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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State between peace and war</div> <p>The <b>grey-zone</b> (also grey zone, gray zone, and gray-zone) describes the space in between <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> in which state and non-state actors engage in competition. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey-zone_(international_relations)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Use of the term <i>grey-zone</i> is widespread in <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> circles, but there is no universal agreement on the definition of <i>grey-zone</i>, or even whether it is a useful term, with views about the term ranging from "faddish" or "vague", to "useful" or "brilliant".<sup id="cite_ref-Dobbs-2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbs-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grey-zone is defined as "competitive interactions among and within state and non-state actors that fall between the traditional war and peace duality." by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command" title="United States Special Operations Command">United States Special Operations Command</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key element of operations within the grey-zone is that they remain below the threshold of an attack which could have a legitimate conventional military response (<a href="/wiki/Jus_ad_bellum" title="Jus ad bellum">jus ad bellum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One paper defined it as "coercive statecraft actions short of war", and a "mainly non-military domain of human activity in which states use national resources to deliberately coerce other states".<sup id="cite_ref-Dobbs-2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbs-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a> defines the grey-zone as "the contested arena somewhere between routine statecraft and open warfare."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Defence Secretary <a href="/wiki/Ben_Wallace_(politician)" title="Ben Wallace (politician)">Ben Wallace</a> called the grey-zone "that limbo land between peace and war."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grey zone warfare generally means a middle, unclear space that exists between direct conflict and peace in international relations. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent Cable">Vincent Cable</a>, examples of grey-zone activities include undermining industrial value chains or oil and gas supplies, money laundering, and the use of espionage and sabotage.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hsi-ming" title="Lee Hsi-ming">Lee Hsi-ming</a> "gray zone conflict is characterized by using the threat of force to create fear and intimidation."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US Navy admiral <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Paparo" title="Samuel Paparo">Samuel Paparo</a> has termed gray zone activities "illegal, coercive, aggressive and deceptive" (ICAP) following the preferred term of <a href="/wiki/Romeo_Brawner_Jr." title="Romeo Brawner Jr.">Romeo Brawner Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey-zone_(international_relations)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>grey-zone</i> was coined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command" title="United States Special Operations Command">United States Special Operations Command</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and published in a 2015 white paper.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of the grey-zone is built on existing military strategies; however, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> has created radical new spaces which have expanded what is possible. Modern hybrid warfare and political warfare operations primarily occur in the grey-zone.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 2010s, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> escalated to grey-zone warfare with <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in an attempt to force unification with the smaller country.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taiwan's <a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Guard Administration">Coast Guard Administration</a> has had to expand rapidly to meet the rising grey-zone challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-Focus_Taiwan_Feb_2021_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Focus_Taiwan_Feb_2021-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's grey-zone operations against Taiwan in the maritime domain are meant to establish presence while maintaining <a href="/wiki/Plausible_deniability" title="Plausible deniability">plausible deniability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concerns">Concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey-zone_(international_relations)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is generally believed that non-democratic states can operate more effectively in the grey-zone as they are much less limited by domestic law and regulation. It can also be very hard for democratic states to respond to grey-zone threats because their legal and military systems are geared towards seeing conflicts through the sense of war and peace with little preparation or consideration for anything in between. This can lead democratic states to either dramatically overreact or under-react when faced with a grey-zone challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-CGAI_2019_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGAI_2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_with_hybrid_warfare">Relation with hybrid warfare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey-zone_(international_relations)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relation with hybrid warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of grey-zone conflicts or warfare is distinct from the concept of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_warfare" title="Hybrid warfare">hybrid warfare</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the two are intimately linked as in the modern era states most often apply unconventional tools and hybrid techniques in the grey-zone.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However many of the unconventional tools used by states in the grey-zone such as propaganda campaigns, economic pressure and the use of non-state entities do not cross over the threshold into formalized state-level aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-CGAI_2019_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGAI_2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey-zone_(international_relations)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salami_slicing_strategy" title="Chinese salami slicing strategy">Chinese salami slicing strategy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey-zone_(international_relations)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.reuters.com&rft.atitle=China+launches+%27gray-zone%27+warfare+to+subdue+Taiwan&rft.aulast=LEE&rft.aufirst=YIMOU&rft.au=LAGUE%2C+DAVID&rft.au=BLANCHARD%2C+BEN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Finvestigates%2Fspecial-report%2Fhongkong-taiwan-military%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey-zone+%28international+relations%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Focus_Taiwan_Feb_2021-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Focus_Taiwan_Feb_2021_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChien-pangKui-hsiangLim" class="citation