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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Peruvian dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Peruvian_dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Peruvian dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Peruvian_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Andean_Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andean_Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Andean Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andean_Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peruvian_Coastal_Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peruvian_Coastal_Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Peruvian Coastal Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peruvian_Coastal_Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andean-Coastal_Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andean-Coastal_Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Andean-Coastal Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Varieties of Spanish language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Peruvian Spanish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Español peruano</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[espaˈɲol<span class="wrap"> </span>peˈɾwano]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">29 million (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2,060,000 as L2 in Peru (2018)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian languages">Castilian</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Peruvian Spanish</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Early Modern Spanish</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish alphabet">Spanish alphabet</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Academy_of_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Academy of Language">Peruvian Academy of Language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=es">es</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>spa<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>es-PE</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dialectos_espa%C3%B1ol_de_Per%C3%BA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dialectos_espa%C3%B1ol_de_Per%C3%BA.png/229px-Dialectos_espa%C3%B1ol_de_Per%C3%BA.png" decoding="async" width="229" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Dialectos_espa%C3%B1ol_de_Per%C3%BA.png 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Dialect map of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (in Spanish)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Peruvian Spanish</b> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Español peruano</i></span>) is a family of dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a> that have been spoken in Peru since its introduction by Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadors">conquistadors</a> in 1532. There are five varieties spoken in the country, by about 94.4% of the population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The five Peruvian dialects are <a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Coastal_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Coastal Spanish">Peruvian Coastal Spanish</a>, Andean-Coastal Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Spanish" title="Equatorial Spanish">Equatorial Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amazonic_Spanish" title="Amazonic Spanish">Amazonic Spanish</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Spanish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish language first arrived in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> in 1532. During colonial and early republican times, the Spanish spoken colloquially in the coast and in the cities of the highland possessed strong local features, but as a result of dialect leveling in favor of the standard language, the language of urban Peruvians today is more or less uniform in pronunciation throughout most of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vestiges of the older dialect of the coast can be found in the speech of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Peruvians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Peruvians">Afro-Peruvians</a>, which retains Andalusian features such as the aspiration or deletion of final /s/ and the deletion of final /r/. The dialect of Arequipa, <a href="/wiki/Loncco" title="Loncco">Loncco</a>, in its pure form is now extinct, although some elders are familiar with it. </p><p>Throughout most of the highland, <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a> continued to be the language of the majority until the mid 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mass migration (rural exodus) into Lima starting in the 1940s, and into other major cities and regional capitals later on, accompanied by discrimination and the growth of mass media, have reconfigured the linguistic demography of the country in favor of Spanish. The poor urban masses originating in this migration adopted the standardized dialect spoken in the cities, however with traces of Andean pronunciation and a simplified syntax. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peruvian_dialects">Peruvian dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Spanish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Peruvian dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andean_Spanish">Andean Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Spanish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Andean Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Special:EditPage/Peruvian Spanish">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean Spanish</a></div> <p>Andean Spanish the most common dialect in the Andes (more marked in rural areas) and has many similarities with the "standard" dialect of <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Spanish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Phonology</b> </p><p>The phonology of Andean Peruvian Spanish is distinguished by its slow time and unique rhythm (<a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a>), <a href="/wiki/Assibilation" title="Assibilation">assibilation</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span>, and an apparent confusion of the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>. (In reality, they are producing a sound between /e/ and /i/, and between /o/ and /u/.