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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History in Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_in_Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History in Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_in_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apostolic_Fathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostolic_Fathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Apostolic Fathers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostolic_Fathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_bishops_and_civil_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_bishops_and_civil_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Christian bishops and civil government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christian_bishops_and_civil_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christian bishops and civil government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christian_bishops_and_civil_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bishops_holding_political_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bishops_holding_political_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bishops holding political office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bishops_holding_political_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Episcopacy_during_the_English_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episcopacy_during_the_English_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Episcopacy during the English Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episcopacy_during_the_English_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Christian churches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christian_churches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christian churches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christian_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic,_Eastern_Orthodox,_Oriental_Orthodox,_Lutheran_and_Anglican_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic,_Eastern_Orthodox,_Oriental_Orthodox,_Lutheran_and_Anglican_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic,_Eastern_Orthodox,_Oriental_Orthodox,_Lutheran_and_Anglican_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Duties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Duties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordination_of_Catholic,_Eastern_Orthodox,_Oriental_Orthodox,_Lutheran_and_Anglican_bishops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordination_of_Catholic,_Eastern_Orthodox,_Oriental_Orthodox,_Lutheran_and_Anglican_bishops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Ordination of Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican bishops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordination_of_Catholic,_Eastern_Orthodox,_Oriental_Orthodox,_Lutheran_and_Anglican_bishops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peculiar_to_the_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peculiar_to_the_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.1</span> <span>Peculiar to the Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peculiar_to_the_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_of_other_churches'_ordinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_of_other_churches'_ordinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.2</span> <span>Recognition of other churches' ordinations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_of_other_churches'_ordinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Methodism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>African Methodist Episcopal Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_Methodist_Episcopal_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Christian Methodist Episcopal Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_Methodist_Episcopal_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Methodist_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Methodist_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>United Methodist Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Methodist_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irvingism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irvingism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Irvingism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irvingism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Apostolic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Apostolic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>New Apostolic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Apostolic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pentecostalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentecostalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Pentecostalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentecostalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Church_of_God_in_Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_God_in_Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Church of God in Christ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_God_in_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pentecostal_Church_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentecostal_Church_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Pentecostal Church of God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentecostal_Church_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh-day_Adventists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Seventh-day Adventists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress_and_insignia_in_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress_and_insignia_in_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dress and insignia in Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dress_and_insignia_in_Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dress and insignia in Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dress_and_insignia_in_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cathedra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cathedra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cathedra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cathedra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_term's_use_in_non-Christian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_term's_use_in_non-Christian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The term's use in non-Christian religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_term's_use_in_non-Christian_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The term's use in non-Christian religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_term's_use_in_non-Christian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenrikyo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenrikyo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tenrikyo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenrikyo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bishop</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskop" title="Biskop – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Biskop" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bischof" title="Bischof – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bischof" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%81" title="أسقف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسقف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bispe" title="Bispe – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bispe" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A6%DC%A3%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%A6%DC%90" title="ܐܦܣܩܘܦܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܦܣܩܘܦܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Եպիսկոպոս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եպիսկոպոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obispu" title="Obispu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Obispu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yepiskop" title="Yepiskop – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yepiskop" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D9%81" title="اوسقوف – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوسقوف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AA" title="বিশপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BA-k%C3%A0u" title="Chú-kàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chú-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Епіскап – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Епіскап" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF" title="Біскуп – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Біскуп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obispo" title="Obispo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Obispo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Епископ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Епископ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bischof" title="Bischof – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bischof" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskup" title="Biskup – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biskup" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskob" title="Eskob – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eskob" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbe" title="Bisbe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bisbe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskup" title="Biskup – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biskup" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vescu" title="Vescu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Vescu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgob" title="Esgob – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Esgob" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskop" title="Biskop – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biskop" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bischof" title="Bischof – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bischof" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piiskop" title="Piiskop – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Piiskop" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Επίσκοπος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επίσκοπος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9scuv" title="Véscuv – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Véscuv" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obispo" title="Obispo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Obispo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episkopo" title="Episkopo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Episkopo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apezpiku" title="Apezpiku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apezpiku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%81" title="اسقف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسقف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89v%C3%AAque" title="Évêque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Évêque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskop" title="Biskop – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Biskop" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vescul" title="Vescul – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vescul" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easpag" title="Easpag – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Easpag" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easbaig" title="Easbaig – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Easbaig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bispo" title="Bispo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bispo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EA%B5%90" title="주교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Եպիսկոպոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եպիսկոպոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskup" title="Biskup – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biskup" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episkopo" title="Episkopo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Episkopo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskup" title="Uskup – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uskup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopo" title="Episcopo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Episcopo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskup" title="Biskup – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Biskup" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vescovo" title="Vescovo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vescovo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A3" title="בישוף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בישוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskop" title="Biskop – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Biskop" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ეპისკოპოსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეპისკოპოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Епископ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Епископ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askofu" title="Askofu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Askofu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Епископ – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Епископ" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopus" title="Episcopus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Episcopus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%ABskaps" title="Bīskaps – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bīskaps" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABschof" title="Bëschof – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bëschof" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyskupas" title="Vyskupas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vyskupas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biesjop" title="Biesjop – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Biesjop" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vescov" title="Vescov – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vescov" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCsp%C3%B6k" title="Püspök – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Püspök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Епископ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Епископ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eveka" title="Eveka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eveka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BB" title="മേൽപ്പട്ടക്കാരൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മേൽപ്പട്ടക്കാരൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AA" title="बिशप – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बिशप" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%81" title="اسقف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسقف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskup" title="Uskup – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Uskup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisschop" title="Bisschop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bisschop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskop" title="Biskop – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Biskop" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A3%E7%9D%A3_(%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99)" title="監督 (キリスト教) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="監督 (キリスト教)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskop" title="Biskop – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Biskop" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskop" title="Biskop – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Biskop" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evesque" title="Evesque – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Evesque" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yepiskop" title="Yepiskop – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yepiskop" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%BE" title="بشپ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بشپ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89v%C3%A8ke" title="Évèke – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Évèke" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskup" title="Biskup – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biskup" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bispo" title="Bispo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bispo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcop" title="Episcop – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Episcop" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatun_yaya" title="Hatun yaya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hatun yaya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Епископ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Епископ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Епископ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Епископ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ACscamu" title="Pìscamu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pìscamu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi" title="Peshkopi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Peshkopi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ACscuvu" title="Vìscuvu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vìscuvu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bishop" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskup" title="Biskup – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biskup" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kof" title="Škof – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Škof" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Епископ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Епископ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episkopos" title="Episkopos – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Episkopos" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piispa" title="Piispa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Piispa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskop" title="Biskop – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biskop" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obispo" title="Obispo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Obispo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="ஆயர் (கிறித்துவ பட்டம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆயர் (கிறித்துவ பட்டம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifisek" title="Ifisek – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ifisek" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%80%D1%85%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B9" title="Әрхәрәй – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әрхәрәй" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81" title="มุขนายก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มุขนายก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piskopos" title="Piskopos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Piskopos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Єпископ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єпископ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%81" title="اسقف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسقف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9scovo" title="Véscovo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Véscovo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1m_m%E1%BB%A5c" title="Giám mục – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giám mục" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eveke" title="Eveke – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Eveke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obispo" title="Obispo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Obispo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%8E" title="主敎 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="主敎" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" title="主教 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="主教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piskopos" title="Piskopos – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Piskopos" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABskops" title="Vīskops – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vīskops" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" title="主教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="主教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29182#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Leadership position in religious institutions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the office in religious institutions. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bishop (disambiguation)">Bishop (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Episcopate" redirects here. For bishops as a group, see <a href="/wiki/Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">Historical episcopate</a>. 