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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body-part_prefixation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Body-part prefixation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body-part_prefixation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Proto-language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Panoan languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_panoek" title="Yezhoù panoek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù panoek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_pano" title="Llengües pano – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües pano" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pano-Sprachen" title="Pano-Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pano-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_pano" title="Lenguas pano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas pano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pana_lingvaro" title="Pana lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pana lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pano" title="Pano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_panoanes" title="Langues panoanes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues panoanes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoanski_jezici" title="Panoanski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Panoanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Panų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Panų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_panoanas" title="Lengas panoanas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas panoanas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_panoan" title="Lenghe panoan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe panoan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pano" title="Pano – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pano" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_panos" title="Línguas panos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas panos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panu_rimaykuna" title="Panu rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Panu rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Паноанские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паноанские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoan" title="Panoan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Panoan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Пано – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пано" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1544537#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, and Bolivia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Panoan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">southwestern Amazon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pano%E2%80%93Tacanan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pano–Tacanan languages">Pano–Tacanan</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Panoan</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pano1256">pano1256</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pano-Takanan_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pano-Takanan_languages.png/300px-Pano-Takanan_languages.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pano-Takanan_languages.png/450px-Pano-Takanan_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pano-Takanan_languages.png/600px-Pano-Takanan_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Panoan languages (dark green) and Takanan languages (light green). Spots indicate documented locations.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Panoan</b> (also <b>Pánoan</b>, <b>Panoano</b>, <b>Panoana</b>, <b>Páno</b>) is a family of languages spoken in western <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. It is possibly a branch of a larger <a href="/wiki/Pano%E2%80%93Tacanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pano–Tacanan">Pano–Tacanan</a> family. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_relations">Genetic relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panoan_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Genetic relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Panoan family is generally believed to be related to the <a href="/wiki/Tacanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacanan">Tacanan</a> family, forming with it <a href="/wiki/Pano%E2%80%93Tacanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pano–Tacanan">Pano–Tacanan</a>, though this has not yet been established (Loos 1999). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_contact">Language contact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panoan_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Kechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kechua languages">Kechua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mapudungun_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun languages">Mapudungun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moseten-Tsimane_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Moseten-Tsimane languages">Moseten-Tsimane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tukano_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukano languages">Tukano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uru-Chipaya_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Uru-Chipaya languages">Uru-Chipaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harakmbet_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakmbet languages">Harakmbet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arawak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak languages">Arawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandoshi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandoshi language">Kandoshi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pukina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pukina language">Pukina</a> language families due to contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panoan_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are some 18 extant and 14 extinct Panoan languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleck_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleck-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the list of Panoan languages below adapted from Fleck (2013), (<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>) means extinct, and (*) obsolescent (no longer spoken daily). Dialects are listed in parentheses. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Panoan</b> <ul><li>Mayoruna <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabatinga_Mayoruna_language" title="Tabatinga Mayoruna language">Tabatinga Mayoruna</a> [most divergent] <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li>Mayo <ul><li>Matses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mats%C3%A9s_language" title="Matsés language">Matses</a> <small>(Peruvian Matses, Brazilian Matses, Paud Usunkid<sup><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></sup>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curu%C3%A7a_Kulina_language" title="Curuça Kulina language">Kulino (of Curuça)</a>* <small>(Kapishtana*, Mawi*, Chema*)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demushbo_language" title="Demushbo language">Demushbo</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korubo_language" title="Korubo language">Korubo</a> <small>(Korubo, Chankueshbo*)</small></li> <li>Matis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matis_language" title="Matis language">Matis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandiatuba_Mayoruna_language" title="Jandiatuba Mayoruna language">Jandiatuba Mayoruna</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Mayoruna_language" title="Amazon Mayoruna language">Amazon Mayoruna</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <small>(two dialects)</small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Mainline Panoan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasharari_language" title="Kasharari language">Kasharari</a> [most divergent]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashibo_language" title="Kashibo language">Kashibo</a> <small>(Kashibo, Rubo/Isunbo, Kakataibo, Nokaman)</small></li> <li>Nawa branch (from least to most divergent) <ul><li>Bolivian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakobo_language" title="Chakobo language">Chokobo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pakawara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakawara language">Pakawara</a> <small>(Chokobo, Pakawara)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karipuna_language_(Panoan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karipuna language (Panoan)">Karipuna</a> [possibly a dialect of Chokobo-Pakawara] <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Chiriba_language" title="Chiriba language">Chiriba</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li> <li>Madre de Dios <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atsawaka_language" title="Atsawaka language">Atsawaka-Yamiaka</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <small>(Atsawaka, Yamiaka)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arazaire_language" title="Arazaire language">Arazaire</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanco_River_Remo_language" title="Blanco River Remo language">Blanco River Remo</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarauac%C3%A1_Kashinawa_language" title="Tarauacá Kashinawa language">Tarauacá Kashinawa</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li>Marubo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marubo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marubo language">Marubo</a> [of the Javari Basin]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waninnawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Waninnawa language">Katukina</a> (or Waninawa: Katukina of Olinda, Katukina of Sete Estrelas, Kanamari<sup><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliven%C3%A7a_Kulina_language" title="Olivença Kulina language">Olivença Kulina</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poyanawa* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poyanawa_language" title="Poyanawa language">Poyanawa</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskonawa_language" title="Iskonawa language">Iskonawa</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukini_language" title="Nukini language">Nukini</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4a_Nawa_language" title="Môa Nawa language">Môa Nawa</a>* [tentative due to lack of data]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaquirana_Remo_language" title="Jaquirana Remo language">Jaquirana Remo</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li> <li>Chama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shipibo_language" title="Shipibo language">Shipibo</a> <small>(Shipibo-Konibo, Tapiche Kapanawa*)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panobo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panobo language">Pano</a>* <small>(Pano <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>, Shetebo*, Piskino*)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensi_language" title="Sensi language">Sensi</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li> <li>Headwaters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibua%C3%A7u_Kashinawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibuaçu Kashinawa language">Ibuaçu Kashinawa</a> <small>(Brazilian Kashinawa, Peruvian Kashinawa, Juruá Kapanawa<sup><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></sup>, Parannawa<sup><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></sup>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaminawa_language" title="Yaminawa language">Yaminawa</a> <small>(Brazilian Yaminawa dialects, Peruvian Yaminawa, Chaninawa, Chitonawa, Mastanawa, Parkenawa (= Yora), Shanenawa, Sharanawa/Marinawa, Shawannawa (= Arara), Yawanawa, Yaminawa-arara*, Nehanawa<sup><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></sup>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amawaka_language" title="Amawaka language">Amawaka</a> <small>(Peruvian Amawaka, Nishinawa<sup><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></sup>, Yumanawa<sup><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></sup>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4a_Remo_language" title="Môa Remo language">Môa Remo</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> (resembles Amawaka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuchinawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuchinawa language">Tuchinawa</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> (resembles Yaminawa dialects)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Boundaries between the Poyanawa, Chama, and Headwaters groups are somewhat blurred. Karipuna and Môa River Nawa may not be distinct languages, and Chiriba may not be Panoan at all. </p><p>Hundreds of other Panoan "languages" have been reported in the literature. These are names of groups that may have been ethnically Panoan, but whose language is unattested. They sometimes are assumed to be Panoan on no other evidence than that the name ends in <i>-nawa</i> or <i>-bo</i>. A few, such as <a href="/wiki/Maya_language_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya language (Brazil)">Maya</a> (Pisabo), are unattested but reported to be mutually intelligible with a known Panoan language (in this case Matsés).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The people speaking one of these supposed languages, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Kontanáwa"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Kontanáwa</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was rediscovered in 2002. However, no linguistic information is available, and it is not known if they speak a distinct language.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amarante_Ribeiro_(2005)"><span id="Amarante_Ribeiro_.282005.29"></span>Amarante Ribeiro (2005)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panoan_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Amarante Ribeiro (2005)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classification of the Panoan languages according to Amarante Ribeiro (2005):<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Panoan</b> <ul><li>Group I <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amawaka_language" title="Amawaka language">Amawaka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Group II <ul><li>Subgroup II-1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashibo_language" title="Kashibo language">Kashibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokaman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokaman language">Nokaman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subgroup II-2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shipibo_language" title="Shipibo language">Shipibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapanawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapanawa language">Kapanawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panobo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panobo language">Panobo</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Group III <ul><li>Subgroup III-1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iskonawa_language" title="Iskonawa language">Iskonawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaxinawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaxinawa language">Kaxinawa</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subgroup III-2 <ul><li>Subgroup III-2-1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nukini_language" title="Nukini language">Nukini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaquirana_Remo_language" title="Jaquirana Remo language">Remo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subgroup III-2-2 <ul><li>Subgroup III-2-2-1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanamari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanamari language">Kanamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Katukina language">Katukina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marubo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marubo language">Marubo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subgroup III-2-2-2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastanawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastanawa language">Mastanawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuxinawa_language" title="Tuxinawa language">Tuxinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoranawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoranawa language">Yoranawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharanawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharanawa language">Sharanawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanenawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanenawa language">Shanenawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arara_language_(Panoan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arara language (Panoan)">Arara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawanawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yawanawa language">Yawanawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xitonawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xitonawa language">Xitonawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaminawa_language" title="Yaminawa language">Yaminawa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Subgroup III-2-3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaxarari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaxarari language">Kaxarari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poyanawa_language" title="Poyanawa language">Poyanawa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Group IV <ul><li>Subgroup IV-1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapishto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapishto language">Kapishto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mats%C3%A9s_language" title="Matsés language">Matsés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulina_language" title="Kulina language">Kulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matis_language" title="Matis language">Matis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subgroup IV-2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atsawaka_language" title="Atsawaka language">Atsawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arazaire_language" title="Arazaire language">Arazaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamiaka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamiaka language">Yamiaka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subgroup IV-3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karipuna_language" title="Karipuna language">Karipuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chacobo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chacobo language">Chacobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakawara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakawara language">Pakawara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oliveira_(2014)"><span id="Oliveira_.282014.29"></span>Oliveira (2014)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panoan_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oliveira (2014)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internal classification by Oliveira (2014: 123):<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Panoan</b> <ul><li><b>Group 1</b>: Kashíbo</li> <li><b>Group 2</b> <ul><li>Shípibo-Kónibo, Kapanáwa</li> <li>Marúbo (?)