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id="toc-Applied_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pure_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pure_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pure mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pure_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics_teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics_teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mathematics teaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics_teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consulting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consulting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Consulting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consulting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Occupations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prizes_in_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prizes_in_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prizes in mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prizes_in_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematical_autobiographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical_autobiographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mathematical autobiographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_autobiographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mathematician</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskundige" title="Wiskundige – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wiskundige" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematiker" title="Mathematiker – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mathematiker" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E" title="गणितज्ञ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गणितज्ञ" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="عالم رياضيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عالم رياضيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematico" title="Matematico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Matematico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1ticu" title="Matemáticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Matemáticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E" title="गणितज्ञ – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गणितज्ञ" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyaziyyat%C3%A7%C4%B1" title="Riyaziyyatçı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Riyaziyyatçı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%8C" title="ریاضیچی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریاضیچی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="গণিতবিদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গণিতবিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2%CD%98-ha%CC%8Dk-ka" title="Sò͘-ha̍k-ka – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sò͘-ha̍k-ka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Математик – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Математик" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Матэматык – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Матэматык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Математик – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Математик" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemati%C4%8Dar" title="Matematičar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Matematičar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tic" title="Matemàtic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matemàtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematico" title="Matematico – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Matematico" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathemategydd" title="Mathemategydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mathemategydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiker" title="Matematiker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Matematiker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ماطيماتيسيان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ماطيماتيسيان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematiker" title="Mathematiker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mathematiker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemaatik" title="Matemaatik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Matemaatik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μαθηματικός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαθηματικός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tico" title="Matemático – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matemático" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikisto" title="Matematikisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Matematikisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikari" title="Matematikari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Matematikari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ریاضی‌دان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریاضی‌دان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mathematician" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math%C3%A9maticien" title="Mathématicien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mathématicien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskundige" title="Wiskundige – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wiskundige" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamaiticeoir" title="Matamaiticeoir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Matamaiticeoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamataigear" title="Matamataigear – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Matamataigear" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tico,_matem%C3%A1tica" title="Matemático, matemática – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Matemático, matemática" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90" title="수학자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수학자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Մաթեմատիկոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաթեմատիկոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E" title="गणितज्ञ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गणितज्ञ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemati%C4%8Dar" title="Matematičar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Matematičar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikawan" title="Matematikawan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Matematikawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematico" title="Mathematico – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mathematico" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematico" title="Matematico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Matematico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99" title="מתמטיקאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתמטיקאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8E%D9%9B%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گرَٛنٛد دان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گرَٛنٛد دان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Математик – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Математик" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanahisabati" title="Mwanahisabati – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwanahisabati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematisyen" title="Matematisyen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Matematisyen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemat%C3%AEknas" title="Matematîknas – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Matematîknas" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicus" title="Mathematicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mathematicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C4%81ti%C4%B7is" title="Matemātiķis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Matemātiķis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematiker" title="Mathematiker – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mathematiker" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikas" title="Matematikas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Matematikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikku" title="Matematikku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Matematikku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikus" title="Matematikus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Matematikus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E" title="गणितज्ञ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गणितज्ञ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="رقمدون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رقمدون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahli_matematik" title="Ahli matematik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ahli matematik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%87" title="Математикч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Математикч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="သင်္ချာပညာရှင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သင်္ချာပညာရှင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daufika" title="Daufika – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Daufika" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskundige" title="Wiskundige – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wiskundige" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E" title="गणितज्ञ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गणितज्ञ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85" title="数学者 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="数学者" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiker" title="Matematiker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Matematiker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikar" title="Matematikar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Matematikar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematician" title="Matematician – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Matematician" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹਿਸਾਬਦਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿਸਾਬਦਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ریاضی دان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریاضی دان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BC" title="គណិតវិទូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គណិតវិទូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematyk" title="Matematyk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Matematyk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tico" title="Matemático – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Matemático" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematician" title="Matematician – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Matematician" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Математік – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Математік" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Математик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Математик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mathematician" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikani" title="Matematikani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Matematikani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%A5%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ගණිතඥයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගණිතඥයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mathematician" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ماتماتیکزان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماتماتیکزان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Математичар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Математичар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemati%C4%8Dar" title="Matematičar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Matematičar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemaatikko" title="Matemaatikko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Matemaatikko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiker" title="Matematiker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Matematiker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiko" title="Matematiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Matematiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கணிதவியலாளர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கணிதவியலாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Математик – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Математик" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="นักคณิตศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักคณิตศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Риёзидон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Риёзидон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik%C3%A7i" title="Matematikçi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Matematikçi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Математик – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Математик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ریاضی دان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاضی دان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_to%C3%A1n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nhà toán học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà toán học" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mathematician%22">"Mathematician"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mathematician%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mathematician%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mathematician%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mathematician%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mathematician%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Mathematician</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euclid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Euclid.jpg/250px-Euclid.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Euclid.jpg/375px-Euclid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Euclid.jpg/500px-Euclid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="675" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a> (holding <a href="/wiki/Calipers" title="Calipers">calipers</a>), Greek mathematician, known as the "Father of Geometry"</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">Academic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analytical_skill" title="Analytical skill">analytical skills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a> skills</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral degree">Doctoral degree</a>, occasionally <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data">universities, <br />private corporations, <br />financial industry, <br />government</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">statistician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actuary" title="Actuary">actuary</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mathematics_topics" title="Lists of mathematics topics">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Areas of