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class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">Abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Christian views on poverty and wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye" title="Eye for an eye">Eye for an eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-denial" title="Self-denial">Self-denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sacrifice" title="Self-sacrifice">Self-sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_world,_the_flesh,_and_the_devil" title="The world, the flesh, and the devil">The world, the flesh, and the devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Views on alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-reformation">Counter-reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemptus_mundi" title="Contemptus mundi">Contemptus mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnation#Christianity" title="Damnation">Damnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)" title="Redemption (theology)">Redemption (theology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rite_(Christianity)" title="Rite (Christianity)">Rites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Communion" title="First Communion">First Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>bishop</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Ordained" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordained">ordained</a> member of the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> who is entrusted with a position of <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">authority and oversight</a> in a religious institution. In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, bishops are normally responsible for the governance and administration of <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a>. The role or office of the bishop is called <b>episcopacy</b>. Organizationally, several <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> utilize ecclesiastical structures that call for the position of bishops, while other denominations have dispensed with this office, seeing it as a symbol of power. Bishops have also exercised political authority within their dioceses. </p><p>Traditionally, bishops claim <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a>, a direct historical lineage dating back to the original <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a>. The bishops are by doctrine understood as those who possess the full <a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">priesthood</a> given by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a>, and therefore may ordain other clergy, including other bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person ordained as a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a>, priest (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyter</a>), and then bishop is understood to hold the fullness of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">ministerial</a> priesthood, given responsibility by Christ to govern, teach and <a href="/wiki/Sanctify" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctify">sanctify</a> the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a> (the Church). Priests, deacons and <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">lay ministers</a> co-operate and assist their bishops in <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastoral</a> ministry. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations have bishops who oversee congregations, though they do not necessarily claim apostolic succession. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_terminology">Etymology and terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word <i>bishop</i> derives, via <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">episcopus</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">biscop</i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">bisshop</i></span>, from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> word <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐπίσκοπος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">epískopos</i></span>, meaning "overseer" or "supervisor".<sup id="cite_ref-BIA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek was the language of the early Christian church,<sup id="cite_ref-ccel_Earl_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccel_Earl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">epískopos</i></span> did not originate in Christianity: it had been used in Greek for several centuries before the advent of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-BIA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English words <i>priest</i> and <i>presbyter</i> both derive, via Latin, from the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">πρεσβύτερος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">presbýteros</i></span>, meaning "elder" or "senior", and not originally referring to priesthood.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early Christian era the two terms were not always clearly distinguished, but <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">epískopos</i></span> is used in the sense of the order or office of bishop, distinct from that of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">presbýteros</i></span>, in the writings attributed to <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> in the second century.<sup id="cite_ref-ccel_Earl_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccel_Earl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_in_Christianity">History in Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History in Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest organization of the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Church in Jerusalem</a> was, according to most scholars, similar to that of Jewish <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>, but it had a council or college of ordained <a href="/wiki/Presbyters" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyters">presbyters</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">πρεσβύτεροι</span></span>, 'elders'). In Acts 11:30<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Acts 15:22,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a collegiate system of government in Jerusalem is chaired by <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a>, according to tradition the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem#Jewish_Bishops_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">first bishop of the city</a>. In Acts 14:23,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Apostle Paul</a> ordains presbyters in <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">churches in Anatolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>presbyter</i> was not yet distinguished from <i>overseer</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐπίσκοπος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">episkopos</i></span>, later used exclusively to mean <i>bishop</i>), as in Acts 20:17,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titus 1:5–7<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1 Peter 5:1.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest writings of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a>, for example, show the church used two terms for local church offices—presbyters (seen by many as an interchangeable term with <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">episkopos</i></span> or overseer) and deacon. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustine_Lateran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Augustine_Lateran.jpg/170px-Augustine_Lateran.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Augustine_Lateran.jpg/255px-Augustine_Lateran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Augustine_Lateran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A 6th-century image of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a><sup id="cite_ref-WDL_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/First_epistle_to_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="First epistle to Timothy">First epistle to Timothy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Epistle to Titus</a> in the New Testament a more clearly defined episcopate can be seen. Both letters state that Paul had left Timothy in Ephesus and Titus in <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Crete</a> to oversee the <a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">local church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul commands Titus to ordain presbyters/bishops and to exercise general oversight. </p><p>Early sources are unclear but various groups of Christian communities may have had the bishop surrounded by a group or college functioning as leaders of the local churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Grady1997140_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Grady1997140-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually the head or "monarchic" bishop came to rule more clearly,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Hove1907_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Hove1907-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all local churches would eventually follow the example of the other churches and structure themselves after the model of the others with the one bishop in clearer charge,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Grady1997140_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Grady1997140-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the role of the body of presbyters remained important.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Hove1907_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Hove1907-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apostolic_Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Apostolic Fathers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Around the end of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a>, the church's organization became clearer in historical documents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the works of the Apostolic Fathers, and Ignatius of Antioch in particular, the role of the episkopos, or bishop, became more important or, rather, already was very important and being clearly defined. While Ignatius of Antioch offers the earliest clear description of monarchial bishops (a single bishop over all <a href="/wiki/House_church" title="House church">house churches</a> in a city)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he is an advocate of monepiscopal structure rather than describing an accepted reality. To the bishops and house churches to which he writes, he offers strategies on how to pressure house churches who do not recognize the bishop into compliance. Other contemporary Christian writers do not describe monarchial bishops, either continuing to equate them with the presbyters or speaking of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">episkopoi</i></span> (bishops, plural) in a city. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_-_Saint_Ignatius_of_Antioch_-_Walters_4820867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Byzantine_-_Saint_Ignatius_of_Antioch_-_Walters_4820867.jpg/220px-Byzantine_-_Saint_Ignatius_of_Antioch_-_Walters_4820867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Byzantine_-_Saint_Ignatius_of_Antioch_-_Walters_4820867.jpg/330px-Byzantine_-_Saint_Ignatius_of_Antioch_-_Walters_4820867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Byzantine_-_Saint_Ignatius_of_Antioch_-_Walters_4820867.jpg/440px-Byzantine_-_Saint_Ignatius_of_Antioch_-_Walters_4820867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption>Ignatius, bishop of Antioch, student of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (end of the 2nd century) writes about the ordination of a certain Zachæus as bishop by the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter Bar-Jonah's</a> hands. The words bishop and ordination are used in their technical meaning by the same Clement of Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bishops in the 2nd century are defined also as the only clergy to whom the ordination to priesthood (<a href="/wiki/Presbyterate" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterate">presbyterate</a>) and diaconate is entrusted: "a priest (presbyter) <a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">lays on hands</a>, but does not <a href="/wiki/Ordain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordain">ordain</a>." (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">cheirothetei ou cheirotonei</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 3rd century, <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> describes another feature of the ministry of a bishop, which is that of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"Spiritum primatus sacerdotii habere potestatem dimittere peccata"</i></span>: the primate of sacrificial priesthood and the power to forgive sins.<sup id="cite_ref-web._Whyt_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web._Whyt-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_bishops_and_civil_government">Christian bishops and civil government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christian bishops and civil government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bishop" title="Special:EditPage/Bishop">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The efficient organization of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> became the template for the organisation of the church in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th century</a>, particularly after <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I and Christianity">Constantine's</a> <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a>. As the church moved from the shadows of privacy into the public forum it acquired land for churches, burials and <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>. In 391, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> decreed that any land that had been confiscated from the church by Roman authorities be returned. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Husaby_Church_2013_people_on_11th_Century_gravestone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Husaby_Church_2013_people_on_11th_Century_gravestone.jpg/220px-Husaby_Church_2013_people_on_11th_Century_gravestone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Husaby_Church_2013_people_on_11th_Century_gravestone.jpg/330px-Husaby_Church_2013_people_on_11th_Century_gravestone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Husaby_Church_2013_people_on_11th_Century_gravestone.jpg/440px-Husaby_Church_2013_people_on_11th_Century_gravestone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>A bishop with other officials on an 11th-century grave in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most usual term for the geographic area of a bishop's authority and ministry, the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>, began as part of the structure of the Roman Empire under <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Roman authority began to fail in the western portion of the empire</a>, the church took over much of the civil administration. This can be clearly seen in the ministry of two <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">popes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th century</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th century</a>. Both of these men were statesmen and public administrators in addition to their role as Christian pastors, teachers and leaders. In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latifundia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latifundia">latifundia</a> entailed to a bishop's <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a> were much less common, the state power did not collapse the way it did in the West, and thus the tendency of bishops acquiring civil power was much weaker than in the West. However, the role of Western bishops as civil authorities, often called <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Bishop">prince bishops</a>, continued throughout much of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bishops_holding_political_office">Bishops holding political office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bishops holding political office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Otto_von_Gemmingen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Johann_Otto_von_Gemmingen.jpg/170px-Johann_Otto_von_Gemmingen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Johann_Otto_von_Gemmingen.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_Otto_von_Gemmingen" title="Johann Otto von Gemmingen">Johann Otto von Gemmingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Augsburg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg">Prince-Bishop of Augsburg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As well as being Archchancellors of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> after the 9th century, bishops generally served as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">chancellors</a> to medieval monarchs, acting as head of the <i>justiciary</i> and chief <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplain</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> was almost always a bishop up until the dismissal of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>. Similarly, the position of <a href="/wiki/Kanclerz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanclerz">Kanclerz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Polish kingdom</a> was always held by a bishop until the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th century</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In modern times, the principality of <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> is headed by <a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Co-Princes of Andorra</a>, one of whom is the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Urgell" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell">Bishop of Urgell</a> and the other, the sitting <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a>, an arrangement that began with the <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A9age_of_Andorra_(1278)" title="Paréage of Andorra (1278)">Paréage of Andorra (1278)</a>, and was ratified in the 1993 constitution of Andorra.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">office of the Papacy</a> is inherently held by the sitting Roman Catholic Bishop of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though not originally intended to hold temporal authority, since the Middle Ages the power of the Papacy gradually expanded deep into the secular realm and for centuries the sitting Bishop of Rome was the most powerful governmental office in Central Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Faus_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faus-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, the Pope is also the sovereign Prince of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, an internationally recognized <a href="/wiki/Micro-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-state">micro-state</a> located entirely within the city of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geopolitics_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geopolitics-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, prior to <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">the Revolution</a>, representatives of the clergy — in practice, bishops and <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbots</a> of the largest <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> — comprised the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm#First_Estate" title="Estates of the realm">First Estate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_States-General" class="mw-redirect" title="French States-General">Estates-General</a>. This role was abolished after separation of Church and State was implemented during the French Revolution. </p><p>In the 21st century, the more senior bishops of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> continue to sit in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>, as representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a>, and are known as <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Sodor_and_Man" title="Bishop of Sodor and Man">Bishop of Sodor and Man</a>, whose diocese lies outside the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, is an <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio_member" title="Ex officio member"><i>ex officio</i> member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Legislative Council of the Isle of Man">Legislative Council of the Isle of Man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishop of Durham</a> had extensive vice-regal powers within his northern diocese, which was a <a href="/wiki/County_palatine" title="County palatine">county palatine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Durham" title="County Palatine of Durham">County Palatine of Durham</a>, (previously, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty of Durham">Liberty of Durham</a>) of which he was <i>ex officio</i> the <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earl</a>. In the 19th century, a gradual process of reform was enacted, with the majority of the bishop's historic powers vested in <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a> by 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-durham1858_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durham1858-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> bishops, along with all other members of the clergy, are <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canonically</a> forbidden to hold political office.