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Group 3</b>: Chákobo, Kaxararí (?)</li> <li><b>Group 4</b>: Yamináwa, Chanináwa, Sharanáwa</li> <li><b>Group 5</b>: Shanenáwa, Katukína</li> <li><b>Group 6</b>: Poyanáwa (?), Amawáka</li> <li><b>Group 7</b> <ul><li>Kaxinawá, Marináwa</li> <li>Yawanawá</li></ul></li> <li><b>Group 8</b>: Mayorúna, Matís, Korúbo</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jolkesky_(2016)"><span id="Jolkesky_.282016.29"></span>Jolkesky (2016)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panoan_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jolkesky (2016)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):<sup id="cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>(<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> = extinct) </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Pano</b> <ul><li>Pano, Northern <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kulina_language" title="Kulina language">Kulina</a></i> (Pano)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Korubo_language" title="Korubo language">Korubo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matis_language" title="Matis language">Matis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matses_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Matses language">Matses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pisabo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisabo language">Pisabo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Pano, Nuclear <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kasharari_language" title="Kasharari language">Kasharari</a></i></li> <li>Pano, Western <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kashibo_language" title="Kashibo language">Kashibo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kakataibo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakataibo language">Kakataibo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nokaman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokaman language">Nokaman</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li> <li>Pano, Central <ul><li>Purus <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amawaka_language" title="Amawaka language">Amawaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kashinawa_language" title="Kashinawa language">Kashinawa</a></i></li> <li>Yaminawa-Iskonawa-Marinawa: <i><a href="/wiki/Iskonawa_language" title="Iskonawa language">Iskonawa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Marinawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinawa language">Marinawa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yaminawa_language" title="Yaminawa language">Yaminawa</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Yawanawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yawanawa language">Yawanawa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Jurua <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Panoan_Katukina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoan Katukina language">Kanamari</a></i> (Pano)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panoan_Katukina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoan Katukina language">Katukina</a></i> (Pano)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marubo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marubo language">Marubo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Nukini-Remo <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nukini_language" title="Nukini language">Nukini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4a_Remo_language" title="Môa Remo language">Remo</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poyanawa_language" title="Poyanawa language">Poyanawa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Atsawaka <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arazaeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arazaeri language">Arazaeri</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsawaka_language" title="Atsawaka language">Atsawaka</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamiaka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamiaka language">Yamiaka</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li> <li>Chakobo <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chakobo_language" title="Chakobo language">Chakobo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chakobo_language" title="Chakobo language">Karipuna</a></i> (Pano)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pakawara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakawara language">Pakawara</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Shipibo-Kapanawa <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kapanawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapanawa language">Kapanawa</a></i></li> <li>Shipibo-Wariapano: <i><a href="/wiki/Sensi_language" title="Sensi language">Sensi</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>; <i><a href="/wiki/Wariapano_language" title="Wariapano language">Wariapano</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Shipibo_language" title="Shipibo language">Shipibo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homonyms">Homonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panoan_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Homonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the confusion surrounding Panoan languages is the number of homonyms among different languages. The principal ambiguous names are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Fleck_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleck-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Panoan languages with the same name </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Location or other name</th> <th>Language </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Kapanawa</td> <td>on the Tapiche</td> <td>dialect of Shipibo-Konibo </td></tr> <tr> <td>on the Juruá</td> <td>dialect of Ibuaçu Kashinawa </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Kashinawa</td> <td>on the Ibuaçu</td> <td>Headwaters group </td></tr> <tr> <td>on the Tarauacá</td> <td>Mainline branch </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Kulina</td> <td>on the Curuçá</td> <td>Mayoruna branch </td></tr> <tr> <td>of São Paulo de Olivençá</td> <td>Mainline branch </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Marubo</td> <td>in the Javari Basin</td> <td>Mainline branch </td></tr> <tr> <td>of Maucallacta [no data]</td> <td>Mayoruna branch </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Remo</td> <td>on the Blanco</td> <td>Nawa group </td></tr> <tr> <td>on the Môa</td> <td>Headwaters group </td></tr> <tr> <td>on the Jaquirana</td> <td>Poyanawa group </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southern Remo [no data]</td> <td>Chama group </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Sinabo</td> <td>of the Mamoré</td> <td>Bolivian group </td></tr> <tr> <td>of the Ucayali Basin</td> <td>Chama group </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Katukina</td> <td>Waninawa</td> <td>Marubo group </td></tr> <tr> <td>of Feijo' (Shanenawa)</td> <td>dialect of Yaminawa </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Nawa</td> <td>on the Môa [little data]</td> <td>Poyanawa group </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parkenawa</td> <td>dialect of Yaminawa </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Maroyuna</td> <td>(various)</td> <td>three languages in list above </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mates</td> <td>Mates </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barbudo [no data]</td> <td>Chama group </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Demushbo</td> <td></td> <td>Matses group </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chema</td> <td>dialect of Curuçá Kulina </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Neighboring languages of other families may also share the names of Panoan language. The table below ignores other homonyms further afield: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Non-Panoan languages with the same names as Panoan languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Family</th> <th>Language </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanamar%C3%AD_language_(Arawakan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanamarí language (Arawakan)">Kanamari</a>, Kasharari, Kunibo, Mayoruna, Pakaguara </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Takanan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Takanan languages">Takanan</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chama language">Chama</a>, Arasa, Atsahuaca, Yamiaka </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Katukinan_languages" title="Katukinan languages">Katukinan</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Katukina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Katukina language">Katukina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanamari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanamari language">Kanamari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Karipuna_language_(Amap%C3%A1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karipuna language (Amapá)">Karipuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katukinar%C3%BA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Katukinarú language">Katukinarú</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kulina_language" title="Kulina language">Kulina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Araw%C3%A1_language" title="Arawá language">Arawá</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Harakmbut_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakmbut languages">Harakmbut</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Arasairi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arasairi language">Arasairi</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panoan_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a full list of Panoan language varieties listed by <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka</a> (1968), including names of unattested varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Loukotka_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loukotka-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Northern languages</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Pano</b> / <b>Pánobo</b> - spoken in the village of <a href="/wiki/Contamana" title="Contamana">Contamana</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ucayali_River" title="Ucayali River">Ucayali River</a>, Loreto province, Peru.</li> <li><b>Maruba</b> / <b>Maxuruna</b> / <b>Mayoruna</b> / <b>Pelado</b> / <b>Dallus</b> - spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maruba_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maruba River (page does not exist)">Maruba River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jandiatuba_River" title="Jandiatuba River">Jandiatuba River</a>, state of Amazonas.</li> <li><b>Culino</b> - extinct language once spoken between the <a href="/wiki/Juta%C3%AD_River" title="Jutaí River">Jutaí River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javar%C3%AD_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Javarí River">Javarí River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jandiatuba_River" title="Jandiatuba River">Jandiatuba River</a>, Amazonas.</li> <li><b>Panau</b> - spoken by only a few families in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seringal_Bar%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seringal Barão (page does not exist)">Seringal Barão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Branco,_Acre" title="Rio Branco, Acre">Rio Branco</a>, territory of Acre, Brazil. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Cashibo</b> / <b>Cacataibo</b> / <b>Caxivo</b> / <b>Hagueti</b> - spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Pachitea_River" title="Pachitea River">Pachitea River</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pisqui_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pisqui River (page does not exist)">Pisqui River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aguayt%C3%ADa_River" title="Aguaytía River">Aguaytía River</a>, Loreto, Peru.</li> <li><b>Manamabobo</b> - extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Pachitea_River" title="Pachitea River">Pachitea River</a>, Peru. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Carapacho</b> / <b>Caliseca</b> - once spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carapacho_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carapacho River (page does not exist)">Carapacho River</a>, Peru. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Pichobo</b> - once spoken at the mouth of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paguamigua_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paguamigua River (page does not exist)">Paguamigua River</a> in Peru. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Sobolbo</b> / <b>Bolbo</b> - once spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohengua_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cohengua River (page does not exist)">Cohengua River</a>, Peru. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Mochobo</b> - once spoken between the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanie_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanie River (page does not exist)">Guanie River</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guarimi_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guarimi River (page does not exist)">Guarimi River</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Maspo</b> - once spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taco_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taco River (page does not exist)">Taco River</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manipaboro_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manipaboro River (page does not exist)">Manipaboro River</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Comobo</b> / <b>Univitsa</b> - once spoken in the same region on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inua_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inua River (page does not exist)">Inua River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unini_River" title="Unini River">Unini River</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Conibo</b> / <b>Cunibo</b> / <b>Curibeo</b> - spoken along the <a href="/wiki/Ucayali_River" title="Ucayali River">Ucayali River</a> between 8° 30' and 10° latitude.</li> <li><b>Cháma</b> / <b>Manava</b> / <b>Chipeo</b> / <b>Setebo</b> / <b>Shipibo</b> / <b>Puinahva</b> - spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Ucayali_River" title="Ucayali River">Ucayali River</a> north of the Conibo tribe.</li> <li><b>Nocamán</b> - spoken at the sources of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chesco_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chesco River (page does not exist)">Chesco River</a>, Loreto.