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Furthermore, the "s" (originally apical and without aspiration) is produced with more force than that of the coast; this is also generally true of the other consonants, at the loss of the vowels. Other distinctive features are the preservation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʎ/</span>, sometimes hypercorrective realization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʝ/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʎ]</span>, and the realization of velar plosives as a fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a> patterns of some Andean accents, such as that of Cusco, is influenced by Quechua intonation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphosyntactic">morphosyntactic</a> characteristics are typical: </p> <ul><li>Confusion or unification of gender and number</li></ul> <dl><dd><i><b>A ellas lo recibí bien.</b></i> - <i><b>La revista es caro.</b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li>Confusion or unification of gender and number</li></ul> <dl><dd><i><b>esa es su trenza del carlos.</b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li>Frequent use of the diminutives –ito and –ita</li></ul> <dl><dd><i><b>Vente aquicito.</b></i> - <i><b>Sí, señorita, ahí están sus hijos.</b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADsmo" title="Loísmo">Loísmo</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i><b>Lo echan la agua. Lo pintan la casa</b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li>Duplication of the possessives and objects</li></ul> <dl><dd><i><b>Su casa de Pepe. Lo conozco a ella.</b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li>The absence or redundant use of articles.</li></ul> <dl><dd><i><b>Plaza de Armas es acá. La María está loca.</b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li>Uncommon use of the preposition "en" in front of <a href="/wiki/Locative_adverb" title="Locative adverb">locative adverbs</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i><b>Todo caerá en su encima.</b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li>The use of "no más" and "pues" after the verb</li></ul> <dl><dd><i><b>Dile nomás pues.</b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li>The use of the verb at the end of the phrase</li></ul> <dl><dd><i><b>Está enojada dice.</b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li>The use of the simple tense to express the preterite and of the indicative in place of the subjunctive in subordinates.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peruvian_Coastal_Spanish">Peruvian Coastal Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Spanish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peruvian Coastal Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Coastal_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Coastal Spanish">Peruvian Coastal Spanish</a></div> <p>Coastal Spanish (<i>ribereño</i> or <i>costeño</i>) is spoken throughout the coast. It has the reputation (in pronunciation) of being one of the "purest" dialects in all of coastal Latin America because it does not <a href="/wiki/Debuccalization" title="Debuccalization">debuccalize</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> between vowels<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup (June 2015)">is "in syllable coda" what is meant?</span></a></i>]</sup> and retains the fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the characteristic dialect as perceived abroad and has the reputation of being the base of "normal" or <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard</a> Peruvian Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Characteristics_2">Characteristics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Spanish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Special:EditPage/Peruvian Spanish">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Phonology</b> </p> <ul><li>The vowels are stable and clear.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> are pronounced clearly, without any fricativization.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> is more often laminal than apical, and debuccalized to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> in front of most consonants (though it is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>). It is retained as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> in final position (as opposed to in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> or <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>).</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> varies between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>]</span> (preceded by [e] and [i]); it is sometimes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span>.</li> <li>Word-final nasals are <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> (not alveolar like in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> or central Spain).</li> <li>The final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> is normally <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a>, but sometimes devoiced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span> in formal speech.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C3%ADsmo" title="Yeísmo">Yeísmo</a> exists, the phoneme occurring as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">ʝ</a>]</span>, with some speakers using an affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a>]</span> in the word-initial position.</li> <li>The tendency to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a> in words with an <i>-ear</i> suffix.</li></ul> <p>General Spanish phrases from the Americas are common but there are also phrases that originate in the Lima coastal area, such as frequent traditional terms and expressions; the most ingrained <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_from_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#Words_from_Quechua" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas">"quechuaism"</a> in common speech is the familiar <i>calato</i>, meaning "naked". </p><p><b>Syntax</b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andean-Coastal_Spanish">Andean-Coastal Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Spanish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Andean-Coastal Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Special:EditPage/Peruvian Spanish">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Andean-Coastal Spanish (<i>ribereño-andino</i>) originated in the last 30 to 50 years with a mixture of the speech of Andean migrants and the speech of Lima. This dialect is the speech that is most typical in the outskirts of the city, but also serves as a transitional dialect between Coastal and Andean Spanish spoken in between the coast and the highlands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Characteristics_3">Characteristics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Spanish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Phonology</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Characteristics </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Coastal/Lima Spanish </th> <th>Coastal-Andean Spanish </th></tr> <tr> <td>No assibilation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> except in the older generations, but the articulation of these two sounds is weakened, and the final syllable is silent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in internal contexts. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Closed and lax emission of vowels in general.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confusion between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> as well as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> in casual speech. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Weakening, sometimes to the point of elimination, of the consonant sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʝ/</span> when in intervocalic contexts. </td> <td>aguanta </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aˈɣwaŋta]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aˈwaŋta]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dado </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈdaðo]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈdao]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mantequilla </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[maŋteˈkiʝa]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[maŋteˈki.a]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>baboso </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[baˈβoso]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[βaˈoso]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Strong pronunciation of "s", or with a weak whistling;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> less aspiration before consonants (articulated more like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> in front of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>) </td> <td>asco </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ahˈko]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[axˈko]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Voicing of voiceless consonants. </td> <td>pasajes </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[paˈsaxes]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[paˈsaɣes]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fósforo </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈfosfoɾo]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈfosβoɾo]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>época </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈepoka]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈeβoka]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accelerated speech and with varied intonation based on Andean Spanish. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This dialect has the usual Andean <a href="/wiki/Syntactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntactics">syntactics</a>, like lack of agreement in gender and number, the frequent use of <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Augmentative" title="Augmentative">augmentatives</a>, loísmo, double possessives and ending phrases with "<i>pues</i>", "<i>pe</i>" or "<i>pue</i>". </p><p>As far as the lexicon is concerned, there are numerous neologisms, influences from Quechua, and slang among the youth often heard in the streets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amazonic_Spanish">Amazonic Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Spanish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Amazonic Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Special:EditPage/Peruvian Spanish">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amazonic_Spanish" title="Amazonic Spanish">Amazonic Spanish</a></div> <p>This dialect has developed uniquely, with contact from Andean Spanish and the Spanish of Lima with the <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazonian languages</a>. It has a distinctive tonal structure. </p><p>Phonetically it is characterized by: </p> <ul><li>The sibilant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> resisting aspiration</li> <li>A confusion of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> (always bilabial)</li></ul> <dl><dd>For example, <i>San Juan</i> becomes <i>San Fan</i></dd></dl> <ul><li>There is <a href="/wiki/Occlusive" title="Occlusive">occlusion</a> of the intervals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>g/</span> in tonal ascension with aspiration and lengthening of the vowels.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> are pronounced with aspiration</li> <li>The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʝ/</span> tends to become an affricate (as opposed to Peruvian Coastal Spanish)</li> <li>Also, there is assibilation and weak <a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trills</a>.</li></ul> <p>On the other hand, the syntactic order most recognized is the prefixation of the genitive: </p> <dl><dd><i>De Antonio sus amigas</i></dd></dl> <p>There are also disorders of agreement, gender, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equatorial_Spanish">Equatorial Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Spanish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Equatorial Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Spanish" title="Equatorial Spanish">Equatorial Spanish</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Spanish&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This dialect is spoken in the region of <a href="/wiki/Tumbes_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbes Region">Tumbes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Spanish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/spa/">Spanish → Peru</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2020">Eberhard, Simons & Fennig (2020)</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2020 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGlottolog2022" class="citation book cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cast1243">"Castilic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 4.6</a></i>. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528095200/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cast1243">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Castilic&rft.btitle=Glottolog+4.6&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Evolutionary+Anthropology&rft.date=2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fcast1243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Spanish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes-keyword.php?SearchTerm=spa&SearchType=iso_639_2&Submit=Go">"ISO 639-2 Language Code search"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=ISO+639-2+Language+Code+search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fstandards%2Fiso639-2%2Fphp%2Flangcodes-keyword.php%3FSearchTerm%3Dspa%26SearchType%3Diso_639_2%26Submit%3DGo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Spanish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaratea_Grau2010" class="citation book cs1">Garatea Grau, Carlos (2010). <i>Tras una lengua de Papel. El español del Perú</i>. Lima: Fondo Editorial Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-923-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-923-1"><bdi>978-9972-42-923-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tras+una+lengua+de+Papel.+El+espa%C3%B1ol+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.place=Lima&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Fondo+Editorial+Pontificia+Universidad+Cat%C3%B3lica+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9972-42-923-1&rft.aulast=Garatea+Grau&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Spanish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiranda_Esquerre1998" class="citation book cs1">Miranda Esquerre, Luis (1998). <i>La entrada del español en el Perú</i>. Lima: Juan Brito/ Editor. pp. 101, 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9972-702-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/9972-702-00-6"><bdi>9972-702-00-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+entrada+del+espa%C3%B1ol+en+el+Per%C3%BA&rft.place=Lima&rft.pages=101%2C+111&rft.pub=Juan+Brito%2F+Editor&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9972-702-00-6&rft.aulast=Miranda+Esquerre&rft.aufirst=Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Spanish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jorge_P%C3%A9rez_et_al.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorge Pérez et al. (page does not exist)">Jorge Pérez et al.</a>, <i>Contra el prejuico lingüístico de la motosidad: un estudio de las vocales del castellano andino desde la fonética acústica</i>, Lima: <a href="/wiki/Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_Institute" title="Riva-Agüero Institute">Instituto Riva Agüero</a>. <a href="/wiki/PUCP" class="mw-redirect" title="PUCP">PUCP</a>, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipski2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Lipski" title="John M. Lipski">Lipski, John M.</a> (2011). "Socio-Phonological Variation in Latin American Spanish". In Díaz-Campos, Manuel (ed.). <i>The handbook of Hispanic sociolinguistics</i>. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 72–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444393446.ch4">10.1002/9781444393446.ch4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405195003" title="Special:BookSources/9781405195003"><bdi>9781405195003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Socio-Phonological+Variation+in+Latin+American+Spanish&rft.btitle=The+handbook+of+Hispanic+sociolinguistics&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=72-97&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444393446.ch4&rft.isbn=9781405195003&rft.aulast=Lipski&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Spanish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Rourke2004" class="citation book cs1">O'Rourke, Erin (2004). "Peak placement in two regional varieties of Peruvian Spanish intonation". In Auger, Julie; Clements, J. Clancy; Vance, Barbara (eds.). <i>Contemporary approaches to Romance linguistics: selected papers from the 33rd Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), Bloomington, Indiana, April 2003</i>. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins. pp. 321–342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027247728" title="Special:BookSources/9789027247728"><bdi>9789027247728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peak+placement+in+two+regional+varieties+of+Peruvian+Spanish+intonation&rft.btitle=Contemporary+approaches+to+Romance+linguistics%3A+selected+papers+from+the+33rd+Linguistic+Symposium+on+Romance+Languages+%28LSRL%29%2C+Bloomington%2C+Indiana%2C+April+2003&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=321-342&rft.pub=J.+Benjamins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789027247728&rft.aulast=O%27Rourke&rft.aufirst=Erin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Spanish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerrón_Palomino2003" class="citation book cs1">Cerrón Palomino, Rodolfo (2003). <i>Castellano Andino Aspectos sociolingüísticos, pedagógicos y gramaticales</i>. Lima: Fondo Editorial Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú y GTZ Cooperación Técnica Alemana. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9972-42-528-2" title="Special:BookSources/9972-42-528-2"><bdi>9972-42-528-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castellano+Andino+Aspectos+socioling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticos%2C+pedag%C3%B3gicos+y+gramaticales&rft.place=Lima&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Fondo+Editorial+Pontificia+Universidad+Cat%C3%B3lica+del+Per%C3%BA+y+GTZ+Cooperaci%C3%B3n+T%C3%A9cnica+Alemana&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9972-42-528-2&rft.aulast=Cerr%C3%B3n+Palomino&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Spanish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeo_Hanke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeo Hanke (page does not exist)">Tadeo Hanke</a>, <i>Carácter, genio y costumbres de los limeños, 1801</i>, Concejo Provincial de Lima, 1959, p.50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Lapesa" title="Rafael Lapesa">Rafael Lapesa</a>, <i>Historia de la lengua española</i>, Editorial Gredos, 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildebrandt2003" class="citation book cs1">Hildebrandt, Martha (2003). <i>El habla culta (o lo que debiera serlo)</i>. Lima. