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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A9" title="دولة متدخلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دولة متدخلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCdaxil%C9%99%C3%A7ilik_(siyas%C9%99t)" title="Müdaxiləçilik (siyasət) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müdaxiləçilik (siyasət)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6_(%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF)" title="হস্তক্ষেপবাদ (রাজনীতি) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হস্তক্ষেপবাদ (রাজনীতি)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Интервенционализъм (политика) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интервенционализъм (политика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventionisme" title="Interventionisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Interventionisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventionismus" title="Interventionismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Interventionismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Κρατικός παρεμβατισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρατικός παρεμβατισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervencionismo_militar" title="Intervencionismo militar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Intervencionismo militar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbentzionismo_(politika)" title="Interbentzionismo (politika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Interbentzionismo (politika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مداخله‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مداخله‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EC%84%AD%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="간섭주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="간섭주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervensionisme_(politik)" title="Intervensionisme (politik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Intervensionisme (politik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventismo" title="Interventismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interventismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventionisme" title="Interventionisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Interventionisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervencionismo_(rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_internacionais)" title="Intervencionismo (relações internacionais) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Intervencionismo (relações internacionais)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Интервенционизм (политика) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интервенционизм (политика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventionismi" title="Interventionismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Interventionismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCdahalecilik" title="Müdahalecilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müdahalecilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E9%A0%90%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="干預主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="干預主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Interference by one country in the affairs of another</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Interventionism (disambiguation)">Interventionism</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_of_Orange_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_Turner_R739.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Prince_of_Orange_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_Turner_R739.jpg/300px-Prince_of_Orange_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_Turner_R739.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Prince_of_Orange_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_Turner_R739.jpg/450px-Prince_of_Orange_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_Turner_R739.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Prince_of_Orange_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_Turner_R739.jpg/600px-Prince_of_Orange_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_Turner_R739.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3894" data-file-height="2836" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> landing at <a href="/wiki/Brixham" title="Brixham">Brixham</a> to depose <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> in 1688.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Interventionism</b>, in international politics, is the interference of a state or group of states into the domestic affairs of another state for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Coercion_(international_relations)" title="Coercion (international relations)">coercing</a> that state to do something or refrain from doing something.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intervention can be conducted through <a href="/wiki/Invasion" title="Invasion">military force</a> or <a href="/wiki/Economic_coercion" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic coercion">economic coercion</a>. A different term, <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic interventionism</a>, refers to government interventions into markets at home.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Military intervention, which is a common element of interventionism, has been defined by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Finnemore" title="Martha Finnemore">Martha Finnemore</a> in the context of <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> as "the deployment of military personnel across recognized boundaries for the purpose of determining the political authority structure in the target state". Interventions may be solely focused on altering political authority structures, or may be conducted for humanitarian purposes, or for debt collection.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interventionism has played a major role in the foreign policies of Western powers, particularly during and after the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> era saw numerous interventions by Western nations in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a>. Modern interventionism grew out of <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> policies, where the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> intervened in nations around the world to counter any influence held there by the other nation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have noted that interventionism has always been a contentious political issue in the public opinion of countries which engaged in interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a dataset by Alexander Downes, 120 leaders were removed through foreign-imposed regime change between 1816 and 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Downes_2021_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downes_2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 study by <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> political scientist Dov Haim Levin (who now teaches at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a>) found that the United States intervened in 81 foreign elections between 1946 and 2000, with the majority of those being through covert, rather than overt, actions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multilateral interventions that include territorial governance by foreign institutions also include cases like <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, and have been proposed (but were rejected) for the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 review of the existing literature found that foreign interventions since World War II tend overwhelmingly to fail to achieve their purported objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign-imposed_regime_change">Foreign-imposed regime change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interventionism_(politics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Foreign-imposed regime change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">Regime change</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #98285c;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.1em 0 0.2em;background:#98285c;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Toryism</span></a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Oak.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism"><img alt="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/190px-Royal_Oak.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/285px-Royal_Oak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/380px-Royal_Oak.