mathematics">Areas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">Number theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">Geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">Topology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Calculus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">Set theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Relationship with sciences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry" title="Mathematical chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomathematics" title="Geomathematics">Geosciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_linguistics" title="Mathematical linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education" title="Mathematics education">Education</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics Portal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Math_topics_sidebar" title="Template:Math topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Math_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Math topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Math_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Math topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>mathematician</b> is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> in their work, typically to solve <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_problem" title="Mathematical problem">mathematical problems</a>. Mathematicians are concerned with <a href="/wiki/Number" title="Number">numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantity" title="Quantity">quantity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_structure" title="Mathematical structure">structure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">models</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics#Calculus_and_analysis" title="Mathematics">change</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">History of mathematics</a>.</div> <p>One of the earliest known mathematicians was <a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales of Miletus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 624</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 546 BC</span>); he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, by deriving four corollaries to <a href="/wiki/Thales%27s_theorem" title="Thales's theorem">Thales's theorem</a>. </p><p>The number of known mathematicians grew when <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_of_Samos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagoras of Samos">Pythagoras of Samos</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 582</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 507 BC</span>) established the <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagorean school">Pythagorean school</a>, whose doctrine it was that mathematics ruled the universe and whose motto was "All is number".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term "mathematics", and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins. </p><p>The first woman mathematician recorded by history was <a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a> of Alexandria (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 350</span> – 415). She succeeded her father as librarian at the Great Library and wrote many works on applied mathematics. Because of a political dispute, the Christian community in Alexandria punished her, presuming she was involved, by stripping her naked and scraping off her skin with clamshells (some say roofing tiles).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Science and mathematics in the Islamic world during the Middle Ages followed various models and modes of funding varied based primarily on scholars. It was extensive patronage and strong intellectual policies implemented by specific rulers that allowed scientific knowledge to develop in many areas. Funding for translation of scientific texts in other languages was ongoing throughout the reign of certain caliphs,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it turned out that certain scholars became experts in the works they translated, and in turn received further support for continuing to develop certain sciences. As these sciences received wider attention from the elite, more scholars were invited and funded to study particular sciences. An example of a translator and mathematician who benefited from this type of support was <a href="/wiki/Al-Khawarizmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khawarizmi">Al-Khawarizmi</a>. A notable feature of many scholars working under Muslim rule in medieval times is that they were often polymaths. Examples include the work on <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">maths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> brought an increased emphasis on mathematics and science to Europe. During this period of transition from a mainly feudal and ecclesiastical culture to a predominantly secular one, many notable mathematicians had other occupations: <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a> (founder of <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a>); <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Fontana_Tartaglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia">Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia</a> (notable engineer and bookkeeper); <a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano">Gerolamo Cardano</a> (earliest founder of probability and binomial expansion); <a href="/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde">Robert Recorde</a> (physician) and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Vi%C3%A8te" title="François Viète">François Viète</a> (lawyer). </p><p>As time passed, many mathematicians gravitated towards universities. An emphasis on free thinking and experimentation had begun in Britain's oldest universities beginning in the seventeenth century at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a> with the scientists <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> where <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> was <a href="/wiki/Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematics" title="Lucasian Professor of Mathematics">Lucasian Professor of Mathematics & Physics</a>. Moving into the 19th century, the objective of universities all across Europe evolved from teaching the "regurgitation of knowledge" to "encourag[ing] productive thinking."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1810, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> convinced the king of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Fredrick William III</a>, to build a university in Berlin based on <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a>'s liberal ideas; the goal was to demonstrate the process of the discovery of knowledge and to teach students to "take account of fundamental laws of science in all their thinking." Thus, seminars and laboratories started to evolve.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British universities of this period adopted some approaches familiar to the Italian and German universities, but as they already enjoyed substantial freedoms and <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> the changes there had begun with the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, the same influences that inspired Humboldt. The Universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> emphasized the importance of <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>, arguably more authentically implementing Humboldt's idea of a university than even German universities, which were subject to state authority.