</li> <li><b>Ruanagua</b> - spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corjuania_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corjuania River (page does not exist)">Corjuania River</a>, Loreto. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Capanagua</b> - spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Tapiche_River" title="Tapiche River">Tapiche River</a> and Blanco River, Loreto.</li> <li><b>Busquipani</b> - once spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alacr%C3%A1n_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alacrán River (page does not exist)">Alacrán River</a>, Loreto. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Custanáwa</b> - spoken on the upper course of the <a href="/wiki/Purus_River" title="Purus River">Purus River</a> near the mouth of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curanja_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curanja River (page does not exist)">Curanja River</a>, Loreto. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Espino</b> - spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curumaha_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curumaha River (page does not exist)">Curumaha River</a> in the same region. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Yura</b> - once spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piqueyaco_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piqueyaco River (page does not exist)">Piqueyaco River</a>, Loreto. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Marináwa</b> - spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Furnaya_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Furnaya River (page does not exist)">Furnaya River</a>, Loreto. (Pike and Scott 1962.)</li> <li><b>Xaranáwa</b> - spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curanja_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curanja River (page does not exist)">Curanja River</a>, Loreto. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Canawari</b> - extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curumaha_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curumaha River (page does not exist)">Curumaha River</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rixal%C3%A1_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rixalá River (page does not exist)">Rixalá River</a>, Acre territory, Brazil</li> <li><b>Nucuini</b> / <b>Remo</b> / <b>Rheno</b> - spoken at the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Javari_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Javari River">Javari River</a> and on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moenalco_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moenalco River (page does not exist)">Moenalco River</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="see Talk (July 2021)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ipixuna_River_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ipixuna River (disambiguation)">Ipixuna River</a>, state of Amazonas.</li> <li><b>Amahuaca</b> / <b>Sayaco</b> / <b>Impetineri</b> - spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Urubamba_River" title="Urubamba River">Urubamba River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ucayali_River" title="Ucayali River">Ucayali River</a>, Loreto, and on the <a href="/wiki/Purus_River" title="Purus River">Purus River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juru%C3%A1_River" title="Juruá River">Juruá River</a>, Acre.</li> <li><b>Mastináhua</b> - spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Purus_River" title="Purus River">Purus River</a> in the same territory. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Cachináua</b> / <b>Huñikui</b> - spoken between the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Embira_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embira River (page does not exist)">Embira River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberdade_River_(Juru%C3%A1_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberdade River (Juruá River)">Liberdade River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tarauac%C3%A1_River" title="Tarauacá River">Tarauacá River</a>, state of Amazonas.</li> <li><b>Tuxináua</b> - spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Embira_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embira River (page does not exist)">Embira River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igarap%C3%A9_Humait%C3%A1" title="Igarapé Humaitá">Humaitá River</a>, Acre.</li> <li><b>Camanáwa</b> - on the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4a_River" title="Môa River">Môa River</a> in Acre. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Pacanáwa</b> - spoken at the sources of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Embira_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embira River (page does not exist)">Embira River</a>, Acre. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Nehanáwa</b> - spoken by a small tribe on the <a href="/wiki/Jord%C3%A3o_River_(Acre)" title="Jordão River (Acre)">Jordão River</a>, Acre.</li> <li><b>Nastanáwa</b> - spoken on the upper course of the <a href="/wiki/Jord%C3%A3o_River_(Acre)" title="Jordão River (Acre)">Jordão River</a>.</li> <li><b>Cuyanáwa</b> - spoken between the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4a_River" title="Môa River">Môa River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Do_Moura_River" title="Do Moura River">Paraná dos Mouros River</a>, Acre territory. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Sacuya</b> - once spoken between the <a href="/wiki/Juru%C3%A1_River" title="Juruá River">Juruá River</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamaya_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamaya River (page does not exist)">Tamaya River</a>, Acre. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Xanindáua</b> - spoken by a small tribe on the <a href="/wiki/Riozinho_River_(Amazonas)" title="Riozinho River (Amazonas)">Riozinho River</a>, Acre. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Coronáwa</b> - spoken in the Acre territory, but exact location unknown. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Yauavo</b> - once spoken between the <a href="/wiki/Tejo_River" title="Tejo River">Tejo River</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aturia_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aturia River (page does not exist)">Aturia River</a>, Acre. (Unattested.)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Yaminaua group</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Yaminaua</b> - spoken at the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Tarauaca_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarauaca River">Tarauaca River</a>, territory of Acre.</li> <li><b>Poyanáwa</b> - spoken in Acre territory on the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4a_River" title="Môa River">Môa River</a>.</li> <li><b>Yumanáwa</b> - spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muruzinho_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muruzinho River (page does not exist)">Muruzinho River</a>, Acre.</li> <li><b>Paran-náwa</b> - spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Muru_River" title="Muru River">Muru River</a>, Acre.</li> <li><b>Nixináwa</b> - spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Jord%C3%A3o_River_(Acre)" title="Jordão River (Acre)">Jordão River</a>, Acre.</li> <li><b>Yawanáwa</b> - spoken in Acre territory on the upper course of the <a href="/wiki/Jord%C3%A3o_River_(Acre)" title="Jordão River (Acre)">Jordão River</a>.</li> <li><b>Sanináwa</b> / <b>Shanináua</b> - spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Valparaiso_River_(Brazil)" title="Valparaiso River (Brazil)">Valparaiso River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberdade_River_(Juru%C3%A1_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberdade River (Juruá River)">Liberdade River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Igarap%C3%A9_Humait%C3%A1" title="Igarapé Humaitá">Humaitá River</a>, Acre.</li> <li><b>Xipináwa</b> - spoken between the <a href="/wiki/Valparaiso_River_(Brazil)" title="Valparaiso River (Brazil)">Valparaiso River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberdade_River_(Juru%C3%A1_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberdade River (Juruá River)">Liberdade River</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Aranáwa</b> - spoken between the <a href="/wiki/Igarap%C3%A9_Humait%C3%A1" title="Igarapé Humaitá">Humaitá River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberdade_River_(Juru%C3%A1_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberdade River (Juruá River)">Liberdade River</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Contanáwa</b> - spoken in Acre on the upper course of the <a href="/wiki/Tarauaca_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarauaca River">Tarauaca River</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Igarap%C3%A9_Humait%C3%A1" title="Igarapé Humaitá">Humaitá River</a>. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Yumináhua</b> - spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Tarauaca_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarauaca River">Tarauaca River</a>, Acre. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Wamináua</b> / <b>Catoquino do Rio Gregorio</b> - spoken in the same territory on the <a href="/wiki/Greg%C3%B3rio_River_(Amazonas)" title="Gregório River (Amazonas)">Gregorio River</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Sensi group</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Sensi</b> - spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huanach%C3%A1_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huanachá River (page does not exist)">Huanachá River</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanuya_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chanuya River (page does not exist)">Chanuya River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Loreto" title="Department of Loreto">department of Loreto</a>, Peru.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Central group</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Yamiaca</b> / <b>Haauñeiri</b> - spoken by a small tribe on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaguarmayo_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaguarmayo River (page does not exist)">Yaguarmayo River</a>, department of Madre de Dios, Peru.</li> <li><b>Arazaire</b> - language spoken by a few families in the same region on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcapata_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcapata River (page does not exist)">Marcapata River</a>.</li> <li><b>Atsahuaca</b> / <b>Chaspa</b> - spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carama_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carama River (page does not exist)">Carama River</a> in Peru.</li> <li><b>Araua</b> - extinct language once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Chiva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiva River">Chiva River</a>, territory of Colonia, Bolivia. (Unattested.)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Eastern group</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Chacobo</b> - spoken around <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Rogoaguado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Rogoaguado (page does not exist)">Lake Rogoaguado</a>, Beni province, Bolivia.</li> <li><b>Capuibo</b> - once spoken on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biata_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biata River (page does not exist)">Biata River</a> in Beni province, Bolivia. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Pacaguara</b> - language now probably extinct, once spoken between the <a href="/wiki/Beni_River" title="Beni River">Beni River</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu%C3%B1a_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abuña River (page does not exist)">Abuña River</a>.</li> <li><b>Sinabo</b> / <b>Shenabu</b> / <b>Gritones</b> - language now probably extinct, once spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9_River" title="Mamoré River">Mamoré River</a> near Los Almendrales, Beni Province. (Unattested.)</li> <li><b>Caripuna</b> / <b>Jaunavô</b> / <b>Shakáre</b> / <b>Éloe</b> / <b>Yacariá</b> - spoken in the nineteenth century along the <a href="/wiki/Madeira_River" title="Madeira River">Madeira River</a> and the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Beni_River" title="Beni River">Beni River</a>, now only in a single village at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Mutumparan%C3%A1_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutumparaná River">Mutumparaná River</a>, Rondônia.</li> <li><b>Pama</b> / <b>Pamainá</b> - language of an unknown tribe of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caldeir%C3%A3o_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caldeirão River (page does not exist)">Caldeirão River</a>, territory of Rondônia. (Unattested.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammatical_features">Grammatical features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panoan_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammatical features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body-part_prefixation">Body-part prefixation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panoan_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Body-part prefixation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exceptional to Panoan languages' predominantly suffixal morphology are sets of approximately 30 morphemes primarily referring to parts or features of prototypical human and animal bodies (and, by analogical extension, of botanicals, manufactures, landscapes, and abstract space) which have been found to occur in almost all attested languages of the family (Fleck 2006: 59; Ferreira 2007, 2008; Amarante Ribeiro and Cândido 2008; Zariquiey and Fleck 2012: 385–386). </p><p>That these monosyllabic forms are productively affixed to the front of verbal, nominal, or adjectival roots has led many Panoanists to describe them as prefixes (e.g. Prost 1967 and Zingg 1998 [for Chakobo]; Faust 1973, Loriot et al. 1993, and Valenzuela 2003 [for Shipibo-Konibo]; Hyde 1980 [for Amawaka]; Eakin 1991[for Yaminawa]), while the forms' resemblance and loose semantic correspondence to unbound, polysyllabic 'body-part terms' has led others to describe them as incorporated nouns (e.g. Loos 1999). More recent and detailed analyses of this feature in Matses (Fleck 2006) and Kashibo-Kakataibo (Zariquiey and Fleck 2012) have demonstrated that most body-part prefixes in these languages are not readily analyzable as synchronic allomorphs of the nouns they resemble. </p><p>Many Panoan body-part prefixes semantically encompass a range of denotata beyond the strictly 'corporeal' by means of analogical extension. In Matses, for example, the prefix <i>an-</i> corresponds to the nouns <i>ana</i> 'mouth, tongue, palm (of hand), sole (of foot), (arm)pit'; <i>anmaëşh</i> 'gill slits (of fish)'; and <i>anşhantuk</i> 'swampy depression in the ground'; but can itself be glossed also as 'cavity, concave surface, interior, underside'; and 'center (of path of stream)' (Fleck 2006: 64). In the examples below, the prefix <i>an-</i> with the verb root <i>kiad</i> 'learn' expresses the learning of a specifically 'oral activity' while the prefix <i>më-</i> 'hand, mortar, forearm, wrist, projecting carpal bones, elbow, finger, knuckles, fingernail, branch' expresses the learning of a specifically 'manual' one: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>an-</b>kiad-o-bi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>mouth-</b>learn-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>an-</b>kiad-o-bi</p><p style="display: none;"><b>mouth-</b>learn-PAST-1S</p><p style="clear: left;">'I learned with respect to (my) mouth', i.e., 'I learned an oral activity' (a language, to speak, a song, to sing, to recite the alphabet, to whistle, to eat a type of food, etc.) (Fleck 2006: 78)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>më-</b>kiad-o-bi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>hand-</b>learn-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>më-</b>kiad-o-bi</p><p style="display: none;"><b>hand-</b>learn-PAST-1S</p><p style="clear: left;">'I learned to weave, write, do math problems, fire shotgun, fletch arrows, or other manual tasks' (Fleck 2006: 78)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The following example illustrates how <i>an-</i> can express locative information in non-corporeal, topographical space: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nëid-ø</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this.one-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="absolutive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>an</b>-san-aşh</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>center</b>-put:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="patient-like argument (object) of canonical transitive verb">O</abbr>-after:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="single argument of canonical intransitive verb">S</abbr>/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb">A</abbr>><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="single argument of canonical intransitive verb">S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">we-ta</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lie-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ø</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="absolutive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ke-pa-ak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">say-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="topic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TOP</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="continuous aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONT</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="narrative tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NARR</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka-denne-k</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tell-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="remote past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indicative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IND</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ke-onda-şh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tell-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">nëid-ø <b>an</b>-san-aşh we-ta ø ke-pa-ak ka-denne-k ke-onda-şh</p><p style="display: none;">this.one-ABS <b>center</b>-put:PL.O-after:S/A>S lie-IMP 3.ABS say-TOP.CONT-NARR.PAST tell-REM.PAST.IND tell-DIST.PAST-3</p><p style="clear: left;">'"Put this one in the middle [of the path] and then lie down!" he [the moon] said, they used to tell, I was told' (Fleck 2006: 80).