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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origin in traditional accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_in_traditional_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lineage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scripture_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripture_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Scripture and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scripture_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monasticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monasticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Monasticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monasticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Nuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digambar_akhara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digambar_akhara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Digambar akhara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digambar_akhara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-sects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-sects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sub-sects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-sects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_Digambara_sect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_Digambara_sect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Criticism of Digambara sect</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_of_Digambara_sect-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism of Digambara sect subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_Digambara_sect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Padmanabh_Jaini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Padmanabh_Jaini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Padmanabh Jaini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Padmanabh_Jaini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nalini_Balbir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nalini_Balbir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Nalini Balbir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nalini_Balbir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kristi_L._Wiley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristi_L._Wiley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Kristi L. Wiley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristi_L._Wiley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_with_Śvetāmbara_sect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_with_Śvetāmbara_sect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Differences with Śvetāmbara sect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_with_Śvetāmbara_sect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Digambara</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Digambara" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="দিগম্বর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দিগম্বর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%9E_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Адзетыя ў неба – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адзетыя ў неба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Digambara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambar" title="Digambar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Digambar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambaroj" title="Digambaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Digambaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="دیگامبارا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیگامبارا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectes_Digambara" title="Sectes Digambara – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sectes Digambara" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0" title="દિગંબર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દિગંબર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="दिगम्बर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दिगम्बर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Digambara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5" title="ದಿಗಂಬರ ಪಂಥ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಿಗಂಬರ ಪಂಥ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambarai" title="Digambarai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Digambarai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Digambara" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BB" title="ദിഗംബരൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദിഗംബരൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="दिगंबर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दिगंबर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambar" title="Digambar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Digambar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E6%B4%BE" title="ディガンバラ派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディガンバラ派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Digambara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0" title="ਦਿਗੰਬਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਿਗੰਬਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambarowie" title="Digambarowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Digambarowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Digambara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Дигамбары – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дигамбары" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="दिगम्बरः सम्प्रदायः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="दिगम्बरः सम्प्रदायः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambar" title="Digambar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Digambar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Digambara" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Digambara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Digambara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="திகம்பரர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திகம்பரர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3" title="ทิคัมพร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทิคัมพร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дигамбари – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дигамбари" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="دگمبر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دگمبر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Digambara" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%A1%A3%E6%B4%BE" title="天衣派 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天衣派" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9436#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jainism" title="Category:Jainism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/110px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/165px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/220px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ethics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of Jainism">Ethics of Jainism</a> <dl><dd><b>Mahavratas (major vows)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahiṃsā (non-violence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya#Jainism" title="Satya">Satya (truth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteya#Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteya">Asteya (non-stealing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya#In_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya (chastity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha (non-possession)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Anuvratas (further vows)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jain prayers</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micchami_Dukkadam" title="Micchami Dukkadam">Micchami Dukkadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navkar_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Navkar Mantra">Navkar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Ṇamōkāra mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Jinendra" title="Jai Jinendra">Jai Jinendra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">The 24 Tirthankaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Pārśva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasena" title="Siddhasena">Siddhasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Jain_monk)" title="Samantabhadra (Jain monk)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashovijaya" title="Yashovijaya">Yashovijaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major sects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Schools and Branches</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Agama (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dravyasamgraha" title="Dravyasamgraha">Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C4%ABvaka_Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" title="Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi">Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valayapathi" title="Valayapathi">Valayapathi</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Pilgrimages</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilwara_Temples" title="Dilwara Temples">Abu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girnar_Jain_temples" title="Girnar Jain temples">Girnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikharji" title="Shikharji">Shikharji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Jain symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasparopagraho_Jivanam" title="Parasparopagraho Jivanam">Parasparopagraho Jivanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics list</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:1px solid #F5DEB3;border-bottom:1px solid #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism" title="Template:Jainism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism" title="Template talk:Jainism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Digambara</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; "sky-clad") is one of the two major <a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">schools of Jainism</a>, the other being <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></i> (white-clad). The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <i>Digambara</i> means "sky-clad", referring to their traditional monastic practice of neither possessing nor wearing any clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-Long2013p17_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long2013p17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digambara and Śvetāmbara traditions have had historical differences ranging from their dress code, their temples and iconography, attitude towards female monastics, their legends, and the texts they consider as important.<sup id="cite_ref-Dundas2002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dundas2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiley2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiley2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JainFischer1978_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JainFischer1978-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Digambara_monk" title="Digambara monk">Digambara monks</a> cherish the virtue of non-attachment and non-possession of any material goods. Monks carry a community-owned <i>picchi</i>, which is a broom made of fallen <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacock</a> feathers for removing and thus saving the life of insects in their path or before they sit.<sup id="cite_ref-Long2013p17_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long2013p17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Digambara literature can be traced only to the first millennium, with its oldest surviving sacred text being the mid-second century <i><a href="/wiki/Shatkhandagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkhandagama">Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama</a></i> "Scripture in Six Parts" of <a href="/wiki/Dharasena" title="Dharasena">Dharasena</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Moodabidri" title="Moodabidri">Moodabidri</a> manuscripts).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most important scholar-monks of the Digambara tradition was <a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a>. </p><p>Digambara Jain communities are currently found mainly in most parts of North India in states like <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, parts of south <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JainFischer1978_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JainFischer1978-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Long2013p60_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long2013p60-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a>, a scholar of Hindu and Jain studies, less than one fifth of all Jains in India have a Digambara heritage. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Heinrich Zimmer</a>, the word <i>Digambara</i> is a combination of two <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit Language">Sanskrit</a> words: <i>dik</i> (दिक्) (space, sky) and <i>ambara</i> (अम्बर) (garment), referring to those whose garments are of the element that fills the four quarters of space.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953210_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953210-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_in_traditional_accounts">Origin in traditional accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin in traditional accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Digambaras and Śvetāmbara disagree on how the Digambara subtradition started in Jainism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200246–48_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200246–48-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Digambaras, they are the original followers of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> and Śvetāmbara branched off later in the time of <a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a> when their forecast twelve-year famine triggered their migration from central India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200246–48_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200246–48-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One group of Jain monks headed west and north towards <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, while the second group headed south towards <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. The former became Śvetāmbara and retained their "heretic" beliefs and practices such as wearing "white clothes" they adopted there, say the Digambaras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200246–48_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200246–48-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, according to Śvetāmbara, they are the original followers, and Digambaras arose 609 years after the death of Mahavira (about 1st century CE) because of an arrogant man named <a href="/wiki/Sivabhuti" title="Sivabhuti">Sivabhuti</a> who became a Jain monk in a fit of pique after a fight at home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200246–48_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200246–48-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is accused of starting the Digambara Jain tradition with what Śvetāmbara call as "eight concealments", of rejecting Jain texts preserved by the Śvetāmbara tradition, and misunderstanding the Jain ideology including those related to nuns and clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200246–48_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200246–48-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither of these explanations can be found in early Jain or non-Jain texts. The earliest version of this Digambara story appears in the 10th century CE, while the earliest version of the Śvetāmbara story appears in the 5th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200247–48_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200247–48-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1943, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Heinrich Zimmer</a> proposed that the Greek records of 4th-century BCE mention <a href="/wiki/Gymnosophists" title="Gymnosophists">gymnosophists</a> (naked philosophers) which may have links to the tradition of "naked ascetics" the Digambar monks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953210_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953210-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> stated that the context in which the Greek records mention gymnosophists include ritual suicide by cremation traceable to ancient <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahmanism</a>, rather than the traditional Jain ritual of embracing death by starvation and taking samadhi by voluntarily sacrificing everything including food and water (<i>sallekhana</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2011207–208_with_footnotes_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2011207–208_with_footnotes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dundas talks about the archeological evidences which indicate that Jain monks moved from the practice of total nudity towards wearing clothes in later period. Tirthankara statues found in Mathura and dated to 2nd-century CE or after are naked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002113–115_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002113–115-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest Tirthankara statue wearing a cloth is dated in 5th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016444_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016444-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Digamabara</i> statues of tirthankara belonging to Gupta period has half-closed eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUmakant_Premanand_Shah19874_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_Premanand_Shah19874-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 17th-century, <i>adhyatma</i> movement in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> led to rise of <i>terapanthi</i> and <i>bisapanthi</i> sub-sects based on the differences over acceptance of authority of <i><a href="/wiki/Bhattaraka" title="Bhattaraka">bhattarakas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley2009215_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley2009215-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghGhoshNath1996258–259_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghGhoshNath1996258–259-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1838216_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1838216-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrithersHumphrey1991205_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrithersHumphrey1991205-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Jai_Singh_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Jai Singh II">Jai Singh II</a> (1688–1743) of <a href="/wiki/Amer_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amer kingdom">Amer kingdom</a> built separate temples for the two sub-sects in his newly established capital of <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley2009215_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley2009215-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Terapanthis</i>, led by scholars like <a href="/wiki/Pandit_Todarmal" title="Pandit Todarmal">Pandit Todarmal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banarasidas" title="Banarasidas">Banarasidas</a>, rejected the authority of <i>bhattarakas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley2009215_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley2009215-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Jain images from Mathura depict Digambara iconography until late fifth century CE where Śvetāmbara iconography starts appearing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVyas199516_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVyas199516-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lineage">Lineage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pattavali" title="Pattavali">Pattavali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djtradition_marhiaji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Djtradition_marhiaji.jpg/220px-Djtradition_marhiaji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="520" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Djtradition_marhiaji.jpg/330px-Djtradition_marhiaji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Djtradition_marhiaji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>Stela at Marhiaji, <a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a>, showing the transmission of the oral tradition, erected on the 2500th anniversary of Mahavira's <i>nirvana</i></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <i>Digambara</i> texts, after liberation of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, three <i>Anubaddha Kevalīs</i> attained <i><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevalajñāna</a></i> (omniscience) sequentially – <a href="/wiki/Indrabhuti_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrabhuti Gautama">Gautama</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Gaņadhara</a></i>, <i>Acharya</i> <a href="/wiki/Sudharmaswami" title="Sudharmaswami">Sudharma</a> Swami, and <a href="/wiki/Jambusvami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambusvami">Jambusvami</a> in next 62 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012xi–xii_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012xi–xii-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the next hundred years, five <i>Āchāryas</i> had complete knowledge of the scriptures, as such, called <i>Śruta Kevalīs</i>, the last of them being <i>Āchārya</i> Bhadrabahu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereira19775_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereira19775-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012xii_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012xii-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spiritual lineage of heads of monastic orders is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Pattavali" title="Pattavali">Pattavali</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2010335_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2010335-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digambara tradition consider <a href="/wiki/Dharasena" title="Dharasena">Dharasena</a> to be the 33rd teacher in succession of Gautama, 683 years after the <i><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">nirvana</a></i> of Mahavira.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200279_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200279-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Digambara tradition, the following lineage of teachers are revered: <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indrabhuti_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrabhuti Gautama">Gautama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini199131–32_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini199131–32-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umaswati" title="Umaswati">Umaswami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Jain_monk)" title="Samantabhadra (Jain monk)">Samantabhadra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddhasena_Divakara" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhasena Divakara">Siddhasena Divakara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pujyapada" title="Pujyapada">Pujyapada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manatunga" title="Manatunga">Manatunga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virasena" title="Virasena">Virasena</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jinasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinasena">Jinasena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nemichandra" title="Nemichandra">Nemichandra</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Kundakunda is considered the most significant scholar monk of the Digambara tradition of Jainism. He authored <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> texts such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Pravacanas%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pravacanasāra">Pravacanasāra</a></i>. Other prominent <i><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a></i> of this tradition were, <a href="/wiki/Virasena" title="Virasena">Virasena</a> (author of a commentary on the <i><a href="/wiki/Dhavala" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhavala">Dhavala</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Jain_monk)" title="Samantabhadra (Jain monk)">Samantabhadra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siddhasena_Divakara" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhasena Divakara">Siddhasena Divakara</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Satkhandagama" title="Satkhandagama">Satkhandagama</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kasayapahuda" title="Kasayapahuda">Kasayapahuda</a></i> have major significance in the <i>Digambara</i> tradition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There have been several Digambara monastic lineages that all trace their descent to Mahavira. The historical lineages included <i><a href="/wiki/Mula_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Sangha">Mula Sangha</a></i> (further divided into <i>Nandi</i>, <i>Sena</i>, <i>Simha</i> and <i>Deva</i> Sanghas) and now largely extinct <a href="/wiki/Kashtha_Sangha" title="Kashtha Sangha">Kashtha Sangha</a> (which included <i>Mathura</i> sangha, ""Lat-Vagad" etc.), Dravida Sangh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrithersHumphrey1991170_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrithersHumphrey1991170-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text Darshana-Sara of Devasena discusses the supposed differences among the orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagraj1986433_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagraj1986433-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Mula sangha</i> orders include <i>Deshiya Gana</i> (Bhattarakas of Shravanabelgola etc.) and <i><a href="/wiki/Balatkara_Gana" title="Balatkara Gana">Balatkara Gana</a></i> (Bhattarakas of <a href="/wiki/Humcha" title="Humcha">Humcha</a>, and numerous lineages of North/Central India) traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Bhattaraka" title="Bhattaraka">Bhattarakas</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mudbidri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbidri">Mudbidri</a> belong to <i>Deshiya Gana</i> and the <i>Bhattaraka</i> of <a href="/wiki/Humbaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Humbaj">Humbaj</a> belongs to the <i>Balatkara Gana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave1980299_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave1980299-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scripture_and_literature">Scripture and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scripture and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Digambara</i> sect of Jainism rejects the texts and canonical literature of the <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></i> sect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200279–80_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200279–80-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2009444_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2009444-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe that the words of Mahavira neither survive nor could be recorded. The original teachings went through a rapid period of decline, state the Digambaras, and Śvetāmbara claims of preserving the sacred knowledge and ancient <i>angas</i> is false.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200279–80_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200279–80-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Digambaras</i>, their 33rd <i>achārya</i> was <a href="/wiki/Dharasena" title="Dharasena">Dharasena</a> who knew one <i>anga</i>, and he taught these to <a href="/wiki/Pushpadanta_(Jain_monk)" title="Pushpadanta (Jain monk)">Pushpadanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutabali" title="Bhutabali">Bhutabali</a>, 683 years after the <i><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">moksha</a></i> of Mahavira.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200279_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200279-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That <i>anga</i> was also lost with the death of those two. Dharasena's teachings that have survived are <i><a href="/wiki/Shatkhandagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkhandagama">Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama</a></i> (Scripture of Six Parts) and <i>Kasayapahuda</i> (Treatise on the Passions), which were written on palm leaves near a cave in Mount Girnar (Gujarat) and a copy of which with a 12th-century commentary came to Tulu Nadu (south Karnataka).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200263–65,_79–80_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200263–65,_79–80-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has survived as the Mudbidri manuscripts, which were used by regional Jains not for reading and study, but as an object of devotional worship for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200263–65,_79–80_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200263–65,_79–80-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, the fragile and decaying manuscript was copied and portions of it leaked to scholars between 1896 and 1922 despite objections of Digambara monks. It is considered to be the oldest known <i>Digambara</i> text ultimately traceable to the 2nd-century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200263–65,_79–80_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200263–65,_79–80-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These two oldest known Digambara tradition texts – <i>Satkhandagama</i> and <i>Kasayapahuda</i> – are predominantly a treatise about the soul and <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a> theory, written in Prakrit language. Philologically, the text belongs to about the 2nd-century, and has nothing that suggests it is of "immemorial antiquity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200263–65,_79–80_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200263–65,_79–80-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In details, the text is quite similar in its teachings to those found in <i>Prajnapana</i> – the 4th <i>upanga</i> – of Śvetāmbaras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200279–80_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200279–80-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the two, the poetic meter of <i>Satkhandagama</i> suggests it was composed after the Śvetāmbara text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200279–80_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200279–80-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digambaras, unlike Śvetāmbaras, do not have a canon. They do have a quasi-canonical literature grouped into four literary categories called <i>anuyoga</i> (exposition) since the time of the Digambara scholar Rakshita.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200280_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200280-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>prathmanuyoga</i> (first exposition) contains the universal history, the <i>karananuyoga</i> (calculation exposition) contains works on cosmology, the <i>charananuyoga</i> (behaviour exposition) includes texts about proper behaviour for monks and lay people, while the <i>dravyanuyoga</i> (entity exposition) contains metaphysical discussions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200280_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200280-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Digambara tradition, it is not the oldest texts that have survived in its temples and monasteries that attract the most study or reverence, rather it is the late 9th-century <i>Mahapurana</i> (universal history) of Jinasena that is the most revered and cherished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200280–81_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200280–81-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Mahapurana</i> includes not only religious history, but also the sociological history of the Jaina people – including the Jain caste system and its origins as formulated by <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a> – from the Digambara Jaina perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini200032,_229–239_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini200032,_229–239-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Digamabara</i> tradition maintains a long list of revered teachers, and this list includes Kundakunda, Samantabhadra, Pujyapada, Jinasena, Akalanka, Vidyanandi, Somadeva and Asadhara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini200028_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini200028-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monasticism">Monasticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Monasticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digambara_monk" title="Digambara monk">Digambara monk</a></div> <p>The lifestyle and behavioral conduct of a <i>Digambara</i> monk is guided by a code called <i>mulacara</i> (<i>mulachara</i>). This includes 28 <i>mūla guņas</i> (primary attributes) for the monk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPramansagar2008189–191_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPramansagar2008189–191-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest text containing these norms is the 2nd-century <i><a href="/wiki/Mulachara" title="Mulachara">Mulachara</a></i> attributed to Vattekara, that probably originated in the Mathura region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200280_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200280-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These are: 5 <i>mahāvratas</i> (great vows); 5 <i>samitis</i> (restraints); 5 <i>indriya nirodha</i> (control of the five senses); 6 <i>āvaśyakas</i> (essential observations); and 7 <i>niyamas</i> (rules).