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9972-9454-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/9972-9454-1-3"><bdi>9972-9454-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+habla+culta+%28o+lo+que+debiera+serlo%29&rft.place=Lima&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9972-9454-1-3&rft.aulast=Hildebrandt&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvian+Spanish" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Africa and Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Americas<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Interamerican</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Spanish" title="Dominican Spanish">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Spanish" title="Panamanian Spanish">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Spanish" title="Trinidadian Spanish">Trinidadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Spanish" title="Central American Spanish">Central America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Spanish" title="Belizean Spanish">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Spanish" title="Costa Rican Spanish">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Spanish" title="Guatemalan Spanish">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Spanish" title="Honduran Spanish">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pachuco#Costa_Rica" title="Pachuco">Pachuco</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Spanish" title="Salvadoran Spanish">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Spanish" title="North American Spanish">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)"><i>Caló</i> <small>(<i>Chicano</i>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_California" title="Spanish language in California">Californian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_Spanish" title="Sabine River Spanish">Sabine River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_South_America" title="Spanish language in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonic_Spanish" title="Amazonic Spanish">Amazonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></i> <ul><li><small>Chiloé Archipelago</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Colombian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cordob%C3%A9s_Spanish" title="Cordobés Spanish">Cordobés</a></i> <ul><li><small>Central Argentina</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuyo_Spanish" title="Cuyo Spanish">Cuyano</a></i> <ul><li><small>Central western Argentina</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Spanish" title="Ecuadorian Spanish">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Spanish" title="Equatorial Spanish">Equatorial</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Ecuador</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Llanero_Spanish" title="Llanero Spanish">Llanero</a></i> <ul><li><small>Los Llanos Colombia/Venezuela</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maracucho_Spanish" title="Maracucho Spanish">Maracucho</a></i> <ul><li><small>Zulia State</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paisa_Region#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paisa Region">Paisa</a></i> <ul><li><small>Paisa Region</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Spanish" title="Paraguayan Spanish">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish#Pastuso_dialect" title="Colombian Spanish">Pastuso</a></i> <ul><li><small>Colombia-Ecuador border</small></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peruvian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Ribereño</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Peru</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Argentina</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Spanish" title="Uruguayan Spanish">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Europe<br />(<a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></i> <small>(Galicia)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></i> <small>(Extremadura)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_features_of_Spanish_as_spoken_by_Catalan_speakers" title="Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers">spoken by Catalan speakers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani Ladino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Para-Romani" title="Para-Romani">Para-Romani</a>)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a></i> <small>(creole)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></i> <small>(creole)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Media_Lengua" title="Media Lengua">Media Lengua</a></i> <small>(mixed language)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></i> <small>(Portuguese-based creole with Spanish influence)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche">Cocoliche</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Argentina, Uruguay</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malesp%C3%ADn" title="Malespín">Malespín</a></i> <ul><li><small>Central America</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozal_Spanish" title="Bozal Spanish">Bozal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Peru" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Peru" title="Template:Languages of Peru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Peru" title="Template talk:Languages of Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Peru" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Languages of Peru</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonic_Spanish" title="Amazonic Spanish">Amazonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Spanish" title="Equatorial Spanish">Equatorial</a> <small>(Tumbes)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loncco" title="Loncco">Loncco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campa_languages" title="Campa languages">Campa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%C3%A1ninka_language" title="Asháninka language">Asháninka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash%C3%A9ninga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashéninga language">Ashéninga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axininca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Axininca language">Axininca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caquinte_language" title="Caquinte language">Caquinte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiguenga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiguenga language">Machiguenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanti_language" title="Nanti language">Nanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomatsiguenga_language" title="Nomatsiguenga language">Nomatsiguenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piro_languages" title="Piro languages">Piro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1apari_language" title="Iñapari language">Iñapari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashco_Piro_language" title="Mashco Piro language">Mashco Piro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yine_language" title="Yine