</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>While body-part prefixes in Kashibo-Kakataibo, as in Matses, are highly productive with verbs, they are used regularly with only a modest array of adjectives and nouns (Fleck 2006: 72; Zariquiey and Fleck 2012: 394–5). Zariquiey and Fleck (2012: 394) note that the Kashibo-Kakataibo "words for 'skin', 'hair', and 'flesh'" are regularly prefixed: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kapë</p><p style="margin: 0px;">caiman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">të-şhaka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">neck-skin.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="absolutive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mëra-aşh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">find-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="single argument of canonical intransitive verb">S</abbr>/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb">A</abbr>><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="single argument of canonical intransitive verb">S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">...</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">kapë të-şhaka mëra-aşh ...</p><p style="display: none;">caiman neck-skin.ABS find-S/A>S {}</p><p style="clear: left;">'finding the caiman's neck skin ...' (Zariquiey and Fleck 2012: 395).</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Due to the paucity of detailed studies of Panoan body-part prefixes, explanations of their grammaticalization remain largely speculative. Fleck has hypothesized that "Panoan (verb) prefixation evolved from past noun incorporation that co-existed with noun-noun and noun-adjective compounding that involved synchronic reduction of body-part roots" (2006: 92). In light of their analysis of Kashibo-Kakataibo prefixation, Zariquiey and Fleck present two diachronic scenarios to orient future comparative work: "(1) prefixation evolved from productive noun incorporation (prefixes have come from longer body-part nouns); or (2) Proto-Panoan body-part terms were monosyllabic forms that became bound, and most of the current body-part terms were later built up from these" (2012: 408). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panoan_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka</a> (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.<sup id="cite_ref-Loukotka_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loukotka-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Branch</th> <th>head</th> <th>tooth</th> <th>tongue</th> <th>foot</th> <th>one</th> <th>two</th> <th>three </th></tr> <tr> <td>Pánobo</td> <td>I</td> <td>mápu</td> <td>séta</td> <td>hána</td> <td>tal'i</td> <td>hawícho</td> <td>dawuó</td> <td>muken </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maruba</td> <td>I</td> <td>mápu</td> <td>chitá</td> <td>ána</td> <td>tái</td> <td>pazü</td> <td>dabui</td> <td>muken </td></tr> <tr> <td>Culino</td> <td>I</td> <td>mazu</td> <td>sita</td> <td>anú</td> <td>whüta</td> <td>uitü</td> <td>rabü</td> <td>taküma </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cashieo</td> <td>I</td> <td>mapo</td> <td>dzeta</td> <td>hana</td> <td>tak</td> <td>achapré</td> <td>rabue</td> <td>itsa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Conibo</td> <td>I</td> <td>mápo</td> <td>seta</td> <td>hana</td> <td>tai</td> <td>achapré</td> <td>rabue</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cháma</td> <td>I</td> <td>mápuro</td> <td>seta</td> <td>hana</td> <td>tal</td> <td>hávicho</td> <td>ravué</td> <td>pike </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nocamán</td> <td>I</td> <td>mápuro</td> <td>téta</td> <td>ána</td> <td>tai</td> <td>aindzinige</td> <td>rawué</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Capanagua</td> <td>II</td> <td>mápu</td> <td>shríta</td> <td>hána</td> <td>tahö</td> <td>hawichu</td> <td>rawík</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canawari</td> <td>II</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nucuini</td> <td>II</td> <td>mapú</td> <td>sheta</td> <td>aná</td> <td>taki</td> <td>usichari</td> <td>narabe</td> <td>narana </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amaguaca</td> <td>II</td> <td>mápu</td> <td>teta</td> <td>haná</td> <td>taku</td> <td>wuistéra</td> <td>rábue</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caxinaua</td> <td>II</td> <td>mápo</td> <td>xeltá</td> <td>hana</td> <td>taö</td> <td>böste</td> <td>rabö</td> <td>nadabö </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuxináua</td> <td>II</td> <td>mapoː</td> <td></td> <td>anan</td> <td>tai</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nehanáwa</td> <td>II</td> <td>mapu</td> <td>mátya</td> <td>húna</td> <td>tahʔ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yawanáwa</td> <td>Yaminaua II</td> <td>mapo</td> <td>sheta</td> <td>hána</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xanináwa</td> <td>Yaminaua II</td> <td>mi-fushha</td> <td>shʔta</td> <td>háda</td> <td>tahʔ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wanináwa</td> <td>Yaminaua II</td> <td>mapu</td> <td>shötah</td> <td>ana</td> <td>tahö</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sensi</td> <td>Yaminaua II</td> <td>omátsi</td> <td>küödsa</td> <td>yáta</td> <td></td> <td>nawuístikoe</td> <td>rawué</td> <td>naravuekoe </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yaminaua</td> <td>Yaminaua I</td> <td>woshka</td> <td>shata</td> <td>hanka</td> <td>tai</td> <td>huísti</td> <td>rháhui</td> <td>mapo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poyanáwa</td> <td>Yaminaua I</td> <td>vouká</td> <td>ritá</td> <td>andá</td> <td>tae</td> <td>uesteː</td> <td>arabiː</td> <td>aranan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yumanáwa</td> <td>Yaminaua I</td> <td>buska</td> <td>sheta</td> <td>xánda</td> <td>táha</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paran-Nawa</td> <td>Yaminaua I</td> <td>buska</td> <td>sheta</td> <td>hána</td> <td>tahe</td> <td>uste</td> <td>rane</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nixináwa</td> <td>Yaminaua I</td> <td>vuske</td> <td>xéta</td> <td>hánda</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chacobo</td> <td>Eastern</td> <td>mápu</td> <td>shíta</td> <td>hána</td> <td>tái</td> <td>vuístita</td> <td>dávita</td> <td>téreshen </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pacaguara</td> <td>Eastern</td> <td>mapo</td> <td>tséna</td> <td>xána</td> <td>tahe</td> <td>nata</td> <td>rabue</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caripuna</td> <td>Eastern</td> <td>mápo</td> <td>setá</td> <td>haná</td> <td>taé</td> <td>pazü</td> <td>taboe</td> <td>muken </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yamiaca</td> <td>Central</td> <td></td> <td>réta</td> <td>hána</td> <td>tauö</td> <td>pusi</td> <td>bota</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arazaire</td> <td>Central</td> <td>mashahue</td> <td></td> <td>haná</td> <td>taé</td> <td>nunchina</td> <td>buta</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atsahuaca</td> <td>Central</td> <td></td> <td>reta</td> <td>hána</td> <td>tauö</td> <td>nikatsu</td> <td>dafuina</td> <td>shukarama </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Branch</th> <th>water</th> <th>sun</th> <th>maize</th> <th>tapir</th> <th>house </th></tr> <tr> <td>Pánobo</td> <td>I</td> <td>ompásko</td> <td>wári</td> <td>töki</td> <td>awuá</td> <td>taping </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maruba</td> <td>I</td> <td>uóka</td> <td>vári</td> <td>shuki</td> <td>awa</td> <td>shubo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Culino</td> <td>I</td> <td>yaku</td> <td>warü</td> <td>chüki</td> <td>ghai</td> <td>subichü </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cashieo</td> <td>I</td> <td>ompas</td> <td>vari</td> <td>riki</td> <td>aua</td> <td>tóbu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Conibo</td> <td>I</td> <td>honeg</td> <td>huari</td> <td>serke</td> <td>auhá</td> <td>shrobo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cháma</td> <td>I</td> <td>umpas</td> <td>bari</td> <td>riki</td> <td>ahua</td> <td>tobo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nocamán</td> <td>I</td> <td>ompás</td> <td>wári</td> <td>téki</td> <td>awuá</td> <td>shóu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Capanagua</td> <td>II</td> <td>yéne</td> <td>bari</td> <td>tríki</td> <td>awa</td> <td>shúbu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canawari</td> <td>II</td> <td>wáka</td> <td>warí</td> <td></td> <td>xemá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nucuini</td> <td>II</td> <td></td> <td>bali</td> <td>beni</td> <td>auá</td> <td>hubu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amaguaca</td> <td>II</td> <td>wákoma</td> <td>wádik</td> <td>töki</td> <td>á</td> <td>tsapás </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caxinaua</td> <td>II</td> <td>upash</td> <td>bari</td> <td>shöki</td> <td>awa</td> <td>tapás </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuxináua</td> <td>II</td> <td>uá</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>auá</td> <td>ushá </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nehanáwa</td> <td>II</td> <td>upash</td> <td>wári</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>hʔw </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yawanáwa</td> <td>Yaminaua II</td> <td>wáka</td> <td>shʔne</td> <td>shʔki</td> <td>puiwa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xanináwa</td> <td>Yaminaua II</td> <td>hʔd</td> <td>fwaui</td> <td>shʔhi</td> <td>awa</td> <td>pʔsh </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wanináwa</td> <td>Yaminaua II</td> <td>wakah</td> <td>wari</td> <td>shöke</td> <td>awi</td> <td>shubu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sensi</td> <td>Yaminaua II</td> <td>enipáxa</td> <td>varíxi</td> <td>shínki</td> <td>áwua</td> <td>puöxe </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yaminaua</td> <td>Yaminaua I</td> <td>huaka</td> <td>wani</td> <td>shiki</td> <td>áhua</td> <td>shúhuo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poyanáwa</td> <td>Yaminaua I</td> <td>wáka</td> <td>vori</td> <td>vouerou</td> <td>auá</td> <td>utá </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yumanáwa</td> <td>Yaminaua I</td> <td>hónde</td> <td>wári</td> <td>xáti</td> <td>á</td> <td>mapítc </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paran-Nawa</td> <td>Yaminaua I</td> <td>umpash</td> <td>wári</td> <td>sheki</td> <td>áwa</td> <td>shobo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nixináwa</td> <td>Yaminaua I</td> <td>wákuma</td> <td>óari</td> <td>sheki</td> <td>a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chacobo</td> <td>Eastern</td> <td>kämä</td> <td>huári</td> <td>shéki</td> <td>áhuara</td> <td>shóbo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pacaguara</td> <td>Eastern</td> <td>xéne</td> <td>bari</td> <td>sheki</td> <td>ahuana</td> <td>shobo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caripuna</td> <td>Eastern</td> <td>ompasua</td> <td>bári</td> <td>shröki</td> <td>auána</td> <td>shróba </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yamiaca</td> <td>Central</td> <td>éna</td> <td>huari</td> <td>húki</td> <td>shanoya</td> <td>shopo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arazaire</td> <td>Central</td> <td>humapasha</td> <td>fuari</td> <td>hoki</td> <td>shauvi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atsahuaca</td> <td>Central</td> <td>umapásha</td> <td>huari</td> <td>höki</td> <td>ahuana</td> <td>shopo </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-language">Proto-language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panoan_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Proto-language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Proto-Panoan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reconstruction of</th><td class="infobox-data">Panoan languages</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Below are Proto-Panoan reconstructions by de Oliveira (2014).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the full list of original Portuguese glosses, see the corresponding <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_panos" class="extiw" title="pt:Línguas panos">Portuguese article</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Proto-Panoan reconstructions by de Oliveira (2014)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>gloss</th> <th>Proto-Panoan </th></tr> <tr> <td>'sun'</td> <td>*βaɽi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'star'</td> <td>*wis(...) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'corn'</td> <td>*ʂɨki </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to make, to kill'</td> <td>*ʔak- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Capybara" title="Capybara">capybara</a>'</td> <td>*ʔamɨ(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'big, large'</td> <td>*ʔani </td></tr> <tr> <td>'paca (<i><a href="/wiki/Cuniculus_paca" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuniculus paca">Cuniculus paca</a></i>)'</td> <td>*ʔano </td></tr> <tr> <td>'intransitive concord suffix'</td> <td>*-ʔaʂ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'kind of poison'</td> <td>*ʔaʂ(an)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'tapir (<i><a href="/wiki/Tapirus_terrestris" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapirus terrestris">Tapirus terrestris</a></i>)'</td> <td>*ʔawaɽ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'woman, wife'</td> <td>*ʔawi(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'woman'</td> <td>*ʔaw̆iβo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to swallow, to inhale'</td> <td>*ʔaya- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'I (1sg)'</td> <td>*ʔɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'big, large'</td> <td>*ʔɨwa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'louse'</td> <td>*ʔia </td></tr> <tr> <td>'lake'</td> <td>*ʔian </td></tr> <tr> <td>'owner'</td> <td>*ʔiʔβo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'bird species'</td> <td>*ʔiʔtsak </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hot, heat'</td> <td>*ʔitsis </td></tr> <tr> <td>'heat, hot'</td> <td>*yoʔo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hot'</td> <td>*ʂa(n)a </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to embrace, to keep in one's arms'</td> <td>*ʔikok- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to keep/carry in one's arms'</td> <td>*ʔikoʔiko- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to rise, to go up'</td> <td>*ʔira- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'livestock, domestic animal'</td> <td>*ʔinak </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to give'</td> <td>*ʔinar- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'jaguar species'</td> <td>*ʔi(n)o </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fish species (of family <a href="/wiki/Loricariidae" title="Loricariidae">Loricariidae</a>)'</td> <td>*ʔipo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'pain, to hurt'</td> <td>*ʔisir- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'blackbird species (of family <a href="/wiki/Icteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Icteridae">Icteridae</a>)'</td> <td>*ʔisko </td></tr> <tr> <td>'monkey species (of family <a href="/wiki/Atelidae" title="Atelidae">Atelidae</a>)'</td> <td>*ʔiso </td></tr> <tr> <td>'monkey species'</td> <td>*ɽiɽo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Howler_monkey" title="Howler monkey">howler monkey</a> (monkey species)'</td> <td>*ɽoʔo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'monkey species'</td> <td>*ʃiro </td></tr> <tr> <td>'monkey species (<a href="/wiki/Callitrichidae" title="Callitrichidae">Callitrichidae</a>?)'