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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Veragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governor of Veragua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Veragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquistador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquistador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conquistador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquistador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_discovery_of_the_Pacific_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_discovery_of_the_Pacific_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>European discovery of the Pacific Ocean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_discovery_of_the_Pacific_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possession_and_conquest_of_the_South_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession_and_conquest_of_the_South_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Possession and conquest of the South Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession_and_conquest_of_the_South_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputes_with_Pedro_Arias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes_with_Pedro_Arias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Disputes with Pedro Arias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputes_with_Pedro_Arias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Downfall and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downfall_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7" title="فاسكو نونييث دي بالبوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاسكو نونييث دي بالبوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasko_Nunyes_de_Balboa" title="Vasko Nunyes de Balboa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vasko Nunyes de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Васка Нуньес дэ Бальбоа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Васка Нуньес дэ Бальбоа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Васка Нуньес дэ Бальбоа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Васка Нуньес дэ Бальбоа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Васко Нунес де Балбоа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Васко Нунес де Балбоа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%B1" title="Βάσκο Νούνιες ντε Μπαλμπόα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βάσκο Νούνιες ντε Μπαλμπόα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7" title="واسکو نونیس د بالبوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واسکو نونیس د بالبوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94_%EB%88%84%EB%85%9C%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8D%B0_%EB%B0%9C%EB%B3%B4%EC%95%84" title="바스코 누녜스 데 발보아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바스코 누녜스 데 발보아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="וסקו נונייס דה בלבואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וסקו נונייס דה בלבואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90" title="ვასკო ნუნიეს დე ბალბოა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვასკო ნუნიეს დე ბალბოა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascus_Nu%C3%B1es_de_Balboa" title="Vascus Nuñes de Balboa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vascus Nuñes de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasko_Nunjess_de_Balboa" title="Vasko Nunjess de Balboa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vasko Nunjess de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7" title="فاسكو نونييث دى بالبوا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فاسكو نونييث دى بالبوا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9C%E3%82%A2" title="バスコ・ヌーニェス・デ・バルボア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バスコ・ヌーニェス・デ・バルボア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B0,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Нуньес де Бальбоа, Васко – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нуньес де Бальбоа, Васко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Васко Нуњез де Балбоа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Васко Нуњез де Балбоа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%94%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Васко Нуньєс де Бальбоа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Васко Нуньєс де Бальбоа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E5%8A%AA%E6%B6%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%83%E4%BA%9A" title="瓦斯科·努涅斯·德·巴尔沃亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瓦斯科·努涅斯·德·巴尔沃亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E5%8A%AA%E6%B6%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%83%E4%BA%9A" 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alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador (c. 1475–1519)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_(1475-1517)_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Retrato_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%281475-1517%29_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg/220px-Retrato_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%281475-1517%29_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Retrato_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%281475-1517%29_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg/330px-Retrato_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%281475-1517%29_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Retrato_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%281475-1517%29_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg/440px-Retrato_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%281475-1517%29_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1475<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_los_Caballeros" title="Jerez de los Caballeros">Jerez de los Caballeros</a>, Spain</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1519 (aged c. 43–44)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Acla" title="Acla">Acla</a>, Panama</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Execution by decapitation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_explorers" title="List of maritime explorers">Maritime explorer</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_de_Pe%C3%B1alosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="María de Peñalosa (page does not exist)">María de Peñalosa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firma_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Firma_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa.jpg/150px-Firma_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Firma_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa.jpg/225px-Firma_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Firma_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa.jpg/300px-Firma_de_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vasco Núñez de Balboa</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈbasko<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnuɲeθ<span class="wrap"> </span>ðe<span class="wrap"> </span>βalˈβo.a]</a></span>; c. 1475 – around January 12–21, 1519)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer">explorer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a>. He is best known for crossing the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> in 1513,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He traveled to the New World in 1500 and, after some exploration, settled on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. He founded the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Antigua_del_Dari%C3%A9n" title="Santa María la Antigua del Darién">Santa María la Antigua del Darién</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> in 1510, which was the first permanent European settlement on the mainland of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> (a settlement by <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a> the previous year at <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Urab%C3%A1" title="San Sebastián de Urabá">San Sebastián de Urabá</a> had already been abandoned). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <p>Balboa was born in <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_los_Caballeros" title="Jerez de los Caballeros">Jerez de los Caballeros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. He was a descendant of the Lord mason of the castle of <a href="/wiki/Balboa,_Le%C3%B3n" title="Balboa, León">Balboa</a>, on the borders of León and Galicia. His mother was the Lady de Badajoz, and his father was the <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(Spanish_nobility)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidalgo (Spanish nobility)">hidalgo</a> (nobleman), Nuño Arias de Balboa. Little is known of Vasco's early childhood except that he was the third of four boys in his family. During his adolescence, he served as a <a href="/wiki/Page_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Page (occupation)">page</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">squire</a> to <a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Don</a> Pedro de Portocarrero, lord of <a href="/wiki/Moguer" title="Moguer">Moguer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Torodash,_1974_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torodash,_1974-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization <br />of the Americas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CartedAmerique.