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013189–191,_196–197_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013189–191,_196–197-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th><i>Guna</i><br />(attribute) </th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr style="background:#ffedcd;"> <td rowspan="5"><i>Mahavratas</i>-<br /> Five Great Vows<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201193–100_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201193–100-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192626_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192626-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1. <i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></i> </td> <td>neither injure, nor ask, nor encourage another to injure any living being through actions, words or thoughts. This includes injury caused by cooking, starting a fire to cook, plucking a fruit, or any conduct that harms living beings<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192627–28_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192627–28-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffedcd;"> <td>2. <a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> </td> <td>To speak the truth, to remain silent if his speaking the truth will lead to injury to living beings<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192629_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192629-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffedcd;"> <td>3. <i><a href="/wiki/Asteya" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteya">Asteya</a></i> </td> <td>Not to take anything unless given, and not accepting anything more than what is necessary and needed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192630_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192630-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffedcd;"> <td>4. <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></i> </td> <td>No sex, no natural or unnatural sexual gratification through action (viewing, participating, encouraging), words (hearing, reciting, reading, writing), or thoughts<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192630–31_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192630–31-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffedcd;"> <td>5. <i><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></i> </td> <td>Renunciation of all worldly things, property, want, and all possessions external to soul<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192631–32_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192631–32-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffe4b3;"> <td rowspan="5"><i>Samiti</i>-<br /> Regulations<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012144–145_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012144–145-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192632–38_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192632–38-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>6. <i>irya</i> </td> <td>Walk carefully on much trodden paths, after viewing land to the extent of four cubits (2 yards). Do not walk in the dark or on the grass to avoid accidental injury to other living beings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192633_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192633-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He should not run to save himself if charged by a wild animal or if a violent person is about to injure him, as running can cause injury to other living beings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192633_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192633-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffe4b3;"> <td>7. <i>bhasha</i> </td> <td>Avoid slander, back-biting, false speech. He must avoid intentionally long or short statements that mislead or help create misunderstanding, doubts, misinformation, hypocrisy, bad blood or conceit in his audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192634–35_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192634–35-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffe4b3;"> <td>8. <i>esana</i> </td> <td>To never accept objectionable food nor eat more palatable items from those received.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192635–36_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192635–36-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffe4b3;"> <td>9. <i>adana-nikshepana</i> </td> <td>Carefulness in the handling the <i>pichchi</i> (feather bundle to remove insects in his path) and <i>kamandalu</i> (hollow vegetable gourd to filter water) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffe4b3;"> <td>10. <i>pratishṭapan</i> </td> <td>To excrete body waste after carefully brushing aside insects and other living beings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192637–38_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192637–38-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#faba00;"> <td rowspan="1"><i>Indrinirodha</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013189–191,_196–197_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013189–191,_196–197-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>11–15. Control of the five senses </td> <td>Shedding all attachment and aversion towards the sense objects pertaining to touch (<i>sparśana</i>), taste (<i>rasana</i>), smell (<i>ghrāṇa</i>), sight (<i>cakśu</i>), and hearing (<i>śrotra</i>). The <i>sadhu</i> (monk) must eradicate all desires and activities that please the mind through his senses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192638–39_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192638–39-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He must end all ties, relationships and entanglements with his family and friends before he renounced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192638–39_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192638–39-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffd280;"> <td rowspan="6"><i>Avasyakas</i> –<br />Essential observations<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012143_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012143-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013189–191,_196–197_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013189–191,_196–197-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>16. <i><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></i> </td> <td>Practice equanimous dispassion towards everything for eighteen <i>ghari</i> a day (1 <i>ghari</i> = about 24 minutes)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192638–39_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192638–39-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffd280;"> <td>17. <i>stuti</i> </td> <td>Salute the divine (<i><a href="/wiki/Tirthankaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirthankaras">Tirthankaras</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffd280;"> <td>18. <i>vandana</i> </td> <td>Medidate upon and adore <i>acharyas</i>, <i>gurus</i>, idols and images of gods<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192626,_38–39_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192626,_38–39-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CaillatBalbir2008p236_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaillatBalbir2008p236-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiley2009p226_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiley2009p226-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffd280;"> <td>19. <i><a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">Pratikramana</a></i> </td> <td>Confession, repentance and self-censure for having violated any vows and rules of conduct;<sup id="cite_ref-Wiley2009p170_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiley2009p170-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dissociate one's soul from any virtuous or evil <i>karmas</i>, in the current or past lives. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffd280;"> <td>20. <i>Pratikhayan</i> </td> <td>Recite mantra that lists and promises future renunciation of food, drink and comforts and to forfend future faults<sup id="cite_ref-Williams1991p184_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams1991p184-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffd280;"> <td>21. <i><a href="/wiki/Kayotsarga" title="Kayotsarga">Kayotsarga</a></i> </td> <td>Giving up attachment to the body for a limited period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams1991p184_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams1991p184-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, this is a standing naked and motionless posture of a form common in <a href="/wiki/Bahubali" title="Bahubali">Bahubali</a> iconography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUmakant_Premanand_Shah198779–80_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_Premanand_Shah198779–80-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffdb9a;"> <td rowspan="7"><i>Niyama</i>-<br /> Rules<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013189–191,_196–197_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013189–191,_196–197-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192646–47_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192646–47-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>22. <i>adantdhavan</i> </td> <td>Never clean teeth<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192647–48_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192647–48-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffdb9a;"> <td>23. <i>bhushayan</i> </td> <td>Sleep on hard ground </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffdb9a;"> <td>24. <i>asnāna</i> </td> <td>Never bathe<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192646–47_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192646–47-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffdb9a;"> <td>25. <i>stithi-bhojan</i> </td> <td>Eat food in standing posture, accept food in open palms (no utensils)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192647–48_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192647–48-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffdb9a;"> <td>26. <i><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">ahara</i></span></i> </td> <td>Eat food once a day,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192648–49_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192648–49-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> drink water only when eating meal<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192636_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192636-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffdb9a;"> <td>27. <i>keśa-lonch</i> </td> <td>To periodically pluck all hair on his body by his own hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192644–45_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192644–45-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffdb9a;"> <td>28. nudity </td> <td>Remain completely nude all the time (<i>digambara</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192645–46_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192645–46-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><i>Digambara</i> monks do not wear any clothes as it is considered to be <i>parigraha</i> (possession), which ultimately leads to attachment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200245_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200245-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monks carry <i>picchi</i>, a broom made up of fallen peacock feathers for removing small insects to avoid causing injury and <i>Kamandalu</i> (the gourd for carrying pure, sterilized water).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2009316_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2009316-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192636_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192636-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head of all monastics is called <i><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Āchārya</a></i>, while the saintly preceptor of saints is the <i>upādhyāya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192621_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192621-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Āchārya</i> has 36 primary attributes (<i>mūla guņa</i>) in addition to the 28 mentioned above.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013189–191,_196–197_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013189–191,_196–197-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monks perform <i>kayotsarga</i> daily, in a rigid and immobile posture, with the arms held stiffly down, knees straight, and toes directed forward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953210_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953210-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuns">Nuns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nuns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Female monastics in Digambara tradition are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Aryika" title="Aryika">aryikas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain1926141_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain1926141-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digambara nuns, unlike the monks in their tradition, wear clothes. Given their beliefs such as non-attachment and non-possession, the Digambara tradition has held that women cannot achieve salvation (moksha) as men can, and the best a nun can achieve is to be reborn as a man in the next rebirth.<sup id="cite_ref-Long2013p17_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long2013p17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monks are held to be of higher status than nuns in Digambara monasteries, states Jeffery Long.<sup id="cite_ref-Long2013p17_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long2013p17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the Digambara monk's perspective, both Digambara nuns and Śvetāmbara monastic community are simply more pious Jain laypeople, who do not or are unable to fully practice the Jain monastic vows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200249–50_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200249–50-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digambara nuns are relatively rare in comparison to the nuns found in Śvetāmbara traditions. According to a 1970s and 1980s survey of Jain subtraditions, there were about 125 Digambara monks in India and 50 Digambara nuns.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard2019pt105_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard2019pt105-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This compared to 3,400 nuns and 1,200 monks in the Śvetāmbara tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard2019pt105_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard2019pt105-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digambar_akhara">Digambar akhara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Digambar akhara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Digambar_akhara"></span> </p><p>The <b>Digambar Akhara</b>, which along with other <a href="/wiki/Akhara" title="Akhara">akharas</a>, also participates in various inter-sectarian (<i><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">sampradaya</a></i>) religious activities including <a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Melas</a>, is completely unrelated to Digambar Jain tradition, even though they also practice nudity.