</td> <td>*sipi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'monkey species'</td> <td>*wasa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to run'</td> <td>*ʔisto- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'very, much'</td> <td>*ʔitsak </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/King_vulture" title="King vulture">king vulture</a>'</td> <td>*ʔiʃmi(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'heavy'</td> <td>*ʔiwɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'stingray'</td> <td>*ʔiwi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'tick'</td> <td>*hoʔpoʂ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'rain'</td> <td>*ʔoi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to look'</td> <td>*ʔoi(n)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to cough'</td> <td>*ʔok(o)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to know, to learn'</td> <td>*ʔo(n)a(n)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'freshwater (lit. new liquid)'</td> <td>*ʔoma-paʂa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to laugh'</td> <td>*ʔosa(n)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to sleep'</td> <td>*ʔoʂ(a)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'shadow'</td> <td>*ʔota </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to suck'</td> <td>*ʔoyo- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'he, that'</td> <td>*ha(a) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to run, to flee'</td> <td>*haβa(t)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'heron species'</td> <td>*haka </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to tread (on)'</td> <td>*hamak- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'tongue'</td> <td>*hana </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to vomit'</td> <td>*ha(n)a(n)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'name'</td> <td>*harɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Curassow" title="Curassow">curassow</a> (bird species of family <a href="/wiki/Cracidae" title="Cracidae">Cracidae</a>)'</td> <td>*hãsi(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'opening'</td> <td>*hãʂaβa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'this much'</td> <td>*hatit </td></tr> <tr> <td>'3PL'</td> <td>*hato </td></tr> <tr> <td>'what, which'</td> <td>*haw(ɨ/a) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'his, her(s)'</td> <td>*hawɨn </td></tr> <tr> <td>'path, way, forest trail'</td> <td>*βaʔi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'night, dark'</td> <td>*βaʔki(ʃ)i </td></tr> <tr> <td>'dark, night'</td> <td>*yamɨ(t) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'cloth (?)'</td> <td>*βatʃi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'grazed, cleared'</td> <td>*βai(C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'son, child'</td> <td>*βakʷɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'foam'</td> <td>*βakoʂ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to plant'</td> <td>*βana- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'egg'</td> <td>*βatsi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to whisper'</td> <td>*βaʂɨʂɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'sweet'</td> <td>*βata </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fish species'</td> <td>*βato(m) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'parrot (species of family <a href="/wiki/Psittacidae" title="Psittacidae">Psittacidae</a>)'</td> <td>*βawa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fish species (<i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoplatystoma_corruscans" title="Pseudoplatystoma corruscans">Pseudoplatystoma corruscans</a></i>)'</td> <td>*βawi(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to fetch, to search'</td> <td>*βɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'comitative'</td> <td>*-βɨt, *-bɨta(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'boy, adolescent'</td> <td>*βɨʔra(C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to forget, to lose'</td> <td>*βɨʔ(n)oÇ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'tear'</td> <td>*βɨʔo(m) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'waves'</td> <td>*βɨʔʃo(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'forehead, face'</td> <td>*βɨmãnan </td></tr> <tr> <td>'husband, male'</td> <td>*βɨnɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'man, male'</td> <td>*βɨ̃βo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'tree species (of family <a href="/wiki/Phyllanthaceae" title="Phyllanthaceae">Phyllanthaceae</a>)'</td> <td>*βɨp(on) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'eye'</td> <td>*βɨɽo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to cut'</td> <td>*βɨstɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'eyebrows'</td> <td>*βɨʂko </td></tr> <tr> <td>'eyebrows'</td> <td>*βɨʂpi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'frog species'</td> <td>*βɨʂko </td></tr> <tr> <td>'thin, flat'</td> <td>*βɨʂ(n)a(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'soup, broth'</td> <td>*βɨtɨm </td></tr> <tr> <td>'face (body part prefix)'</td> <td>*βɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to catch'</td> <td>*βiÇ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'skin, leather, hide'</td> <td>*βitsi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'heron species'</td> <td>*βitʃo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'mosquito species'</td> <td>*βi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fruit'</td> <td>*βimi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'wasp'</td> <td>*βira </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Moriche_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriche palm">moriche palm</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mauritia_vinifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritia vinifera">Mauritia vinifera</a></i>)'</td> <td>*βinon </td></tr> <tr> <td>'guava'</td> <td>*βĩpiʃ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'pluralizer'</td> <td>*-βo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'woodpecker species (of family <a href="/wiki/Picidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Picidae">Picidae</a>)'</td> <td>*βoir </td></tr> <tr> <td>'kind of box'</td> <td>*βoʔ(n)a(n)-ti </td></tr> <tr> <td>'palm species'</td> <td>*βoʔɽɨ(t) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'stump, trunk'</td> <td>*βoʔɽo(Ç) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fish species (of family <a href="/wiki/Pimelodidae" title="Pimelodidae">Pimelodidae</a>)'</td> <td>*βoɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'resin'</td> <td>*βoi(Ç) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'tree species (<i><a href="/wiki/Cecropia" title="Cecropia">Cecropia</a></i>?)'</td> <td>*βoko(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'a small tree whose bark is used to make ropes'</td> <td>*βoko </td></tr> <tr> <td>'bee species'</td> <td>*βo(n)a </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hair, coat'</td> <td>*βo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'kind of beetle'</td> <td>*βõpa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'otter species'</td> <td>*βõsi(m) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'head'</td> <td>*βoʂka(Ç) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to sit (down)'</td> <td>*tsaʔo(t)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fish species'</td> <td>*tsatsa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hiccup, to hiccup'</td> <td>*tsɨko- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'cicada'</td> <td>*tsiʔo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'charcoal, ember'</td> <td>*tsitsɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'ember, firewood charcoal'</td> <td>*(ts)is(t)o </td></tr> <tr> <td>'who'</td> <td>*tso(a) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to catch, to grab with the hand'</td> <td>*tsoma- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to sting, to pierce, to inject'</td> <td>*tʃaʔtʃi- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to crush, to beat, to hit'</td> <td>*tʂaka- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to lie'</td> <td>*tʃa(n)i- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'clam species'</td> <td>*tʃãpiʃ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'cricket, locust'</td> <td>*tʂãpo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfisher</a>'</td> <td>*tʃaɽaʂ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'deer species'</td> <td>*tʂaʂo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fire'</td> <td>*tʃiʔi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'ashes (lit. fire dust)'</td> <td>*tʃiʔi mapo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to steer (a canoe) from behind'</td> <td>*tʃiβi- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'rear part'</td> <td>*tʃipo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to wash, to wash oneself'</td> <td>*tʃoka- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'cloth, clothes'</td> <td>*tʃopa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hard, strong'</td> <td>*tʃoɽiʃ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hard, strong'</td> <td>*kɨɽɨʂ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'liquid, water'</td> <td>*hɨ(n)ɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fish species'</td> <td>*hɨ(n)ɨ ʔino </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to leave, to let go of'</td> <td>*hɨ(n)ɨÇ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'palm species'</td> <td>*hɨpɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to shine, to burn'</td> <td>*hɨɽɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to put out (fire)'</td> <td>*(n)oka- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'seed'</td> <td>*hɨʂɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to enter'</td> <td>*hiʔki- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'ant species'</td> <td>*hiʔima </td></tr> <tr> <td>'ant species'</td> <td>*hi(ts)i </td></tr> <tr> <td>'blood'</td> <td>*himi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'tail'</td> <td>*hina </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to see, to look'</td> <td>*his- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'kind of ant'</td> <td>*hitsis </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to urinate, urine'</td> <td>*hisor- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'kind of tree as well as its fruit'</td> <td>*hiʃtʃiβi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'tree (generic), log (generic)'</td> <td>*hiwi- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to hear, to listen, to understand'</td> <td>*kʷak- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'edge, lips'</td> <td>*kʷɨβi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<i><a href="/wiki/Penelope_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penelope (genus)">Penelope</a></i> (bird species)'</td> <td>*kʷɨβo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to want, to desire'</td> <td>*kʷɨ̃ɨ̃- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to want'</td> <td>*katsi, *-kas </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to love, to like, to want'</td> <td>*(n)oi- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to call'</td> <td>*kʷɨ(n)a- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'kind of bench'</td> <td>*kʷɨ(n)a(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to draw, to paint'</td> <td>*kʷɨ(n)ɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'beard'</td> <td>*kʷɨ(n)i </td></tr> <tr> <td>'end, extreme'</td> <td>*kʷɨ(n)o- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to skewer'</td> <td>*kʷɨo(n)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'lips'</td> <td>*kʷɨʂa(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'beard'</td> <td>*kʷɨʂ(n)i </td></tr> <tr> <td>'macaw species'</td> <td>*kaʔi(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'back'</td> <td>*kaʔtɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'relative'</td> <td>*ka(n)i </td></tr> <tr> <td>'kind of basket'</td> <td>*kaka(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'pineapple'</td> <td>*ka(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'jaguar'</td> <td>*kamar </td></tr> <tr> <td>'snake species'</td> <td>*kaʔmoʂ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'macaw species'</td> <td>*kara </td></tr> <tr> <td>'flash of lightning'</td> <td>*karak </td></tr> <tr> <td>'bow'</td> <td>*kano- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'kind of squirrel'</td> <td>*kapa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'cayman'</td> <td>*kapɨt </td></tr> <tr> <td>'cará (kind of yam)'</td> <td>*kaɽi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'firewood'</td> <td>*kaɽo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'mat'</td> <td>*kaʃi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'back (body part prefix)'</td> <td>*ka- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to sew'</td> <td>*kɨʔʂɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'vessel, dish, plate'</td> <td>*kɨ̃tʃa(C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'piece, shard'</td> <td>*kɨʂɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'thick'</td> <td>*kɨʂto(C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'kind of pan'</td> <td>*kɨ̃ti(C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to end, to finish'</td> <td>*kɨyo- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'locative ablative suffix, directional, towards'</td> <td>*-ki </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hole, opening'</td> <td>*kiri </td></tr> <tr> <td>'thigh'</td> <td>*kʷisi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'smoke'</td> <td>*kʷaʔin </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to boil'</td> <td>*koβi(n)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'jaw'</td> <td>*kʷi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'mother's brother'</td> <td>*koka </td></tr> <tr> <td>'glowworm'</td> <td>*koki(ʃ) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'mother's brother'</td> <td>*koko </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to swallow soft food'</td> <td>*koko- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'glowworm'</td> <td>*koko(ʃs)i- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Tinamou" title="Tinamou">tinamou</a> (bird species)'</td> <td>*koma </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fungus species'</td> <td>*ko(n)o </td></tr> <tr> <td>'pus'</td> <td>*ko </td></tr> <tr> <td>'value'</td> <td>*kopi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'ashes, greyish'</td> <td>*koɽo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'cedar'</td> <td>*(k)oʂna </td></tr> <tr> <td>'causative verbal suffix'</td> <td>*-m(a)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hill'</td> <td>*maʔtʃi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fish species'</td> <td>*maʔi(r) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'cold'</td> <td>*matsi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to sweep'</td> <td>*matso- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'animal horn'</td> <td>*mãtʃa(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'earth, land'</td> <td>*mai </td></tr> <tr> <td>'on earth, on the ground'</td> <td>*mai(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to bury'</td> <td>*mai(n)-, *maiwa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'headband, hat'</td> <td>*maiti </td></tr> <tr> <td>'rat'</td> <td>*maka </td></tr> <tr> <td>'rat'</td> <td>*ʂoya </td></tr> <tr> <td>'stone, rock'</td> <td>*maka </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">piranha</a> (fish species)'</td> <td>*makɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to wish'</td> <td>*mara- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'over, about'</td> <td>*ma(n)a(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'metal'</td> <td>*ma(n)ɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'banana'</td> <td>*ma(n)i </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to long'</td> <td>*(ma)(n)o(t)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to climb (a hill)'</td> <td>*mapɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'shrimp'</td> <td>*mapi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'head'</td> <td>*mapo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'clay, dust'</td> <td>*mapok </td></tr> <tr> <td>'plant species'</td> <td>*maɽaʂ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Agouti" title="Agouti">agouti</a> (rodent species)'</td> <td>*maɽi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'calabash species'</td> <td>*masɨ(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'sand'</td> <td>*masi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'stone'</td> <td>*maʂaʂ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Urucum" class="mw-redirect" title="Urucum">urucum</a> (the tree and its fruit)'</td> <td>*maʂɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'on top, peak'</td> <td>*maʂka(t) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to cut hair'</td> <td>*maʂkoɽ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'animal horn'</td> <td>*mãʂo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to hit the head'</td> <td>*matas </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to die'</td> <td>*mawa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'ant species'</td> <td>*mawis </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to twist, to spin, to move in circles'</td> <td>*maya- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to touch, to touch with the hand, to feel'</td> <td>*mɨʔ(ɨ)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to wet, wet'</td> <td>*mɨʔtʃa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hand, arm'</td> <td>*mɨβi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fingernail'</td> <td>*mɨ̃tsis </td></tr> <tr> <td>'claw, nail'</td> <td>*hõtsis </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hand'</td> <td>*mɨkɨr </td></tr> <tr> <td>'right hand'</td> <td>*mɨkɨrɨ kʷaya </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to find, to look for'</td> <td>*mɨɽa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to crawl'</td> <td>*mɨʂo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'finger'</td> <td>*mɨtoti </td></tr> <tr> <td>'slough, muddy area'</td> <td>*mɨwɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'2SG'</td> <td>*mi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'2PL'</td> <td>*mato </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Pamonha" title="Pamonha">pamonha</a> (traditional corn pastry)'</td> <td>*mɨsi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hook, fishhook'</td> <td>*miʃkiti </td></tr> <tr> <td>'poison, bitter'</td> <td>*moka </td></tr> <tr> <td>'thorn'</td> <td>*moʂa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'nest'</td> <td>*naʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'sloth species'</td> <td>*naʔir </td></tr> <tr> <td>'sky'</td> <td>*naiɽ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'mosquito species'</td> <td>*(n)akʷa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'termite'</td> <td>*nakʷaʂɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to dream'</td> <td>*(n)ama- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'below, under, underneath'</td> <td>*nama </td></tr> <tr> <td>'meat'</td> <td>*rami </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Genipap" class="mw-redirect" title="Genipap">genipap</a> (kind of fruit)'</td> <td>*(n)a(n)ɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to put inside, to submerge'</td> <td>*nan(ɨ)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'inside, in the middle'</td> <td>*(n)apo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to bathe, to take a bath'</td> <td>*(n)as(i)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'wide, broad'</td> <td>*(n)aʂβa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to bite'</td> <td>*(n)atɨʂ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'foreigner'</td> <td>*(n)awa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'rainbow'</td> <td>*(n)awa βaʔi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'cut vegetation, abandoned land'</td> <td>*(n)awɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'trumpeter bird'</td> <td>*(n)ɨa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to unite, to put together'</td> <td>*(n)ɨʔa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to tie'</td> <td>*(n)ɨʂa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'bird species'</td> <td>*(n)ɨʂ(n)ɨʂ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'day'</td> <td>*rɨtɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to stand'</td> <td>*niÇ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'forest, woods'</td> <td>*(n)iʔi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'breeze'</td> <td>*(n)iβiÇ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'centipede, scorpion'</td> <td>*(n)iβo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to listen, to hear'</td> <td>*(n)ĩka </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to drag, to pull'</td> <td>*(n)i(n)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to sweat'</td> <td>*(n)iska(n)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'palm species'</td> <td>*(n)isi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to be bored'</td> <td>*(n)iʃ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'wind'</td> <td>*(n)iwɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'1PL'</td> <td>*no(-) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'deep'</td> <td>*(n)oa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'snail species'</td> <td>*(n)oʔtʃo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'worm'</td> <td>*noʔir </td></tr> <tr> <td>'snail species'</td> <td>*(n)oβo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'tasty, delicious'</td> <td>*(n)o(ɨ) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to swim'</td> <td>*(n)on(a)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to swim'</td> <td>*nono- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'duck'</td> <td>*rorom </td></tr> <tr> <td>'canoe'</td> <td>*(n)õti </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to fly'</td> <td>*(n)o(ya)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to come, to arrive'</td> <td>*ho- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'flower'</td> <td>*hoa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'language, voice, word'</td> <td>*hoi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to breathe'</td> <td>*hoin </td></tr> <tr> <td>'heart'</td> <td>*hoi(n)ti </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to hide'</td> <td>*hon(ɨ)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'man, human'</td> <td>*honi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'wild hog species'</td> <td>*ho(n)o </td></tr> <tr> <td>'red'</td> <td>*hoʃin </td></tr> <tr> <td>'white'</td> <td>*hoʂo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to wash'</td> <td>*paʔtsa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to get drunk, drunk'</td> <td>*paʔɨn- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'deaf'</td> <td>*paβɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'ear'</td> <td>*paβĩki </td></tr> <tr> <td>'bamboo species (<i><a href="/wiki/Guadua_weberbaueri" title="Guadua weberbaueri">Guadua weberbaueri</a></i>, <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/taboca" class="extiw" title="pt:taboca">taboca</a>)'</td> <td>*paka </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to fall'</td> <td>*pakɨt- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">armadillo</a> species'</td> <td>*paɨ(n)o </td></tr> <tr> <td>'ear adornment, earring'</td> <td>*pa(ʔ)o(t) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'father'</td> <td>*papa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to deceive'</td> <td>*paɽa(n)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'river'</td> <td>*paɽo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'ear (body part prefix)'</td> <td>*pa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'yellow'</td> <td>*pãʃin </td></tr> <tr> <td>'new, fresh, raw'</td> <td>*paʂa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'blossoming small branch on a stem'</td> <td>*paʂko </td></tr> <tr> <td>'deaf'</td> <td>*pãtot </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to shake'</td> <td>*paya- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'rotten'</td> <td>*payo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'wing, feather'</td> <td>*pɨʔi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to eat'</td> <td>*pi- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'nephew, son of one's sister'</td> <td>*piʔak </td></tr> <tr> <td>'arrow'</td> <td>*pia </td></tr> <tr> <td>'parakeet'</td> <td>*pitso </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hummingbird'</td> <td>*pi(n)o </td></tr> <tr> <td>'toucan species'</td> <td>*pisa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/cujubi" class="extiw" title="pt:cujubi">cujubi</a>(m) (<i><a href="/wiki/Pipile_cujubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipile cujubi">Pipile cujubi</a></i>, bird species), wild turkey'</td> <td>*koʂo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'large toucan species'</td> <td>*ʂokɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'snake species'</td> <td>*pisika </td></tr> <tr> <td>'small bag (?)'</td> <td>*piʃa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'mat'</td> <td>*piʃi(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'small'</td> <td>*pistia </td></tr> <tr> <td>'food'</td> <td>*piti </td></tr> <tr> <td>'feces'</td> <td>*poʔi- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'kind of tubercle (yam?)'</td> <td>*poa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'sister or brother of the opposite sex'</td> <td>*poi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'intestine, belly'</td> <td>*poko </td></tr> <tr> <td>'vein'</td> <td>*pono </td></tr> <tr> <td>'owl species'</td> <td>*popo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'sloth species'</td> <td>*posɨ(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'ankle'</td> <td>*poʂko </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to throw, to abandon'</td> <td>*pota- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'dust'</td> <td>*poto </td></tr> <tr> <td>'arm'</td> <td>*poyam </td></tr> <tr> <td>'during, while'</td> <td>*ɽaʔma </td></tr> <tr> <td>'remedy, drug, traditional medicine'</td> <td>*ɽaʔo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to be afraid, to get scared'</td> <td>*ɽaʔtɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'two'</td> <td>*ɽaβɨt </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to be ashamed'</td> <td>*ɽaβi(n)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'knee, kneecap'</td> <td>*ɽãβoʂo(ko) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to fear, to be afraid of'</td> <td>*ɽakʷɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to lie down'</td> <td>*ɽaka- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to cover, to surround'</td> <td>*ɽako- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'body hair, coat'</td> <td>*ɽani </td></tr> <tr> <td>'knee'</td> <td>*ɽa(n)toko- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to kill'</td> <td>*ɽɨʔtɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'end, headwater (?) ("ponta, cabeceira do rio")'</td> <td>*ɽɨβo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'forward, upwards (of river)'</td> <td>*ɽɨβo+ki </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hole in nose, nostril'</td> <td>*ɽɨ+kini </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to grind'</td> <td>*ɽɨnɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'nasal septum'</td> <td>*ɽɨpaC </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to knock down, to fall over'</td> <td>*ɽɨɽ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'musical instrument'</td> <td>*ɽɨwɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'equal, the same way, also'</td> <td>*-ɽiʔβi, *ɽiʔβa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'thread, string, cord'</td> <td>*ɽisiβitʃi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'thread'</td> <td>*ɽisis </td></tr> <tr> <td>'axe'</td> <td>*ɽoɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'tobacco'</td> <td>*ɽomɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'snake'</td> <td>*ɽoro </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to be on a diet, to fast'</td> <td>*sama- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to lift, to suspend'</td> <td>*sa(n)á(n)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fish species'</td> <td>*sa(n)í(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'kind of small fish'</td> <td>*sani(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to put on clothes, to dress'</td> <td>*sawɨÇ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fierce'</td> <td>*si(n)a </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">coati</a> species (<i><a href="/wiki/Nasua_nasua" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasua nasua">Nasua nasua</a></i>)'</td> <td>*sisi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'good, pretty'</td> <td>*ʃaɽa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'chest (body part prefix)'</td> <td>*ʃik </td></tr> <tr> <td>'plant species'</td> <td>*ʃiko(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'spider species'</td> <td>*ʃi(n)a </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to think'</td> <td>*sina(n)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'pium (fly species)'</td> <td>*ʃio </td></tr> <tr> <td>'clarity'</td> <td>*ʂaʔβak </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Tamandua" title="Tamandua">tamandua</a> (kind of anteater)'</td> <td>*ʂaʔɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to cut'</td> <td>*ʂaʔtɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to yawn'</td> <td>*ʂaβa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'tree bark, skin'</td> <td>*ʂakaÇ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'sister-in-law, wife, cross-cousin (?)'</td> <td>*ʂa(n)o </td></tr> <tr> <td>'bone'</td> <td>*ʂao </td></tr> <tr> <td>'cotton'</td> <td>*ʂapo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'pestle, stone'</td> <td>*ʂaʂo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'calabash species'</td> <td>*ʂata(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'macaw species'</td> <td>*ʂawar </td></tr> <tr> <td>'tortoise'</td> <td>*ʂawɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'sugar cane (?)'</td> <td>*ʂawi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to drink'</td> <td>*ʂɨʔa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to thresh corn'</td> <td>*ʂɨʔmɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'palm species'</td> <td>*ʂɨβo(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'gecko species'</td> <td>*ʂɨkɨÇ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'caterpillar species'</td> <td>*ʂɨ(n)a </td></tr> <tr> <td>'tree species'</td> <td>*ʂɨ(n)a(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fat, grease, oil'</td> <td>*ʂɨ(n)i </td></tr> <tr> <td>'old'</td> <td>*ʂɨ(n)i </td></tr> <tr> <td>'tooth, beak (of bird)'</td> <td>*ʂɨta </td></tr> <tr> <td>'vulture'</td> <td>*ʂɨtɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to smell'</td> <td>*ʂɨtɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'smell, scent'</td> <td>*wia </td></tr> <tr> <td>'stinky, stench'</td> <td>*pisi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'ceiling, roof (made of straw), to thatch'</td> <td>*ʂɨwa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'benefactive'</td> <td>*-ʂo(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'transitive concord suffix'</td> <td>*-ʂon </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to roast'</td> <td>*ʂoʔi- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'needle'</td> <td>*ʂoʔomoʂ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to scratch, to itch, itch'</td> <td>*ʂoa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fat'</td> <td>*ʂoaC- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'house'</td> <td>*ʂoβo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to peel'</td> <td>*ʂoka- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'small'</td> <td>*ʂoko </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to cast skin (?)'</td> <td>*ʂokoC- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'breasts, milk'</td> <td>*ʂoma </td></tr> <tr> <td>'green, unripe'</td> <td>*ʂoo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'papaya'</td> <td>*ʂopa(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'down feather'</td> <td>*ʂopoÇ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'chest'</td> <td>*ʂotsi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'girl, young girl'</td> <td>*ʂõtako </td></tr> <tr> <td>'foot'</td> <td>*taʔɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'temporary house, shelter (?)'</td> <td>*taʔpas </td></tr> <tr> <td>'liver'</td> <td>*takʷa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'peanut'</td> <td>*tama </td></tr> <tr> <td>'cheek'</td> <td>*tamβo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to try, to taste (?)'</td> <td>*tara- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'palm species'</td> <td>*taoaÇ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'bridge, platform'</td> <td>*tapo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'root'</td> <td>*tapon </td></tr> <tr> <td>'old log, rotten log'</td> <td>*taɽa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to spin (?)'