodie_(1697%E2%80%931754)" title="Alexander Brodie (1697–1754)">Alexander Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Labelye" title="Charles Labelye">Charles Labelye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Calverley-Blackett" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Calverley-Blackett">Walter Calverley-Blackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wright_(astronomer)" title="Thomas Wright (astronomer)">Thomas Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hervey,_2nd_Baron_Hervey" title="John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey">Baron Hervey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dunckerley" title="Thomas Dunckerley">Thomas Dunckerley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Freemason)" title="William Preston (Freemason)">William Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">Marquess of Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Smythe" title="James Moore Smythe">James Moore Smythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle-Walsingham" title="Robert Boyle-Walsingham">Robert Boyle-Walsingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_de_Cornwall" title="Sir Robert de Cornwall">Sir Robert de Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batty_Langley" title="Batty Langley">Batty Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Thomas Arne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Soane" title="John Soane">John Soane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Zoffany" title="Johan Zoffany">Johan Zoffany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coustos" title="John Coustos">John Coustos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_da_Costa" title="Hipólito da Costa">Hipólito da Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_L%C3%B6w_Schomberg" title="Meyer Löw Schomberg">Meyer Löw Schomberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salvador" title="Joseph Salvador">Joseph Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampson_Eardley,_1st_Baron_Eardley" title="Sampson Eardley, 1st Baron Eardley">Sampson Eardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendez" title="Moses Mendez">Moses Mendez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Solomon" title="Meyer Solomon">Meyer Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Montefiore" title="Moses Montefiore">Moses Montefiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prime_ministers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prime ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duke of Newcastle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Template:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Template talk:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellors of the University of Cambridge">Chancellors of the University of Cambridge</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Wetheringsett" title="Richard of Wetheringsett">Richard of Wetheringsett</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_de_Hotton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh de Hotton (page does not exist)">Hugh de Hotton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Gerninghall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reginald Gerninghall (page does not exist)">Reginald Gerninghall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hepworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Hepworth (page does not exist)">Stephen Hepworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_de_Ludham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William de Ludham (page does not exist)">William de Ludham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_de_Gedney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard de Gedney (page does not exist)">Richard de Gedney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dryfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Dryfield (page does not exist)">Richard Dryfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Asgarby" title="John de Asgarby">John de Asgarby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hooke_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hooke (academic) (page does not exist)">John Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_de_Fulbourn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger de Fulbourn (page does not exist)">Roger de Fulbourn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_de_Gisleham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew de Gisleham (page does not exist)">Andrew de Gisleham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sheringham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Sheringham (page does not exist)">Thomas Sheringham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hepworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Hepworth (page does not exist)">Stephen Hepworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_de_Leicester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph de Leicester (page does not exist)">Ralph de Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_de_Boyton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry de Boyton (page does not exist)">Henry de Boyton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Bradenham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Bradenham (page does not exist)">John de Bradenham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Sheringham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Sheringham (page does not exist)">Thomas de Sheringham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hepworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Hepworth (page does not exist)">Stephen Hepworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Haslingfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Haslingfield (page does not exist)">Stephen Haslingfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_de_Segrace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen de Segrace (page does not exist)">Stephen de Segrace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Haslingfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Haslingfield (page does not exist)">Stephen Haslingfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_de_Ashton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard de Ashton (page does not exist)">Richard de Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Northburgh" title="Roger Northburgh">Roger Northburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Badew" title="Richard Badew">Richard de Badew</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Foxton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Foxton (page does not exist)">Thomas de Foxton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Winwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Winwick (page does not exist)">Robert de Winwick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Winwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Winwick (page does not exist)">Robert de Winwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Langley" title="John de Langley">John de Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Mildenhall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Mildenhall (page does not exist)">Robert de Mildenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_de_Herwarden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry de Herwarden (page does not exist)">Henry de Herwarden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Harling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Harling (page does not exist)">Richard Harling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Claydon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Claydon (page does not exist)">Robert de Claydon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Northwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Northwood (page does not exist)">Thomas de Northwood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Northwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Northwood (page does not exist)">Thomas de Northwood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Crakhall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Crakhall (page does not exist)">John de Crakhall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Grantchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Grantchester (page does not exist)">Thomas de Grantchester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_de_Lymbergh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William de Lymbergh (page does not exist)">William de Lymbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Harling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Harling (page does not exist)">Richard Harling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_of_Grantchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony of Grantchester (page does not exist)">Anthony of Grantchester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Tynkell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Tynkell (page does not exist)">William Tynkell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sutton_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Sutton (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Thomas Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_de_Wetherset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard de Wetherset (page does not exist)">Richard de Wetherset</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_de_Haynton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael de Haynton (page does not exist)">Michael de Haynton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_de_Causton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael de Causton (page does not exist)">Michael de Causton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_de_Gotham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William de Gotham (page does not exist)">William de Gotham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Stewkley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Stewkley (page does not exist)">Thomas de Stewkley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Donwich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Donwich (page does not exist)">John de Donwich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_de_Lakenheath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam de Lakenheath (page does not exist)">Adam de Lakenheath</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Donwich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Donwich (page does not exist)">John de Donwich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_de_Gotham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William de Gotham (page does not exist)">William de Gotham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Scrope_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Scrope (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Richard Scrope</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eudo_Zouche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eudo Zouche (page does