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, science (including mathematics) became the focus of universities in the 19th and 20th centuries. Students could conduct research in <a href="/wiki/Seminars" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminars">seminars</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratories">laboratories</a> and began to produce doctoral theses with more scientific content.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Humboldt, the mission of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> was to pursue scientific knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German university system fostered professional, bureaucratically regulated scientific research performed in well-equipped laboratories, instead of the kind of research done by private and individual scholars in Great Britain and France.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Rüegg asserts that the German system is responsible for the development of the modern research university because it focused on the idea of "freedom of scientific research, teaching and study."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Required_education">Required education</h2></div> <p>Mathematicians usually cover a breadth of topics within mathematics in their <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">undergraduate education</a>, and then proceed to specialize in topics of their own choice at the <a href="/wiki/Graduate-level" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate-level">graduate level</a>. In some universities, a <a href="/wiki/Qualifying_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualifying exam">qualifying exam</a> serves to test both the breadth and depth of a student's understanding of mathematics; the students who pass are permitted to work on a <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral dissertation">doctoral dissertation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noether.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Noether.jpg/220px-Noether.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Noether.jpg/330px-Noether.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Noether.jpg/440px-Noether.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emmy_Noether" title="Emmy Noether">Emmy Noether</a>, mathematical theorist and teacher</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applied_mathematics">Applied mathematics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">Applied mathematics</a></div> <p>Mathematicians involved with solving problems with applications in real life are called <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematician" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied mathematician">applied mathematicians</a>. Applied mathematicians are mathematical scientists who, with their specialized knowledge and <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professional</a> methodology, approach many of the imposing problems presented in related scientific fields. With professional focus on a wide variety of problems, theoretical systems, and localized constructs, applied mathematicians work regularly in the study and formulation of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical models">mathematical models</a>. Mathematicians and applied mathematicians are considered to be two of the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) careers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The discipline of <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a> concerns itself with mathematical methods that are typically used in science, engineering, business, and industry; thus, "applied mathematics" is a <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical science">mathematical science</a> with specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professional</a> specialty in which mathematicians work on problems, often concrete but sometimes abstract. As professionals focused on problem solving, <i>applied mathematicians</i> look into the <i>formulation, study, and use of mathematical models</i> in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>, and other areas of mathematical practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pure_mathematics">Pure mathematics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pure_mathematics" title="Pure mathematics">Pure mathematics</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pure_mathematics" title="Pure mathematics">Pure mathematics</a> is <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> that studies entirely abstract <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a>. From the eighteenth century onwards, this was a recognized category of mathematical activity, sometimes characterized as <i>speculative mathematics</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at variance with the trend towards meeting the needs of <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, and other applications. </p><p>Another insightful view put forth is that <i>pure mathematics is not necessarily <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a></i>: it is possible to study abstract entities with respect to their intrinsic nature, and not be concerned with how they manifest in the real world.<sup id="cite_ref-Magid_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magid-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the pure and applied viewpoints are distinct philosophical positions, in practice there is much overlap in the activity of pure and applied mathematicians. </p><p>To develop accurate models for describing the real world, many applied mathematicians draw on tools and techniques that are often considered to be "pure" mathematics. On the other hand, many pure mathematicians draw on natural and social phenomena as inspiration for their abstract research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics_teaching">Mathematics teaching</h3></div> <p>Many professional mathematicians also engage in the teaching of mathematics. Duties may include: </p> <ul><li>teaching university mathematics courses;</li> <li>supervising undergraduate and graduate research; and</li> <li>serving on academic committees.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consulting">Consulting</h3></div> <p>Many careers in mathematics outside of universities involve consulting. For instance, actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis. </p><p>As another example, mathematical finance will derive and extend the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">mathematical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical</a> models without necessarily establishing a link to financial theory, taking observed market prices as input. Mathematical consistency is required, not compatibility with economic theory. Thus, for example, while a financial economist might study the structural reasons why a company may have a certain <a href="/wiki/Share_price" title="Share price">share price</a>, a financial mathematician may take the share price as a given, and attempt to use <a href="/wiki/Stochastic_calculus" title="Stochastic calculus">stochastic calculus</a> to obtain the corresponding value of <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">derivatives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">stock</a> (<i>see: <a href="/wiki/Valuation_of_options" title="Valuation of options">Valuation of options</a>; <a href="/wiki/Financial_modeling#Quantitative_finance" title="Financial modeling">Financial modeling</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupations">Occupations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Occupations_related_to_mathematics,_WPA_poster,_ca._1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Occupations_related_to_mathematics%2C_WPA_poster%2C_ca._1938.jpg/250px-Occupations_related_to_mathematics%2C_WPA_poster%2C_ca._1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Occupations_related_to_mathematics%2C_WPA_poster%2C_ca._1938.jpg/330px-Occupations_related_to_mathematics%2C_WPA_poster%2C_ca._1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Occupations_related_to_mathematics%2C_WPA_poster%2C_ca._1938.jpg/500px-Occupations_related_to_mathematics%2C_WPA_poster%2C_ca._1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>In 1938 in the United States, mathematicians were desired as teachers, calculating machine operators, mechanical engineers, accounting auditor bookkeepers, and actuary statisticians.