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Antique map of the Americas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/135px-CartedAmerique.jpeg" decoding="async" width="135" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/203px-CartedAmerique.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/270px-CartedAmerique.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#A0522D; color:white;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_attempt_of_the_Strait_of_Magellan" title="Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Muisca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#A0522D; color:white;"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Belalc%C3%A1zar" title="Sebastián de Belalcázar">Sebastián de Belalcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_Cueva" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Carvajal y Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Orellana" title="Francisco de Orellana">Francisco de Orellana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Portocarrero_(conquistador)" title="Pedro de Portocarrero (conquistador)">Pedro de Portocarrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Federmann" title="Nikolaus Federmann">Nikolaus Federmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_de_Su%C3%A1rez" class="mw-redirect" title="Inés de Suárez">Inés de Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Candia" title="Pedro de Candia">Pedro de Candia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pardo_(explorer)" title="Juan Pardo (explorer)">Juan Pardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Luna_y_Arellano" title="Tristán de Luna y Arellano">Tristán de Luna y Arellano</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#A0522D; color:white;"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JerezCaballerosVista.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/JerezCaballerosVista.jpg/220px-JerezCaballerosVista.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/JerezCaballerosVista.jpg/330px-JerezCaballerosVista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/JerezCaballerosVista.jpg/440px-JerezCaballerosVista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_los_Caballeros" title="Jerez de los Caballeros">Jerez de los Caballeros</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1500, motivated by his master after the news of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>'s voyages to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> became known, he decided to embark on his first voyage to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Bastidas" title="Rodrigo de Bastidas">Rodrigo de Bastidas</a>' expedition. Bastidas had a license to bring back treasure for the king and queen, while keeping four-fifths for himself, under a policy known as the <a href="/wiki/Quinto_real" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinto real">quinto real</a>, or "royal fifth". In 1501, he crossed the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> coasts from the east of <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombian</a> coast, through the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Urab%C3%A1" title="Gulf of Urabá">Gulf of Urabá</a> toward <a href="/wiki/Cabo_de_la_Vela" title="Cabo de la Vela">Cabo de la Vela</a>. The expedition continued to explore the north east of South America, until they realized they did not have enough men and sailed to <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With his share of the earnings from this campaign, Balboa settled in Hispaniola in 1505, where he resided for several years as a planter and pig farmer. He was not successful in this enterprise, and ended up in debt, and was forced to abandon life on the island. </p><p>In 1508, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">king of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_II_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando II of Aragon">Ferdinand II "The Catholic"</a>, launched the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest (military)">conquest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Tierra_Firme" title="Province of Tierra Firme">Tierra Firme</a> (the area roughly corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>). He created two new territories in the region between El <a href="/wiki/Cabo_de_la_Vela" title="Cabo de la Vela">Cabo de la Vela</a> (near the eastern border of Colombia) and El <a href="/wiki/Cabo_de_Gracias_a_Dios" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabo de Gracias a Dios">Cabo de Gracias a Dios</a> (the border between <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>). The Gulf of Urabá became the border between the two territories: <a href="/wiki/New_Andalusia_Province" title="New Andalusia Province">Nueva Andalucía</a> to the east, governed by <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Veragua" title="Veragua">Veragua</a> to the west, governed by <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Nicuesa" title="Diego de Nicuesa">Diego de Nicuesa</a>. </p><p>In 1509, wishing to escape his creditors in <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, Balboa set sail as a stowaway, hiding inside a barrel together with his dog <i>Leoncico</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the expedition commanded by the <i>Alcalde Mayor</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Nueva Andalucía, <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Enciso" title="Martín Fernández de Enciso">Martín Fernández de Enciso</a>, whose mission it was to aid Alonso de Ojeda, his superior. </p><p>Ojeda, together with 70 men, had founded the settlement of San Sebastián de Urabá in Nueva Andalucía, on the location where the city of <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a> was later built. The settlers encountered resistance from natives living in the area, who used poisoned weapons, and Ojeda was injured in the leg. A short time later, Ojeda sailed for Hispaniola, leaving the colony under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>, who, at that time, was only a soldier waiting for Enciso's expedition to arrive. Ojeda asked Pizarro to leave some men in the settlement for 50 days and, if no help arrived at the end of that time, to use all possible means to get back to Hispaniola. </p><p>Before the expedition arrived at San Sebastián de Urabá, Fernández de Enciso discovered Balboa aboard the ship, and threatened to leave him at the first uninhabited island they encountered. He later reconsidered this and decided that Balboa's knowledge of that region, which he had explored eight years before, would be of great utility. This, in addition to the crew's pleas for his life, left Fernández de Enciso with no choice but to spare Balboa and keep him aboard. Moreover, both agreed on removing Nicuesa as governor of Veragua. </p><p>After the 50 days had passed, Pizarro started preparations for the return to Hispaniola, when Enciso's ship arrived. Balboa had gained popularity among the crew because of his charisma and his knowledge of the region. By contrast Fernández de Enciso was not well liked by the men. Many disapproved of his order to return to San Sebastián, especially after discovering, once they had arrived, that the settlement had been completely destroyed and that the natives were already waiting for them, leading to a series of relentless attacks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_founding_of_Santa_María"><span id="The_founding_of_Santa_Mar.C3.ADa"></span>The founding of Santa María</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indias_1513.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Indias_1513.PNG/220px-Indias_1513.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Indias_1513.PNG/330px-Indias_1513.