</td> <td>*taɽá(n)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'clothes'</td> <td>*taɽi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'kind of basket'</td> <td>*tasa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'salt'</td> <td>*taʃi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'pile of logs floating down the river'</td> <td>*taʂa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'bamboo used for making arrows'</td> <td>*tawa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to break'</td> <td>*tɨʔk(ɨ)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">blowpipe</a>'</td> <td>*tɨpi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'sprout, shoot'</td> <td>*tɨʂka(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'neck, nape, throat'</td> <td>*tɨʂo </td></tr> <tr> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a>'</td> <td>*tɨto(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hawk species'</td> <td>*tɨtɨC </td></tr> <tr> <td>'instrumental nominalizer'</td> <td>*-ti </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to hit, to beat'</td> <td>*tima- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'rifle, shotgun'</td> <td>*to... </td></tr> <tr> <td>'strainer'</td> <td>*toʔati </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to make pregnant, to give birth'</td> <td>*to(ʔo)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'frog or toad species'</td> <td>*toa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'dark blue'</td> <td>*to(n)a(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'wart'</td> <td>*toʂpi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to make'</td> <td>*-wa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'farm, garden'</td> <td>*wai </td></tr> <tr> <td>'water, river'</td> <td>*waka </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fish species'</td> <td>*wamɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'palm species'</td> <td>*wani(m) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'pumpkin species'</td> <td>*waɽa(m) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to sweep, to forage'</td> <td>*was </td></tr> <tr> <td>'herb'</td> <td>*wasi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'spider's web'</td> <td>*was(n)o(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'cotton'</td> <td>*waʂmɨ(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'imperative verbal suffix'</td> <td>*-wɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'narrow strait between two islands'</td> <td>*wɨa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'other, another'</td> <td>*wɨts(a) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'one (numeral)'</td> <td>*wɨsti </td></tr> <tr> <td>'lower leg'</td> <td>*wiʔtaʂɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to row'</td> <td>*wi(n)a- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to cry, to weep'</td> <td>*wi(n)- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'club, baton'</td> <td>*wino </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to pass'</td> <td>*wi(n)o- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'calf'</td> <td>*wipoko </td></tr> <tr> <td>'black'</td> <td>*wiso </td></tr> <tr> <td>'with, in possession of'</td> <td>*-ya </td></tr> <tr> <td>'tick'</td> <td>*yaʔra(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'town, settlement'</td> <td>*yakat- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'negative suffix'</td> <td>*(-ya)ma </td></tr> <tr> <td>'axe'</td> <td>*yami </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fish'</td> <td>*yapa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'late; afternoon'</td> <td>*yãtan </td></tr> <tr> <td>'wild hog species'</td> <td>*yawa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'armadillo species'</td> <td>*yawis </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to say, to speak'</td> <td>*yoʔi- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'animal'</td> <td>*yoʔi(n)a </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to have fever, to get annoyed'</td> <td>*yo(n)a- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'wizard'</td> <td>*yoβɨ(ka) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'pepper species'</td> <td>*yotʃi </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to ask'</td> <td>*yoka- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fish species'</td> <td>*yoma </td></tr> <tr> <td>'thread, line, cord'</td> <td>*yoma(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to steal'</td> <td>*yomɨtso- </td></tr> <tr> <td>'people, human body'</td> <td>*yoɽa </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to grow'</td> <td>*yo(o)si </td></tr> <tr> <td>'spirit'</td> <td>*yosi(n) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'woman, old woman'</td> <td>*yoʂa </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panoan_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Amarante Ribeiro, Lincoln Almir, and Gláucia Viera Cândido. (2008). "A formação de palavras a partir de morfemas monossilábicos nominais e bases verbais em línguas indígenas da família Pano: Prefixação ou incorporação nominal?" <i>Veredas On Line</i> (UFJF) 1:129–45.</li> <li>Campbell, Lyle. (1997). <i>American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1">0-19-509427-1</a>.</li> <li>Eakin, Lucille. (1991). "Lecciones Para el Aprendizaje del Idioma Yaminahua. <i>Documento de Trabajo</i> no. 22. Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.</li> <li>Faust, Norma. (1973). "Lecciones Para el Aprendizaje del Idioma Shipibo-Conibo." <i>Documento de Trabajo</i> no. 1. Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.</li> <li>Ferreira, Rogério Vincente. (2007). "Afixos verbais em uma lingua da familia Pano." <i>V Congreso Internacional de Investigaciones Lingüísticos-Filológicas: La Enseñanza de la Lengua en el Tercer Milenio</i>. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma.</li> <li>Ferreira, Rogério Vincente. (2008). "Morfemas "partes do corpo" em Matis e algumas línguas da família Pano." <i>Raído</i> (Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados) 2, no. 4:35–39.</li> <li>Fleck, David. (2006). "Body-part prefixes in Matses: Derivation or noun incorporation?" <i>IJAL</i> 72:59–96.</li> <li>Hyde, Sylvia. (1980). "Diccionario Amahuaca" (Edición Preliminar). <i>Serie Lingüística Peruana</i> no. 7. Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico Peruano.</li> <li>Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). "Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more." In D. L. Payne (Ed.), <i>Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages</i> (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-70414-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-70414-3">0-292-70414-3</a>.</li> <li>Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). "The native languages of South America." In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), <i>Atlas of the world's languages</i> (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.</li> <li>Loos, E.; Loos, B. (2003). Diccionario Capanahua-Castellano. Versión electrónica ilustrada. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 45). Lima: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</li> <li>Loos, Eugene E. (1999). "Pano." <i>The Amazonian Languages</i>, ed. R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, pp. 227–49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Loriot, James; Erwin Lauriault; and Dwight Day. (1993). "Diccionario Shipibo–Castellano." <i>Serie Lingüística Peruana</i> no. 31. Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.</li> <li>Migliazza, Ernest C.; & Campbell, Lyle. (1988). "Panorama general de las lenguas indígenas en América". <i>Historia general de América</i> (Vol. 10). Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia.</li> <li>Prost, Gilbert R. (1967). "Chacobo." <i>Bolivian Indian Grammars: 1</i>, ed. Esther Matteson, pp. 285–359. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Oklahoma.</li> <li>Rodrigues, Aryon. (1986). <i>Linguas brasileiras: Para o conhecimento das linguas indígenas</i>. São Paulo: Edições Loyola.</li> <li>Scott, M. (2004). Vocabulario Sharanahua-Castellano. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 53). Lima: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</li> <li>Shell, Olive A. (1975). "Las lenguas pano y su reconstrucción". <i>Serie Lingüística Peruana</i> (No. 12). Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.</li> <li>Valenzuela, Pilar M. (2003). "Transitivity in Shipibo-Konibo grammar." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon, Eugene.</li> <li>Zariquiey Biondi, Roberto and David W. Fleck. (2012). "Body-Part Prefixation in Kashibo-Kakataibo: Synchronic or Diachronic Derivation?" <i>IJAL</i> 78(3):385–409.</li> <li>Zingg, Philipp. (1998). <i>Diccionario Chácobo–Castellano Castellano–Chácobo con Bosquejo de la Gramática Chacobo y con Apuntes Culturales</i>. La Paz, Bolivia: Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible y Planificación Viceministro de Asuntos Indígenas y Pueblos Originarios.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panoan_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica">Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas</a></i>. Ph.D. dissertation, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="University of Brasília">University of Brasília</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleck-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fleck_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleck_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleck, David. 2013. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/handle/2246/6448/AP99.pdf?sequence=1">Panoan Languages and Linguistics</a></i>. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlottolog2017" class="citation book cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kont1246">"Kontanawa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 3.0</a></i>. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kontanawa&rft.btitle=Glottolog+3.0&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fkont1246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanoan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amarante Ribeiro, Lincoln Almir (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://periodicos.ufpe.br/revistas/INV/article/view/1443">Uma proposta de classificação interna das línguas da família Pano</a>. <i>Revista Investigações</i>, v. 19, n. 2, p. 157-182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliveira, Sanderson Castro Soares de (2014). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/17129">Contribuições para a reconstrução do Protopáno</a></i>. Doctoral dissertation. Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loukotka-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loukotka_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loukotka_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoukotka1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka, Čestmír</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk"><i>Classification of South American Indian languages</i></a></span>. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classification+of+South+American+Indian+languages&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=UCLA+Latin+American+Center&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Loukotka&rft.aufirst=%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassificationof0007louk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanoan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliveira, S. C. Soares de (2014). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/17129">Contribuições para a Reconstrução do Protopáno</a></i>. PhD dissertation, Universidade de Brasília. Accessed from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diacl.ht.lu.se/Source/Details/3279">DiACL</a>, 9 February 2020.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panoan_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Proel: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proel.org/mundo/panoan.htm">Familia Panoana</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819194552/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/">Pacahuara and Yaminahua dictionaries online from IDS</a> (select simple or advanced browsing)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ru.nl/lenguasdebolivia/">Lenguas de Bolivia</a> (online edition)</li></ul> <div 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languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Panoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mayoruna Panoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Matses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demushbo_language" title="Demushbo language">Demushbo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curu%C3%A7a_Kulina_language" title="Curuça Kulina language">Kulino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mats%C3%A9s_language" title="Matsés language">Matsés</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Matis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Mayoruna_language" title="Amazon Mayoruna language">Amazon Mayoruna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jandiatuba_Mayoruna_language" title="Jandiatuba Mayoruna language">Jandiatuba Mayoruna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matis_language" title="Matis language">Matis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korubo_language" title="Korubo language">Korubo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabatinga_Mayoruna_language" title="Tabatinga Mayoruna language">Tabatinga Mayoruna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mainline Panoan</a><br />(Nawa Panoan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bolivian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiriba_language" title="Chiriba language">Chiriba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakobo_language" title="Chakobo language">Chokobo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chakobo_language" title="Chakobo language">Karipuna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Madre de Dios</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arazaire_language" title="Arazaire language">Arazaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsawaka_language" title="Atsawaka language">Atsawaka-Yamiaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanco_River_Remo_language" title="Blanco River Remo language">Blanco River Remo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarauac%C3%A1_Kashinawa_language" title="Tarauacá Kashinawa language">Tarauacá Kashinawa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marubo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%BAbo_language" title="Marúbo language">Marubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliven%C3%A7a_Kulina_language" title="Olivença Kulina language">Olivença Kulina</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waninawa_language" title="Waninawa language">Katukina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poyanawa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iskonawa_language" title="Iskonawa language">Iskonawa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaquirana_Remo_language" title="Jaquirana Remo language">Jaquirana Remo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4a_Nawa_language" title="Môa Nawa language">Môa Nawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukini_language" title="Nukini language">Nukini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poyanawa_language" title="Poyanawa language">Poyanawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wariapano_language" title="Wariapano language">Pano</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sensi_language" title="Sensi language">Sensi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipibo_language" title="Shipibo language">Shipibo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Headwaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amawaka_language" title="Amawaka language">Amawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibua%C3%A7u_Kashinawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibuaçu Kashinawa language">Ibuaçu Kashinawa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4a_Remo_language" title="Môa Remo language">Môa Remo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuchinawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuchinawa language">Tuchinawa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaminawa_language" title="Yaminawa language">Yaminawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasharari_language" title="Kasharari language">Kasharari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashibo_language" title="Kashibo language">Kashibo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tacanan_languages" title="Tacanan languages">Tacanan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araona_language" title="Araona language">Araona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavine%C3%B1a_language" title="Cavineña language">Cavineña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ese%E2%80%99ejja_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ese’ejja language">Ese’ejja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reyesano_language" title="Reyesano language">Reyesano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacana_language" title="Tacana language">Tacana</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toromona_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toromona language">Toromona</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Brazil" title="Template:Languages of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Languages of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_German" title="Brazilian German">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">Pomeranian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%C3%A1ninka_language" title="Asháninka language">Asháninka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atorada_language" title="Atorada language">Atorada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baniwa_language_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Baniwa language (disambiguation)">Baniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barawana_language" title="Barawana language">Barawana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baré language">Baré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enawen%C3%AA-Naw%C3%AA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Enawenê-Nawê language">Enawenê-Nawê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawayana_language" title="Mawayana