<sup id="cite_ref-relDis1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relDis1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worship">Worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7th_-_12th_century_Mahavira_flanked_by_24_Tirthankaras_in_Cave_4,_Badami_Jain_cave_temple_Karnataka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/7th_-_12th_century_Mahavira_flanked_by_24_Tirthankaras_in_Cave_4%2C_Badami_Jain_cave_temple_Karnataka.jpg/220px-7th_-_12th_century_Mahavira_flanked_by_24_Tirthankaras_in_Cave_4%2C_Badami_Jain_cave_temple_Karnataka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/7th_-_12th_century_Mahavira_flanked_by_24_Tirthankaras_in_Cave_4%2C_Badami_Jain_cave_temple_Karnataka.jpg/330px-7th_-_12th_century_Mahavira_flanked_by_24_Tirthankaras_in_Cave_4%2C_Badami_Jain_cave_temple_Karnataka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/7th_-_12th_century_Mahavira_flanked_by_24_Tirthankaras_in_Cave_4%2C_Badami_Jain_cave_temple_Karnataka.jpg/440px-7th_-_12th_century_Mahavira_flanked_by_24_Tirthankaras_in_Cave_4%2C_Badami_Jain_cave_temple_Karnataka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="3651" /></a><figcaption>Adinatha image (Badami caves)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Digambara</i> Jains worship completely nude idols of <i>tirthankaras</i> (omniscient beings) and <i><a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">siddha</a></i> (liberated souls). The <i>tirthankara</i> is represented either seated in yoga posture or standing in the <i>Kayotsarga</i> posture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953209–210_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953209–210-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The truly "sky-clad" (<i>digambara</i>) Jaina statue expresses the perfect isolation of the one who has stripped off every bond. His is an absolute "abiding in itself," a strange but perfect aloofness, a nudity of chilling majesty, in its stony simplicity, rigid contours, and abstraction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953213_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953213-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Heinrich Zimmer</a></cite></div></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kizhavalavu_(Kilavalavu)_-Jain_Sculptures.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kizhavalavu (Keelavalavu) Sculptures"><img alt="Kizhavalavu (Keelavalavu) Sculptures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kizhavalavu_%28Kilavalavu%29_-Jain_Sculptures.JPG/120px-Kizhavalavu_%28Kilavalavu%29_-Jain_Sculptures.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kizhavalavu_%28Kilavalavu%29_-Jain_Sculptures.JPG/180px-Kizhavalavu_%28Kilavalavu%29_-Jain_Sculptures.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kizhavalavu_%28Kilavalavu%29_-Jain_Sculptures.JPG/240px-Kizhavalavu_%28Kilavalavu%29_-Jain_Sculptures.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kizhavalavu (<a href="/wiki/Keelavalavu" title="Keelavalavu">Keelavalavu</a>) Sculptures</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gommateshvara_Bahubali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 57 feet (17 m) high Gommateshwara statue, Shravanabelagola"><img alt="The 57 feet (17 m) high Gommateshwara statue, Shravanabelagola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gommateshvara_Bahubali.jpg/120px-Gommateshvara_Bahubali.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gommateshvara_Bahubali.jpg/180px-Gommateshvara_Bahubali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gommateshvara_Bahubali.jpg/240px-Gommateshvara_Bahubali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 57 feet (17 m) high <a href="/wiki/Gommateshwara_statue" title="Gommateshwara statue">Gommateshwara statue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_statues,_Gwalior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tirthankara statues at Siddhachal Caves inside Gwalior Fort, Madhya Pradesh"><img alt="Tirthankara statues at Siddhachal Caves inside Gwalior Fort, Madhya Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg/120px-Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg/180px-Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg/240px-Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2585" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Tirthankara</i> statues at <a href="/wiki/Siddhachal_Caves" title="Siddhachal Caves">Siddhachal Caves</a> inside <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_Fort" title="Gwalior Fort">Gwalior Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_statue_of_Parshvanath,_Naugaza_temple,_Alwar_district,_Rajasthan,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tirthankara Parshvanatha statue, Rajasthan"><img alt="Tirthankara Parshvanatha statue, Rajasthan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jain_statue_of_Parshvanath%2C_Naugaza_temple%2C_Alwar_district%2C_Rajasthan%2C_India.jpg/80px-Jain_statue_of_Parshvanath%2C_Naugaza_temple%2C_Alwar_district%2C_Rajasthan%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jain_statue_of_Parshvanath%2C_Naugaza_temple%2C_Alwar_district%2C_Rajasthan%2C_India.jpg/120px-Jain_statue_of_Parshvanath%2C_Naugaza_temple%2C_Alwar_district%2C_Rajasthan%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jain_statue_of_Parshvanath%2C_Naugaza_temple%2C_Alwar_district%2C_Rajasthan%2C_India.jpg/160px-Jain_statue_of_Parshvanath%2C_Naugaza_temple%2C_Alwar_district%2C_Rajasthan%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3449" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Tirthankara</i> <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a> statue, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-sects">Sub-sects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sub-sects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:1px dashed red; width: max(35%,300px);"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background: #ccccff; font-size: 110%;">Jain Digambara Sects<sup id="cite_ref-hvg_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hvg-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain Sangh</a> <ul><li>Digambara <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mula_Sangh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Sangh">Mula Sangh</a> <ul><li>Great Schools <ul><li>Nandi Gana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balatkara_Gana" title="Balatkara Gana">Balatkara Gana</a></li> <li>Desiya Gana</li></ul></li> <li>Sena Gana</li> <li>Simha Gana</li> <li>Deva Gana</li></ul></li> <li>Other Mula Sangh branches (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtha_Sangh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtha Sangh">Kashtha Sangh</a> (exists)</li></ul></li> <li>Present Sects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taran_Panth" title="Taran Panth">Taran Panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bispanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bispanthi">Bispanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digambar_Terapanth" class="mw-redirect" title="Digambar Terapanth">Digambar Terapanth</a></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanji_Swami" title="Kanji Swami">Kanji Swami</a> Panth established by ex-<a href="/wiki/Sthanakvasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthanakvasi">Sthanakvasi</a> monk.</li> <li>Gumanpanth</li> <li>Totapanth</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acharya5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Acharya5.jpg/220px-Acharya5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Acharya5.jpg/330px-Acharya5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Acharya5.jpg/440px-Acharya5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharya</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Vidyasagar_(Jain_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidyasagar (Jain monk)">Vidyasagar</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Digambara_monk" title="Digambara monk">Digambara monk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern <i>Digambara</i> community is divided into various sub-sects viz. <i><a href="/wiki/Digambara_Terapanth" title="Digambara Terapanth">Terapanthi</a></i>, <i>Bispanthi</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taranpanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Taranpanthi">Taranpanthi</a></i> (or <i>Samayiapanthi</i>), <i>Gumanapanthi</i>, <i>Totapanthi</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kanji_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanji Panth">Kanjipanthi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave198051–56_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave198051–56-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <i>terapanthis</i> and <i>bisapanthis</i> worship with <i>ashta-dravya</i> which includes <i>jal</i> (water), <i>chandan</i> (sandal), <i>akshata</i> (sacred rice), <i>pushp</i> (yellow rice), <i>deep</i> (yellow dry coconut), <i>dhup</i> (<i>kapoor</i> or cloves) and <i>phal</i> (almonds).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave198052_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave198052-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bisapanthi</i> religious practices include <i><a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">aarti</a></i> and offerings of flowers, fruits and <i><a href="/wiki/Prasad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasad">prasad</a></i> whereas <i>terapanthis</i> don't use them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave198052_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave198052-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bispanthis</i> worship minor gods and goddesses like <i><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></i> like <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kshetrapala" title="Kshetrapala">Kshetrapala</a> whereas <i>terapanthis</i> do not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave198052_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave198052-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bisapanthis</i> accept <i>bhattarakas</i> as their religious leaders but <i>terapanthis</i> do not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave198052_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave198052-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Terapanthis</i> occur in large numbers in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave198052_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave198052-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bisapanthis are concentrated in Rajasthan, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, Maharastra and South India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave198052_79-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave198052-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_Digambara_sect">Criticism of Digambara sect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism of Digambara sect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Padmanabh_Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Padmanabh Jaini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Padmanabh Jaini, a renowned <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> scholar, after researching the scriptures of the Digambara sect described several points of critique: -<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Rituals and ascetic practices</b>: Jaini points out that an emphasis on extreme ascetic practices such as public nudity and rejection of all possessions leads to a diminished focus on spiritual growth and a greater focus on the less important ritualistic practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Layperson-ascetic dichotomy</b>: Jaini critiques the sharp distinction between the ascetics and laypeople which leads to a lack of spiritual agency among people.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Scriptural authority</b>: Jaini questions the Digambara reliance on a highly limited set of scriptures that do not fully represent Jain principles and teachings as followed by the <a href="/wiki/Svetambara" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetambara">Svetambara</a> sect. Jaini questions the Digambara rejection of the Śvētāmbara canonical scriptures. He argues that this rejection leads to a lack of unity and a fragmentation within Jainism. He also points out that the Digambaras' reliance on later texts as authentic scriptures might lack historical and textual rigor.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Gender and nudity</b>: Jaini strongly argues that the practice of public nudity may reinforce patriarchal attitude and limit female spiritual agency. Digambaras hold that women must be reborn as men to attain salvation, which Jaini criticizes for its gender exclusivity and inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that female nudity is not equally valued or allowed in the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digambara</a> tradition which greatly limits female spiritual agency as Digambara belief states that <i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a></i> cannot be attained without nudity. Further, he states that male nudity leads to masculinization of spirituality. Jaini also mentions that the Digambara sect has historically been male-dominated with women facing several barriers in the path to spirituality and its evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His views are seconded by Paul Dundas who states that Digambara rejection of clothing could also signify their rejection of female bodily experience, as clothing is often associated with female modesty and domesticity.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Historical development</b>: Jaini also deliberates that the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digambara</a> tradition may have arisen in response to <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvikas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, rather than purely from within <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nalini_Balbir">Nalini Balbir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nalini Balbir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Balbir" title="Nalini Balbir">Nalini Balbir</a>, another renowned scholar of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, has criticised the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digambara</a> views on liberation of women and advocates for a more inclusive and gender-equal interpretation of the scriptures. She lists her criticism in the following manner: - </p> <ol><li><b>Gender bias</b>: Balbir sees the Digambara belief of women not being capable of attaining liberation in their current birth as gender discrimination.</li> <li><b>Biological determinism</b>: Digambara scriptures attribute spiritual limitations of women to their biology and consider them as unholy. Balbir criticizes this view as narrow and outdated perspective.</li> <li><b>Lack of scriptural basis</b>: Balbir argues that the narrative describing women not being able to attain liberation is not supported by ancient Jain scriptures (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara#Āgamas_or_Canonical_Literature" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara canon</a>) and is based on later commentaries.</li> <li><b>Contradiction with Jain principles</b>: Balbir points out that this view is in contradiction to the fundamental Jain principle of equality and the potential for all living beings to attain liberation.</li></ol> <p>Balbir states that:<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Digambara sect's view that women cannot achieve liberation in their present birth is a 'biological determinism' that is not supported by Jain scriptures. This view is a 'patriarchal interpretation' that has been 'superimposed' on the original teachings of Mahavira.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Nalini Balbir, Women in Jainism (2005)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kristi_L._Wiley">Kristi L. Wiley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kristi L. Wiley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kristi L. Wiley, a scholar of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, has also criticized the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digambara</a> sect's views on liberation of women. Specifically, she highlights the following points of critique:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley2009206_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley2009206-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Exclusionary</b> <b>practices and patriarchal interpretations</b>: Women are excluded from the highest spiritual status in Jainism (achieving liberation) by Digambara sect's scriptures. Wiley sees Digambara interpretations of Jain scriptures as patriarchal and biased against women.</li> <li><b>Lack of agency</b>: Digambaras deny the fundamental agency of achieving liberation (the highest status in Jain spirituality) through their own efforts, instead requiring them to rely on male intermediaries.</li> <li><b>Inconsistencies with Jain principles</b>: Wiley points out that these views are inconsistent with the fundamental principle of 'equal potential of all living beings to achieve liberation'. She adds that such views may constitute to 'symbolic violence' against women.</li> <li><b>Textual manipulation</b>: She alleges that the male-dominated <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digambara</a> sect has selectively interpreted and manipulated existing and ancient Jain texts to support their views by ignoring passages that highlight women's spiritual potential.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scriptures of other religions and schools of thought such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> also criticize and condemn public nudity followed by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digambara</a> monks.