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Indias_1513.PNG 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Tierra_Firme" title="Province of Tierra Firme">Tierra Firme</a> 1513 – <a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Balboa suggested that the settlement of San Sebastián be moved to the region of <a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Province" title="Darién Province">Darién</a>, to the west of the Gulf of Urabá, where the soil was more fertile and the natives presented less resistance. Fernández de Enciso gave serious consideration to this suggestion, and the regiment later went to Darién, where the native <i><a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">cacique</a></i> (chieftain) Cémaco had 500 warriors waiting, ready for battle. The Spanish, fearing the large number of enemy combatants, made a vow to the <i>Virgen de la Antigua</i>, venerated in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, that they would name a settlement in the region after her should they prevail. It was a difficult battle for both sides, but the Spanish were victorious. </p><p>Cémaco, with his warriors, abandoned the town and headed for the jungle. The Spanish plundered the houses and gathered a treasure-trove of golden ornaments. Balboa kept his vow. In September 1510, he founded the first permanent settlement on mainland American soil, and called it <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Antigua_del_Dari%C3%A9n" title="Santa María la Antigua del Darién">Santa María la Antigua del Darién</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Torodash,_1974_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torodash,_1974-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mayor_of_Santa_María"><span id="Mayor_of_Santa_Mar.C3.ADa"></span>Mayor of Santa María</h2></div> <p>The victory of the Spanish over the natives and the founding of Santa María la Antigua del Darién, now located in a relatively calm region, earned Balboa authority and respect among his companions. They were increasingly hostile toward Alcalde Mayor Fernández de Enciso, whom they considered a greedy despot because of the restrictions he imposed on their appropriation of the natives' gold. </p><p>Balboa took advantage of the situation, acting as the spokesman for the disgruntled settlers. He removed Fernández de Enciso from the position of <i>alcalde mayor</i>, using the following legal manoeuvre: Fernández de Enciso was now controlling an area in Veragua, to the west of the Gulf of Urabá; since he was substituting for Alonso de Ojeda, his mandate was illegitimate, because the governor of Veragua was Diego de Nicuesa, not Ojeda; therefore, Fernández de Enciso should be deposed and arrested. After Fernández de Enciso's <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">ouster</a>, a more open government was established and a municipal council was elected (the first in the Americas). Two <i>alcaldes</i> <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were appointed: Martín Samudio and Vasco Núñez de Balboa. </p><p>Shortly after this, a <a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">flotilla</a> led by Rodrigo Enrique de Colmenares arrived in Santa María. His objective was to find Nicuesa, who was also facing some difficulties in the north of Panamá. When de Colmenares learned about the recent events, he convinced the town's settlers that they should submit to the authority of Nicuesa, since their land was under his jurisdiction. Enrique de Colmenares invited two representatives, to be named by the local government, to travel with his flotilla and offer Nicuesa authority over the city. The two representatives were Diego de Albites and Diego del Corral.<sup id="cite_ref-Torodash,_1974_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torodash,_1974-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_Veragua">Governor of Veragua</h2></div> <p>Enrique de Colmenares found Nicuesa near the town of <a href="/wiki/Nombre_de_Dios,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Nombre de Dios, Colón">Nombre de Dios</a>, badly wounded and with few men remaining, on account of a skirmish with local natives. After his rescue, Governor Nicuesa heard about Balboa's exploits, the chieftain Cémaco's bounty, and Santa María's prosperity. He vowed that he would punish Balboa as soon as he gained control of the city, since he regarded his actions as a challenge to his authority in Veragua. </p><p>A certain Lope de Olano, who was jailed together with other malcontents, persuaded Santa María's representatives that they would make a serious error in handing control over to Nicuesa, whom he described as cruel, greedy, and able to singlehandedly destroy the city's prosperity. With this evidence, Albites and del Corral fled to Darién ahead of Nicuesa, and informed Balboa and the municipal authorities of the governor's intentions. </p><p>When Nicuesa arrived at the city's port, a mob appeared, and the ensuing disturbance prevented the governor from disembarking into the city. Nicuesa insisted on being received, no longer as governor, but as a simple soldier, but still the colonists did not allow him to disembark. He and 17 others were forced to board an unseaworthy boat with few supplies, and were put out to sea on March 1, 1511. The ship disappeared, leaving no trace of Nicuesa and his men. In this way, Balboa became governor (<i>gobernador</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Veragua. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquistador">Conquistador</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations</a></div> <p>With the title of governor came absolute authority in Santa María and all of Veragua. One of Balboa's first acts as governor was the trial of Fernández de Enciso, accused of usurping the governor's authority. Fernández de Enciso was sentenced to prison and his possessions were confiscated. He was to remain imprisoned only for a short time. Balboa set him free under the condition that he return immediately to Hispaniola and from there to Spain. With him on the same ship were two representatives from Balboa, who were to inform the colonial authorities of the situation, and request more men and supplies to continue the conquest of Veragua. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balboamurder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balboamurder.jpg/300px-Balboamurder.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Balboamurder.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Balboa setting his dogs upon <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">native</a> practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality#History" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> (1594); <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>. The rendering was by the Flemish Protestant artist <a href="/wiki/Theodor_de_Bry" title="Theodor de Bry">Theodor de Bry</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Balboa continued defeating various tribes and befriending others, exploring rivers, mountains, and sickly swamps, while always searching for gold and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> and enlarging his territory. He was able to quell revolts among his men who challenged this authority, and through force, diplomacy, and negotiation, he earned a certain respect and fear among the natives. In a letter addressed to the King of Spain, he expressed, somewhat ironically, that he had to act as a conciliatory force during the course of his expeditions. </p><p>He succeeded in planting <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, received fresh supplies from Hispaniola and Spain, and got his men accustomed to life as explorers in the new territories. Balboa managed to collect a great deal of gold, much of it from the ornaments worn by native women, and the rest obtained by violence. </p><p>The Italian historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_d%27Anghiera" title="Peter Martyr d'Anghiera">Peter Martyr d'Anghiera</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Decades_of_the_New_World" title="Decades of the New World">De orbe novo decades</a></i> describes Balboa unleashing his dogs to kill 40 natives for their apparent sodomy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writer Genny Beeman believes that this was a persecution of the natives for breaking the gender binary, since the natives had been assigned male at birth but were taking on female gender roles.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>At the end of 1512 and the first months of 1513, he arrived in a region dominated by the <i>cacique</i> Careta, whom he easily defeated and then befriended. Careta was <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a> and became one of Balboa's chief allies. He ensured the survival of the settlers by promising to supply the Spaniards with food. Balboa then proceeded on his journey, arriving in the lands of Careta's neighbour and rival, <i>cacique</i> Ponca, who fled to the mountains with his people, leaving his village open to plundering by the Spaniards and Careta's men. Days later, the expedition arrived in the lands of <i>cacique</i> Comogre, fertile but reportedly dangerous terrain. Balboa was received peacefully, and even invited to a feast in his honor; Comogre, like Careta, was then baptized. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balboa_Voyage_1513.