not exist)">Eudo Zouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cavendish" title="John Cavendish">John Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Zouche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Zouche (page does not exist)">Guy Zouche</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Bromyard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Bromyard (page does not exist)">John de Bromyard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Neketon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John of Neketon (page does not exist)">John of Neketon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Burgh_(Cambridge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Burgh (Cambridge) (page does not exist)">John de Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hetherset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Hetherset (page does not exist)">Thomas Hetherset</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Burgh_(Cambridge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Burgh (Cambridge) (page does not exist)">John de Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Colvile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Colvile (page does not exist)">William Colvile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dereham_(Cambridge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Dereham (Cambridge) (page does not exist)">Richard Dereham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Colvile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Colvile (page does not exist)">William Colvile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Neketon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Neketon (page does not exist)">John de Neketon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Colvile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Colvile (page does not exist)">William Colvile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Zouche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Zouche (page does not exist)">Guy Zouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Billingford" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Billingford">Richard Billingford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dereham_(Cambridge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Dereham (Cambridge) (page does not exist)">Richard Dereham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Billingford" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Billingford">Richard Billingford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_le_Scrope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen le Scrope (page does not exist)">Stephen le Scrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rickingale" title="John Rickingale">John de Rickingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cobham" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas of Cobham">Thomas of Cobham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzhugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Fitzhugh">Robert Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wymbell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wymbell (page does not exist)">William Wymbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaduke_Lumley" title="Marmaduke Lumley">Marmaduke Lumley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Holeroke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Holeroke (page does not exist)">John Holeroke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lascells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Lascells (page does not exist)">William Lascells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Billingford" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Billingford">Richard Billingford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cawdray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Cawdray (page does not exist)">Richard Cawdray</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Langton,_Bishop_of_St_David&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Langton, Bishop of St David (page does not exist)">John Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Kenton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Kenton (page does not exist)">Nicholas Kenton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Langton_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Langton (chancellor) (page does not exist)">John Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Ascogh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Ascogh (page does not exist)">Robert Ascogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Close" title="Nicholas Close">Nicholas Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Percy_(bishop)" title="William Percy (bishop)">William Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Booth" title="Lawrence Booth">Lawrence Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wilflete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wilflete (page does not exist)">William Wilflete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodlark" title="Robert Woodlark">Robert Woodlark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Scroope" title="Richard Scroope">Richard Scroope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodlark" title="Robert Woodlark">Robert Woodlark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Booth_(bishop)" title="John Booth (bishop)">John Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wilflete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wilflete (page does not exist)">William Wilflete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Harrison_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Harrison (chancellor) (page does not exist)">John Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wilflete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wilflete (page does not exist)">William Wilflete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Story" title="Edward Story">Edward Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham (or Scot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Story" title="Edward Story">Edward Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boynton_(Cambridge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Boynton (Cambridge) (page does not exist)">John Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cosyn" title="Thomas Cosyn">Thomas Cosyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blythe_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Blythe (bishop)">John Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fitzhugh_(dean)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Fitzhugh (dean)">George Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foxe" title="Richard Foxe">Richard Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fitzhugh_(dean)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Fitzhugh (dean)">George Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruthall" title="Thomas Ruthall">Thomas Ruthall (or Rowthall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Edward Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland">The Duke of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">The Lord Burghley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">The Earl of Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury">The Earl of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton">The Earl of Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk">The Earl of Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">The Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rich,_1st_Earl_of_Holland" title="Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland">The Earl of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester" title="Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester">The Earl of Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_St_John" title="Oliver St John">Oliver St John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester" title="Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester">The Duke of Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">The Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">The Duke of Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Monck,_2nd_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle">The Duke of Albemarle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Seymour,_6th_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset">The Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Duke of Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">The Duke of Grafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Frederick,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">HRH The Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt,_1st_Marquess_Camden" title="John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden">The Marquess Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Percy,_3rd_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland">The Duke of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">HRH The Prince Consort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_7th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">The Lord Rayleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">The Earl of Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">The Earl Baldwin of Bewdley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">The Lord Tedder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">The Lord Adrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">HRH The Duke of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sainsbury" class="mw-redirect" title="David Sainsbury">The Lord Sainsbury of Turville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273809#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273809#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273809#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083389576">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5017560">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19623/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhPM63T7XQyXqjhrMVmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118786032">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50081484">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124056391">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124056391">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35354276">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1782016">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p101886659">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqsnvkx03zzvwn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811261547705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/169026">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265925905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14188572">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/923088">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118786032.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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