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_with_Śvetāmbara_sect"><span id="Differences_with_.C5.9Avet.C4.81mbara_sect"></span>Differences with Śvetāmbara sect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Differences with Śvetāmbara sect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other than rejecting or accepting different ancient Jain texts, Digambaras and Śvetāmbara differ in other significant ways such as: </p> <ul><li>Śvetāmbaras believe that Parshvanatha, the 23rd <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara</a>, taught only Four restraints (a claim, scholars say is confirmed by the ancient Buddhist texts that discuss Jain monastic life).</li></ul> <p>These are as follows 1. Ahimsa - nonviolence, non-injury, and absence of desire to harm any life forms. 2. Satya - truthful in one's thoughts, speech and action. 3. Asteya - non-stealing". One must not steal, nor have the intent to steal, another's property through action, speech, and thoughts. 4. Aparigraha - the virtue of non-possessiveness or non-greediness. </p><p>Mahavira inserted 5th vow ie Brahmacharya - sexual restraint or practice of celibacy. Renunciation of sex and marriage. This was thought to be understood to within 4th vow of Aparigraha, but was more specified as 5th vow of Brahmacharya. </p><p>Mahāvīra taught Five vows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007211_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007211-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah19875_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah19875-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200231–33_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200231–33-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Digambara sect disagrees with the Śvetāmbara interpretations,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini200027–28_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini200027–28-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reject the theory of difference in Parshvanatha and Mahāvīra's teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah19875_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah19875-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Digambaras as well as Śvetāmbaras follow Five vows as taught by <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>. The difference is only that Śvetāmbaras believe <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a> taught one vow less (the Four vows except <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a>) than <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>. However, monks of Śvetāmbara sect also follow all 5 vows as stated in the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ācārāṅga Sūtra">Ācārāṅga Sūtra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Digambaras believe that both Parshvanatha and Mahāvīra remained unmarried, whereas Śvetāmbara believe the 23rd and 24th tirthankar did indeed marry. According to the Śvetāmbara version, Parshvanāth married Prabhavati,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKailash_Chand_Jain199112_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKailash_Chand_Jain199112-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mahāvīraswāmi married Yashoda who bore him a daughter named Priyadarshana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200473–74_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200473–74-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200221_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200221-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two sects also differ on the origin of <a href="/wiki/Trishala" title="Trishala">Trishala</a>, Mahāvīra's mother,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200473–74_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200473–74-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the details of Tirthankara's biographies such as how many auspicious dreams their mothers had when they were in the wombs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198717_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198717-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Digambara believe Rishabha, <a href="/wiki/Vasupujya" title="Vasupujya">Vasupujya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neminatha" title="Neminatha">Neminatha</a> were the three <i>tirthankaras</i> who reached omniscience while in sitting posture and other tirthankaras were in standing ascetic posture. In contrast, Śvetāmbaras believe it was Rishabha, Nemi and Mahāvīra who were the three in sitting posture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198779–80_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198779–80-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to Śvetāmbara Jain texts, from <i>Kalpasūtras</i> onwards, its monastic community has had more <i>sadhvis</i> than <i>sadhus</i> (female than male mendicants). In <i>Tapa Gacch</i> of the modern era, the ratio of <i>sadhvis</i> to <i>sadhus</i> (nuns to monks) is about 3.5 to 1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2001a47_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001a47-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to Śvetāmbara, the Digambara sect monastic community has been predominantly male.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel2006314–331,_353–361_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel2006314–331,_353–361-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the Digambara tradition, a male human being is considered closest to the apex with the potential to achieve his soul's liberation from rebirths through asceticism. Women must gain karmic merit, to be reborn as man, and only then can they achieve spiritual liberation in the Digambara sect of Jainism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong201336–37_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201336–37-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2016182–183_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2016182–183-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Śvetāmbaras disagree with the Digambaras, believing that women can also achieve liberation from <i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a></i> through ascetic practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2016182–183_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2016182–183-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200255–59_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200255–59-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Śvetāmbaras state the 19th Tirthankara <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ll%C4%ABn%C4%81tha" class="mw-redirect" title="Māllīnātha">Māllīnātha</a> was female.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVallely200215_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallely200215-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Digambara reject this, and worship Mallinatha as a male.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200256_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200256-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to <i>Digambara</i> texts, after attaining <i><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jnana</a></i> (omniscience), <i><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">arihant</a></i> (omniscient beings) are free from human needs like hunger, thirst, and sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2009314_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2009314-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Śvetāmbara texts preach that it is not so.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Long2013p17-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long2013p17_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long2013p17_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long2013p17_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long2013p17_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJeffery_D_Long2013" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery D Long (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3gAAwAAQBAJ"><i>Jainism: An Introduction</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-392-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-392-6"><bdi>978-0-85771-392-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-392-6&rft.au=Jeffery+D+Long&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3gAAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dundas2002-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dundas2002_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dundas2002" class="citation book cs1">Paul Dundas (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jt6-YXE2aUwC"><i>The Jains</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 53–59, 64–80, 286–287 with footnotes 21 and 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26606-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26606-2"><bdi>978-0-415-26606-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.pages=53-59%2C+64-80%2C+286-287+with+footnotes+21+and+32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26606-2&rft.au=Paul+Dundas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djt6-YXE2aUwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiley2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wiley2009_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristi_L._Wiley2009" class="citation book cs1">Kristi L. Wiley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUz9o-EKTpwC"><i>The A to Z of Jainism</i></a>. Scarecrow. pp. 83–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6821-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6821-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-6821-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Jainism&rft.pages=83-84&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6821-2&rft.au=Kristi+L.+Wiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkUz9o-EKTpwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JainFischer1978-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JainFischer1978_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JainFischer1978_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJyotindra_JainEberhard_Fischer1978" class="citation book cs1">Jyotindra Jain; Eberhard Fischer (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gFZ7vQ2jwlEC"><i>Jaina Iconography</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 1–2, 8–9, xxxiv–xxxv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-05259-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-05259-3"><bdi>90-04-05259-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702114824/https://books.google.com/books?id=gFZ7vQ2jwlEC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina+Iconography&rft.pages=1-2%2C+8-9%2C+xxxiv-xxxv&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=90-04-05259-3&rft.au=Jyotindra+Jain&rft.au=Eberhard+Fischer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgFZ7vQ2jwlEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dundas2002" class="citation book cs1">Paul Dundas (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdjNkZoGFCgC"><i>The Jains</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 63–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5"><bdi>978-0-415-26605-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.pages=63-65&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26605-5&rft.au=Paul+Dundas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjdjNkZoGFCgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long2013p60-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Long2013p60_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery_D_Long2013" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery D Long (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3gAAwAAQBAJ"><i>Jainism: An Introduction</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-392-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-392-6"><bdi>978-0-85771-392-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-392-6&rft.au=Jeffery+D+Long&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3gAAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953210-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953210_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953210_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953210_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1953">Zimmer 1953</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200246–48-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200246–48_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200246–48_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200246–48_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200246–48_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200246–48_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200247–48-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200247–48_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2011207–208_with_footnotes-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2011207–208_with_footnotes_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2011">Olivelle 2011</a>, pp. 207–208 with footnotes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002113–115-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002113–115_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 113–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016444-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016444_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpinder_Singh2016">Upinder Singh 2016</a>, p. 444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_Premanand_Shah19874-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUmakant_Premanand_Shah19874_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUmakant_Premanand_Shah1987">Umakant Premanand Shah 1987</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley2009215-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley2009215_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley2009215_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley2009215_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiley2009">Wiley 2009</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghGhoshNath1996258–259-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghGhoshNath1996258–259_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinghGhoshNath1996">Singh, Ghosh & Nath 1996</a>, pp. 258–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1838216-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1838216_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1838">Martin 1838</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrithersHumphrey1991205-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrithersHumphrey1991205_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarrithersHumphrey1991">Carrithers & Humphrey 1991</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ardhakathanaka: Half a tale, a Study in the Interrelationship between Autobiography and History, Mukunda Lath (trans. and ed.), Jaipur 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8129105660" title="Special:BookSources/978-8129105660">978-8129105660</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John E. Cort "A Tale of Two Cities: On the Origins of Digambara Sectarianism in North India." L. A. Babb, V. Joshi, and M. W. Meister (eds.), Multiple Histories: Culture and Society in the Study of Rajasthan, 39–83. Jaipur: Rawat, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVyas199516-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVyas199516_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVyas1995">Vyas 1995</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012xi–xii-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012xi–xii_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2012">Vijay K. Jain 2012</a>, p. xi–xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereira19775-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereira19775_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPereira1977">Pereira 1977</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012xii-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012xii_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2012">Vijay K. Jain 2012</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2010335-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2010335_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCort2010">Cort 2010</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200279-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200279_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200279_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini199131–32-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini199131–32_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaini1991">Jaini 1991</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Satkhandagama : Dhaval (Jivasthana) Satparupana-I (Enunciation of Existence-I) An English Translation of Part 1 of the Dhavala Commentary on the Satkhandagama of Acarya Pushpadanta & Bhutabali Dhavala commentary by Acarya Virasena English tr. by Prof. Nandlal Jain, Ed. by Prof. Ashok Jain <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86957-47-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86957-47-9">978-81-86957-47-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrithersHumphrey1991170-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrithersHumphrey1991170_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarrithersHumphrey1991">Carrithers & Humphrey 1991</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENagraj1986433-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagraj1986433_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNagraj1986">Nagraj 1986</a>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidaydgar Johrapurkar, Bhaṭṭāraka Sampradaya, Solapur, 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave1980299-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave1980299_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave1980">Sangave 1980</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200279–80-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200279–80_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200279–80_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200279–80_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200279–80_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2009444-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2009444_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpinder_Singh2009">Upinder Singh 2009</a>, p. 444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200263–65,_79–80-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200263–65,_79–80_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200263–65,_79–80_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200263–65,_79–80_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200263–65,_79–80_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 63–65, 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200280-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200280_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200280_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200280_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200280–81-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200280–81_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini200032,_229–239-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini200032,_229–239_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaini2000">Jaini 2000</a>, pp. 32, 229–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini200028-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini200028_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaini2000">Jaini 2000</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPramansagar2008189–191-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPramansagar2008189–191_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPramansagar2008">Pramansagar 2008</a>, p. 189–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013189–191,_196–197-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013189–191,_196–197_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013189–191,_196–197_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013189–191,_196–197_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013189–191,_196–197_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2013189–191,_196–197_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2013">Vijay K. Jain 2013</a>, pp. 189–191, 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201193–100-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201193–100_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2011">Vijay K. Jain 2011</a>, p. 93–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192626-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192626_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192627–28-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192627–28_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192629-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192629_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192630-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192630_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192630–31-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192630–31_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192631–32-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192631–32_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012144–145-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012144–145_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2012">Vijay K. Jain 2012</a>, p. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192632–38-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192632–38_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, pp. 32–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192633-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192633_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192633_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192634–35-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192634–35_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192635–36-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192635–36_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192637–38-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192637–38_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192638–39-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192638–39_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192638–39_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192638–39_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012143-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012143_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2012">Vijay K. Jain 2012</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192626,_38–39-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192626,_38–39_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, pp. 26, 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaillatBalbir2008p236-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaillatBalbir2008p236_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColette_CaillatNalini_Balbir2008" class="citation book cs1">Colette Caillat; Nalini Balbir (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecKCrO6nLiAC"><i>Jaina Studies</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 236–241 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3247-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3247-3"><bdi>978-81-208-3247-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina+Studies&rft.pages=236-241+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3247-3&rft.au=Colette+Caillat&rft.au=Nalini+Balbir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DecKCrO6nLiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiley2009p226-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wiley2009p226_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristi_L._Wiley2009" class="citation book cs1">Kristi L. Wiley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIhCCwAAQBAJ"><i>The A to Z of Jainism</i></a>. Scarecrow. pp. 226–227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6337-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-6337-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702120440/https://books.google.com/books?id=cIhCCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Jainism&rft.pages=226-227&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6337-8&rft.au=Kristi+L.+Wiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcIhCCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiley2009p170-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wiley2009p170_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristi_L._Wiley2009" class="citation book cs1">Kristi L. Wiley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIhCCwAAQBAJ"><i>The A to Z of Jainism</i></a>. Scarecrow. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6337-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-6337-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702120440/https://books.google.com/books?id=cIhCCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Jainism&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6337-8&rft.au=Kristi+L.+Wiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcIhCCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams1991p184-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams1991p184_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams1991p184_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Williams1991" class="citation book cs1">Robert Williams (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LLKcrIJ6oscC&pg=PA184"><i>Jaina Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0775-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0775-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0775-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702120549/https://books.google.com/books?id=LLKcrIJ6oscC&pg=PA184">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina+Yoga%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Mediaeval+%C5%9Ar%C4%81vak%C4%81c%C4%81ras&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0775-4&rft.au=Robert+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLLKcrIJ6oscC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_Premanand_Shah198779–80-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUmakant_Premanand_Shah198779–80_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUmakant_Premanand_Shah1987">Umakant Premanand Shah 1987</a>, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192646–47-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192646–47_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192646–47_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, p. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192647–48-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192647–48_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192647–48_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, p. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192648–49-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192648–49_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, p. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192636-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192636_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192636_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192644–45-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192644–45_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, p. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192645–46-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192645–46_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, p. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200245-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200245_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2009316-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2009316_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpinder_Singh2009">Upinder Singh 2009</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192621-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain192621_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain1926141-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain1926141_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926">Champat Rai Jain 1926</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200249–50-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200249–50_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard2019pt105-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard2019pt105_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard2019pt105_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeena_R._Howard2019" class="citation book cs1">Veena R. Howard (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J1OqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT105"><i>The Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Indian Philosophy and Gender</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-6959-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-6959-9"><bdi>978-1-4742-6959-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702120549/https://books.google.com/books?id=J1OqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT105">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Research+Handbook+of+Indian+Philosophy+and+Gender&rft.pages=105-106&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-6959-9&rft.au=Veena+R.+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ1OqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-relDis1-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-relDis1_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora, Knut A. Jacobsen, ISBN hardback 978-0-415-4373-3, ISBN ebook ISBN hardback 978-0-203-93059-5]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953209–210-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953209–210_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1953">Zimmer 1953</a>, p. 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953213-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953213_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1953">Zimmer 1953</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hvg-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hvg_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasenapp1999" class="citation book cs1">Glasenapp, Helmuth (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&dq=jainism&pg=PA383"><i>Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120813762" title="Special:BookSources/9788120813762"><bdi>9788120813762</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308232817/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&pg=PA383&dq=jainism&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q=jainism&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Indian+Religion+of+Salvation&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788120813762&rft.aulast=Glasenapp&rft.aufirst=Helmuth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzEzXDk0v6sC%26dq%3Djainism%26pg%3DPA383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave198051–56-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave198051–56_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave1980">Sangave 1980</a>, pp. 51–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave198052-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave198052_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave198052_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave198052_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave198052_79-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave198052_79-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave198052_79-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave1980">Sangave 1980</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft138nb0wk&chunk.id=d0e6969&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e6841&brand=ucpress">"Gender and Salvation"</a>. <i>publishing.cdlib.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publishing.cdlib.org&rft.atitle=Gender+and+Salvation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft138nb0wk%26chunk.id%3Dd0e6969%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3Dd0e6841%26brand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini1998" class="citation book cs1">Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C&dq=digambara&pg=PA208"><i>The Jaina Path of Purification</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1578-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1578-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1578-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jaina+Path+of+Purification&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishe&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1578-0&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwE6v6ahxHi8C%26dq%3Ddigambara%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini1998" class="citation book cs1">Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C&dq=digambara&pg=PA25"><i>The Jaina Path of Purification</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1578-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1578-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1578-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jaina+Path+of+Purification&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishe&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1578-0&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwE6v6ahxHi8C%26dq%3Ddigambara%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini1998" class="citation book cs1">Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C&dq=digambara&pg=PA223"><i>The Jaina Path of Purification</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1578-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1578-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1578-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jaina+Path+of+Purification&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishe&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1578-0&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwE6v6ahxHi8C%26dq%3Ddigambara%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundas2003" class="citation book cs1">Dundas, Paul (2 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ&q=Digambara%20female"><i>The Jains</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-50165-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-50165-6"><bdi>978-1-134-50165-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft.isbn=978-1-134-50165-6&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DDigambara%2520female&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalbir" class="citation web cs1">Balbir, Nalini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jainqq.org/explore/269551/7">"Women in Jainism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+in+Jainism&rft.aulast=Balbir&rft.aufirst=Nalini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjainqq.org%2Fexplore%2F269551%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley2009206-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley2009206_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiley2009">Wiley 2009</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=12XEBENpExoC&q=Naked"><i>The Ādi Granth: Or, Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs</i></a>. Wm. H. Allen. 