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Balboa_Voyage_1513.PNG/310px-Balboa_Voyage_1513.PNG" decoding="async" width="310" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Balboa_Voyage_1513.PNG/465px-Balboa_Voyage_1513.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Balboa_Voyage_1513.PNG 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Balboa's travel route to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">South Sea</a>, 1513</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1513, Balboa wrote a lengthy letter to the King of Spain, requesting more men (who were already acclimatized) from Hispaniola, weapons, supplies, carpenters versed in shipbuilding, and all the necessary materials for the building of a <a href="/wiki/Shipyard" title="Shipyard">shipyard</a>. In a subsequent letter, from 1515, he said the "Indians who had been like sheep had become like lions."<sup id="cite_ref-Narrative_pg_7_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narrative_pg_7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would refer to his humanitarian policies regarding the natives, while at the same time recommending extreme severity in dealing with <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibals</a> and violent tribes. </p><p>It was in Comogre's lands that Balboa first heard of "the other sea". It started with a squabble among the Spaniards, unsatisfied by the meager amounts of gold they were being allotted. Comogre's eldest son, Panquiaco, angered by the Spaniards' avarice, knocked over the scales used to measure gold and exclaimed: "If you are so hungry for gold that you leave your lands to cause strife in those of others, I shall show you a province where you can quell this hunger." Panquiaco told them of a kingdom to the south, where people were so rich that they ate and drank from plates and goblets made of gold, but that the conquerors would need at least a thousand men to defeat the tribes living inland and those on the coast of "the other sea".<sup id="cite_ref-Narrative_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narrative-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_discovery_of_the_Pacific_Ocean">European discovery of the Pacific Ocean</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff,_%22Die_Entdeckung_des_Pazifik._Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa,_Panama_-_25._9._1513,_11_Uhr%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff%2C_%22Die_Entdeckung_des_Pazifik._Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa%2C_Panama_-_25._9._1513%2C_11_Uhr%22.jpg/200px-Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff%2C_%22Die_Entdeckung_des_Pazifik._Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa%2C_Panama_-_25._9._1513%2C_11_Uhr%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff%2C_%22Die_Entdeckung_des_Pazifik._Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa%2C_Panama_-_25._9._1513%2C_11_Uhr%22.jpg/300px-Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff%2C_%22Die_Entdeckung_des_Pazifik._Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa%2C_Panama_-_25._9._1513%2C_11_Uhr%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff%2C_%22Die_Entdeckung_des_Pazifik._Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa%2C_Panama_-_25._9._1513%2C_11_Uhr%22.jpg/400px-Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff%2C_%22Die_Entdeckung_des_Pazifik._Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa%2C_Panama_-_25._9._1513%2C_11_Uhr%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>The discovery of the Pacific by Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Panama – 9/25/1513, painting by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff" title="Matthias Laurenz Gräff">Matthias Laurenz Gräff</a> (2009/10)</figcaption></figure> <p>Balboa received the unexpected news of a new kingdom – rich in gold – with great interest. He returned to Santa María at the beginning of 1513 to recruit more men from Hispaniola. There he learned that Fernández de Enciso had told the colonial authorities what had happened at Santa María. After seeing that there would be no assistance from Hispaniola, Balboa sent Enrique de Colmenares directly to Spain to seek help. </p><p>While the expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">South Sea</a> (the name at the time of the Pacific Ocean<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was being organized in Santa María, some explorers travelled ten leagues (around 50 km or 30 miles) up the <a href="/wiki/Atrato_River" title="Atrato River">Atrato River</a> toward the interior, but returned empty handed. Balboa's request for men and supplies had been denied: Enciso's case was by then widely known in the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Spanish court</a>. Therefore, Balboa had no choice but to carry out his expedition with the few resources that he had on hand in Santa María. </p><p>Using information given by various friendly <i>caciques</i>, Balboa started his journey across the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a> on September 1, 1513, together with 190 Spaniards, a few native guides, and a pack of dogs. Using a small <a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">brigantine</a> and ten native <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a>, they sailed along the coast and made landfall in <i>cacique</i> Careta's territory. On September 6, the expedition continued, now reinforced with 1,000 of Careta's men, and entered <i>cacique</i> Ponca's land. Ponca had reorganized and attacked, but he was defeated and forced to ally himself with Balboa. After a few days, and with several of Ponca's men, the expedition entered the dense jungle on September 20, and, with some difficulty, arrived four days later in the lands of <i>cacique</i> Torecha, who ruled in the village of Cuarecuá. In this village, a fierce battle took place, during which Balboa's forces defeated Torecha, who was killed by one of Balboa's dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torecha's followers decided to join the expedition. The group was by then exhausted and several men were badly wounded, so many decided to stay in Cuarecuá to regain their strength. </p><p>The few men who continued the journey with Balboa entered the mountain range along the <a href="/wiki/Chucunaque_River" title="Chucunaque River">Chucunaque River</a> the next day. According to information from the natives, one could see the South Sea from the summit of this range. Balboa went ahead and, before noon that day, September 25, he reached the summit and saw, far in the horizon, the waters of the undiscovered sea. The emotions were such that the others eagerly joined in to show their joy at Balboa's discovery. Andrés de Vera, the expedition's chaplain, intoned the <i><a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a></i>, while the men erected stone pyramids, and engraved crosses on the barks of trees with their swords, to mark the place where the discovery of the South Sea was made. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possession_and_conquest_of_the_South_Sea">Possession and conquest of the South Sea</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balboa_s%C3%BCdsee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Balboa_s%C3%BCdsee.jpg/220px-Balboa_s%C3%BCdsee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Balboa_s%C3%BCdsee.jpg/330px-Balboa_s%C3%BCdsee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Balboa_s%C3%BCdsee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Balboa claiming possession of the South Sea (<small>19th century engraving by unknown artist</small>)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the moment of discovery, the expedition descended from the mountain range towards the sea, arriving in the lands of <i>cacique</i> Chiapes, who was defeated after a brief battle and invited to join the expedition. From Chiapes' land, three groups departed in the search for routes to the coast. The group headed by Alonso Martín reached the shoreline two days later. They took a canoe for a short reconnaissance trip, thus becoming the first Europeans to navigate the Pacific Ocean off the coast of the New World. Back in Chiapes' domain, Martín informed Balboa, who, with 26 men, marched towards the coast. Once there, Balboa raised his hands, his sword in one and a standard with the image of the Virgin Mary in the other, walked knee-deep into the ocean, and claimed possession of the new sea and all adjoining lands in the name of the Spanish sovereigns.