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasional exceptions to this rule are tolerated when the alternative is political chaos. In the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a>, for example, had de facto administrative, cultural and legal jurisdiction,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as spiritual authority, over all <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christians</a> of the empire, as part of the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a> system. An Orthodox bishop headed the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro" title="Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro">Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro</a> from 1516 to 1852, assisted by a secular <i><a href="/wiki/Guvernadur" title="Guvernadur">guvernadur</a></i>. More recently, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Makarios_III" title="Makarios III">Makarios III</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> from 1960 to 1977, an extremely turbulent time period on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hollingworth" title="Peter Hollingworth">Peter Hollingworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Companions_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Companions of the Order of Australia">AC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a> – then the Anglican Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Brisbane" title="Anglican Diocese of Brisbane">Brisbane</a> – was controversially appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General of Australia</a>. Although Hollingworth gave up his episcopal position to accept the appointment, it still attracted considerable opposition in a country which maintains a formal <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation between Church and State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Episcopacy_during_the_English_Civil_War">Episcopacy during the English Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Episcopacy during the English Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War#Episcopacy_during_the_English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War § Episcopacy during the English Civil War</a></div> <p>During the period of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, the role of bishops as wielders of political power and as upholders of the established church became a matter of heated political controversy. <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a> was the polity of most <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity</a> in Europe, and had been favored by many in England since the English Reformation. Since in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">primitive church</a> the offices of <i>presbyter</i> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">episkopos</i></span> were not clearly distinguished, many <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> held that this was the only form of government the church should have. The Anglican divine, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a>, objected to this claim in his famous work <i>Of the Laws of Ecclesiastic Polity</i> while, at the same time, defending Presbyterian ordination as valid (in particular <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin's</a> ordination of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Beza</a>). This was the official stance of the English Church until the Commonwealth, during which time, the views of Presbyterians and Independents (<a href="/wiki/Congregationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalists">Congregationalists</a>) were more freely expressed and practiced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_churches">Christian churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Christian churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic,_Eastern_Orthodox,_Oriental_Orthodox,_Lutheran_and_Anglican_churches"><span id="Catholic.2C_Eastern_Orthodox.2C_Oriental_Orthodox.2C_Lutheran_and_Anglican_churches"></span>Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishops in the Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitre_(plain).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mitre_%28plain%29.svg/100px-Mitre_%28plain%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mitre_%28plain%29.svg/150px-Mitre_%28plain%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mitre_%28plain%29.svg/200px-Mitre_%28plain%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="84" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitre</a> is used as a symbol of the bishop's ministry in Western Christianity.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Template-Bishop.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Template-Bishop.svg/100px-Template-Bishop.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Template-Bishop.svg/150px-Template-Bishop.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Template-Bishop.svg/200px-Template-Bishop.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>One form for the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of a Catholic bishop</figcaption></figure> <p>Bishops form the leadership in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a>, certain Lutheran churches, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholic_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Catholic Churches">Independent Catholic churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Independent Anglican churches</a>, and certain other, smaller, denominations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The traditional role of a bishop is as pastor of a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> (also called a bishopric, <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">eparchy</a> or see), and so to serve as a "diocesan bishop", or "eparch" as it is called in many Eastern Christian churches. Dioceses vary considerably in size, geographically and population-wise. Some dioceses around the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> which were Christianised early are rather compact, whereas dioceses in areas of rapid modern growth in Christian commitment—as in some parts of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>—are much larger and more populous. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitra5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mitra5.jpg/200px-Mitra5.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mitra5.jpg/300px-Mitra5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mitra5.jpg/400px-Mitra5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Mitre worn by an Eastern bishop with <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> of Christ, the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> (Mary, Mother of God) and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">Forerunner</a> (John the Baptist)</figcaption></figure><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As well as traditional diocesan bishops, many churches have a well-developed structure of church leadership that involves a number of layers of authority and responsibility.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228772891">.mw-parser-output .glossary dt{margin-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .glossary dt+dt{margin-top:-0.2em}.mw-parser-output .glossary .templatequote{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:-0.5em}</style> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="archbishop"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></dfn></dt> <dd>An archbishop is the bishop of an <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese">archdiocese</a>. This is usually a prestigious diocese with an important place in local church history. In the Catholic Church, the title is purely honorific and carries no extra jurisdiction, though most archbishops are also metropolitan bishops, as above, and are always awarded a <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">pallium</a>. In most provinces of the Anglican Communion, however, an archbishop has metropolitical and primatial power.</dd> <dt id="area_bishop"><dfn>Area bishop</dfn></dt> <dd>Some Anglican suffragans are given the responsibility for a geographical area within the diocese (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Stepney" title="Bishop of Stepney">Bishop of Stepney</a> is an <i>area bishop</i> within the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_London" title="Diocese of London">Diocese of London</a>).</dd> <dt id="assistant_bishop"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Assistant_bishop" title="Assistant bishop">Assistant bishop</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Honorary assistant bishop, assisting bishop, or bishop emeritus: these titles are usually applied to retired bishops who are given a general licence to minister as episcopal pastors under a diocesan's oversight. The titles, in this meaning, are not used by the Catholic Church.</dd> <dt id="auxiliary_bishop"><dfn>Auxiliary bishop</dfn></dt> <dd>An auxiliary bishop is a full-time assistant to a diocesan bishop (the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox equivalent of an Anglican suffragan bishop). An auxiliary bishop is a titular bishop, and he is to be appointed as a <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">vicar general</a> or at least as an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_vicar" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal vicar">episcopal vicar</a> of the diocese in which he serves.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="catholicos"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Catholicoi are the heads of some of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Rite Catholic sui iuris churches (notably the Armenian), roughly similar to a Patriarch.</dd> <dt id="chorbishop"><dfn>Chorbishop</dfn></dt> <dd>A chorbishop is an official of a diocese in some Eastern Christian churches. Chorbishops are not generally ordained bishops – they are not given the sacrament of Holy Orders in that degree – but function as assistants to the diocesan bishop with certain honorary privileges.</dd> <dt id="coadjutor_bishop"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor bishop</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A coadjutor bishop is an auxiliary bishop who is given almost equal authority in a diocese with the diocesan bishop, and the automatic right to succeed the incumbent diocesan bishop. The appointment of coadjutors is often seen as a means of providing for continuity of church leadership.</dd> <dt id="general_bishop"><dfn>General bishop</dfn></dt> <dd>A title and role in some churches, not associated with a diocese. In the Coptic Orthodox Church the episcopal ranks from highest to lowest are metropolitan archbishops, metropolitan bishops, diocesan bishops, bishops exarchs of the throne, suffragan bishops, auxiliary bishops, general bishops, and finally chorbishops. Bishops of the same category rank according to date of consecration.</dd> <dt id="major_archbishop"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major archbishop</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Major archbishops are the heads of some of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Their authority within their <i>sui juris</i> church is equal to that of a patriarch, but they receive fewer ceremonial honors.</dd> <dt id="metropolitan_bishop"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan bishop</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A metropolitan bishop is an archbishop in charge of an <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">ecclesiastical province</a>, or group of dioceses, and in addition to having immediate jurisdiction over his own archdiocese, also exercises some oversight over the other dioceses within that province. Sometimes a metropolitan may also be the head of an autocephalous, <i>sui iuris</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomous</a> church when the number of adherents of that tradition are small. In the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, metropolitans are always archbishops; in many Eastern churches, the title is "metropolitan", with some of these churches using "archbishop" as a separate office.</dd> <dt id="patriarch"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Patriarchs are the bishops who head certain ancient <a href="/wiki/Autocephalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephalous">autocephalous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a> churches, which are a collection of metropolitan sees or <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">provinces</a>. After the First Ecumenical Council at Nicea, the church structure was patterned after the administrative divisions of the Roman Empire wherein a metropolitan or bishop of a metropolis came to be the ecclesiastical head of a civil capital of a province or a metropolis. Whereas, the bishop of the larger administrative district, diocese, came to be called an exarch. In a few cases, a bishop came to preside over a number of dioceses, i.e., Rome, Antioch, and Alexandria. At the Fourth Ecumenical Council at Chalcedon in 451, Constantinople was given jurisdiction over three dioceses for the reason that the city was "the residence of the emperor and senate". Additionally, Jerusalem was recognized at the Council of Chalcedon as one of the major sees. In 692, the Quinisext Council formally recognized and ranked the sees of the Pentarchy in order of preeminence, at that time Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. In the Catholic Church, Patriarchs sometimes call their leaders <i>Catholicos</i>; the Patriarch of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, Egypt, is called <i>Pope</i>, meaning 'Father'. While most patriarchs in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> have jurisdiction over a <a href="/wiki/Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular church</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i>, all Latin Church patriarchs, except for the Pope, have only honorary titles. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> gave up the title of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a>. The first recorded use of the title by a Roman Pope was by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a> in 620. However, early church documents, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> (325) had always listed the Pope of Rome first among the <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentarchy (Christianity)">Ancient Patriarchs</a> (first three, and later five: Rome, Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Antioch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>—collectively referred to as the <i>Pentarchy</i>). Later, the heads of various national churches became Patriarchs, but they are ranked below the Pentarchy.</dd> <dt id="pīhopa"><dfn>Te Pīhopa</dfn></dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_Aotearoa,_New_Zealand_and_Polynesia" title="Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia">Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia</a> uses — even in English language usage — this <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a> term for its tikanga Māori bishops.</dd> <dt id="primate"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A primate is usually the bishop of the oldest church of a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>. Sometimes this carries jurisdiction over metropolitan bishops, but usually it is purely honorific. The primate of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a> is chosen from among the diocesan bishops, and, while retaining diocesan responsibility, is called <i>Primus</i>.</dd> <dt id="presiding_bishop_or_president_bishop"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Presiding_bishop" title="Presiding bishop">Presiding bishop</a> or president bishop</dfn></dt> <dd>These titles are often used for the head of a national Anglican church, but the title is not usually associated with a particular episcopal see like the title of a primate.</dd> <dt id="suffragan_bishop"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Suffragan_bishop" title="Suffragan bishop">Suffragan bishop</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A suffragan bishop is a bishop subordinate to a metropolitan. In the Catholic Church this term is applied to all non-metropolitan bishops (that is, diocesan bishops of dioceses within a metropolitan's province, and <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">auxiliary bishops</a>). In the Anglican Communion, the term applies to a bishop who is a full-time assistant to a diocesan bishop: the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Warwick" title="Bishop of Warwick">Bishop of Warwick</a> is suffragan to the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Coventry" title="Bishop of Coventry">Bishop of Coventry</a> (the diocesan), though both live in <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>.</dd> <dt id="supreme_bishop"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Supreme_bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme bishop">Supreme bishop</a></dfn></dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Obispo_maximo" class="mw-redirect" title="Obispo maximo">obispo maximo</a>, or supreme bishop, of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Philippine Independent Church</a> is elected by the General Assembly of the church. He is the chief executive officer of the church. He also holds an important pastoral role, being the spiritual head and chief pastor of the church. He has precedence of honor and prominence of position among, and recognized to have primacy, over other bishops.</dd> <dt id="titular_bishop"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular bishop</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A titular bishop is a bishop without a diocese. Rather, the bishop is head of a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a>, which is usually an ancient city that used to have a bishop, but, for some reason or other, does not have one now. Titular bishops often serve as auxiliary bishops. In the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate">Ecumenical Patriarchate</a>, bishops of modern dioceses are often given a titular see alongside their modern one (for example, the archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Thyateira" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyateira">Thyateira</a> <em>and</em> <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>).</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Duties">Duties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confirmation_VanderWeyden.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Confirmation_VanderWeyden.png/170px-Confirmation_VanderWeyden.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Confirmation_VanderWeyden.png 1.5x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption>A bishop administering Confirmation. <a href="/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden" title="Rogier van der Weyden">Rogier van der Weyden</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sacraments_Altarpiece" title="Seven Sacraments Altarpiece">The Seven Sacraments</a></i>, 15th century. In the Latin Church of the Catholic Church the administration of <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a> is normally reserved to the local bishop.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henning_Toft_Bro1_(bispevielse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Henning_Toft_Bro1_%28bispevielse%29.jpg/170px-Henning_Toft_Bro1_%28bispevielse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Henning_Toft_Bro1_%28bispevielse%29.jpg/255px-Henning_Toft_Bro1_%28bispevielse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Henning_Toft_Bro1_%28bispevielse%29.jpg/340px-Henning_Toft_Bro1_%28bispevielse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Denmark" title="Church of Denmark">Danish Lutheran</a> bishops wearing a <a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">cope</a> over <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surplice" title="Surplice">surplice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)" title="Ruff (clothing)">ruff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_cross" title="Pectoral cross">pectoral cross</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Church_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church Lutheranism">High Church Lutheranism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, only a bishop can ordain other bishops, priests, and deacons.<sup id="cite_ref-COS2022_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COS2022-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Eastern liturgical tradition, a priest can celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> only with the blessing of a bishop. In Byzantine usage, an <a href="/wiki/Antimins" title="Antimins">antimension</a> signed by the bishop is kept on the altar partly as a reminder of whose altar it is and under whose <a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">omophorion</a> the priest at a local parish is serving. In Syriac Church usage, a consecrated wooden block called a <a href="/wiki/Thabilitho" title="Thabilitho">thabilitho</a> is kept for the same reasons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The bishop is the ordinary minister of the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">sacrament</a> of confirmation in the Latin Church, and in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholic">Old Catholic</a> communion only a bishop may administer this sacrament. In the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> churches, the bishop normatively administers the rite of confirmation, although in those denominations that do not have an episcopal polity, confirmation is administered by the priest.<sup id="cite_ref-Wordsworth1911_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wordsworth1911-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a> and other Eastern rites, whether Eastern or Oriental Orthodox or <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">chrismation</a> is done immediately after <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, and thus the priest is the one who confirms, using chrism blessed by a bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ordination_of_Catholic,_Eastern_Orthodox,_Oriental_Orthodox,_Lutheran_and_Anglican_bishops"><span id="Ordination_of_Catholic.2C_Eastern_Orthodox.2C_Oriental_Orthodox.2C_Lutheran_and_Anglican_bishops"></span>Ordination of Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican bishops</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ordination of Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican bishops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bishops in all of these communions are <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">ordained</a> by other bishops through the laying on of hands. Ordination of a bishop, and thus continuation of apostolic succession, takes place through a ritual centred on the <a href="/wiki/Imposition_of_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Imposition of hands">imposition of hands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>. </p><p>Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Old Catholic and some Lutheran bishops claim to be part of the continuous sequence of ordained bishops since the days of the apostles referred to as apostolic succession. </p><p>In Scandinavia and the Baltic region, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> churches participating in the <a href="/wiki/Porvoo_Communion" title="Porvoo Communion">Porvoo Communion</a> (those of Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, and Lithuania), as well as many non-Porvoo membership Lutheran churches (including those of Kenya, Latvia, and Russia), as well as the confessional <a href="/wiki/Communion_of_Nordic_Lutheran_Dioceses" title="Communion of Nordic Lutheran Dioceses">Communion of Nordic Lutheran Dioceses</a>, believe that they ordain their bishops in the apostolic succession in lines stemming from the original apostles.