1877.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C4%80di+Granth%3A+Or%2C+Holy+Scriptures+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pub=Wm.+H.+Allen&rft.date=1877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D12XEBENpExoC%26q%3DNaked&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhisma2z.com/content.php?id=288#:~:text=The%20Buddha%20made%20it%20a,I,305).">"Guide To Buddhism A To Z"</a>. <i>www.buddhisma2z.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.buddhisma2z.com&rft.atitle=Guide+To+Buddhism+A+To+Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhisma2z.com%2Fcontent.php%3Fid%3D288%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Buddha%2520made%2520it%2520a%2CI%2C305%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alislam.org/articles/nudity/">"Nudity"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nudity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Farticles%2Fnudity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007211-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007211_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah19875-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah19875_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah19875_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUmakant_P._Shah1987">Umakant P. Shah 1987</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200231–33-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200231–33_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 31–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini200027–28-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini200027–28_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaini2000">Jaini 2000</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2201.htm">"Jaina Sutras, Part I (SBE22): Contents"</a>. <i>sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=Jaina+Sutras%2C+Part+I+%28SBE22%29%3A+Contents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacred-texts.com%2Fjai%2Fsbe22%2Fsbe2201.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKailash_Chand_Jain199112-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKailash_Chand_Jain199112_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKailash_Chand_Jain1991">Kailash Chand Jain 1991</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200473–74-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200473–74_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200473–74_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNatubhai_Shah2004">Natubhai Shah 2004</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200221-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200221_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198717-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198717_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUmakant_P._Shah1987">Umakant P. Shah 1987</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198779–80-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198779–80_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUmakant_P._Shah1987">Umakant P. Shah 1987</a>, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001a47-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2001a47_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCort2001a">Cort 2001a</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel2006314–331,_353–361-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel2006314–331,_353–361_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlügel2006">Flügel 2006</a>, pp. 314–331, 353–361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong201336–37-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong201336–37_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLong2013">Long 2013</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2016182–183-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2016182–183_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2016182–183_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2016">Harvey 2016</a>, pp. 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200255–59-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200255–59_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 55–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallely200215-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVallely200215_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVallely2002">Vallely 2002</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200256-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200256_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2009314-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2009314_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpinder_Singh2009">Upinder Singh 2009</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrithersHumphrey1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Carrithers" title="Michael Carrithers">Carrithers, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Humphrey" title="Caroline Humphrey">Humphrey, Caroline</a>, eds. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LW8czr_HzzwC"><i>The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-365-05-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-365-05-8"><bdi>0-521-365-05-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assembly+of+Listeners%3A+Jains+in+Society&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-521-365-05-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLW8czr_HzzwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCort2001a" class="citation cs2">Cort, John E. (2001a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PZk-4HOMzsoC"><i>Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513234-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513234-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513234-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jains+in+the+World+%3A+Religious+Values+and+Ideology+in+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513234-2&rft.aulast=Cort&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPZk-4HOMzsoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCort2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">Cort, John</a> (2010) [1953], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC"><i>Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538502-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538502-1"><bdi>978-0-19-538502-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+the+Jina%3A+Narratives+of+Icons+and+Idols+in+Jain+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538502-1&rft.aulast=Cort&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMDBpq23-0QoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundas2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Dundas, Paul</a> (2002) [1992], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Jains</i></a> (Second ed.), <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26605-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26605-X"><bdi>0-415-26605-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-26605-X&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlügel2006" class="citation cs2">Flügel, Peter (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CIgqBgAAQBAJ"><i>Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-23552-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-23552-0"><bdi>978-1-134-23552-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Jaina+History+and+Culture%3A+Disputes+and+Dialogues&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-23552-0&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%BCgel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCIgqBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2016" class="citation cs2">Harvey, Graham (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrTsCwAAQBAJ"><i>Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93690-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93690-8"><bdi>978-1-134-93690-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Focus%3A+New+Approaches+to+Tradition+and+Contemporary+Practices&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-134-93690-8&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwrTsCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1926" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Jain, Champat Rai</a> (1926), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SannyasaDharma"><i>Sannyasa Dharma</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sannyasa+Dharma&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Champat+Rai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSannyasaDharma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKailash_Chand_Jain1991" class="citation cs2">Jain, Kailash Chand (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC"><i>Lord Mahāvīra and His Times</i></a>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0805-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0805-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABra+and+His+Times&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0805-8&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Kailash+Chand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8-TxcO9dfrcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2011" class="citation cs2">Jain, Vijay K. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zLmx9bvtglkC"><i>Acharya Umasvami's Tattvārthsūtra</i></a> (1st ed.), (Uttarakhand) India: Vikalp Printers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-2-1"><bdi>978-81-903639-2-1</bdi></a>, <q><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acharya+Umasvami%27s+Tattv%C4%81rths%C5%ABtra&rft.place=%28Uttarakhand%29+India&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Vikalp+Printers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-903639-2-1&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Vijay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzLmx9bvtglkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2012" class="citation cs2">Jain, Vijay K. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8190363948"><i>Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya</i></a>, Vikalp Printers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-4-5"><bdi>978-81-903639-4-5</bdi></a>, <q><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acharya+Amritchandra%27s+Purushartha+Siddhyupaya&rft.pub=Vikalp+Printers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-903639-4-5&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Vijay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D8190363948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2013" class="citation cs2">Jain, Vijay K. (2013), <i>Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha</i>, Vikalp Printers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-5-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-5-2"><bdi>978-81-903639-5-2</bdi></a>, <q><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%80c%C4%81rya+Nemichandra%27s+Dravyasa%E1%B9%83graha&rft.pub=Vikalp+Printers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-81-903639-5-2&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Vijay+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Jaini, Padmanabh S.</a> (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GRA-uoUFz3MC"><i>Gender and Salvation: Jaina Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06820-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06820-3"><bdi>0-520-06820-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Salvation%3A+Jaina+Debates+on+the+Spiritual+Liberation+of+Women&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-520-06820-3&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGRA-uoUFz3MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Jaini, Padmanabh S.</a> (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPggiM7y1aYC"><i>Collected Papers On Jaina Studies</i></a> (First ed.), <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1691-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1691-9"><bdi>81-208-1691-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+On+Jaina+Studies&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-208-1691-9&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPggiM7y1aYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2007" class="citation cs2">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>, Infobase Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-5458-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2013" class="citation cs2">Long, Jeffery D (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3gAAwAAQBAJ"><i>Jainism: An Introduction</i></a>, I.B.Tauris, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-392-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-392-6"><bdi>978-0-85771-392-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-392-6&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3gAAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1838" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_Martin" title="Robert Montgomery Martin">Martin, Robert Montgomery</a> (1838), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JJMxAQAAMAAJ"><i>Bihar (Patna city) and Shahabad: Volume 1 of The History, Antiquities, Topography, and Statistics of Eastern India</i></a>, W. H. Allen and Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bihar+%28Patna+city%29+and+Shahabad%3A+Volume+1+of+The+History%2C+Antiquities%2C+Topography%2C+and+Statistics+of+Eastern+India&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen+and+Company&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Robert+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJJMxAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagraj1986" class="citation cs2">Nagraj (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dXVOXRrYQiQC"><i>Agama Aura Tripitaka: Eka Anusilana</i></a>, vol. 2, Concept Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170227311" title="Special:BookSources/9788170227311"><bdi>9788170227311</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agama+Aura+Tripitaka%3A+Eka+Anusilana&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9788170227311&rft.au=Nagraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdXVOXRrYQiQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2011" class="citation cs2">Olivelle, Patrick (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TecNS3Vi2F4C"><i>Ascetics and Brahmins: Studies in Ideologies and Institutions</i></a>, Anthem Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-432-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-432-7"><bdi>978-0-85728-432-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ascetics+and+Brahmins%3A+Studies+in+Ideologies+and+Institutions&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-432-7&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTecNS3Vi2F4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereira1977" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pereira_(scholar)" title="José Pereira (scholar)">Pereira, José</a> (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LMTgiygj4-oC"><i>Monolithic Jinas</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8426-1027-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8426-1027-8"><bdi>0-8426-1027-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monolithic+Jinas&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8426-1027-8&rft.aulast=Pereira&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLMTgiygj4-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPramansagar2008" class="citation cs2">Pramansagar, Muni (2008), <i>Jain Tattva-Vidya</i>, India: Bhartiya Gyanpeeth, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-263-1480-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-263-1480-5"><bdi>978-81-263-1480-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jain+Tattva-Vidya&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Bhartiya+Gyanpeeth&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-263-1480-5&rft.aulast=Pramansagar&rft.aufirst=Muni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangave1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Vilas_Adinath_Sangave" title="Vilas