<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After traveling more than 110 km (68 mi), Balboa named the bay where they ended up <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_San_Miguel" title="Bay of San Miguel"><i>San Miguel</i></a>, because they arrived on September 29, the feast day of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael">archangel Michael</a>. He named the new sea <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean"><i>Mar del Sur</i></a>, since they had traveled south to reach it. </p><p>Balboa's main purpose in the expedition was the search for the gold-rich kingdoms promised by Panquiaco. To this end, he crossed through the lands of <i>caciques</i> Coquera and Tumaco, defeating them easily and taking their riches of gold and <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a>. He then learned that pearls were abundant in the islands ruled by Terarequí, a powerful and feared <i>cacique</i>. Balboa set out in several canoes towards these islands, even though it was the beginning of October and the weather conditions were not favorable. He was barely able to make out the islands, and named the largest one <i>Isla Rica</i> (Rich Island, today known as <a href="/wiki/Isla_del_Rey_(Panama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isla del Rey (Panama)">Isla del Rey</a>). He named the entire group <i><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Islands" title="Pearl Islands">Archipiélago de las Perlas</a></i>, which they are still called today. </p><p>In November, Balboa decided to return to Santa María but by a different route to further expand his territory and procure more gold. He passed through the regions of Teoca, Pacra, Bugue Bugue, Bononaima, and Chorizo, defeating some by force and befriending others through diplomacy. A particularly bloody battle took place against the <i>cacique</i> Tubanamá, whom Balboa eventually defeated. In December, the expedition arrived back in the Caribbean coast, by the <a href="/wiki/Kuna_Yala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuna Yala">Gulf of San Blas</a>, a strip of land ruled by <i>cacique</i> Pocorosa. From there, he headed to the lands of Comogre, to find that his elderly ally had died. His son, Panquiaco, was now the chieftain. </p><p>From there, he crossed the lands of Ponca and Careta, arriving in Santa María on January 19, 1514, with a treasure in cotton goods, more than 100,000 <i>castellanos</i> worth of gold, to say nothing of the pearls. All this did not compare to the magnitude of the discovery of the South Sea on behalf of Spain. Balboa commanded Pedro de Arbolancha to set sail for Spain with news of this discovery. He also sent one fifth of the treasure to the king, as the law required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputes_with_Pedro_Arias">Disputes with Pedro Arias</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_(E._P%C3%A9rez)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%28E._P%C3%A9rez%29_01.jpg/220px-Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%28E._P%C3%A9rez%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%28E._P%C3%A9rez%29_01.jpg/330px-Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%28E._P%C3%A9rez%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%28E._P%C3%A9rez%29_01.jpg/440px-Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_%28E._P%C3%A9rez%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="2802" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_(Madrid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of Vasco Núñez de Balboa (Madrid)">Statue of Balboa in Madrid</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrique_P%C3%A9rez_Comendador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrique Pérez Comendador (page does not exist)">Enrique Pérez Comendador</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_P%C3%A9rez_Comendador" class="extiw" title="es:Enrique Pérez Comendador">es</a>]</span>, 1954)</figcaption></figure> <p>The accusations of Fernández de Enciso, whom Balboa had deposed, and the removal and disappearance of Governor Ojeda, forced the king to name <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_de_Avila" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Arias de Avila">Pedro Arias de Ávila</a> as governor of the newly created province of <a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a>. Arias, better known as <i>Pedrarias Dávila</i> and who would later become notorious for his cruelty, took control of Veragua and managed to calm the situation. Pedrarias arrived from Arbolancha, Spain with an expedition of 1,500 men and 17 ships, thereby ensuring that Balboa's requests to the crown for more men and supplies were met. This would be to that date the largest and most complete expedition to leave Spain for the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">New World</a>. </p><p>Pedrarias was accompanied on this expedition by <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Espinosa" title="Gaspar de Espinosa">Gaspar de Espinosa</a>, who held the office of <i>alcalde mayor</i>; the very same Martín Fernández de Enciso whom Balboa had forced into exile, now as Chief Constable (<i>Alguacil Mayor</i>);<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the royal officer and chronicler <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés</a>; as well as several captains, among them Juan de Ayora, Pedrarias's lieutenant. There were also several clerics, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> <a href="/wiki/Quevedo,_Juan_de" class="mw-redirect" title="Quevedo, Juan de">Juan de Quevedo</a>, appointed <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> of Santa María. There were also women among the travellers, among them Isabel de Bobadilla, Pedrarias' wife. More than 500 men died from starvation or due to the inclemencies of the weather soon after reaching Darién. Fernández de Oviedo was to note that <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> covered in silk and brocade, who distinguished themselves valiantly in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>, would die, consumed by hunger and fever, due to the nature of the tropical jungle. </p><p>Balboa received Pedrarias and his representatives in July 1514 and accepted resignedly his replacement as governor and mayor. The settlers, however, did not like the change and some were planning to take up arms against Pedrarias, even as Balboa showed respect to the new colonial authorities. </p><p>As soon as Pedrarias took charge, Gaspar de Espinosa had Balboa arrested and tried "in absentia", sentencing him to pay reparations to Fernández de Enciso and others. He was, however, found innocent of the charge of murdering Nicuesa, so he was freed shortly afterwards. </p><p>Due to overpopulation in Santa María, Pedrarias called on several expeditionaries to search for new locations fit for settlement. Balboa requested of Pedrarias that he be allowed to explore the Dabaibe region, along the <a href="/wiki/Atrato" title="Atrato">Atrato</a> river, for there was a rumour of the existence of a temple filled with vast riches there. However, this expedition turned out to be a failure, leaving Balboa wounded due to constant attacks by the region's natives. </p><p>This setback, however, did not deter Balboa's ambitions of returning to explore the South Sea. Secretly, he arranged to recruit a contingent of men from <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. The ship carrying them berthed just outside Santa María, and its caretaker informed Balboa of their arrival, receiving in return 70 gold castellanos. Pedrarias, however, soon found out about the ship; furious, he had Balboa arrested, took away all his men and was planning to lock him up in a wooden cage. He was held back from doing this by Bishop de Quevedo, who appealed to him not to abuse his power on Balboa. </p><p>Luckily for Balboa, around that time the Spanish Crown would finally recognize his valuable services. The king bestowed on him the titles of "<i><a href="/wiki/Adelantado" title="Adelantado">Adelantado</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the South Seas" and "<i>Gobernador</i> of <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coiba" title="Coiba">Coiba</a>". On top of this, the King instructed Pedrarias to show Balboa the greatest respect and to consult him on all matters pertaining to the conquest and government of Castilla de Oro. Because of all this, Pedrarias was to release and exonerate Balboa, lifting all charges brought up against him in the matter of the clandestine recruitment of an expeditionary party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Downfall_and_death">Downfall and death</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Special:EditPage/Vasco Núñez de Balboa">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At that point, the rivalry between Balboa and Pedrarias ceased abruptly, due in large part to the intercession of Bishop de Quevedo and <a href="/wiki/Isabel_de_Bobadilla" title="Isabel de Bobadilla">Isabel de Bobadilla</a>, who arranged for Balboa's marriage to María de Peñalosa, one of Pedrarias' daughters,<sup id="cite_ref-Diaz_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaz-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> who was in Spain. Shortly thereafter, the bishop left for Spain and the marriage took place by proxy (they would never meet because she was in Spain and Balboa would never return to his homeland). The friendship between Pedrarias and Balboa lasted barely two years, but in that time Balboa came to show great filial affection toward his father-in-law. </p><p>Balboa wished to continue exploring the South Sea, but Pedrarias did everything possible to delay his departure. In light of the new relationship between them, Pedrarias could not stop him indefinitely, and he finally consented to let Balboa go on his new expedition, giving him license to explore for a year and a half. </p><p>In 1519, Balboa moved to <a href="/wiki/Acla" title="Acla">Acla</a> with 300 men and, using the manpower of the natives and African slaves, managed to gather the materials necessary to build new ships. He traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Balsas_River" title="Balsas River">Balsas River</a> (Río Balsas), where he had four ships built. He travelled 74 km (46 mi) through the Pacific, surrounding the Pearl Islands and the coasts of Darién, up to <i>Puerto Piñas</i>, so named because of the large amounts of pineapples <i>(piñas)</i> he found there. He then returned to Acla, to continue the construction of sturdier ships. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_Balboa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Execution_of_Balboa.jpg/220px-Execution_of_Balboa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Execution_of_Balboa.jpg/330px-Execution_of_Balboa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Execution_of_Balboa.jpg/440px-Execution_of_Balboa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="1468" /></a><figcaption>Image of the execution of Balboa in <i>Vasco Nuñez de Balboa</i> by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Ober" title="Frederick A. Ober">Frederick A. Ober</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On his return, Pedrarias wrote warm letters urging Balboa to meet him as soon as possible. Balboa quickly obeyed. Halfway to Santa María, he encountered a group of soldiers commanded by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>, who arrested him in the name of the governor and accused him of trying to usurp Pedrarias' power and create a separate government in the South Sea. Outraged, Balboa denied all charges and demanded that he be taken to Spain to stand trial. Pedrarias, together with Martin Enciso, ordered that the trial take place without delay.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balboa's trial began in January 1519 and on the fifteenth of that month, Espinosa sentenced him to death by decapitation. Four of Balboa's friends, Fernando de Argüello, Luis Botello, Hernán Muñoz, and Andrés Valderrábano, accused as accomplices, were sentenced to the same fate. The sentence was to be carried out in Acla, to show that the conspiracy had its roots in that colony. </p><p>As Balboa and his friends were being led to the block, the town crier announced: "This is the justice that the King and his lieutenant Pedro Arias de Ávila impose upon these men, traitors and usurpers of the Crown's territories." Balboa could not restrain his indignation and replied: "Lies, lies! Never have such crimes held a place in my heart, I have always loyally served the King, with no thought in my mind but to increase his dominions." Pedrarias observed the execution, hidden behind a platform. The executioner beheaded Balboa and his four friends with an axe. Balboa's head did not come off clean on the first try; it took three. Their heads remained in public display for several days, as a sign of Pedrarias' might. The final location of Balboa's remains is unknown, partly because there is no record of what happened in Acla after the execution.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaspar de Espinosa, Pedrarias' underling, sailed the South Sea aboard the very ships that Balboa had commissioned. In 1520, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> renamed the sea the <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></i> because of its calm waters. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_a_Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_-_Flickr_-_Chito_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Monumento_a_Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_-_Flickr_-_Chito_%283%29.jpg/220px-Monumento_a_Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_-_Flickr_-_Chito_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Monumento_a_Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_-_Flickr_-_Chito_%283%29.jpg/330px-Monumento_a_Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_-_Flickr_-_Chito_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Monumento_a_Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_-_Flickr_-_Chito_%283%29.jpg/440px-Monumento_a_Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_-_Flickr_-_Chito_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4196" data-file-height="5859" /></a><figcaption>Monument of Vasco Núñez de Balboa in <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <p>Although Balboa suffered a premature death and is alleged to have used dogs to commit brutal executions against indigenous people, his actions and deeds are remembered by history as the first European to cross <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a>. Several parks and avenues throughout <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> bear the name "Vasco Núñez de Balboa", and a number of monuments honour his discovery of the South Sea. The Panamanian currency is called the <a href="/wiki/Panamanian_balboa" title="Panamanian balboa">Balboa</a>, and his likeness appears on the obverse of most Panamanian coins. His name is also attached to <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>'s main port, <a href="/wiki/Balboa,_Panama" title="Balboa, Panama">Balboa</a> (the Pacific entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>) and the Balboa District within <a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamá Province">Panamá Province</a> to which the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Islands" title="Pearl Islands">Pearl Islands</a> that he discovered belong, and a <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Panama#Cervecería_Nacional" title="Beer in Panama">Panamanian beer</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a>, US, Balboa's name appears among a row of avenues which are named after Spanish conquistadors, in the <a href="/wiki/Balboa_Park,_San_Francisco" title="Balboa Park, San Francisco">Balboa Park</a> neighborhood, and <a href="/wiki/Balboa_High_School_(California)" title="Balboa High School (California)">Balboa High School</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Excelsior_District,_San_Francisco" title="Excelsior District, San Francisco">Excelsior District</a>. There is also a large park (<a href="/wiki/Balboa_Park_(San_Diego)" title="Balboa Park (San Diego)">Balboa Park</a>) adjacent to downtown <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> which was named after Balboa in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balboa's name is also honoured in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> with a street and a <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa_(Madrid_Metro)" title="Núñez de Balboa (Madrid Metro)">metro station</a>. </p><p>One of the highest <a href="/wiki/Order_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order (decoration)">orders</a> granted by the Panamanian government to distinguished and outstanding figures, foreign and domestic, is the <i><a href="/wiki/Orden_Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orden Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Orden Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></i>, in various degrees, as established by Law 27 from 28 January 1933. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lunar_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar crater">lunar crater</a> <a href="/wiki/Balboa_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balboa (crater)">Balboa</a> was named after him. </p><p>Balboa appears in the lyrics to "The Great Nations of Europe" by composer/singer <a href="/wiki/Randy_Newman" title="Randy Newman">Randy Newman</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balboa_1c,_1914_issue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Balboa_1c%2C_1914_issue.jpg/290px-Balboa_1c%2C_1914_issue.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Balboa_1c%2C_1914_issue.jpg/435px-Balboa_1c%2C_1914_issue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Balboa_1c%2C_1914_issue.jpg/580px-Balboa_1c%2C_1914_issue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>Balboa 1-cent, 1914 issue</figcaption></figure> <p>Vasco Nunez de Balboa was featured on the 1-cent denomination of the <a href="/wiki/Panama-Pacific_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama-Pacific Exposition">Panama-Pacific Exposition</a> of 1913. The 1-cent Balboa paid the one-cent card rate, and it was used in combination with other denominations to meet large weight and foreign destinations. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing issued over 330 million of these to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/SENAN" class="mw-redirect" title="SENAN">SENAN</a>'s Base Naval Vasco Nuñez de Balboa in <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a> is named for Balboa. </p><p>In 2020 <a href="/wiki/Iberdrola" title="Iberdrola">Iberdrola</a> commissioned the Núñez de Balboa Photovoltaic Power Plant in <a href="/wiki/Usagre" title="Usagre">Usagre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Badajoz" title="Province of Badajoz">Badajoz</a>, in western Spain. With 500MW it was the biggest <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station" title="Photovoltaic power station">photovoltaic power station</a> in Europe at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The dates 12 January, 15 January and 21 January appear in sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Duve2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thomas Duve (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6296386">"El Tratado de Tordesillas ¿Una 'revolución espacial'? Cosmografía, prácticas jurídicas y la historia del derecho internacional público"</a>. <i>Revista de historia del derecho</i> (in Spanish) (54): 77–107 (93)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+historia+del+derecho&rft.atitle=El+Tratado+de+Tordesillas+%C2%BFUna+%27revoluci%C3%B3n+espacial%27%3F+Cosmograf%C3%ADa%2C+pr%C3%A1cticas+jur%C3%ADdicas+y+la+historia+del+derecho+internacional+p%C3%BAblico&rft.issue=54&rft.pages=77-107+%2893%29&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Thomas+Duve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Farticulo%3Fcodigo%3D6296386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithsonian-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidz2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lidz, Franz (September 2013). "Tracking Balboa". <i>Smithsonian</i>. <b>44</b> (5). Washington DC: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>: 32–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Tracking+Balboa&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=32-36&rft.date=2013-09&rft.aulast=Lidz&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torodash,_1974-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torodash,_1974_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torodash,_1974_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torodash,_1974_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Torodash, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Vasco_Nunez_de_Balboa/">"Vasco Núñez de Balboa"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Vasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FVasco_Nunez_de_Balboa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Alcalde Mayor</i>: may be translated as <i>mayor</i> or <i>chief judge</i>—a position combining judicial, military, civil, and police powers, that may or may not be held by a person with legal training.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Alcalde</i>: judge or quasi-judicial official</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gobernador</i>: governor of a settled and 'pacified' territory</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfonso G. Jiménez de Sandi Valle, Luis Alberto de la Garza Becerra, and Napoleón Glockner Corte. "LGBT Pride Parade in Mexico City". National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), 2009. 25 p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeemyn" class="citation book cs1">Beemyn, Genny. Erickson-Schroth, Laura (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umass.edu/stonewall/sites/default/files/Infoforandabout/transpeople/genny_beemyn_transgender_history_in_the_united_states.pdf"><i>Transgender History in the United States: A special unabridged version of a book chapter from Trans Bodies, Trans Selves</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transgender+History+in+the+United+States%3A+A+special+unabridged+version+of+a+book+chapter+from+Trans+Bodies%2C+Trans+Selves&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.aulast=Beemyn&rft.aufirst=Genny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umass.edu%2Fstonewall%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FInfoforandabout%2Ftranspeople%2Fgenny_beemyn_transgender_history_in_the_united_states.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narrative_pg_7-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Narrative_pg_7_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Narrative_of_the_Proceedings_of_Pedrarias_Davila_(Haklyut,_34).djvu/55">"Page:Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila (Haklyut, 34).djvu/55 - Wikisource, the free online library"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Page%3ANarrative+of+the+Proceedings+of+Pedrarias+Davila+%28Haklyut%2C+34%29.djvu%2F55+-+Wikisource%2C+the+free+online+library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FPage%3ANarrative_of_the_Proceedings_of_Pedrarias_Davila_%28Haklyut%2C_34%29.djvu%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narrative-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Narrative_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedrarias" class="citation book cs1">Pedrarias, Davila. "Introduction". <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Proceedings_of_Pedrarias_Davila/Introduction#cite_note-4"><i>Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+the+Proceedings+of+Pedrarias+Davila&rft.aulast=Pedrarias&rft.aufirst=Davila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FNarrative_of_the_Proceedings_of_Pedrarias_Davila%2FIntroduction%23cite_note-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpate2020" class="citation book cs1">Spate, O.H.K. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ln10DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'South Sea' to 'Pacific Ocean: A Note on Nomenclature"</a>. In Ballantyne, Tony (ed.). <i>Science, Empire and the European Exploration of the Pacific</i>. Routledge. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351901819" title="Special:BookSources/9781351901819"><bdi>9781351901819</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27South+Sea%27+to+%27Pacific+Ocean%3A+A+Note+on+Nomenclature&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Empire+and+the+European+Exploration+of+the+Pacific&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781351901819&rft.aulast=Spate&rft.aufirst=O.H.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dln10DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerr2013" class="citation book cs1">Derr, Mark (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JmIjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT46"><i>A Dog's History of America: How Our Best Friend Explored, Conquered, and Settled a Continent</i></a>. The Overlook Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781468309102" title="Special:BookSources/9781468309102"><bdi>9781468309102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dog%27s+History+of+America%3A+How+Our+Best+Friend+Explored%2C+Conquered%2C+and+Settled+a+Continent&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781468309102&rft.aulast=Derr&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJmIjCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Alguacil</i>: may be translated as constable, bailiff, or sheriff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Adelantado</i>: governor of a territory that is still possibly experiencing hostilities; a position slightly lower than that of <i>gobernador</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diaz-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diaz_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diaz, B., 1963, <i>The Conquest of New Spain</i>, London: Penguin Books; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140441239" title="Special:BookSources/0140441239">0140441239</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vasconudnez00oberrich">"Vasco Nuñez de Balboa"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>. 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Vasco+Nu%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvasconudnez00oberrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Vasco_Nunez_de_Balboa/">"Vasco Núñez de Balboa"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Vasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FVasco_Nunez_de_Balboa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruceruiz.net/PanamaHistory/vasco_nunez_balboa_6.htm">"Vasco Nuñez de Balboa – Execution"</a>. <i>www.bruceruiz.