<sup id="cite_ref-König2010_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-König2010-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Obare_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obare-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History</i> states that "In Sweden the apostolic succession was preserved because the Catholic bishops were allowed to stay in office, but they had to approve changes in the ceremonies."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Peculiar_to_the_Catholic_Church">Peculiar to the Catholic Church</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Peculiar to the Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While traditional teaching maintains that any bishop with apostolic succession can validly perform the ordination of another bishop, some churches require two or three bishops participate, either to ensure sacramental validity or to conform with church law. <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> doctrine holds that one bishop can validly ordain another (priest) as a bishop. Though a minimum of three bishops participating is desirable (there are usually several more) in order to demonstrate collegiality, canonically only one bishop is necessary. The practice of only one bishop ordaining was normal in countries where the church was persecuted under <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> rule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The title of archbishop or metropolitan may be granted to a senior bishop, usually one who is in charge of a large ecclesiastical jurisdiction. He may, or may not, have provincial oversight of suffragan bishops and may possibly have auxiliary bishops assisting him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Apart from the ordination, which is always done by other bishops, there are different methods as to the actual selection of a candidate for ordination as bishop. In the Catholic Church the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Bishops">Congregation for Bishops</a> generally oversees the selection of new bishops with the approval of the pope. The papal nuncio usually solicits names from the bishops of a country, consults with priests and leading members of a laity, and then selects three to be forwarded to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. In Europe, some cathedral chapters have duties to elect bishops. The Eastern Catholic churches generally elect their own bishops. Most Eastern Orthodox churches allow varying amounts of formalised laity or <a href="/wiki/Lower_clergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower clergy">lower clergy</a> influence on the choice of bishops. This also applies in those Eastern churches which are in union with the pope, though it is required that he give assent. </p><p>The pope, in addition to being the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a> and spiritual head of the Catholic Church, is also the Patriarch of the Latin Church. Each bishop within the Latin Church is answerable directly to the Pope and not any other bishop except to metropolitans in certain oversight instances. The pope previously used the title <i>Patriarch of the West</i>, but this title was dropped from use in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a move which caused some concern within the Eastern Orthodox Communion as, to them, it implied wider papal jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Recognition_of_other_churches'_ordinations"><span id="Recognition_of_other_churches.27_ordinations"></span>Recognition of other churches' ordinations</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Recognition of other churches' ordinations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Catholic Church does recognise as valid (though illicit) ordinations done by breakaway Catholic, Old Catholic or Oriental bishops, and groups descended from them; it also regards as both valid and licit those ordinations done by bishops of the Eastern churches,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so long as those receiving the ordination conform to other canonical requirements (for example, is an adult male) and an eastern orthodox rite of episcopal ordination, expressing the proper functions and sacramental status of a bishop, is used; this has given rise to the phenomenon of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Episcopi_vagantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopi vagantes">episcopi vagantes</a></i></span> (for example, clergy of the Independent Catholic groups which claim apostolic succession, though this claim is rejected by both Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy). With respect to Lutheranism, "the Catholic Church has never officially expressed its judgement on the validity of orders as they have been handed down by episcopal succession in these two national Lutheran churches" (the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Sweden">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Sweden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland</a>) though it does "question how the ecclesiastical break in the 16th century has affected the apostolicity of the churches of the Reformation and thus the apostolicity of their ministry".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> issued the bull <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Apostolicae_curae" title="Apostolicae curae">Apostolicae curae</a></i></span> in 1896, the Catholic Church has insisted that Anglican orders are invalid because of the Reformed changes in the Anglican ordination rites of the 16th century and divergence in understanding of the theology of priesthood, episcopacy and Eucharist. However, since the 1930s, Utrecht Old Catholic bishops (recognised by the Holy See as validly ordained) have sometimes taken part in the ordination of Anglican bishops. According to the writer Timothy Dufort, by 1969, all Church of England bishops had acquired Old Catholic lines of apostolic succession recognised by the Holy See.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This development has been used to argue that the strain of apostolic succession has been re-introduced into Anglicanism, at least within the Church of England.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other issues, such as the Anglican ordination of women, is at variance with Catholic understanding of Christian teaching, and have contributed to the reaffirmation of Catholic rejection of Anglican ordinations.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eastern Orthodox Churches do not accept the validity of any ordinations performed by the Independent Catholic groups, as Eastern Orthodoxy considers to be spurious any consecration outside the church as a whole. Eastern Orthodoxy considers apostolic succession to exist only within the Universal Church, and not through any authority held by individual bishops; thus, if a bishop ordains someone to serve outside the (Eastern Orthodox) Church, the ceremony is ineffectual, and no ordination has taken place regardless of the ritual used or the ordaining prelate's position within the Eastern Orthodox Churches. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priestly_ordination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Priestly_ordination.jpg/220px-Priestly_ordination.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Priestly_ordination.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>The consecrated bishop is the only minister of Holy Orders. Photo of pre-Vatican II ceremony.</figcaption></figure> <p>The position of the Catholic Church is slightly different. Whilst it does recognise the validity of the orders of certain groups which separated from communion with Holy See (for instance, the ordinations of the Old Catholics in communion with Utrecht, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_National_Catholic_Church" title="Polish National Catholic Church">Polish National Catholic Church</a> - which received its orders directly from Utrecht, and was until recently part of that communion), Catholicism does not recognise the orders of any group whose teaching is at variance with what they consider the core tenets of Christianity; this is the case even though the clergy of the Independent Catholic groups may use the proper ordination ritual. There are also other reasons why the Holy See does not recognise the validity of the orders of the Independent clergy: </p> <ul><li>They hold that the continuing practice among many Independent clergy of one person receiving multiple ordinations in order to secure apostolic succession, betrays an incorrect and mechanistic theology of ordination.</li> <li>They hold that the practice within Independent groups of ordaining women (such as within certain member communities of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>) demonstrates an understanding of priesthood that they vindicate is totally unacceptable to the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches as they believe that the Universal Church does not possess such authority; thus, they uphold that any ceremonies performed by these women should be considered being sacramentally invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The theology of male clergy within the Independent movement is also suspect according to the Catholics, as they presumably approve of the ordination of females, and may have even undergone an (invalid) ordination ceremony conducted by a woman.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JeffertsSchori.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/JeffertsSchori.JPG/170px-JeffertsSchori.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/JeffertsSchori.JPG/255px-JeffertsSchori.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/JeffertsSchori.JPG/340px-JeffertsSchori.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="2115" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Jefferts_Schori" title="Katharine Jefferts Schori">Katharine Jefferts Schori</a>, The 26th presiding bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church (United States)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Whilst members of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Catholic">Independent Catholic</a> movement take seriously the issue of valid orders, it is highly significant that the relevant Vatican Congregations tend not to respond to petitions from Independent Catholic bishops and clergy who seek to be received into communion with the Holy See, hoping to continue in some sacramental role. In those instances where the pope does grant reconciliation, those deemed to be clerics within the Independent Old Catholic movement are invariably admitted as laity and not priests or bishops. </p><p>There is a mutual recognition of the validity of orders amongst Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Old Catholic, Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Church of the East churches.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some provinces of the Anglican Communion have begun <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordaining women</a> as bishops in recent decades – for example, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Cuba. The first woman to be consecrated a bishop within Anglicanism was <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Harris_(bishop)" title="Barbara Harris (bishop)">Barbara Harris</a>, who was ordained in the United States in 1989. In 2006, Katharine Jefferts Schori, the Episcopal <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Nevada" title="Episcopal Diocese of Nevada">Bishop of Nevada</a>, became the first woman to become the presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg/220px-Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg/330px-Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg/440px-Mikael_Agricola_by_Albert_Edelfelt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a> (1510–1557), a Finnish <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> clergyman and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_Turku" title="List of bishops of Turku">Bishop of Turku</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a> (ELCA) and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Canada" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada</a> (ELCIC), the largest Lutheran Church bodies in the United States and Canada, respectively, and roughly based on the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a> Lutheran national churches (similar to that of the Church of England), bishops are elected by Synod Assemblies, consisting of both lay members and clergy, for a term of six years, which can be renewed, depending upon the local synod's "constitution" (which is mirrored on either the ELCA or ELCIC's national constitution). Since the implementation of concordats between the ELCA and the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church of the United States">Episcopal Church of the United States</a> and the ELCIC and the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church of Canada</a>, all bishops, including the presiding bishop (ELCA) or the national bishop (ELCIC), have been consecrated using the historic succession in line with bishops from the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Sweden">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Sweden</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-VelikoGros2005_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelikoGros2005-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with at least one Anglican bishop serving as co-consecrator.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since going into ecumenical communion with their respective Anglican body, bishops in the ELCA or the ELCIC not only approve the "rostering" of all ordained pastors, diaconal ministers, and associates in ministry, but they serve as the principal celebrant of all pastoral ordination and installation ceremonies, diaconal consecration ceremonies, as well as serving as the "chief pastor" of the local synod, upholding the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> as well as the documentations of the Ninety-Five Theses and the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a>. Unlike their counterparts in the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>, ELCA and ELCIC synod bishops do not appoint pastors to local congregations (pastors, like their counterparts in the Episcopal Church, are called by local congregations). The presiding bishop of the ELCA and the national bishop of the ELCIC, the national bishops of their respective bodies, are elected for a single 6-year term and may be elected to an additional term. </p><p>Although ELCA agreed with the Episcopal Church to limit ordination to the bishop "ordinarily", ELCA pastor-<i>ordinators</i> are given permission to perform the rites in "extraordinary" circumstance. In practice, "extraordinary" circumstance have included disagreeing with Episcopalian views of the episcopate, and as a result, ELCA pastors ordained by other pastors are not permitted to be deployed to Episcopal Churches (they can, however, serve in <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church USA</a>, United Methodist Church, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> congregations, as the ELCA is in full communion with these denominations). The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a> (LCMS) and the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a> (WELS), the second and third largest Lutheran bodies in the United States and the two largest <a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional Lutheran">Confessional Lutheran</a> bodies in North America, do not follow an episcopal form of governance, settling instead on a form of quasi-congregationalism patterned off what they believe to be the practice of the early church. The second largest of the three predecessor bodies of the ELCA, the <a href="/wiki/American_Lutheran_Church" title="American Lutheran Church">American Lutheran Church</a>, was a congregationalist body, with national and synod presidents before they were re-titled as bishops (borrowing from the Lutheran churches in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>) in the 1980s. With regard to ecclesial discipline and oversight, national and synod presidents typically function similarly to bishops in episcopal bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodism">Methodism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Methodism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Methodism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Methodism)">Bishop (Methodism)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: African Methodist Episcopal Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a>, "Bishops are the Chief Officers of the Connectional Organization. They are elected for life by a majority vote of the General Conference which meets every four years."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_Methodist_Episcopal_Church">Christian Methodist Episcopal Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Christian Methodist Episcopal Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Christian Methodist Episcopal Church">Christian Methodist Episcopal Church</a> in the United States, bishops are administrative superintendents of the church; they are elected by "delegate" votes for as many years deemed until the age of 74, then the bishop must retire. Among their duties, are responsibility for appointing clergy to serve local churches as pastor, for performing ordinations, and for safeguarding the doctrine and discipline of the church. The General Conference, a meeting every four years, has an equal number of clergy and lay delegates. In each Annual Conference, CME bishops serve for four-year terms. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Teresa_E._Jefferson-Snorton" title="Teresa E. Jefferson-Snorton">Teresa E. Jefferson-Snorton</a> was elected as a bishop, becoming the first woman to hold that position.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, she remains the only female bishop in CME.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Methodist_Church">United Methodist Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United Methodist Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UMEpiscopalShield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d9/UMEpiscopalShield.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>United Methodist Episcopal Shield</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Methodist Church (the largest branch of Methodism in the world) bishops serve as administrative and pastoral superintendents of the church. They are elected for life from among the <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Methodism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elder (Methodism)">ordained elders</a> (presbyters) by vote of the delegates in regional (called jurisdictional) conferences, and are consecrated by the other bishops present at the conference through the laying on of hands. In the United Methodist Church bishops remain members of the "Order of Elders" while being consecrated to the "<a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Office of the Episcopacy</a>". Within the United Methodist Church only bishops are empowered to consecrate bishops and ordain clergy. Among their most critical duties is the ordination and appointment of clergy to serve local churches as pastor, presiding at sessions of the Annual, Jurisdictional, and General Conferences, providing pastoral ministry for the clergy under their charge, and safeguarding the doctrine and discipline of the church. Furthermore, individual bishops, or the Council of Bishops as a whole, often serve a prophetic role, making statements on important social issues and setting forth a vision for the denomination, though they have no legislative authority of their own. In all of these areas, bishops of the United Methodist Church function very much in the historic meaning of the term. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_of_the_United_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church">Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church</a></i>, a bishop's responsibilities are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><i>Leadership.—Spiritual and Temporal</i>— </p> <ol><li>To lead and oversee the spiritual and temporal affairs of The United Methodist Church, which confesses Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior, and particularly to lead the Church in its mission of witness and service in the world.</li> <li>To travel through the connection at large as the Council of Bishops (¶ 526) to implement strategy for the concern of the Church.</li> <li>To provide liaison and leadership in the quest for Christian unity in ministry, mission, and structure and in the search for strengthened relationships with other living faith communities.</li> <li>To organize such Missions as shall have been authorized by the <a href="/wiki/General_conference_(United_Methodist_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="General conference (United Methodist Church)">General Conference</a>.</li> <li>To promote and support the evangelistic vision of the whole Church.</li> <li>To discharge such other duties as the Discipline may direct.</li></ol> <p><i>Presidential Duties.</i>—1. To preside in the General, Jurisdictional, Central, and Annual Conferences. 2. To form the districts after consultation with the district superintendents and after the number of the same has been determined by vote of the Annual Conference. 3. To appoint the <a href="/wiki/District_Superintendent_(United_Methodist_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="District Superintendent (United Methodist Church)">district superintendents</a> annually (¶¶ 517–518). 4. To consecrate bishops, to ordain elders and deacons, to consecrate diaconal ministers, to commission <a href="/wiki/Deaconess" title="Deaconess">deaconesses</a> and home missionaries, and to see that the names of the persons commissioned and consecrated are entered on the journals of the conference and that proper credentials are furnished to these persons. </p><p><i>Working with Ministers.</i>—1. To make and fix the appointments in the Annual Conferences, Provisional Annual Conferences, and Missions as the Discipline may direct (¶¶ 529–533). </p><p> 2. To divide or to unite a circuit(s), stations(s), or mission(s) as judged necessary for missionary strategy and then to make appropriate appointments. 