Adinath Sangave">Sangave, Vilas Adinath</a> (1980) [1959], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FWdWrRGV_t8C"><i>Jaina Community: A Social Survey</i></a>, Popular Prakashan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-317-12346-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-317-12346-7"><bdi>0-317-12346-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina+Community%3A+A+Social+Survey&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-317-12346-7&rft.aulast=Sangave&rft.aufirst=Vilas+Adinath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFWdWrRGV_t8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatubhai_Shah2004" class="citation cs2">Shah, Natubhai (2004) [First published in 1998], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC"><i>Jainism: The World of Conquerors</i></a>, vol. I, <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1938-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1938-2"><bdi>978-81-208-1938-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+The+World+of+Conquerors&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1938-2&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Natubhai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLNQKGcDIhsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmakant_Premanand_Shah1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Umakant_Premanand_Shah" title="Umakant Premanand Shah">Shah, Umakant Premanand</a> (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC"><i>Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography</i></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhinav_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abhinav Publications (page does not exist)">Abhinav Publications</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-208-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-208-X"><bdi>81-7017-208-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina-r%C5%ABpa-ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%3A+Jaina+iconography&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=81-7017-208-X&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Umakant+Premanand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_y_P4duSXsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmakant_P._Shah1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Umakant_Premanand_Shah" title="Umakant Premanand Shah">Shah, Umakant Premanand</a> (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC"><i>Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography</i></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhinav_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abhinav Publications (page does not exist)">Abhinav Publications</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-208-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-208-6"><bdi>978-81-7017-208-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina-r%C5%ABpa-ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%3A+Jaina+iconography&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-208-6&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Umakant+Premanand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_y_P4duSXsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghGhoshNath1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kumar_Suresh_Singh" title="Kumar Suresh Singh">Singh, Kumar Suresh</a>; Ghosh, Tapash Kumar; Nath, Surendra (1996), <i>People of India</i>, Anthropological Survey of India, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-096-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-096-2"><bdi>978-81-7304-096-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+India&rft.pub=Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-096-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kumar+Suresh&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+Tapash+Kumar&rft.au=Nath%2C+Surendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpinder_Singh2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Singh, Upinder</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC"><i>A History Of Ancient And Early Medieval India: From The Stone Age To The 12Th Century</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+Of+Ancient+And+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+The+Stone+Age+To+The+12Th+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGW5Gx0HSXKUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpinder_Singh2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Singh, Upinder</a> (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-325-6996-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-325-6996-6"><bdi>978-93-325-6996-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-325-6996-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPq2iCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallely2002" class="citation cs2">Vallely, Anne (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eI4PAY9rDmQC"><i>Guardians of the Transcendent: An Ethnology of a Jain Ascetic Community</i></a>, University of Toronto Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8415-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8415-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-8415-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guardians+of+the+Transcendent%3A+An+Ethnology+of+a+Jain+Ascetic+Community&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8415-6&rft.aulast=Vallely&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeI4PAY9rDmQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVyas1995" class="citation cs2">Vyas, Dr. R. T., ed. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC"><i>Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects</i></a>, The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-316-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-316-7"><bdi>81-7017-316-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Jaina+Art+and+Iconography+and+Allied+Subjects&rft.pub=The+Director%2C+Oriental+Institute%2C+on+behalf+of+the+Registrar%2C+M.S.+University+of+Baroda%2C+Vadodara&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=81-7017-316-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfETebHcHKogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiley2009" class="citation cs2">Wiley, Kristi L. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIhCCwAAQBAJ"><i>The A to Z of Jainism</i></a>, vol. 38, Scarecrow, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6337-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-6337-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Jainism&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6337-8&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Kristi+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcIhCCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1953" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Zimmer, Heinrich</a> (1953) [April 1952], <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Campbell, Joseph</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer"><i>Philosophies Of India</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> & Kegan Paul Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0739-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0739-6"><bdi>978-81-208-0739-6</bdi></a>, <q><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+Of+India&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Ltd&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0739-6&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPhilosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigambara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digambara&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Vows" title="Five Vows">Five Vows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_epistemology" title="Jain epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jñāna</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jaina logic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekāntavāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddhashila" title="Siddhashila">Siddhashila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)" title="Deva (Jainism)">Heavenly beings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Karma_(Jainism)" title="Types of Karma (Jainism)">Types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_karma_in_Jainism" title="Causes of karma in Jainism">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajiva" title="Ajiva">Ajiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudgala" title="Pudgala">Pudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">Asrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)" title="Bandha (Jainism)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvara" title="Samvara">Samvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjara" title="Nirjara">Nirjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mokṣa</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Jainism" title="Death in Jainism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnatraya" title="Ratnatraya">Ratnatraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_(Jainism)" title="Kashaya (Jainism)">Kashaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digambara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mula_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Sangha">Mula Sangha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balatkara_Gana" title="Balatkara Gana">Balatkara Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtha_Sangha" title="Kashtha Sangha">Kashtha Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_Panth" title="Taran Panth">Taran Panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bispanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bispanthi">Bispanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_Terapanth" title="Digambara Terapanth">Terapanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yapaniya">Yapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanji Panth">Kanji Panth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murtipujaka" title="Murtipujaka">Murtipujaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaccha" title="Gaccha">Gaccha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharatara_Gaccha" title="Kharatara Gaccha">Kharatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristutik_Gaccha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristutik Gaccha">Tristutik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sth%C4%81nakav%C4%81s%C4%AB" title="Sthānakavāsī">Sthānakavāsī</a></li> <li>Terapanth</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_rituals" title="Jain rituals">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_festivals" title="Jain festivals">Festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshamavani" title="Kshamavani">Kshamavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamastakabhisheka" title="Mahamastakabhisheka">Mahamastakabhisheka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadhan" title="Upadhan">Upadhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">Pratikramana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Scriptures">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkhandagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkhandagama">Shatkhandagama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasayapahuda" title="Kasayapahuda">Kasayapahuda</a></li> <li>Mantra <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptamimamsa" title="Aptamimamsa">Aptamimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhachakra" title="Siddhachakra">Siddhachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandavarta" title="Nandavarta">Nandavarta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_dreams_in_Jainism" title="Auspicious dreams in Jainism">Auspicious dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Ascetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_monk" title="Digambara monk">Digambara monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryika" title="Aryika">Aryika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshullak" title="Kshullak">Kshullak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattavali" title="Pattavali">Pattavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">Acharya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Balbir" title="Nalini Balbir">Nalini Balbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Caillat" title="Colette Caillat">Colette Caillat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandabai" title="Chandabai">Chandabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John E. Cort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Hermann Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampan%C4%81" title="Hampanā">Hampa Nagarajaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Patil" title="Bal Patil">Bal Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinendra_Varni" title="Jinendra Varni">Jinendra Varni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_communities" title="Jain communities">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">Śrāvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarak" title="Sarak">Sarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil</a></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambar_Jain_Mahasabha" title="Digambar Jain Mahasabha">Digambar Jain Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Jain_Sangathan" title="Vishwa Jain Sangathan">Vishwa Jain Sangathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAINA" title="JAINA">JAINA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Bundelkhand" title="Jainism in Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Delhi" title="Jainism in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Goa" title="Jainism in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Gujarat" title="Jainism in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Haryana" title="Jainism in Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Karnataka" title="Jainism in Karnataka">Karnataka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_North_Karnataka" title="Jainism in North Karnataka">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Mumbai" title="Jainism in Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Rajasthan" title="Jainism in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Jainism in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jainism in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Overseas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Africa" title="Jainism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Australia" title="Jainism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Belgium" title="Jainism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Canada" title="Jainism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Europe" title="Jainism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Jainism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Japan" title="Jainism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Pakistan" title="Jainism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Singapore" title="Jainism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Jainism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Non-creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Dynasties and empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santara_dynasty" title="Santara dynasty">Santara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1ca-Parame%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhi" title="Pañca-Parameṣṭhi">Pañca-Parameṣṭhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratima_(Jainism)" title="Pratima (Jainism)">Pratima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">Śalākāpuruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavasarana" title="Samavasarana">Samavasarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka" title="Panch Kalyanaka">Panch Kalyanaka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ahimsa" title="Statue of Ahimsa">Statue of Ahimsa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_stupa" title="Jain stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigoda" title="Nigoda">Nigoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_terms_and_concepts" title="Jain terms and concepts">Jain terms and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differences_in_Jainism" title="Sexual differences in Jainism">Sexual differences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">List of Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_temples" title="List of Jain temples">List of Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_monks" title="List of Jain monks">List of Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Digambar_Jain_ascetics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Digambar Jain ascetics">List of Digambar Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics List (index)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Navboxes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gods" title="Template:Jain Gods">Gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Agamas" 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