web cs1">Chien-pang, Liu; Kui-hsiang, Wen; Lim, Emerson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://focustaiwan.tw/cross-strait/202102170014">"Taiwan coast guard ships add new livery to distinguish them from China's"</a>. <i>focustaiwan.tw</i>. Focus Taiwan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=focustaiwan.tw&rft.atitle=Taiwan+coast+guard+ships+add+new+livery+to+distinguish+them+from+China%27s&rft.aulast=Chien-pang&rft.aufirst=Liu&rft.au=Kui-hsiang%2C+Wen&rft.au=Lim%2C+Emerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffocustaiwan.tw%2Fcross-strait%2F202102170014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey-zone+%28international+relations%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2021" class="citation web cs1">Chan, Eric (2 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaltaiwan.org/2021/06/vol-6-issue-11/">"Escalating Clarity without Fighting: Countering Gray Zone Warfare against Taiwan (Part 2)"</a>. <i>globaltaiwan.org</i>. The Global Taiwan Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globaltaiwan.org&rft.atitle=Escalating+Clarity+without+Fighting%3A+Countering+Gray+Zone+Warfare+against+Taiwan+%28Part+2%29&rft.date=2021-06-02&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaltaiwan.org%2F2021%2F06%2Fvol-6-issue-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey-zone+%28international+relations%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CGAI_2019-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CGAI_2019_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CGAI_2019_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeloCarment" class="citation web cs1">Belo, Dani; Carment, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cgai.ca/grey_zone_conflict_implications_for_conflict_management">"Grey-Zone Conflict: Implications for Conflict Management"</a>. <i>www.cgai.ca</i>. CGAI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cgai.ca&rft.atitle=Grey-Zone+Conflict%3A+Implications+for+Conflict+Management&rft.aulast=Belo&rft.aufirst=Dani&rft.au=Carment%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgai.ca%2Fgrey_zone_conflict_implications_for_conflict_management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey-zone+%28international+relations%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokerWhiteside2020" class="citation journal cs1">Stoker, Donald; Whiteside, Craig (Winter 2020). "Blurred Lines: Gray-Zone Conflflict and Hybrid War—Two Failures of American Strategic Thinking". <i>Naval War College Review</i>. <b>73</b> (1): 1–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+War+College+Review&rft.atitle=Blurred+Lines%3A+Gray-Zone+Conflflict+and+Hybrid+War%E2%80%94Two+Failures+of+American+Strategic+Thinking&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-37&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Stoker&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Whiteside%2C+Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey-zone+%28international+relations%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmentBelo" class="citation web cs1">Carment, David; Belo, Dani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JEMEAA/Display/Article/2213954/gray-zone-conflict-management-theory-evidence-and-challenges/">"Gray-zone Conflict Management: Theory, Evidence, and Challenges"</a>. <i>www.airuniversity.af.edu</i>. Air Force University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.airuniversity.af.edu&rft.atitle=Gray-zone+Conflict+Management%3A+Theory%2C+Evidence%2C+and+Challenges&rft.aulast=Carment&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Belo%2C+Dani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airuniversity.af.edu%2FJEMEAA%2FDisplay%2FArticle%2F2213954%2Fgray-zone-conflict-management-theory-evidence-and-challenges%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey-zone+%28international+relations%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey-zone_(international_relations)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayton2021" class="citation book cs1">Layton, Peter (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airpower.airforce.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-07/Chinas%20Enduring%20Greyzone%20Challenge.pdf"><i>China's Enduring Grey-Zone Challenge</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Online PDF). Air and Space Power Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781925062502" title="Special:BookSources/9781925062502"><bdi>9781925062502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Enduring+Grey-Zone+Challenge&rft.pub=Air+and+Space+Power+Centre&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781925062502&rft.aulast=Layton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairpower.airforce.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021-07%2FChinas%2520Enduring%2520Greyzone%2520Challenge.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrey-zone+%28international+relations%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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title="Alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entente_(alliance)" title="Entente (alliance)">Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">Co-belligerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">Collective security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis" title="Crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">International community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationality" title="Internationality">Internationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism" title="Liberal institutionalism">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">National interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">Neutral country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-belligerent" title="Non-belligerent">Non-belligerent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">Non-state actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_treaty" title="Bilateral treaty">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship" title="Treaty of friendship">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_treaty" title="Multilateral treaty">Multilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">Non-aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-of-society" title="Whole-of-society">Whole-of-society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)" title="Constructivism (international relations)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" title="Marxist international relations theory">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields and subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_analysis" title="Foreign policy analysis">Foreign policy analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_economy" title="International political economy">International political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_sociology" title="International political sociology">International political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_studies" title="Security studies">Security studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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