3. To read the appointments of deaconesses, diaconal ministers, lay persons in service under the World Division of the General Board of Global Ministries, and home missionaries. 4. To fix the Charge Conference membership of all ordained ministers appointed to ministries other than the local church in keeping with ¶443.3. 5. To transfer, upon the request of the receiving bishop, ministerial member(s) of one Annual Conference to another, <i>provided</i> said member(s) agrees to transfer; and to send immediately to the secretaries of both conferences involved, to the conference Boards of Ordained Ministry, and to the clearing house of the General Board of Pensions written notices of the transfer of members and of their standing in the course of study if they are undergraduates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1980_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1980-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In each Annual Conference, United Methodist bishops serve for four-year terms, and may serve up to three terms before either retirement or appointment to a new Conference. United Methodist bishops may be male or female, with <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Matthews" title="Marjorie Matthews">Marjorie Matthews</a> being the first woman to be consecrated a bishop in 1980. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ordination_of_Bishop_Asbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_Ordination_of_Bishop_Asbury.jpg/300px-The_Ordination_of_Bishop_Asbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_Ordination_of_Bishop_Asbury.jpg/450px-The_Ordination_of_Bishop_Asbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_Ordination_of_Bishop_Asbury.jpg/600px-The_Ordination_of_Bishop_Asbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="1325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a>'s ordination as bishop by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a> at the 1784 <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Conference" title="Christmas Conference">Christmas Conference</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The collegial expression of episcopal leadership in the United Methodist Church is known as the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Council_of_Bishops" title="United Methodist Council of Bishops">Council of Bishops</a>. The Council of Bishops speaks to the church and through the church into the world and gives leadership in the quest for Christian unity and interreligious relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1980_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1980-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conference of Methodist Bishops includes the United Methodist <i>Council of Bishops</i> plus bishops from affiliated autonomous Methodist or <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United</a> Churches. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> consecrated Thomas Coke a "General Superintendent", and directed that Francis Asbury also be consecrated for the United States of America in 1784, where the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a> first became a separate <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denomination</a> apart from the Church of England. Coke soon returned to England, but Asbury was the primary builder of the new church. At first he did not call himself bishop, but eventually submitted to the usage by the denomination. </p><p>Notable bishops in United Methodist history include Coke, Asbury, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Whatcoat" title="Richard Whatcoat">Richard Whatcoat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_William_Otterbein" title="Philip William Otterbein">Philip William Otterbein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Boehm" title="Martin Boehm">Martin Boehm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Albright" title="Jacob Albright">Jacob Albright</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Seybert" title="John Seybert">John Seybert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Simpson" title="Matthew Simpson">Matthew Simpson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_S._Stamm" title="John S. Stamm">John S. Stamm</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Ragsdale_Cannon" title="William Ragsdale Cannon">William Ragsdale Cannon</a>, Marjorie Matthews, <a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_B._Oden" title="William B. Oden">William B. Oden</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ntambo_Nkulu_Ntanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ntambo Nkulu Ntanda (page does not exist)">Ntambo Nkulu Ntanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sprague" title="Joseph Sprague">Joseph Sprague</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Willimon" title="William Henry Willimon">William Henry Willimon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bickerton" title="Thomas Bickerton">Thomas Bickerton</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Bishop (Latter Day Saints)">Bishop (Latter Day Saints)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Bishop (Latter Day Saints)">Bishop</a> is the leader of a local congregation, called a <a href="/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)" title="Ward (LDS Church)">ward</a>. As with most LDS priesthood holders, the bishop is a part-time lay minister and earns a living through other employment. As such, it is his duty to preside, call local leaders, and judge the worthiness of members for certain activities. The bishop does not deliver sermons at every service (generally asking members to do so), but is expected to be a spiritual guide for his congregation. It is therefore believed that he has both the right and ability to receive divine inspiration (through the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>) for the ward under his direction. Because it is a part-time position, all able members are expected to assist in the management of the ward by holding delegated lay positions (for example, women's and youth leaders, teachers) referred to as callings. The bishop is especially responsible for leading the youth,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in connection with the fact that a bishop is the president of the <a href="/wiki/Aaronic_priesthood_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaronic priesthood (LDS Church)">Aaronic priesthood</a> in his ward (and is thus a form of Mormon <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a>). Although members are asked to confess serious sins to him, unlike the Catholic Church, he is not the instrument of divine forgiveness, but merely a guide through the repentance process (and a judge in case transgressions warrant excommunication or other official discipline). The bishop is also responsible for the physical welfare of the ward, and thus collects <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fast_offering" title="Fast offering">fast offerings</a> and distributes financial assistance where needed. </p><p>A literal descendant of Aaron has "legal right" to act as a bishop<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after being found worthy and ordained by the <a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Doctrine_and_Covenants_68:20_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doctrine_and_Covenants_68:20-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the absence of a literal descendant of Aaron, a <a href="/wiki/High_priest_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="High priest (Latter Day Saints)">high priest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Melchizedek priesthood">Melchizedek priesthood</a> is called to be a bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-Doctrine_and_Covenants_68:20_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doctrine_and_Covenants_68:20-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each bishop is selected from resident members of the ward by the <a href="/wiki/Stake_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Stake (Latter Day Saints)">stake presidency</a> with approval of the First Presidency, and chooses two <i>counselors</i> to form a <i>bishopric</i>. An priesthood holder called as bishop must be ordained a high priest if he is not already one, unlike the similar function of branch president.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In special circumstances (such as a ward consisting entirely of young university students), a bishop may be chosen from outside the ward. Traditionally, bishops are married, though this is not always the case.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bishop is typically released after about five years and a new bishop is called to the position. Although the former bishop is released from his duties, he continues to hold the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop. Church members frequently refer to a former bishop as "Bishop" as a sign of respect and affection. </p><p>Latter-day Saint bishops do not wear any special clothing or insignia the way clergy in many other churches do, but are expected to dress and groom themselves neatly and conservatively per their local culture, especially when performing official duties. Bishops (as well as other members of the priesthood) can trace their line of authority back to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, who, according to church doctrine, was ordained to lead the church in modern times by the ancient apostles Peter, <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a>, and John, who were ordained to lead the Church by Jesus Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the global level, the <a href="/wiki/Presiding_Bishop_(LDS_Church)" title="Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)">presiding bishop</a> oversees the temporal affairs (buildings, properties, commercial corporations, and so on) of the worldwide church, including the church's massive global humanitarian aid and social welfare programs. The presiding bishop has two counselors; the three together form the presiding bishopric.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As opposed to ward bishoprics, where the counselors do not hold the office of bishop, all three men in the presiding bishopric hold the office of bishop, and thus the counselors, as with the presiding bishop, are formally referred to as "Bishop".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irvingism">Irvingism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Irvingism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Apostolic_Church">New Apostolic Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: New Apostolic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a> (NAC) knows three classes of ministries: Deacons, Priests and Apostles. The <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church#Apostle_ministry_and_exclusivism" title="New Apostolic Church">Apostles</a>, who are all included in the apostolate with the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Apostle" title="Chief Apostle">Chief Apostle</a> as head, are the highest ministries. </p><p>Of the several kinds of priest....ministries, the bishop is the highest. Nearly all bishops are set in line directly from the chief apostle. They support and help their superior apostle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pentecostalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Church_of_God_in_Christ">Church of God in Christ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Church of God in Christ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ (COGIC)</a>, the ecclesiastical structure is composed of large dioceses that are called "jurisdictions" within COGIC, each under the authority of a bishop, sometimes called "state bishops". They can either be made up of large geographical regions of churches or churches that are grouped and organized together as their own separate jurisdictions because of similar affiliations, regardless of geographical location or dispersion. Each state in the U.S. has at least one jurisdiction while others may have several more, and each jurisdiction is usually composed of between 30 and 100 churches. Each jurisdiction is then broken down into several districts, which are smaller groups of churches (either grouped by geographical situation or by similar affiliations) which are each under the authority of District Superintendents who answer to the authority of their jurisdictional/state bishop. There are currently over 170 jurisdictions in the United States, and over 30 jurisdictions in other countries. The bishops of each jurisdiction, according to the COGIC Manual, are considered to be the modern day equivalent in the church of the early apostles and overseers of the New Testament church, and as the highest ranking clergymen in the COGIC, they are tasked with the responsibilities of being the head overseers of all religious, civil, and economic ministries and protocol for the church denomination.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also have the authority to appoint and ordain local <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">ministers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">reverends</a> within the denomination. The bishops of the COGIC denomination are all collectively called "The Board of Bishops".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the Board of Bishops, and the General Assembly of the COGIC, the body of the church composed of clergy and lay delegates that are responsible for making and enforcing the bylaws of the denomination, every four years, twelve bishops from the COGIC are elected as "The General Board" of the church, who work alongside the delegates of the General Assembly and Board of Bishops to provide administration over the denomination as the church's head executive leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of twelve bishops of the General Board is also elected the "presiding bishop" of the church, and two others are appointed by the presiding bishop himself, as his first and second assistant presiding bishops. </p><p>Bishops in the Church of God in Christ usually wear black clergy suits which consist of a black suit blazer, black pants, a purple or scarlet clergy shirt and a white <a href="/wiki/Clerical_collar" title="Clerical collar">clerical collar</a>, which is usually referred to as "Class B Civic attire". Bishops in COGIC also typically wear the Anglican Choir Dress style vestments of a long purple or scarlet chimere, cuffs, and tippet worn over a long white rochet, and a gold pectoral cross worn around the neck with the tippet. This is usually referred to as "Class A Ceremonial attire". The bishops of COGIC alternate between Class A Ceremonial attire and Class B Civic attire depending on the protocol of the religious services and other events they have to attend.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)"><span id="Church_of_God_.28Cleveland.2C_Tennessee.29"></span>Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the polity of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a>, the international leader is the presiding bishop, and the members of the executive committee are executive bishops. Collectively, they supervise and appoint national and state leaders across the world. Leaders of individual states and regions are administrative bishops, who have jurisdiction over local churches in their respective states and are vested with appointment authority for local pastorates. All ministers are credentialed at one of three levels of licensure, the most senior of which is the rank of ordained bishop. To be eligible to serve in state, national, or international positions of authority, a minister must hold the rank of ordained bishop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pentecostal_Church_of_God">Pentecostal Church of God</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pentecostal Church of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, the general convention of the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Pentecostal Church of God">Pentecostal Church of God</a> came to a consensus to change the title of their overseer from general superintendent to bishop. The change was brought on because internationally, the term <i>bishop</i> is more commonly related to religious leaders than the previous title. </p><p>The title <i>bishop</i> is used for both the general (international leader) and the district (state) leaders. The title is sometimes used in conjunction with the previous, thus becoming general (district) superintendent/bishop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh-day_Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Seventh-day Adventists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Seventh-day Adventist understanding of the doctrine of the church: </p><p>"The "elders" (Greek, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">presbuteros</i></span>) or "bishops" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">episkopos</i></span>) were the most important officers of the church. The term elder means older one, implying dignity and respect. His position was similar to that of the one who had supervision of the synagogue. The term bishop means "overseer". Paul used these terms interchangeably, equating elders with overseers or bishops (Acts 20:17,<a href="/wiki/Acts_20:28" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts 20:28">28</a>; Titus 1:5, 7). </p><p>"Those who held this position supervised the newly formed churches. Elder referred to the status or rank of the office, while bishop denoted the duty or responsibility of the office—"overseer". Since the apostles also called themselves elders (1 Peter 5:1; 2 John 1; 3 John 1), it is apparent that there were both local elders and itinerant elders, or elders at large. But both kinds of elder functioned as shepherds of the congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" </p><p>The above understanding is part of the basis of Adventist organizational structure. The world wide Seventh-day Adventist church is organized into local districts, conferences or missions, union conferences or union missions, divisions, and finally at the top is the general conference. At each level (with exception to the local districts), there is an elder who is elected president and a group of elders who serve on the executive committee with the elected president. Those who have been elected president would in effect be the "bishop" while never actually carrying the title or ordained as such because the term is usually associated with the episcopal style of church governance most often found in Catholic, Anglican, Methodist and some Pentecostal/Charismatic circles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Baptists also have begun taking on the title of <i>bishop</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bost_More_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bost_More-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some smaller Protestant denominations and independent churches, the term <i>bishop</i> is used in the same way as <i>pastor</i>, to refer to the leader of the local congregation, and may be male or female. This usage is especially common in African-American churches in the US. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>, which has a Presbyterian church structure, the word "bishop" refers to an ordained person, usually a normal parish minister, who has temporary oversight of a trainee minister. In the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church (USA)</a>, the term bishop is an expressive name for a Minister of Word and Sacrament who serves a congregation and exercises "the oversight of the flock of Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-presby_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presby-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is traceable to the 1789 Form of Government of the PC (USA) and the Presbyterian understanding of the pastoral office.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While not considered orthodox Christian, the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica_Catholica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica">Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica</a> uses roles and titles derived from Christianity for its clerical hierarchy, including bishops who have much the same authority and responsibilities as in Catholicism. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> does not have bishops but has appointed leaders of geographical areas, known as Divisional Commanders. Larger geographical areas, called Territories, are led by a Territorial Commander, who is the highest-ranking officer in that Territory. </p><p>Jehovah's Witnesses do not use the title 'Bishop' within their organizational structure, but appoint elders to be overseers (to fulfill the role of oversight) within their congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_(1834%E2%80%931918).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png/260px-Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png/390px-Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Ingwer_Ludwig_Nommensen_%281834%E2%80%931918%29.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen">Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> Lutheran missionary from <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Missionary_Society" title="Rhenish Missionary Society">Rhenish Missionary Society</a>, also first Ephorus of the Batak Christian Protestant Church</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Batak_Christian_Protestant_Church" title="Batak Christian Protestant Church">Batak Christian Protestant Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the most prominent <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Indonesia" title="Protestantism in Indonesia">Protestant denomination in Indonesia</a>, uses the term <i>Ephorus</i> instead of <i>bishop</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Vietnamese syncretist religion of <a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a>, bishops (<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">giáo sư</i></span>) comprise the fifth of nine hierarchical levels, and are responsible for spiritual and temporal education as well as record-keeping and ceremonies in their parishes. At any one time there are seventy-two bishops. Their authority is described in Section I of the text <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Tân Luật</i></span> (revealed through seances in December 1926). Caodai bishops wear robes and headgear of embroidered silk depicting the Divine Eye and the Eight Trigrams. (The color varies according to branch.) This is the full ceremonial dress; the simple version consists of a seven-layered turban. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dress_and_insignia_in_Christianity">Dress and insignia in Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dress and insignia in Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_vestments" title="Pontifical vestments">Pontifical vestments</a></div> <p>Traditionally, a number of items are associated with the office of a bishop, most notably the mitre and the <a href="/wiki/Crosier" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosier">crosier</a>. Other vestments and insignia vary between Eastern and Western Christianity. </p><p>In the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, the <a href="/wiki/Choir_dress" title="Choir dress">choir dress</a> of a bishop includes the purple cassock with amaranth trim, <a href="/wiki/Rochet" title="Rochet">rochet</a>, purple <a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">zucchetto</a> (skull cap), purple <a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta">biretta</a>, and pectoral cross. The <a href="/wiki/Cappa_magna" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappa magna">cappa magna</a> may be worn, but only within the bishop's own diocese and on especially solemn occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStehle1914_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStehle1914-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mitre, <a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">zucchetto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">stole</a> are generally worn by bishops when presiding over liturgical functions. For liturgical functions other than the <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a> the bishop typically wears the cope. Within his own diocese and when celebrating solemnly elsewhere with the consent of the local <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary (officer)">ordinary</a>, he also uses the crosier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStehle1914_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStehle1914-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When celebrating Mass, a bishop, like a <a href="/wiki/Priest_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priest (Catholic Church)">priest</a>, wears the <a href="/wiki/Chasuble" title="Chasuble">chasuble</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Caeremoniale_Episcoporum" title="Caeremoniale Episcoporum">Caeremoniale Episcoporum</a> recommends, but does not impose, that in solemn celebrations a bishop should also wear a <a href="/wiki/Dalmatic" title="Dalmatic">dalmatic</a>, which can always be white, beneath the chasuble, especially when administering the sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">holy orders</a>, blessing an abbot or abbess, and dedicating a church or an altar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStehle1914_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStehle1914-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caeremoniale Episcoporum no longer makes mention of <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_gloves" title="Episcopal gloves">episcopal gloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_sandals" title="Episcopal sandals">episcopal sandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_stockings" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical stockings">liturgical stockings</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Buskins" class="mw-redirect" title="Buskins">buskins</a>), or the accoutrements that it once prescribed for the bishop's horse. The coat of arms of a Latin Church Catholic bishop usually displays a <a href="/wiki/Galero" title="Galero">galero</a> with a cross and crosier behind the <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">escutcheon</a>; the specifics differ by location and ecclesiastical rank (see <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry" title="Ecclesiastical heraldry">Ecclesiastical heraldry</a>). </p><p>Anglican bishops generally make use of the mitre, crosier, ecclesiastical ring, purple cassock, purple zucchetto, and pectoral cross. However, the traditional choir dress of Anglican bishops retains its late mediaeval form, and looks quite different from that of their Catholic counterparts; it consists of a long rochet which is worn with a <a href="/wiki/Chimere" title="Chimere">chimere</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Churches">Eastern Churches</a> (Eastern Orthodox, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rite_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Rite Catholic">Eastern Rite Catholic</a>) a bishop will wear the <a href="/wiki/Mandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandyas">mandyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panagia" title="Panagia">panagia</a> (and perhaps an <a href="/wiki/Enkolpion" class="mw-redirect" title="Enkolpion">enkolpion</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sakkos" title="Sakkos">sakkos</a>, omophorion and an Eastern-style mitre. Eastern bishops do not normally wear an episcopal ring; the faithful kiss (or, alternatively, touch their forehead to) the bishop's hand. To seal official documents, he will usually use an inked stamp. An Eastern bishop's coat of arms will normally display an Eastern-style mitre, cross, eastern style crosier and a red and white (or red and gold) <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#Mantle" title="Ecclesiastical heraldry">mantle</a>. The arms of Oriental Orthodox bishops will display the episcopal insignia (mitre or turban) specific to their own liturgical traditions. Variations occur based upon jurisdiction and national customs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cathedra">Cathedra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cathedra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a> there is a special chair set aside for the exclusive use of the bishop. This is the bishop's <i><a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a></i> and is often called the <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">throne</a>. In some Christian denominations, for example, the Anglican Communion, parish churches may maintain a chair for the use of the bishop when he visits; this is to signify the parish's union with the bishop. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyr-Jonas_presovsky-arcibiskup-a-metropolita-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Byzantine Rite Catholic bishop in non-liturgical clothing"><img alt="Byzantine Rite Catholic bishop in non-liturgical clothing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kyr-Jonas_presovsky-arcibiskup-a-metropolita-1.jpg/130px-Kyr-Jonas_presovsky-arcibiskup-a-metropolita-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kyr-Jonas_presovsky-arcibiskup-a-metropolita-1.jpg/196px-Kyr-Jonas_presovsky-arcibiskup-a-metropolita-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kyr-Jonas_presovsky-arcibiskup-a-metropolita-1.jpg/261px-Kyr-Jonas_presovsky-arcibiskup-a-metropolita-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Byzantine Rite Catholic bishop in non-liturgical clothing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishop_Trevor_Williams.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Anglican bishop with a crosier, wearing a rochet under a red chimere and cuffs, a black tippet, and a pectoral cross"><img alt="An Anglican bishop with a crosier, wearing a rochet under a red chimere and cuffs, a black tippet, and a pectoral cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bishop_Trevor_Williams.jpg/160px-Bishop_Trevor_Williams.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bishop_Trevor_Williams.jpg/240px-Bishop_Trevor_Williams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bishop_Trevor_Williams.jpg/320px-Bishop_Trevor_Williams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Anglican bishop with a crosier, wearing a rochet under a red chimere and cuffs, a black tippet, and a pectoral cross</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BishopThom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Episcopal bishop immediately before presiding at the Great Vigil of Easter in the narthex of St. Michael's Episcopal Cathedral in Boise, Idaho."><img alt="An Episcopal bishop immediately before presiding at the Great Vigil of Easter in the narthex of St. Michael's Episcopal Cathedral in Boise, Idaho." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/BishopThom.jpg/150px-BishopThom.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/BishopThom.jpg/225px-BishopThom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/BishopThom.jpg/300px-BishopThom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Episcopal bishop immediately before presiding at the Great Vigil of Easter in the <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a> of St. Michael's Episcopal Cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephorus_HKBP_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Ephorus of the Batak Christian Protestant Church in Indonesia, one of the largest Lutheran churches in Southeast Asia, wearing uses white bands and Geneva gown"><img alt="An Ephorus of the Batak Christian Protestant Church in Indonesia, one of the largest Lutheran churches in Southeast Asia, wearing uses white bands and Geneva gown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ephorus_HKBP_%28cropped%29.jpg/146px-Ephorus_HKBP_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ephorus_HKBP_%28cropped%29.jpg/219px-Ephorus_HKBP_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ephorus_HKBP_%28cropped%29.jpg/292px-Ephorus_HKBP_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Ephorus of the <a href="/wiki/Batak_Christian_Protestant_Church" title="Batak Christian Protestant Church">Batak Christian Protestant Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> churches in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, wearing uses white <a href="/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)" title="Bands (neckwear)">bands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geneva_gown" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva gown">Geneva gown</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_term's_use_in_non-Christian_religions"><span id="The_term.27s_use_in_non-Christian_religions"></span>The term's use in non-Christian religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: The term's use in non-Christian religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The leader of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Churches_of_America" title="Buddhist Churches of America">Buddhist Churches of America</a> (BCA) is their <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_the_Buddhist_Churches_of_America" title="Bishop of the Buddhist Churches of America">bishop</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese title for the bishop of the BCA is <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sochō</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the English title is favored over the Japanese. When it comes to many other <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Terms_and_Concepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Terms and Concepts">Buddhist terms</a>, the BCA chose to keep them in their original language (terms such as <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">sangha</a></i></span> and <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">dana</a></i></span>), but with some words (including <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sochō</i></span>), they changed/translated these terms into English words.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1899 and 1944, the BCA held the name Buddhist Mission of North America. The leader of the Buddhist Mission of North America was called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kantoku</i></span> (superintendent/director) between 1899 and 1918. In 1918 the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kantoku</i></span> was promoted to bishop (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sochō</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to George J. Tanabe, the title "bishop" was in practice already used by Hawaiian Shin Buddhists (in <a href="/wiki/Honpa_Hongwanji_Mission_of_Hawaii" title="Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii">Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii</a>) even when the official title was <i>kantoku</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bishops are also present in other Japanese Buddhist organizations. <a href="/wiki/Higashi_Hongan-ji" title="Higashi Hongan-ji">Higashi Hongan-ji</a>'s North American District, <a href="/wiki/Honpa_Hongwanji_Mission_of_Hawaii" title="Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii">Honpa Honganji Mission of Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jodo_Shinshu_Buddhist_Temples_of_Canada" title="Jodo Shinshu Buddhist Temples of Canada">Jodo Shinshu Buddhist Temples of Canada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jodo Shu</a> temple in Los Angeles, the <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a> temple <a href="/wiki/Koyasan_Buddhist_Temple" title="Koyasan Buddhist Temple">Koyasan Buddhist Temple</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sōtō Mission in Hawai‘i (a <a href="/wiki/Soto_Zen" class="mw-redirect" title="Soto Zen">Soto Zen</a> Buddhist institution),<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Sōtō Zen Buddhist Community of South America (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Comunidade Budista Sōtō Zenshū da América do Sul</i></span>) all have or have had leaders with the title bishop. As for the Sōtō Zen Buddhist Community of South America, the Japanese title is <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sōkan</i></span>, but the leader is in practice referred to as "bishop".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tenrikyo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a> is a Japanese New Religion with influences from both Shinto and Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leader of the Tenrikyo North American Mission has the title of bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry#Bishops" title="Anglican ministry">Anglican ministry#Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appointment_of_Catholic_bishops" title="Appointment of Catholic bishops">Appointment of Catholic bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appointment_of_Church_of_England_bishops" title="Appointment of Church of England bishops">Appointment of Church of England bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_Europe" title="Bishop in Europe">Bishop in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishops in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Alexandria">Bishop of Alexandria</a>, or Pope</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="Bishops in the Church of Scotland">Bishops in the Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical polity</a> (church governance) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregationalist polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian polity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzibra" title="Ganzibra">Ganzibra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay bishops">Gay bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_bishops_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Catholic bishops of the United States">List of Catholic bishops of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitans_and_Patriarchs_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow">List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_spiritual_teachers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of types of spiritual teachers">List of types of spiritual teachers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lutheran_clergy#Lists_of_Lutheran_bishops_and_archbishops" title="List of Lutheran clergy">List of Lutheran bishops and archbishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_patriarchs,_archbishops,_and_bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops">Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Bishop" title="Lord Bishop">Lord Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Order of precedence in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd#Religion" title="Shepherd">Shepherd in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokesperson_bishops_in_the_Church_of_England" title="Spokesperson bishops in the Church of England">Spokesperson bishops in the Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragan_Bishop_in_Europe" title="Suffragan Bishop in Europe">Suffragan Bishop in Europe</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It seems that at first the terms 'episcopos' and 'presbyter' were used interchangeably ..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross_&_Livingstone2005211_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross_&_Livingstone2005211-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The general consensus among scholars has been that, at the turn of the first and second centuries, local congregations were led by bishops and presbyters whose offices were overlapping or indistinguishable."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell,_Young_&_Scott_Bowie2006417_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell,_Young_&_Scott_Bowie2006417-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Blessed be God, who has granted unto you, who are yourselves so excellent, to obtain such an excellent bishop.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians 1:1<sup id="cite_ref-ccel_NN_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccel_NN-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 16 of the Second Vatican Council's Decree on Ecumenism, <a href="/wiki/Unitatis_Redintegratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitatis Redintegratio">Unitatis Redintegratio</a> states: "To remove, then, all shadow of doubt, this holy Council solemnly declares that the Churches of the East, while remembering the necessary unity of the whole Church, have the power to govern themselves according to the disciplines proper to them, since these are better suited to the character of their faithful, and more for the good of their souls."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/vocations/priesthood/ten-frequently-asked-questions-about-the-reservation-of-priestly-ordination-to-men">"Ten Frequently Asked Questions About the Reservation of Priestly Ordination to Men | USCCB"</a>. <i>www.usccb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usccb.org&rft.atitle=Ten+Frequently+Asked+Questions+About+the+Reservation+of+Priestly+Ordination+to+Men+%7C+USCCB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fbeliefs-and-teachings%2Fvocations%2Fpriesthood%2Ften-frequently-asked-questions-about-the-reservation-of-priestly-ordination-to-men&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BIA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BIA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashima1977" class="citation book cs1">Kashima, Tetsuden (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/buddhisminameric00tets"><i>Buddhism in America: the social organization of an ethnic religious institution</i></a>. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-9534-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-9534-6"><bdi>978-0-8371-9534-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+America%3A+the+social+organization+of+an+ethnic+religious+institution&rft.place=Connecticut&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-9534-6&rft.aulast=Kashima&rft.aufirst=Tetsuden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhisminameric00tets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccel_Earl-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ccel_Earl_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccel_Earl_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/richardson/fathers.vi.ii.iii.i.html">"Early Christian Fathers"</a>. <i>Christian Classics Ethereal Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.atitle=Early+Christian+Fathers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Frichardson%2Ffathers.vi.ii.iii.i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Standard_Version" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Version" title="International Standard Version">International Standard Version</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105095216/http://isv.org/catacombs/elders.htm">"Elders"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isvbible.com/catacombs/elders.htm">the original</a> on 5 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andorra+%E2%80%93+First+and+second+Par%C3%A9ages+%28feudal+charters%29&rft.pub=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Vela+Palomares%2C+Susanna&rft.au=Govern+d%27Andorra&rft.au=Ministry+of+Social+Affairs+and+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fwebworld%2Fnominations%2Fen%2Fandorra%2Fandorra.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/apostolic-see">"Apostolic See definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostolic+See+definition+and+meaning+%26%23124%3B+Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fapostolic-see&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2009" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (2009). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tynwald+Day+2017&rft.atitle=The+Lord+Bishop&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tynwald.org.im%2Fabout%2Ftynday%2FTD2017%2FDocuments%2FTD2017%2520Prog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-durham1858-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-durham1858_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1858/45/">"Durham County Palatine Act 1858"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, 23 July 1858, 1858 c. 45<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Durham+County+Palatine+Act+1858&rft.date=1858-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1858%2F45%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orthochristian.com/121464.html">"Ukrainian schismatic synod allows "clergy" to run for political office, against Church canons"</a>. <i>OrthoChristian.Com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Eastern+Orthodoxy+-+The+church+of+Russia+%281448%E2%80%931800%29+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FEastern-Orthodoxy%2FThe-church-of-Russia-1448-1800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuthnow2013" class="citation book cs1">Wuthnow, Robert (4 December 2013). "Orthodoxy, Greek". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1307463108"><i>The Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion: 2-volume Set</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28493-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28493-9"><bdi>978-1-136-28493-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1307463108">1307463108</a>. <q>He continued as president and archbishop during the turbulent 1960s and 1970s, when Greek and Turkish Cypriots clashed over what Turks viewed as Greek efforts to disenfranchise them, and the governments of both Greece and Turkey intervened in Cypriot affairs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orthodoxy%2C+Greek&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Politics+and+Religion%3A+2-volume+Set&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1307463108&rft.isbn=978-1-136-28493-9&rft.aulast=Wuthnow&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1307463108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton2001" class="citation web cs1">Crampton, Dave (30 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0104/S00150/church-vs-state-issues-raised-in-oz-gg-appointment.htm?from-mobile=bottom-link-01">"Church Vs State Issues Raised In Oz GG Appointment"</a>. <i>www.scoop.co.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=A+churchman+cannot+serve+two+masters&rft.date=2003-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fa-churchman-cannot-serve-two-masters-20030604-gdgvfc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1F.HTM">"Canon 406"</a>. <i>Code of Canon Law</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. 1983<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.atitle=Canon+406&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F__P1F.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-COS2022-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-COS2022_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svenskakyrkan.se/ministry-and-ministries">"Ministry and Ministries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Sweden">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Sweden</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+and+Ministries&rft.pub=Evangelical+Lutheran+Church+of+Sweden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svenskakyrkan.se%2Fministry-and-ministries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wordsworth1911-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wordsworth1911_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordsworth1911" class="citation book cs1">Wordsworth, John (1911). <i>The National Church of Sweden</i>. A. R. Mowbray & Company Limited. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8401-2821-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8401-2821-8"><bdi>978-0-8401-2821-8</bdi></a>. <q>This same archbishop compiled a code of the statues of his diocese, from which we may learn much as to the administration of the sacraments customary in Sweden. The three forms just named were to be taught to children by their parents and god-parents. Children of seven years old and upwards were to be confirmed by the bishop fasting—the implication that if they were confirmed at an earlier age they need not fast. No one was to be confirmed more than once, and parents were frequently to remind their children by whom and where they were confirmed. Bishops might change names in confirmation, and no one is to be admitted to minor orders without confirmation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Church+of+Sweden&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=A.+R.+Mowbray+%26+Company+Limited&rft.date=1911&rft.isbn=978-0-8401-2821-8&rft.aulast=Wordsworth&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3U.HTM">Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1313</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927014929/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3U.HTM">Archived</a> 27 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-König2010-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-König2010_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKönig2010" class="citation book cs1">König, Andrea (2010). <i>Mission, Dialog und friedliche Koexistenz: Zusammenleben in einer multireligiösen und säkularen Gesellschaft : Situation, Initiativen und Perspektiven für die Zukunft</i>. Peter Lang. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631609453" title="Special:BookSources/9783631609453"><bdi>9783631609453</bdi></a>. <q>Having said that, Lutheran bishops in Sweden or Finland, which retained apostolic succession, or other parts of the world, such as Africa or Asia, which gained it from Scandinavia, could easily be engaged to do something similar in Australia, as has been done in the United States, without reliance on Anglicans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission%2C+Dialog+und+friedliche+Koexistenz%3A+Zusammenleben+in+einer+multireligi%C3%B6sen+und+s%C3%A4kularen+Gesellschaft+%3A+Situation%2C+Initiativen+und+Perspektiven+f%C3%BCr+die+Zukunft&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783631609453&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6nig&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obare-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Obare_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Obare" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Obare" title="Walter Obare">Walter Obare</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.ctsfw.edu/Item/GetFullText/498">"Choose Life!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Theological_Seminary" title="Concordia Theological Seminary">Concordia Theological Seminary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Choose+Life%21&rft.pub=Concordia+Theological+Seminary&rft.au=Walter+Obare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.ctsfw.edu%2FItem%2FGetFullText%2F498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_A._GranquistJonathan_StromMary_Jane_HaemigRobert_Kolb2017" class="citation book cs1">Mark A. 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Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-1023-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-1023-1"><bdi>978-1-4934-1023-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Luther+and+the+Lutheran+Traditions&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4934-1023-1&rft.au=Mark+A.+Granquist&rft.au=Jonathan+Strom&rft.au=Mary+Jane+Haemig&rft.au=Robert+Kolb&rft.au=Mark+C.+Mattes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedettoDuke2008" class="citation book cs1">Benedetto, Robert; Duke, James O. (13 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abebooks.com/book-search/isbn/0664224164/page-1/"><i>The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: The Early, Medieval, and Reformation Eras</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 594. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664224165" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664224165"><bdi>978-0664224165</bdi></a>. <q>In Sweden the apostolic succession was preserved because the Catholic bishops were allowed to stay in office, but they had to approve changes in the ceremonies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Westminster+Dictionary+of+Church+History%3A+The+Early%2C+Medieval%2C+and+Reformation+Eras&rft.pages=594&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2008-08-13&rft.isbn=978-0664224165&rft.aulast=Benedetto&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Duke%2C+James+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2Fbook-search%2Fisbn%2F0664224164%2Fpage-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060308013147/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0601225.htm">"Catholic News Service"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0601225.htm">the original</a> on 8 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+News+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fdata%2Fstories%2Fcns%2F0601225.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060613190031/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0603382.htm">"Catholic News Service"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0603382.htm">the original</a> on 13 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+News+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fdata%2Fstories%2Fcns%2F0603382.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2001" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Francis Aloysius (2001). <i>From Apostles to Bishops: The Development of the Episcopacy in the Early Church</i>. Paulist Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809105349" title="Special:BookSources/0809105349"><bdi>0809105349</bdi></a>. <q>To my knowledge, the Catholic Church has never officially expressed its judgement on the validity of orders as they have been handed down by episcopal succession in these two national Lutheran churches.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Apostles+to+Bishops%3A+The+Development+of+the+Episcopacy+in+the+Early+Church&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0809105349&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Francis+Aloysius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sakasti.evl.fi/sakasti.nsf/0/DA1B501CC09E109FC22577AE002A3DD8/$FILE/Report%20Justification%20in%20the%20Life%20of%20the%20Church.pdf">"Roman Catholic – Lutheran Dialogue Group for Sweden and Finland, <i>Justification in the Life of the Church</i>, section 297, page 101"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+Catholic+%E2%80%93+Lutheran+Dialogue+Group+for+Sweden+and+Finland%2C+Justification+in+the+Life+of+the+Church%2C+section+297%2C+page+101&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsakasti.evl.fi%2Fsakasti.nsf%2F0%2FDA1B501CC09E109FC22577AE002A3DD8%2F%24FILE%2FReport%2520Justification%2520in%2520the%2520Life%2520of%2520the%2520Church.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Dufort, <i>The Tablet</i>, 29 May 1982, pp. 536–538.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dufort, Timothy (29 May 1982). <i>The Tablet</i>. pp. 536–538.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourladyswarriors.org/teach/ordisace2.htm"><i>Responsum ad Dubium Concerning the Teaching Contained in Ordinatio Sacerdotalis</i></a>, 25 October 1995; Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/library/view.cfm?id=5189&repos=1&subrepos=&searchid=87187">Commentary, <i>Concerning the Reply of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on the Teaching Contained in the Apostolic Letter "Ordinatio Sacerdotalis"</i></a>, 25 October 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandley2003" class="citation news cs1">Handley, Paul (27 May 2003). "Churches' Goal Is Unity, Not Uniformity Spokesman for Vatican Declares". <i>Church Times</i>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+Times&rft.atitle=Churches%27+Goal+Is+Unity%2C+Not+Uniformity+Spokesman+for+Vatican+Declares&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2003-05-27&rft.aulast=Handley&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories.cns/1003635.htm">"In Britain, pope will focus on common Christian mission, official says"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <i>Catholic News Service</i>, 9 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.vaticannews.va">http://www.vaticannews.va</a>, Sept 6, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214093753/http://www.vaticannews.va/">Archived</a> 14 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Roberson, Ronald (Spring 2010). "The Dialogues of the Catholic Church with the Separated Eastern Churches". <i>U.S. Catholic Historian</i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcht.0.0041">10.1353/cht.0.0041</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40731267">40731267</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161330476">161330476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Catholic+Historian&rft.atitle=The+Dialogues+of+the+Catholic+Church+with+the+Separated+Eastern+Churches&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161330476%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40731267%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcht.0.0041&rft.aulast=Roberson&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VelikoGros2005-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VelikoGros2005_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelikoGros2005" class="citation book cs1">Veliko, Lydia; Gros, Jeffrey (2005). <i>Growing Consensus II: Church Dialogues in the United States, 1992-2004</i>. USCCB Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57455-557-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57455-557-8"><bdi>978-1-57455-557-8</bdi></a>. <q>In order to receive the historic episcopate, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America pledges that, following the adoption of this Concordat and in keeping with the collegiality and continuity of ordained ministry attested as early as canon 4 of the First Ecumenical Council (Nicea I, AD 325), at least three bishops already sharing in the sign of episcopal succession will be invited to participate in the installation of its next Presiding Bishop through prayer for the gift of the Holy Spirit and with the laying-on of hands. These participating bishops will be invited from churches of the Lutheran communion which share in the historic episcopate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+Consensus+II%3A+Church+Dialogues+in+the+United+States%2C+1992-2004&rft.pub=USCCB+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57455-557-8&rft.aulast=Veliko&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft.au=Gros%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514195302/http://www2.elca.org/ecumenical/fullcommunion/Episcopal/CCMresources/text.html">"A Lutheran Proposal for a Revision of the Concordat of Agreement"</a>. 19 August 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elca.org/ecumenical/fullcommunion/episcopal/ccmresources/text.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Lutheran+Proposal+for+a+Revision+of+the+Concordat+of+Agreement&rft.date=1999-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elca.org%2Fecumenical%2Ffullcommunion%2Fepiscopal%2Fccmresources%2Ftext.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1999" class="citation web cs1">Wright, J. Robert (Spring 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604070238/http://www2.elca.org/lutheranpartners/archives/histepi.html">"The Historic Episcopate: An Episcopalian Viewpoint"</a>. <i>Lutheran Partners</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elca.org/lutheranpartners/archives/histepi.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lutheran+Partners&rft.atitle=The+Historic+Episcopate%3A+An+Episcopalian+Viewpoint&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=J.+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elca.org%2Flutheranpartners%2Farchives%2Fhistepi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kencollins.com/explanations/why-12.htm">"The Function of Bishops in the Ancient Church"</a>. <i>kencollins.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kencollins.com&rft.atitle=The+Function+of+Bishops+in+the+Ancient+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kencollins.com%2Fexplanations%2Fwhy-12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ame-church.com/leadership/bishops-of-the-church/">"Bishops of the Church"</a>. African Methodist Episcopal Church. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bishops+of+the+Church&rft.pub=African+Methodist+Episcopal+Church&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ame-church.com%2Fleadership%2Fbishops-of-the-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuffie2010" class="citation web cs1">McGuffie, Felicia (18 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910031101/https://www.philasun.com/oasis/the-rev-dr-teresa-snorton-is-elected-first-female-bishop-of-the-christian-methodist-episcopal-church-cme/">"The Rev. Dr. Teresa Snorton is elected first female bishop of the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church (C.M.E.)"</a>. <i>The Philadelphia Sunday Sun</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philasun.com/oasis/the-rev-dr-teresa-snorton-is-elected-first-female-bishop-of-the-christian-methodist-episcopal-church-cme/">the original</a> on 10 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Sunday+Sun&rft.atitle=The+Rev.+Dr.+Teresa+Snorton+is+elected+first+female+bishop+of+the+Christian+Methodist+Episcopal+Church+%28C.M.E.%29&rft.date=2010-07-18&rft.aulast=McGuffie&rft.aufirst=Felicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philasun.com%2Foasis%2Fthe-rev-dr-teresa-snorton-is-elected-first-female-bishop-of-the-christian-methodist-episcopal-church-cme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2024" class="citation web cs1">Blake, John (15 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/15/us/religious-groups-women-leaders-blake-cec/index.html">"Many women stay in religious groups that don't let them become leaders. Here are three reasons why"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Many+women+stay+in+religious+groups+that+don%E2%80%99t+let+them+become+leaders.+Here+are+three+reasons+why&rft.date=2024-07-15&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F07%2F15%2Fus%2Freligious-groups-women-leaders-blake-cec%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1980-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1980_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1980_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon1980">Anon 1980</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/general-handbook/6?lang=eng#title_number8">"General Handbook, 6.1.2"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Handbook%2C+6.1.2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgeneral-handbook%2F6%3Flang%3Deng%23title_number8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/107.76?lang=eng">"Doctrine and Covenants 107:76"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants+107%3A76&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F107.76%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doctrine_and_Covenants_68:20-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doctrine_and_Covenants_68:20_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doctrine_and_Covenants_68:20_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/68.20?lang=eng">"Doctrine and Covenants 68:20"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants+68%3A20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F68.20%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/general-handbook/6?lang=eng#title_number13">"General Handbook, 6.2"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Handbook%2C+6.2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgeneral-handbook%2F6%3Flang%3Deng%23title_number13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1990/10/i-have-a-question/what-callings-are-open-to-single-members-of-the-church?lang=eng">"Ensign, 1990 October, What callings are open to single members of the Church?"</a>.</cite><span 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Columbia University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231159739" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231159739"><bdi>978-0231159739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+America&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0231159739&rft.aulast=Seager&rft.aufirst=Richard+Hughes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashima1977" class="citation book cs1">Kashima, Tetsuden (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/buddhisminameric00tets"><i>Buddhism in America : the social organization of an ethnic religious institution</i></a>. Internet Archive. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-9534-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-9534-6"><bdi>978-0-8371-9534-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+America+%3A+the+social+organization+of+an+ethnic+religious+institution&rft.pub=Westport%2C+Conn.+%3A+Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-9534-6&rft.aulast=Kashima&rft.aufirst=Tetsuden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhisminameric00tets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanabe, G. J. Jr. (2004). Grafting Identity: The Hawaiian Branches of the Bodhi Tree. In: Learman, L. (ed.) <i>Buddhist Missionaries in the Era of Globalization</i>. University of Hawaii Press., p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ama, M. (2011). <i>Immigrants to the Pure Land: The Modernization, Acculturation, and Globalization of Shin Buddhism, 1898-1941</i>. University of Hawaii Press., pp. ix–x</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prebish, C. S. (2010). <i>Buddhism: A Modern Perspective</i>. Penn State Press., p. 