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bruceruiz.net&rft.atitle=Vasco+Nu%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa+%E2%80%93+Execution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bruceruiz.net%2FPanamaHistory%2Fvasco_nunez_balboa_6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christman (1985), p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haimann, Alexander T., “1-cent Balboa”, Arago: people, postage & the post, National Postal Museum online, viewed April 18, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamón2020" class="citation news cs1">Ramón, Roca (6 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elperiodicodelaenergia.com/iberdrola-conecta-la-mayor-planta-fotovoltaica-de-europa-nunez-de-balboa-500-mw-ha-vertido-sus-primeros-mwh-a-la-red/">"Iberdrola conecta la mayor planta fotovoltaica de Europa: Núñez de Balboa (500 MW) ha vertido sus primeros MWh a la red"</a>. <i>El Periódico de la Energía</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Peri%C3%B3dico+de+la+Energ%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=Iberdrola+conecta+la+mayor+planta+fotovoltaica+de+Europa%3A+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa+%28500+MW%29+ha+vertido+sus+primeros+MWh+a+la+red&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft.aulast=Ram%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Roca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felperiodicodelaenergia.com%2Fiberdrola-conecta-la-mayor-planta-fotovoltaica-de-europa-nunez-de-balboa-500-mw-ha-vertido-sus-primeros-mwh-a-la-red%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li>Torodash, Martin. "Balboa Historiography." <i>Terrae Incognitae</i> 6.1 (1974): 7–16.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsenjo_García1991" class="citation book cs1">Asenjo García, Frutos (1991). <i>Vasco Núñez de Balboa: El descubrimiento del Mar del Sur</i>. Madrid: Sílex Ediciones. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7737-034-6" title="Special:BookSources/84-7737-034-6"><bdi>84-7737-034-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa%3A+El+descubrimiento+del+Mar+del+Sur&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=S%C3%ADlex+Ediciones&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=84-7737-034-6&rft.aulast=Asenjo+Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Frutos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristman1985" class="citation book cs1">Christman, Florence (1985). <i>The Romance of Balboa Park</i> (4th ed.). San Diego: San Diego Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918740-03-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-918740-03-7"><bdi>0-918740-03-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romance+of+Balboa+Park&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=San+Diego+Historical+Society&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-918740-03-7&rft.aulast=Christman&rft.aufirst=Florence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison1977" class="citation book cs1">Garrison, Omar V. (1977). <i>Balboa el conquistador: La odisea de Vasco Núñez, descubridor del Pacífico</i>. Barcelona: Editorial Grijalbo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-253-0748-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-253-0748-1"><bdi>84-253-0748-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balboa+el+conquistador%3A+La+odisea+de+Vasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez%2C+descubridor+del+Pac%C3%ADfico&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Editorial+Grijalbo&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=84-253-0748-1&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Omar+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/02588400888014428632268/index.htm">Historia General de las Indias</a></i> (<small>Online book</small>). Chapters LVII to LXVI. Francisco López de Gómara. Medina del Campo, 1553; Zaragoza, 1555</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060116015210/http://bdigital.binal.ac.pa/bdp/tomos/XIV/Tomo_XIV_P2.pdf">Compendio de Historia de Panamá</a></i>, pp. 156–171. Juan B. Sosa y Enrique J. Arce. Panamá, October 1911</li> <li><i>Encyclopedia Ilustrada Cumbre – Tomo 10</i>. pp. 186–188. 32nd edition – 1993. Editorial Hachette Latinoamérica, S.A. de C.V., México; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/970-611-125-5" title="Special:BookSources/970-611-125-5">970-611-125-5</a></li> <li><i>Historia general y natural de las Indias</i>. <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés</a>. Madrid, 1850</li> <li><i>Relación de los sucesos de Pedrarias Dávila</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pascual_de_Andagoya" title="Pascual de Andagoya">Pascual de Andagoya</a>. III. Madrid, 1829</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806113241/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/balboa.html">Vasco Nuñez de Balboa</a>, win.tue.nl. Accessed 5 March 2024.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><i>This article draws heavily on the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" class="extiw" title="es:Vasco Núñez de Balboa">corresponding article</a> in the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Portada" class="extiw" title="es:Wikipedia:Portada">Spanish-language Wikipedia</a>, which was accessed in the version of 14 April 2006.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" class="extiw" title="commons:Vasco Núñez de Balboa"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Balboa,_Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de">Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruce.ruiz.net/PanamaHistory/balboa.htm">His life with various illustrations</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balboaofdarien">Balboa of Darién: Discoverer of the Pacific</a></i>, an English-language biography by Kathleen Romoli in <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> format</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeach1914" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Balboa, Vasco Nunez de"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Balboa,_Vasco_Nunez_de">"Balboa, Vasco Nunez de" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Balboa%2C+Vasco+Nunez+de&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=F.+E.+Compton+and+Co&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vasco Nuñez de Balboa"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Vasco_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa">"Vasco Nuñez de Balboa" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vasco+Nu%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+de+Balboa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(In Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060413122023/http://www.artehistoria.com/historia/personajes/5616.htm">Biography of Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(In Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mgar.net/exp/balboa.htm">Biography of Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(In Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alcazaba.unex.es/~ymendez/DESCUBRIDORES.html">Discoverers from Jerez: Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(In Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051202114925/http://www.critica.com.pa/archivo/visiones/vasco.html">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(In Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060919222253/http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/historia/ilustre/ilus8.htm">Biography of Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(In Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.members.tripod.com/~Panamahistoria/Stamaria.htm">Founding of Santa María la Antigua del Darién</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(In Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.members.tripod.com/~Panamahistoria/vasconu.htm">Vasco Núñez de Balboa and the discovery of the South Sea</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(In Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.members.tripod.com/~Panamahistoria/muertede.htm">Death of Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(In Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpanamaamerica.com.pa/archive/12162005/ciudadt.shtml">The Balboa monument</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" 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title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000102009365">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/85362881">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/5580/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjd8TkmyVqkVG6PKWgFrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118652052">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50017667">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10975313?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118652052.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118652052">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033099804">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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