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Characteristics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolution">Counterrevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">General topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">Cavalier Parliament</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">People </span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">1st Earl of Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_L%27Estrange" title="Roger L'Estrange">Roger L'Estrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">1st Earl of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">3rd Earl of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">George Grant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Related topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouan" title="Chouan">Chouans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Tory" title="Pink Tory">Pink Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Spanish American royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Tory socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra-Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Vendéens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_Easter" title="Veronese Easter">Veronese Easter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toryism" title="Template:Toryism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toryism" title="Template talk:Toryism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Studies by Alexander Downes, Lindsey O'Rourke, and Jonathan Monten indicate that foreign-imposed regime change seldom reduces the likelihood of civil war, violent removal of the newly imposed leader,<sup id="cite_ref-Downes_2021_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downes_2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the probability of conflict between the intervening state and its adversaries,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and does not increase the likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a> unless regime change comes with pro-democratic institutional changes in countries with favorable conditions for democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Downes argues:<sup id="cite_ref-Downes_2021_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downes_2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The strategic impulse to forcibly oust antagonistic or non-compliant regimes overlooks two key facts. First, the act of overthrowing a foreign government sometimes causes its military to disintegrate, sending thousands of armed men into the countryside where they often wage an insurgency against the intervener. Second, externally-imposed leaders face a domestic audience in addition to an external one, and the two typically want different things. These divergent preferences place imposed leaders in a quandary: taking actions that please one invariably alienates the other. Regime change thus drives a wedge between external patrons and their domestic protégés or between protégés and their people.</p></blockquote> <p>Research by Nigel Lo, Barry Hashimoto, and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Reiter" title="Dan Reiter">Dan Reiter</a> has contrasting findings, as they find that interstate "peace following wars last longer when the war ends in foreign-imposed regime change".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, research by Reiter and Goran Peic finds that foreign-imposed regime change can raise the probability of civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Africa">In Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interventionism_(politics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among African nations, Nigeria has shown the will to intervene in the affairs of other sub Saharan African countries since independence. It is said that one of the reasons <a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Yakubu Gowon</a> was removed from office had been the squandering of Nigeria's resources in such far-away lands as Grenada and Guyana, with no returns, economic or political for Nigeria. The philosophy of subsequent military governments in Nigeria was that in an increasingly interdependent world, a country cannot be an island.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interventionism_(politics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_promotion" title="Democracy promotion">Democracy promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">Economic sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">Embargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exporting_the_revolution" title="Exporting the revolution">Exporting the revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_electoral_intervention" title="Foreign electoral intervention">Foreign electoral intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_China" title="Foreign interventions by China">Foreign interventions by China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_Cuba" title="Foreign interventions by Cuba">Foreign interventions by Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_the_United_States" title="Foreign interventions by the United States">Foreign interventions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War">Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_boat_diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun boat diplomacy">Gun boat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_policeman" title="Global policeman">Global policeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_intervention" title="Humanitarian intervention">Humanitarian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against ISIL">International military intervention against ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_isolation" title="International isolation">International isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">International relations theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_hawk" title="Liberal hawk">Liberal hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Liberal internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pacification (disambiguation)">Pacification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_enforcement" title="Peace enforcement">Peace enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacemaker_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Peacemaker (disambiguation)">Peacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_makers" title="Peace makers">Peace makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking" title="Peacemaking">Peacemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_action" title="Police action">Police action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)">Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilateralism" title="Unilateralism">Unilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">War hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_man%27s_burden" class="mw-redirect" title="White man's burden">White man's burden</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interventionism_(politics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kupchan, Charles A. <i>Isolationism: A History of America's Efforts to Shield Itself from the World</i> (Oxford University Press, 2020).</li> <li>Lee, Melissa M. 2020. <i>Crippling Leviathan: How Foreign Subversion Weakens the State</i>. Princeton University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interventionism_(politics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLingelbach1900" class="citation journal cs1">Lingelbach, W. E. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1009439">"The Doctrine and Practice of Intervention in Europe"</a>. <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>16</b>: 1–32. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162">0002-7162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Doctrine+and+Practice+of+Intervention+in+Europe&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=1900&rft.issn=0002-7162&rft.aulast=Lingelbach&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1009439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterventionism+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interventionism">"Interventionism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Interventionism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Finterventionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterventionism+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnemore2004" class="citation book cs1">Finnemore, Martha (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKxRPekGJQ0C"><i>The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7049-205-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7049-205-4"><bdi>978-81-7049-205-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Purpose+of+Intervention%3A+Changing+Beliefs+about+the+Use+of+Force&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7049-205-4&rft.aulast=Finnemore&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyKxRPekGJQ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterventionism+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabe2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Rabe" title="Stephen G. Rabe">Rabe, Stephen G.</a> (2005). <i>U.S. Intervention in British Guiana: A Cold War Story</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807856390" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807856390"><bdi>978-0807856390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Intervention+in+British+Guiana%3A+A+Cold+War+Story&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0807856390&rft.aulast=Rabe&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterventionism+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinzer2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Kinzer, Stephen</a> (2017). <i>The True Flag: Theodore Roosevelt, Mark Twain, and the Birth of American Empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1627792165" title="Special:BookSources/978-1627792165"><bdi>978-1627792165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+Flag%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt%2C+Mark+Twain%2C+and+the+Birth+of+American+Empire&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1627792165&rft.aulast=Kinzer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterventionism+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Downes_2021-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Downes_2021_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Downes_2021_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Downes_2021_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownes2021" class="citation book cs1">Downes, Alexander B. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c-giEAAAQBAJ"><i>Catastrophic Success: Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Goes Wrong</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6115-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6115-7"><bdi>978-1-5017-6115-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catastrophic+Success%3A+Why+Foreign-Imposed+Regime+Change+Goes+Wrong&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-6115-7&rft.aulast=Downes&rft.aufirst=Alexander+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc-giEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterventionism+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Levin, Dov H. (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisq%2Fsqv016">"When the Great Power Gets a Vote: The Effects of Great Power Electoral Interventions on Election Results"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Studies_Quarterly" title="International Studies Quarterly">International Studies Quarterly</a></i>. <b>60</b> (2): 189–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisq%2Fsqv016">10.1093/isq/sqv016</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=When+the+Great+Power+Gets+a+Vote%3A+The+Effects+of+Great+Power+Electoral+Interventions+on+Election+Results&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-202&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fisq%2Fsqv016&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Dov+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fisq%252Fsqv016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterventionism+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawal2016" class="citation news cs1">Agrawal, Nina (21 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-us-intervention-foreign-elections-20161213-story.html">"The U.S. is no stranger to interfering in the elections of other countries"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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International Trusteeship and the Search for Peace in the Palestinian Territories"</a>. <i>International Studies Perspectives</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 321–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-3585.2012.00483.x">10.1111/j.1528-3585.2012.00483.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1528-3577">1528-3577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Whose+Brother%27s+Keeper%3F+International+Trusteeship+and+the+Search+for+Peace+in+the+Palestinian+Territories&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=321-343&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1528-3585.2012.00483.x&rft.issn=1528-3577&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fisp%2Farticle-abstract%2F13%2F4%2F321%2F1786157%2FWhose-Brother-s-Keeper-International-Trusteeship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterventionism+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalisQuerubinSatyanath2021" class="citation journal cs1">Malis, Matt; Querubin, Pablo; Satyanath, Shanker (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000381">"Persistent failure? International interventions since World War II"</a>. <i>The Handbook of Historical Economics</i>: 641–673. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-815874-6.00038-1">10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00038-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128158746" title="Special:BookSources/9780128158746"><bdi>9780128158746</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236697008">236697008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Handbook+of+Historical+Economics&rft.atitle=Persistent+failure%3F+International+interventions+since+World+War+II&rft.pages=641-673&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236697008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-815874-6.00038-1&rft.isbn=9780128158746&rft.aulast=Malis&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=Querubin%2C+Pablo&rft.au=Satyanath%2C+Shanker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780128158746000381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterventionism+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownesO'Rourke2016" class="citation journal cs1">Downes, Alexander B.; O'Rourke, Lindsey A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/41/2/43-89/12142">"You Can't Always Get What You Want: Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Seldom Improves Interstate Relations"</a>. <i>International Security</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 43–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FISEC_a_00256">10.1162/ISEC_a_00256</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-2889">0162-2889</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52994000">52994000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=You+Can%27t+Always+Get+What+You+Want%3A+Why+Foreign-Imposed+Regime+Change+Seldom+Improves+Interstate+Relations&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=43-89&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52994000%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0162-2889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FISEC_a_00256&rft.aulast=Downes&rft.aufirst=Alexander+B.&rft.au=O%27Rourke%2C+Lindsey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirect.mit.edu%2Fisec%2Farticle%2F41%2F2%2F43-89%2F12142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterventionism+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownesMonten2013" class="citation journal cs1">Downes, Alexander B.; Monten, Jonathan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480621">"Forced to Be Free? Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Rarely Leads to Democratization"</a>. <i>International Security</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 90–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FISEC_a_00117">10.1162/ISEC_a_00117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-2889">0162-2889</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480621">24480621</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3640183">3640183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Forced+to+Be+Free%3F+Why+Foreign-Imposed+Regime+Change+Rarely+Leads+to+Democratization&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=90-131&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0162-2889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3640183%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24480621%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FISEC_a_00117&rft.aulast=Downes&rft.aufirst=Alexander+B.&rft.au=Monten%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24480621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterventionism+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoHashimotoReiter2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lo, Nigel; 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Reiter, Dan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/foreignimposed-regime-change-state-power-and-civil-war-onset-19202004/1226DBF6E9E9DA97534FD3D91A1702F7">"Foreign-Imposed Regime Change, State Power and Civil War Onset, 1920–2004"</a>. <i>British Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 453–475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123410000426">10.1017/S0007123410000426</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-2112">1469-2112</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154222973">154222973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Foreign-Imposed+Regime+Change%2C+State+Power+and+Civil+War+Onset%2C+1920%E2%80%932004&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=453-475&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154222973%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1469-2112&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123410000426&rft.aulast=Peic&rft.aufirst=Goran&rft.au=Reiter%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fbritish-journal-of-political-science%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fforeignimposed-regime-change-state-power-and-civil-war-onset-19202004%2F1226DBF6E9E9DA97534FD3D91A1702F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterventionism+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://litcaf.com/interventionism/">"Interventionism"</a>. <i>LitCaf</i>. 2021-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LitCaf&rft.atitle=Interventionism&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flitcaf.com%2Finterventionism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterventionism+%28politics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interventionism_(politics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/interven/">Interventionism (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidfmitchell.com/uploads/4/3/4/0/43400967/empiricalknowledge_pickeringmitchell.pdf">Empirical Knowledge on Foreign Military Intervention (Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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