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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Based_on_Indo-European_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Based_on_Indo-European_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Based on Indo-European languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Based_on_Indo-European_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Based_on_non-Indo_European_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Based_on_non-Indo_European_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Based on non-Indo European languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Based_on_non-Indo_European_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogatarm%C4%97" title="Pogatarmė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pogatarmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Параромски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Параромски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogadialekt" title="Pogadialekt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pogadialekt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" 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</div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Non-Romani languages with considerable admixture from Romani spoken by Romani communities</div> <p><b>Para-Romani</b> are various <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed languages</a> of non-<a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> linguistic classification containing considerable <a href="/wiki/Adstratum#Adstratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Adstratum">admixture</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a>. They are spoken as the traditional vernacular of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> communities,<sup id="cite_ref-Matras_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matras-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either in place of, or alongside, varieties of the Romani language. Some Para-Romani languages have no structural features of Romani at all, taking only the vocabulary from Romani.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reflecting the northern <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> origin (in regions that are today part of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>) of the Romani people, who for the last millennium have resided in dispersed locations predominantly throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the linguistic makeup of most Para-Romani languages is based on <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, except for <a href="/wiki/Laiuse_Romani_language" title="Laiuse Romani language">Laiuse Romani</a> (which is based on <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a> (which is based on <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque region</a> of Spain and France, separate from the <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> Iberian Romani language of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Romance languages of Iberia</a>). </p><p>The phenomenon of Para-Romani languages is akin to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish languages</a> (other than <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>) which are spoken by different communities of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> and are heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> (Judaeo-German) among <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> (Judaeo-Spanish) among <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a> (Judaeo-Greek), <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Italkian</a> (Judaeo-Italian), various <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic languages</a>, etc. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Para-Romani&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Based_on_Indo-European_languages">Based on Indo-European languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Para-Romani&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Based on Indo-European languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cant" title="Scottish Cant">Scottish Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandoromani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandoromani language">Scandoromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinti-Manouche</a> (moving from a Romani variant to being Para-Romani)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Greek</a>-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Manouche</a> (moving from a Romani variant to being Para-Romani)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>-based <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Romani" title="Bohemian Romani">Bohemian Romani</a> (which was moving towards being a Para-Romani variety prior to extinction)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Based_on_non-Indo_European_languages">Based on non-Indo European languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Para-Romani&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Based on non-Indo European languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a>-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagger (typography)">†</a><a href="/wiki/Laiuse_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Laiuse Romani">Laiuse Romani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>-based)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>-based <ul><li>Romano-Turkish (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish-based</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Crimean-Romani (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar-based</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbetcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurbetcha">Kurbetcha</a> (Cypriot Turkish-based)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela" class="mw-redirect" title="Erromintxela">Erromintxela</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Para-Romani&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Matras-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matras_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yaron_Matras" title="Yaron Matras">Matras, Y.</a> <i>Romani: A Linguistic Introduction</i> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> (2002) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63165-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63165-3">0-521-63165-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatras2010" class="citation book cs1">Matras, Yaron (5 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gcRvAAAAQBAJ&dq=para-romani+no+structure&pg=PA11"><i>Romani in Britain</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748687015" title="Special:BookSources/9780748687015"><bdi>9780748687015</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romani+in+Britain&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2010-10-05&rft.isbn=9780748687015&rft.aulast=Matras&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgcRvAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpara-romani%2Bno%2Bstructure%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APara-Romani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubschmannovaKalininKenrick2018" class="citation book cs1">Hubschmannova, Milena; Kalinin, Valdemar; Kenrick, Donald (28 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UePBhYdCgRoC&dq=sinti-manouche+para-romani&pg=PA71"><i>What is the Romani Language?</i></a>. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902806068" title="Special:BookSources/9781902806068"><bdi>9781902806068</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+the+Romani+Language%3F&rft.pub=Univ+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2018-04-28&rft.isbn=9781902806068&rft.aulast=Hubschmannova&rft.aufirst=Milena&rft.au=Kalinin%2C+Valdemar&rft.au=Kenrick%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUePBhYdCgRoC%26dq%3Dsinti-manouche%2Bpara-romani%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APara-Romani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubschmannovaKalininKenrick2018" class="citation book cs1">Hubschmannova, Milena; Kalinin, Valdemar; Kenrick, Donald (28 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UePBhYdCgRoC&dq=sinti-manouche+para-romani&pg=PA71"><i>What is the Romani Language?</i></a>. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902806068" title="Special:BookSources/9781902806068"><bdi>9781902806068</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+the+Romani+Language%3F&rft.pub=Univ+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2018-04-28&rft.isbn=9781902806068&rft.aulast=Hubschmannova&rft.aufirst=Milena&rft.au=Kalinin%2C+Valdemar&rft.au=Kenrick%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUePBhYdCgRoC%26dq%3Dsinti-manouche%2Bpara-romani%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APara-Romani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783050079851-022/pdf">"Romani and Turkish"</a>. <i>"Was ich noch sagen wollte…"</i>. Akademie Verlag. 2001. pp. 303–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783050079851-022">10.1515/9783050079851-022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783050079851" title="Special:BookSources/9783050079851"><bdi>9783050079851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romani+and+Turkish&rft.btitle=%22Was+ich+noch+sagen+wollte%E2%80%A6%22&rft.pages=303-326&rft.pub=Akademie+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783050079851-022&rft.isbn=9783050079851&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783050079851-022%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APara-Romani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20040124100534/http://www.crimea.edu/crimea/etno/articles/plem/index.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Этнография народов Крыма' - Статьи: Забытое племя"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crimea.edu/crimea/etno/articles/plem/index.htm">the original</a> on 2004-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%27+-+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B8%3A+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crimea.edu%2Fcrimea%2Fetno%2Farticles%2Fplem%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APara-Romani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_languages" title="Template talk:Romani languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romani_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romani languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romani_language(s)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language(s)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romani_language#Dialects" title="Romani language">Romani varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rumelian_Romani" title="Rumelian Romani">Rumelian Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepe%C4%8Dides_Romani" title="Sepečides Romani">Sepečides Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_Romani" title="Zargari Romani">Zargari Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Romani_dialects" title="Northern Romani dialects">Northern Romani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kalo_language" title="Finnish Kalo language">Finnish Kalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Romani_language" title="Welsh Romani language">Welsh Romani</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani_language" title="Vlax Romani language">Vlax Romani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalderash_Romani_language" title="Kalderash Romani language">Kalderash Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Romani" title="Baltic Romani">Baltic Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Romani" title="Carpathian Romani">Carpathian Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Romani" title="Early Romani">Early Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mixed varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Romani" title="Bohemian Romani">Bohemian Romani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laiuse_Romani_language" title="Laiuse Romani language">Laiuse Romani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandoromani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandoromani language">Scandoromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cant" title="Scottish Cant">Scottish Cant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_alphabets" title="Romani alphabets">Alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Romani" title="Bible translations into Romani">Bible translations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Languages_of_Finland" title="Institute for the Languages of Finland">Institute for the Languages of Finland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khrlo_e_Romengo" title="Khrlo e Romengo">Khrlo e Romengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTK_2" title="RTK 2">RTK 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutka_City_TV" title="Sutka City TV">Sutka City TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language_standardization" title="Romani language standardization">Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_of_Romani_Language" title="World Day of Romani 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