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Occupational_Titles" title="Dictionary of Occupational Titles">Dictionary of Occupational Titles</a> occupations in mathematics include the following.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations-Research</a> Analyst</li> <li>Mathematical Statistician</li> <li>Mathematical Technician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuary" title="Actuary">Actuary</a></li> <li>Applied <a href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">Statistician</a></li> <li>Weight Analyst</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prizes_in_mathematics">Prizes in mathematics</h2></div> <p>There is no <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in mathematics, though sometimes mathematicians have won the Nobel Prize in a different field, such as economics or physics. Prominent prizes in mathematics include the <a href="/wiki/Abel_Prize" title="Abel Prize">Abel Prize</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chern_Medal" title="Chern Medal">Chern Medal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gauss_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauss Prize">Gauss Prize</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Esser_Nemmers_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Esser Nemmers Prize">Nemmers Prize</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balzan_Prize" title="Balzan Prize">Balzan Prize</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crafoord_Prize" title="Crafoord Prize">Crafoord Prize</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Prize" title="Shaw Prize">Shaw Prize</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Steele_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Steele Prize">Steele Prize</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize" title="Wolf Prize">Wolf Prize</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Schock_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Schock Prize">Schock Prize</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nevanlinna_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevanlinna Prize">Nevanlinna Prize</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society" title="American Mathematical Society">American Mathematical Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Women_in_Mathematics" title="Association for Women in Mathematics">Association for Women in Mathematics</a>, and other mathematical societies offer several prizes aimed at increasing the representation of women and minorities in the future of mathematics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematical_autobiographies">Mathematical autobiographies</h2></div> <p>Several well known mathematicians have written autobiographies in part to explain to a general audience what it is about mathematics that has made them want to devote their lives to its study. These provide some of the best glimpses into what it means to be a mathematician. The following list contains some works that are not autobiographies, but rather essays on mathematics and mathematicians with strong autobiographical elements. </p> <ul><li><i>The Book of My Life</i> – <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" class="mw-redirect" title="Girolamo Cardano">Girolamo Cardano</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Mathematician%27s_Apology" title="A Mathematician's Apology">A Mathematician's Apology</a></i> - <a href="/wiki/G.H._Hardy" class="mw-redirect" title="G.H. Hardy">G.H. Hardy</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Mathematician%27s_Miscellany" title="A Mathematician's Miscellany">A Mathematician's Miscellany</a></i> (republished as Littlewood's miscellany) - <a href="/wiki/J._E._Littlewood" class="mw-redirect" title="J. E. Littlewood">J. E. Littlewood</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>I Am a Mathematician</i> - <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>I Want to be a Mathematician</i> - <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Halmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Halmos">Paul R. Halmos</a></li> <li><i>Adventures of a Mathematician</i> - <a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Ulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Ulam">Stanislaw Ulam</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Enigmas of Chance</i> - <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kac" title="Mark Kac">Mark Kac</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Random Curves</i> - <a href="/wiki/Neal_Koblitz" title="Neal Koblitz">Neal Koblitz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frenkel#Love_and_Math" title="Edward Frenkel">Love and Math</a></i> - <a href="/wiki/Edward_Frenkel" title="Edward Frenkel">Edward Frenkel</a></li> <li><i>Mathematics Without Apologies</i> - <a href="/wiki/Michael_Harris_(mathematician)" title="Michael Harris (mathematician)">Michael Harris</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mathematicians" title="Lists of mathematicians">Lists of mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_mathematicians" title="List of films about mathematicians">List of films about mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Human computer">Human computer</a> – Person performing mathematical calculations, before electronic calculators<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_joke" title="Mathematical joke">Mathematical joke</a> – Humor about mathematics or mathematicians</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Mathematician%27s_Apology" title="A Mathematician's Apology"><i>A Mathematician's Apology</i></a> – 1940 essay by British mathematician G. H. Hardy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_of_Mathematics" title="Men of Mathematics"><i>Men of Mathematics</i></a> – Popular history book of mathematics by E.T. Bell</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_calculator" title="Mental calculator">Mental calculator</a> – Person exceptionally skilled at mathematical mental calculations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="Timeline of ancient Greek mathematicians">Timeline of ancient Greek mathematicians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyer1991">Boyer 1991</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyer1991">Boyer 1991</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/hypatia.html">"Medieval Sourcebook: Socrates Scholasticus: The Murder of Hypatia (late 4th Cent.) from Ecclesiastical History, Bk VI: Chap. 15"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_History_Sourcebooks_Project" title="Internet History Sourcebooks Project">Internet History Sourcebooks Project</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814182454/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/hypatia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+History+Sourcebooks+Project&rft.atitle=Medieval+Sourcebook%3A+Socrates+Scholasticus%3A+The+Murder+of+Hypatia+%28late+4th+Cent.%29+from+Ecclesiastical+History%2C+Bk+VI%3A+Chap.