language">Yine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Amazon_Arawakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Amazon Arawakan">Upper Amazon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Res%C3%ADgaro_language" title="Resígaro language">Resígaro</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamicuro_language" title="Chamicuro language">Chamicuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanesha%27_language" title="Yanesha' language">Yanesha'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaqaru_language" title="Jaqaru language">Jaqaru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bora_language" title="Bora language">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minica_Huitoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Minica Huitoto">Minica Huitoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murui_Huitoto_language" title="Murui Huitoto language">Murui Huitoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCpode_Huitoto_language" title="Nüpode Huitoto language">Nüpode Huitoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocaina_language" title="Ocaina language">Ocaina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chayahuita_language" title="Chayahuita language">Chayahuita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebero_language" title="Jebero language">Jebero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivaroan languages">Jivaroan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguaruna_language" title="Aguaruna language">Aguaruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huambisa_language" title="Huambisa language">Huambisa</a></li> <li>Achuar–Shiwiar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achuar_Chicham" title="Achuar Chicham">Achuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwiar_language" title="Shiwiar language">Shiwiar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panoan_languages" title="Panoan languages">Panoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amawaka_language" title="Amawaka language">Amawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskonawa_language" title="Iskonawa language">Iskonawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashibo_language" title="Kashibo language">Kashibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinawa_language" title="Kashinawa language">Kashinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mats%C3%A9s_language" title="Matsés language">Matsés</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pisabo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisabo language">Pisabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipibo_language" title="Shipibo language">Shipibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaminawa_language" title="Yaminawa language">Yaminawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca%E2%80%93Ca%C3%B1aris_Quechua" title="Cajamarca–Cañaris Quechua">Cajamarca–Cañaris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca_Quechua" title="Cajamarca Quechua">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambayeque_Quechua" title="Lambayeque Quechua">Lambayeque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancash_Quechua" title="Ancash Quechua">Ancash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_Pativilca%E2%80%93Alto_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n%E2%80%93Alto_Huallaga_Quechua" title="Alto Pativilca–Alto Marañón–Alto Huallaga Quechua">Huánuco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huallaga_Quechua" title="Huallaga Quechua">Huallaga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacaraos_Quechua" title="Pacaraos Quechua">Pacaraos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanka_Quechua" title="Wanka Quechua">Wanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaru_Quechua" title="Yaru Quechua">Yaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yauyos%E2%80%93Chincha_Quechua" title="Yauyos–Chincha Quechua">Yauyos–Chincha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lowland_Peruvian_Quechua" title="Lowland Peruvian Quechua">Lowland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chachapoyas_Quechua" title="Chachapoyas Quechua">Chachapoyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamas_Quechua" title="Lamas Quechua">Lamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichwa_language" title="Kichwa language">Kichwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Quechua" title="Southern Quechua">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayacucho_Quechua" title="Ayacucho Quechua">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_Quechua" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco Quechua">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco%E2%80%93Collao_Quechua" title="Cusco–Collao Quechua">Cusco–Collao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puno_Quechua" title="Puno Quechua">Puno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orej%C3%B3n_language" title="Orejón language">Orejón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secoya_language" title="Secoya language">Secoya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocama_language" title="Cocama language">Cocama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_language" title="Omagua language">Omagua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabela_language" title="Arabela language">Arabela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iquito_language" title="Iquito language">Iquito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates and other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi-Shapra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culle_language" title="Culle language">Culle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ese_Ejja_language" title="Ese Ejja language">Ese Ejja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tacanan_languages" title="Tacanan languages">Tacanan</a> family)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut_language" title="Harákmbut language">Harákmbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulina_language" title="Kulina language">Kulina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arauan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arauan languages">Arauan</a> family)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna_language" title="Ticuna language">Ticuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagua_language" title="Yagua language">Yagua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Peruvian–Inmaculada Sign <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmaculada_Sign_Language" title="Inmaculada Sign Language">Inmaculada Sign 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