language">Mapidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehinaku_language" title="Mehinaku language">Mehinaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palik%C3%BAr_language" title="Palikúr language">Palikúr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresi_language" title="Paresi language">Paresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariana_language" title="Tariana language">Tariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%AAna_language" title="Terêna language">Terêna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapishana_language" title="Wapishana language">Wapishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warekena_language" title="Warekena language">Warekena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waur%C3%A1_language" title="Waurá language">Waurá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deni_language" title="Deni language">Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad%C3%AD_language" title="Madí language">Jamamadí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulina_language" title="Kulina language">Kulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paumar%C3%AD_language" title="Paumarí language">Paumarí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuruah%C3%A1_language" title="Zuruahá language">Zuruahá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amonap_language" title="Amonap language">Amonap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apala%C3%AD_language" title="Apalaí language">Apalaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakairi_language" title="Bakairi language">Bakairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carib_language" title="Carib language">Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hixkaryana_language" title="Hixkaryana language">Hixkaryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikpeng_language" title="Ikpeng language">Ikpeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macushi_language" title="Macushi language">Macushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Pará Arára language">Pará Arára</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salum%C3%A1_language" title="Salumá language">Salumá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikiana_language" title="Sikiana language">Sikiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%27kuana_language" title="Ye'kuana language">Ye'kuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiwai_language" title="Waiwai language">Waiwai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Panoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amawaka_language" title="Amawaka language">Amawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinawa_language" title="Kashinawa language">Kashinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipibo_language" title="Shipibo language">Shipibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaminawa_language" title="Yaminawa language">Yaminawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xer%C3%A9nte_language" title="Xerénte language">Akwẽ-Xerénte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apinay%C3%A9_language" title="Apinayé language">Apinajé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikap%C3%BA_language" title="Arikapú language">Arikapú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororo_language" title="Bororo language">Bororo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djeoromitx%C3%AD_language" title="Djeoromitxí language">Djeoromitxí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaingang_language" title="Kaingang language">Kaingang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%A9s%C3%AAdj%C3%AA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kĩsêdjê language">Kĩsêdjê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krenak_language" title="Krenak language">Krenak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xokleng_language" title="Xokleng language">Laklãnõ (Xokléng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%AD_language" title="Maxakalí language">Maxakalí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayap%C3%B3_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayapó language">Mẽbêngôkre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panar%C3%A1_language" title="Panará language">Panará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language" title="Rikbaktsa language">Rikbaktsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapayuna_language" title="Tapayuna language">Tapayúna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbira_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbira languages">Timbira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavante_language" title="Xavante language">Xavante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2w_language" title="Dâw language">Dâw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hup_language" title="Hup language">Hup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakwa_language" title="Kakwa language">Kakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nad%C3%ABb_language" title="Nadëb language">Nadëb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akw%C3%A1wa_language" title="Akwáwa language">Akwáwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavi%C3%A3o_of_Jiparan%C3%A1" title="Gavião of Jiparaná">Gavião of Jiparaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juruna_language" title="Juruna language">Juruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagwahiva_language" title="Kagwahiva language">Kagwahiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiw%C3%A1_language" title="Kaiwá language">Kaiwá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_language" title="Munduruku language">Munduruku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nheengatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nheengatu">Nheengatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_language" title="Omagua language">Omagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9_language" title="Tapirapé language">Tapirapé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenetehara_language" title="Tenetehara language">Tenetehara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeta_language" title="Xeta language">Xeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xipaya_language" title="Xipaya language">Xipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%27%C3%A9_language" title="Zo'é language">Zo'é</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oro_Win_language" title="Oro Win language">Oro Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari%CA%BC_language" title="Wariʼ language">Wariʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tukanoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukanoan languages">Tukanoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubeo_language" title="Cubeo language">Cubeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucano_language" title="Tucano language">Tukano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuca_language" title="Tuyuca language">Tuyuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanano_language" title="Wanano language">Wanano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamaind%C3%AA_language" title="Mamaindê language">Mamaindê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwara_language" title="Nambikwara language">Nambikwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban%C3%AA_language" title="Sabanê language">Sabanê</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadiw%C3%A9u_language" title="Kadiwéu language">Kadiwéu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanamar%C3%AD_language" title="Kanamarí language">Kanamarí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katawixi_language" title="Katawixi language">Katawixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninam_language" title="Ninam language">Ninam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirah%C3%A3_language" title="Pirahã language">Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna_language" title="Ticuna language">Ticuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xukuru_language" title="Xukuru language">Xukuru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interlanguages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cafund%C3%B3_language" title="Cafundó language">Cafundó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole" title="Karipúna French Creole">Lanc-Patuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Paulista" title="Italo-Paulista">Macarrônico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulista_General_Language" title="Paulista General Language">Paulista General Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Portunhol fronteiriço</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_Sign_Language" title="Ka'apor Sign Language">Ka'apor Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terena_Sign_Language" title="Terena Sign Language">Terena Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Vlax Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_American_languages" title="Template:South American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_American_languages" title="Template talk:South American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="Indigenous languages of South America">South America</a> <br /><small>(based on <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#Campbell_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Campbell 2012</a> classification)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Macro-Jê" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages" title="Jê languages">Jê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabutian_languages" title="Yabutian languages">Jabutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_languages" title="Kamakã languages">Kamakã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krenak_languages" title="Krenak languages">Krenakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan_languages" title="Maxakalían languages">Maxakalian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaik%C3%B3_language" title="Jaikó language">Jaikó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language" title="Rikbaktsa language">Rikbaktsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></i></li> <li>? <i><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Karirian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purían</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taruma_language" title="Taruma language">Taruma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gamela_language" title="Gamela language">Gamela</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baenan_language" title="Baenan language">Baenan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katembri_language" title="Katembri language">Katembri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%BA_language" title="Natú language">Natú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pankarar%C3%BA_language" title="Pankararú language">Pankararú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarairi%C3%BA_language" title="Tarairiú language">Tarairiú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tux%C3%A1_language" title="Tuxá language">Tuxá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huamo%C3%A9_language" title="Huamoé language">Wamoé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xoc%C3%B3_language" title="Xocó language">Xokó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xukuruan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Xukuruan languages">Xukurú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Yaté</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oti_language" title="Oti language">Otí</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas#Orinoco–Amazon" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Orinoco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sap%C3%A9_language" title="Sapé language">Sapé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Máku</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guamo_language" title="Guamo language">Guamo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="?_Duho" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">? <a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1liban_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sáliban languages">Sáliban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andaqui_language" title="Andaqui language">Andaquí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japur%C3%A1_River" title="Japurá River">Japurá</a>–<a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_River" title="Vaupés River">Vaupés</a> area)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></b></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and Ecuador)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Chocoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurumangu%C3%AD_language" title="Yurumanguí language">Yurumanguí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_language" title="Esmeralda language">Esmeralda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sechura%E2%80%93Catacao_languages" title="Sechura–Catacao languages">Sechura–Catacao</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari%E2%80%93Puruh%C3%A1_languages" title="Cañari–Puruhá languages">Cañari–Puruhá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano–Tacanan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omurano_language" title="Omurano language">Omurano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Waorani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (west-central Brazil)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut_language" title="Harákmbut language">Harákmbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukinan_languages" title="Katukinan languages">Katukinan</a></li></ul></li> <li>? Mura–Matanawí <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Muran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matanawi_language" title="Matanawi language">Matanawí</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mure_language" title="Mure language">Mure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Bororoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Mosetenan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwazá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Mato Grosso Arára language">Arara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>, Bolivia, and Chile)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Culle_language" title="Culle language">Culle</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a>–Pampas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guachi_language" title="Guachi language">Guachí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payagua_language" title="Payagua language">Payaguá</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarpean_languages" title="Huarpean languages">Huarpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Far South (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chile" title="Languages of Chile">Chile</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Qawasqaran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yaghan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chono_language" title="Chono language">Chono</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Andean_languages" title="Macro-Andean languages">Macro-Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Arawakan_languages" title="Macro-Arawakan languages">Macro-Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Jibaro_languages" title="Macro-Jibaro languages">Macro-Jibaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Macro-Otomákoan languages">Macro-Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Paesan_languages" title="Macro-Paesan languages">Macro-Paesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Panoan_languages" title="Macro-Panoan languages">Macro-Panoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Puinavean_languages" title="Macro-Puinavean languages">Macro-Puinavean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Warpean_languages" title="Macro-Warpean languages">Macro-Warpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya%E2%80%93Yunga%E2%80%93Chipayan_languages" title="Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages">Maya–Yunga–Chipayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moseten%E2%80%93Chonan_languages" title="Moseten–Chonan languages">Moseten–Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamo%E2%80%93Chapakura_languages" title="Wamo–Chapakura languages">Wamo–Chapakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Argentina" title="Languages of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Languages of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Chile">Chile</a></li> 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America">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_South_America" title="List of extinct languages of South America">Extinct languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_languages_of_the_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River_basin" title="Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin">Marañón River basin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_South_America" title="List of unclassified languages of South America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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