+15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fsource%2Fhypatia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbattouyRennWeinig2001">Abattouy, Renn & Weinig 2001</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Röhrs, "The Classical Idea of the University", <i>Tradition and Reform of the University under an International Perspective</i> p.20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRüegg2004">Rüegg 2004</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRüegg2004">Rüegg 2004</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRüegg2004">Rüegg 2004</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRüegg2004">Rüegg 2004</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRüegg2004">Rüegg 2004</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRüegg2004">Rüegg 2004</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example titles of works by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson" title="Thomas Simpson">Thomas Simpson</a> from the mid-18th century: <i>Essays on Several Curious and Useful Subjects in Speculative and Mixed Mathematicks</i>, <i>Miscellaneous Tracts on Some Curious and Very Interesting Subjects in Mechanics, Physical Astronomy and Speculative Mathematics</i>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Simpson, Thomas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Simpson,_Thomas">"Simpson, Thomas" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Simpson%2C+Thomas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=135&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magid-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Magid_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andy Magid, Letter from the Editor, in <i>Notices of the AMS</i>, November 2005, American Mathematical Society, p.1173. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ams.org/notices/200510/commentary.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182222/http://www.ams.org/notices/200510/commentary.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102115159/http://occupationalinfo.org/defset1_3829.html">"020 OCCUPATIONS IN MATHEMATICS"</a>. <i>Dictionary Of Occupational Titles</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://occupationalinfo.org/defset1_3829.html">the original</a> on 2012-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+Of+Occupational+Titles&rft.atitle=020+OCCUPATIONS+IN+MATHEMATICS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foccupationalinfo.org%2Fdefset1_3829.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCardano2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" class="mw-redirect" title="Girolamo Cardano">Cardano, Girolamo</a> (2002), <i>The Book of My Life (De Vita Propria Liber)</i>, The New York Review of Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59017-016-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59017-016-4"><bdi>1-59017-016-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+My+Life+%28De+Vita+Propria+Liber%29&rft.pub=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-59017-016-4&rft.aulast=Cardano&rft.aufirst=Girolamo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy2012">Hardy 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLittlewood1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/J._E._Littlewood" class="mw-redirect" title="J. E. Littlewood">Littlewood, J. E.</a> (1990) [Originally <i>A Mathematician's Miscellany</i> published in 1953], Béla Bollobás (ed.), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/littlewoodsmisce0000litt"><i>Littlewood's miscellany</i></a></span>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33702_X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33702 X"><bdi>0-521-33702 X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Littlewood%27s+miscellany&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-33702X&rft.aulast=Littlewood&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flittlewoodsmisce0000litt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiener1956" class="citation cs2">Wiener, Norbert (1956), <i>I Am a Mathematician / The Later Life of a Prodigy</i>, The M.I.T. Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-73007-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-73007-3"><bdi>0-262-73007-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Am+a+Mathematician+%2F+The+Later+Life+of+a+Prodigy&rft.pub=The+M.I.T.+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=0-262-73007-3&rft.aulast=Wiener&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUlam1976" class="citation cs2">Ulam, S. M. (1976), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adventuresofmath0000ulam"><i>Adventures of a Mathematician</i></a></span>, Charles Scribner's Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-14391-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-14391-7"><bdi>0-684-14391-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventures+of+a+Mathematician&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-684-14391-7&rft.aulast=Ulam&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadventuresofmath0000ulam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKac1987" class="citation cs2">Kac, Mark (1987), <i>Enigmas of Chance / An Autobiography</i>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05986-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05986-7"><bdi>0-520-05986-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enigmas+of+Chance+%2F+An+Autobiography&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-520-05986-7&rft.aulast=Kac&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris2015" class="citation cs2">Harris, Michael (2015), <i>Mathematics without apologies / portrait of a problematic vocation</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15423-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15423-7"><bdi>978-0-691-15423-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics+without+apologies+%2F+portrait+of+a+problematic+vocation&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15423-7&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbattouyRennWeinig2001" class="citation journal cs1">Abattouy, Mohammed; Renn, Jürgen; Weinig, Paul (2001). "Transmission as Transformation: The Translation Movements in the Medieval East and West in a Comparative Perspective". <i>Science in Context</i>. <b>14</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0269889701000011">10.1017/S0269889701000011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145190232">145190232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+in+Context&rft.atitle=Transmission+as+Transformation%3A+The+Translation+Movements+in+the+Medieval+East+and+West+in+a+Comparative+Perspective&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0269889701000011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145190232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Abattouy&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft.au=Renn%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Weinig%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1991" class="citation book cs1">Boyer (1991). <i>A History of Mathematics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematics&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Boyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunham1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Dunham_(mathematician)" title="William Dunham (mathematician)">Dunham, William</a> (1994). <i>The Mathematical Universe</i>. John Wiley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mathematical+Universe&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Dunham&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalmos1985" class="citation book cs1">Halmos, Paul (1985). <i>I Want to Be a Mathematician</i>. Springer-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Want+to+Be+a+Mathematician&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Halmos&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHardy2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G.H._Hardy" class="mw-redirect" title="G.H. Hardy">Hardy, G.H.