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanabe, G. J. Jr. (2004). Grafting Identity: The Hawaiian Branches of the Bodhi Tree. In: Learman, L. (ed.) <i>Buddhist Missionaries in the Era of Globalization</i>. University of Hawaii Press., p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sotomission.org/about-us">"About Us"</a>. <i>Soto Mission of Hawaii</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soto+Mission+of+Hawaii&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sotomission.org%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rocha, C. (2004). Being a Zen Buddhist Brazilian: Juggling Multiple Religious Identities in the Land of Catholicism. In: Learman, L. (ed.) <i>Buddhist Missionaries in the Era of Globalization</i>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 140, 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, D. R. & Moriya, T. (2010). <i>Issei Buddhism in the Americas</i>. University of Illinois Press., p. 135-137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yamakura, A. (2010). The United States–Japanese War and Tenrikyo Ministers in America. In: Williams, D. R. & Moriya, T. (eds.) <i>Issei Buddhism in the Americas</i>. University of Illinois Press., p. 142</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2007" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Jonathan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPx4AAAACAAJ"><i>The History of Christianity</i></a>. Lion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7459-5156-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7459-5156-0"><bdi>978-0-7459-5156-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Lion&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7459-5156-0&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPx4AAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnatius_of_Antioch1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mUXJoNg6PYwC">"Epistles of to the Ephesians, Magnesians, Trallesians, and Smyrnans"</a>. In J. B. Lightfoot (ed.). <i>The Apostolic Fathers</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4209-2948-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4209-2948-5"><bdi>978-1-4209-2948-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epistles+of+to+the+Ephesians%2C+Magnesians%2C+Trallesians%2C+and+Smyrnans&rft.btitle=The+Apostolic+Fathers&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=978-1-4209-2948-5&rft.au=Ignatius+of+Antioch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmUXJoNg6PYwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews1985" class="citation book cs1">Mathews, James Kenneth (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ibocAAAAMAAJ"><i>Set Apart to Serve: The Meaning and Role of Episcopacy in the Wesleyan Tradition</i></a>. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-687-38100-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-687-38100-5"><bdi>978-0-687-38100-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Set+Apart+to+Serve%3A+The+Meaning+and+Role+of+Episcopacy+in+the+Wesleyan+Tradition&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-687-38100-5&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=James+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DibocAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoede1964" class="citation book cs1">Moede, Gerald F. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=74RyNwAACAAJ"><i>The Office of Bishop in Methodism: Its History and Development</i></a>. Gotthelf-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Office+of+Bishop+in+Methodism%3A+Its+History+and+Development&rft.pub=Gotthelf-Verlag&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Moede&rft.aufirst=Gerald+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D74RyNwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross_&_Livingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PR211"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell,_Young_&_Scott_Bowie2006" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M.; Scott Bowie, K. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6UTfmw_zStsC"><i>Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 1, Origins to Constantine</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81239-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81239-9"><bdi>978-0-521-81239-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%3A+Volume+1%2C+Origins+to+Constantine&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81239-9&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.&rft.au=Young%2C+Frances+M.&rft.au=Scott+Bowie%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6UTfmw_zStsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Hove1907" class="citation book cs1">Van Hove, A. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02581b.htm">"Bishop"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bishop&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Van+Hove&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F02581b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Grady1997" class="citation book cs1">O'Grady, John F. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romancatholicchu0000ogra"><i>The Roman Catholic Church: Its Origins and Nature</i></a></span>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3740-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3740-4"><bdi>978-0-8091-3740-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Catholic+Church%3A+Its+Origins+and+Nature&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3740-4&rft.aulast=O%27Grady&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromancatholicchu0000ogra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStehle1914" class="citation book cs1">Stehle, Aurelius (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j79AAAAAYAAJ"><i>Manual of Episcopal Ceremonies: Based on the Caeremoniale Episcoporum, Decrees of the Sacred Congregation of Rites, Etc., and Approved Authors</i></a>. St. Vincent Seminary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Episcopal+Ceremonies%3A+Based+on+the+Caeremoniale+Episcoporum%2C+Decrees+of+the+Sacred+Congregation+of+Rites%2C+Etc.%2C+and+Approved+Authors&rft.pub=St.+Vincent+Seminary&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Stehle&rft.aufirst=Aurelius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj79AAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon1980" class="citation book cs1">Anon (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6pXuv0-cwC"><i>The book of discipline of the United Methodist Church, 1980</i></a>. United Methodist Pub. House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-687-03705-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-687-03705-6"><bdi>978-0-687-03705-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+discipline+of+the+United+Methodist+Church%2C+1980&rft.pub=United+Methodist+Pub.+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-687-03705-6&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNJ6pXuv0-cwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandl2016" class="citation journal cs1">Handl, András (2016). "Viktor I. (189?-199?) von Rom und die Entstehung des "monarchischen" Episkopats in Rom". <i>Sacris Erudiri</i>. <b>55</b>: <span class="nowrap">7–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.SE.5.112597">10.1484/J.SE.5.112597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sacris+Erudiri&rft.atitle=Viktor+I.+%28189%3F-199%3F%29+von+Rom+und+die+Entstehung+des+%22monarchischen%22+Episkopats+in+Rom&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.SE.5.112597&rft.aulast=Handl&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bishop" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:bishop">bishop</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/episcopal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:episcopal">episcopal</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/episcopus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:episcopus">episcopus</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bishops" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bishops">Bishops</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080504105638/http://www.revneal.org/Writings/apostoli.htm">Methodist/Anglican Thoughts On Apostolic Succession</a> by Gregory Neal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515120521/http://www.revneal.org/Writings/methepisc.htm">Methodist Episcopacy: In Search of Holy Orders</a> by Gregory Neal</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bishop"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bishop">"Bishop" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bishop&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toccusa.org">The Old Catholic Church, Province of the United States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126164739/https://toccusa.org/">Archived</a> 26 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecumenical-catholic-communion.org/">The Ecumenical Catholic Communion</a>* <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220092324/http://bishops.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=21&mid=5855">The United Methodist Church: Council of Bishops</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/cdc/index.htm">Vatican Website with Canon Law of Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fearof.org/episcophobia/">Episcophobia: The Fear of bishops</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517223355/https://fearof.org/episcophobia/">Archived</a> 17 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Order_of_the_Divine_Service_in_Lutheranism351" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheran_Divine_Service" title="Template:Lutheran Divine Service"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lutheran_Divine_Service" title="Template talk:Lutheran Divine Service"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheran_Divine_Service" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheran Divine Service"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Order_of_the_Divine_Service_in_Lutheranism351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Order of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparatory Service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Entrance hymn and <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a> (known as the Invocation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitential_Act" title="Penitential Act">Penitential Act</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Confiteor#Usage_in_Lutheranism" title="Confiteor">Confiteor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Grace" title="Declaration of Grace">Declaration of Grace</a> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Asperges" title="Asperges">Asperges</a></i> on Easter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Service of the Word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Patri" title="Gloria Patri">Gloria Patri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyrie" title="Kyrie">Kýrie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_in_excelsis_Deo" title="Gloria in excelsis Deo">Gloria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominus_vobiscum" title="Dominus vobiscum">Dominus vobiscum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oremus" title="Oremus">Oremus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">Collect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> reading</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradual" title="Gradual">gradual</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Psalms#The_Psalms_in_Christian_worship" title="Psalms">Responsorial Psalm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alleluia" title="Alleluia">Alleluia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tract_(liturgy)" title="Tract (liturgy)">tract</a> during <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_(liturgy)" title="Gospel (liturgy)">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_of_the_day" title="Hymn of the day">Hymn of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">Homily</a> or <a href="/wiki/Postil" title="Postil">Postil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a> on <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Intercessions" title="General Intercessions">Prayers of the Faithful</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Service of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Eucharist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preface_(liturgy)" title="Preface (liturgy)">Preface</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sursum_corda" title="Sursum corda">Sursum corda</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Sanctus" title="Sanctus">Sanctus</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hosanna" title="Hosanna">Hosanna</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">Eucharistic Prayer</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Epiclesis" title="Epiclesis">Epiclesis</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Words_of_Institution#Lutheran_Churches" title="Words of Institution">Words of Institution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Acclamation" title="Memorial Acclamation">Memorial Acclamation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss of peace">Sign of peace</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_(liturgy)" title="Pax (liturgy)">pax</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Elevation_(liturgy)" title="Elevation (liturgy)">elevation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Agnus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism#Manner_of_reception" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Distribution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcommunion" title="Postcommunion">Postcommunion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benedicamus_Domino" title="Benedicamus Domino">Benedicamus Domino</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benediction" title="Benediction">Benediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_(liturgy)" title="Dismissal (liturgy)">Dismissal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ite,_missa_est" title="Ite, missa est">Ite, missa est</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">Acolyte</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Lutheranism">bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantor_(Christianity)" title="Cantor (Christianity)">cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifer" title="Crucifer">crucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon#Lutheranism" title="Deacon">deacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)#Lutheranism" title="Elder (Christianity)">elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lector" title="Lector">lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor#Protestantism" title="Pastor">Pastor</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Priest#Lutheran" title="Priest">Priest</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_usher" title="Church usher">usher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts of the Sanctuary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar#Protestant_Churches" title="Altar">altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">altar bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_crucifix" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar crucifix">altar crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_rail" title="Altar rail">altar rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneeler" title="Kneeler">kneeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscina" title="Piscina">piscina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processional_cross" title="Processional cross">processional cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_tabernacle" title="Church tabernacle">tabernacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_candle" title="Altar candle">altar candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_candle" title="Paschal candle">paschal candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_lamp" title="Sanctuary lamp">sanctuary lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votive_candle" title="Votive candle">votive candle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liturgical vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciborium_(container)" title="Ciborium (container)">ciborium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalice#Christian" title="Chalice">chalice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruet" title="Cruet">cruet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liturgical objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offertory#Collection_of_alms" title="Offertory">collection basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> (<a href="/wiki/Religious_use_of_incense#Christianity" title="Religious use of incense">use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paten" title="Paten">paten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">sacramental bread</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wafer" title="Wafer">wafer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">sacramental wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurible" title="Thurible">thurible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">Vestments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alb" title="Alb">alb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuble" title="Chasuble">chasuble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatic" title="Dalmatic">dalmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_gown" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva gown">geneva gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humeral_veil" title="Humeral veil">humeral veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">stole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplice" title="Surplice">surplice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunicle" title="Tunicle">tunicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book#Lutheran" title="Liturgical book">Liturgical books</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_hymnals#Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hymnals">hymnals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Worship:_A_Lutheran_Hymnal" title="Christian Worship: A Lutheran Hymnal">Christian Worship</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Worship:_Hymnal" title="Christian Worship: Hymnal">Christian Worship</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Service_Book" title="Common Service Book">Common Service Book</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Hymn-Book" title="Evangelical Lutheran Hymn-Book">Evangelical Lutheran Hymn-Book</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Hymnary" title="Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary">Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Worship" title="Evangelical Lutheran Worship">Evangelical Lutheran Worship</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Book_of_Worship" title="Lutheran Book of Worship">Lutheran Book of Worship</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lutheran_Hymnal" title="The Lutheran Hymnal">The Lutheran Hymnal</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Hymnal_with_Supplement" title="Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement">Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Service_Book" title="Lutheran Service Book">Lutheran Service Book</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Worship" title="Lutheran Worship">Lutheran Worship</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ReClaim_Hymnal" title="ReClaim Hymnal">ReClaim Hymnal</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_Book_and_Hymnal" title="Service Book and Hymnal">Service Book and Hymnal</a></i> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglicanism327" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglicanism_footer" title="Template:Anglicanism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglicanism_footer" title="Template talk:Anglicanism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglicanism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglicanism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglicanism327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communion_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (religion)">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_realignment" title="Anglican realignment">Anglican realignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing Anglican movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Personal ordinariates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compassrose_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/100px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/150px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/200px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="1151" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain" title="History of Christianity in Britain">History of Christianity in Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygeberht" title="Hygeberht">Hygeberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">Medieval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of Monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">Laud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Divines" title="Caroline Divines">Caroline Divines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Nonjuring schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Church" title="Modern Church">Modern Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father#Christianity" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">The Books of Homilies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral">Lambeth Quadrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Anglicanism" title="Eucharist in Anglicanism">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Anglicanism" title="Saints in Anglicanism">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1552)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1552)">1552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1928,_United_States)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1928, United States)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1962)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1962)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1979)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1979)">1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Office_(Anglican)" title="Daily Office (Anglican)">Morning</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evening Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Liturgical year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">Books of Homilies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High</a> / <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low</a> / <a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_converted_to_Anglicanism" title="List of people who have converted to Anglicanism">Converts to Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Armorial of the Church of England">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_prayer_beads" title="Anglican prayer beads">Anglican prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_churches_in_the_Americas" title="Anglican churches in the Americas">Anglicanism of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_England" title="Free Church of England">Free Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Episcopal_Church" title="Reformed Episcopal Church">Reformed Episcopal Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a 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Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" 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