</a> (2012) [1940]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematiciansap0000hard_u4z4/"><i>A Mathematician's Apology</i></a></span> (Reprinted with foreword ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60463-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60463-6"><bdi>978-1-107-60463-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/942496876">942496876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mathematician%27s+Apology&rft.edition=Reprinted+with+foreword&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F942496876&rft.isbn=978-1-107-60463-6&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=G.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmathematiciansap0000hard_u4z4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRüegg2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rüegg, Walter (2004). "Themes". In Rüegg, Walter (ed.). <i>A History of the University in Europe</i>. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36107-1"><bdi>978-0-521-36107-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Themes&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+University+in+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36107-1&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCegg&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrantz2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Steven_G._Krantz" title="Steven G. Krantz">Krantz, Steven G.</a> (2012), <i>A Mathematician comes of age</i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mathematical_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mathematical Association of America">The Mathematical Association of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88385-578-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88385-578-2"><bdi>978-0-88385-578-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mathematician+comes+of+age&rft.pub=The+Mathematical+Association+of+America&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-88385-578-2&rft.aulast=Krantz&rft.aufirst=Steven+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mathematicians" class="extiw" title="q:Mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mathematicians" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206151209/http://stats.bls.gov/oco/ocos043.htm">Occupational Outlook: Mathematicians</a>. Information on the occupation of mathematician from the US Department of Labor.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609220806/http://www.careercornerstone.org/math/math.htm">Sloan Career Cornerstone Center: Careers in Mathematics</a>. Although US-centric, a useful resource for anyone interested in a career as a mathematician. Learn what mathematicians do on a daily basis, where they work, how much they earn, and more.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk">The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114200642/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/">Archived</a> 2019-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A comprehensive list of detailed biographies.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/">The Mathematics Genealogy Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219095714/http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/">Archived</a> 2009-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Allows scholars to follow the succession of thesis advisors for most mathematicians, living or dead.</li> <li><span class="citation mathworld" id="Reference-Mathworld-Unsolved_Problems"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein" title="Eric W. Weisstein">Weisstein, Eric W.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/UnsolvedProblems.html">"Unsolved Problems"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MathWorld" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MathWorld&rft.atitle=Unsolved+Problems&rft.au=Weisstein%2C+Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FUnsolvedProblems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMathematician" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121214194422/http://valure.wiki.ccsd.edu/">Middle School Mathematician Project</a> Short biographies of select mathematicians assembled by middle school students.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathmajor.org/careers">Career Information for Students of Math and Aspiring Mathematicians</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003171929/http://mathmajor.org/">MathMajor</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Areas_of_mathematics" title="Template:Areas of mathematics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Areas_of_mathematics" title="Template talk:Areas of mathematics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Areas_of_mathematics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Areas of mathematics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_mathematics_areas1051" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> areas</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematics" title="Timeline of mathematics">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_mathematics" title="Future of mathematics">Future</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mathematics_topics" title="Lists of mathematics topics">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols" title="Glossary of mathematical symbols">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_mathematics" title="Foundations of mathematics">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category_theory" title="Category theory">Category theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">Mathematical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">Set theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_algebra" title="Abstract algebra">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commutative_algebra" title="Commutative algebra">Commutative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_algebra" title="Elementary algebra">Elementary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_theory" title="Group theory">Group theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_algebra" title="Linear algebra">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilinear_algebra" title="Multilinear algebra">Multilinear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_algebra" title="Universal algebra">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homological_algebra" title="Homological algebra">Homological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_analysis" title="Real analysis">Real analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_analysis" title="Complex analysis">Complex analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercomplex_analysis" title="Hypercomplex analysis">Hypercomplex analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">Differential equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_analysis" title="Functional analysis">Functional analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_analysis" title="Harmonic analysis">Harmonic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measure_(mathematics)" title="Measure (mathematics)">Measure theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorics" title="Combinatorics">Combinatorics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">Graph theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_theory" title="Order theory">Order theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">Geometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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