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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onset_of_the_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onset_of_the_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Onset of the rebellion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Onset_of_the_rebellion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Onset of the rebellion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Onset_of_the_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mangal_Pandey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mangal_Pandey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Mangal Pandey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mangal_Pandey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unrest_during_April_1857" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unrest_during_April_1857"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Unrest during April 1857 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unrest_during_April_1857-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meerut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meerut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Meerut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meerut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Delhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supporters_and_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporters_and_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Supporters and opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporters_and_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 The revolt </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_revolt-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The revolt subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Initial stages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Delhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Delhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Siege of Delhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Delhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cawnpore_(Kanpur)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cawnpore_(Kanpur)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Cawnpore (Kanpur) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cawnpore_(Kanpur)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lucknow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lucknow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Lucknow </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lucknow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jhansi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jhansi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Jhansi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jhansi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Indore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bihar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bihar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Bihar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bihar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Other regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punjab_and_Afghan_Frontier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjab_and_Afghan_Frontier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.1 Punjab and Afghan Frontier </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjab_and_Afghan_Frontier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal_and_Tripura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal_and_Tripura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.2 Bengal and Tripura </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal_and_Tripura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gujarat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gujarat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.3 Gujarat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gujarat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orissa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orissa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.4 Orissa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orissa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 British Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Consequences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Consequences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_toll_and_atrocities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_toll_and_atrocities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Death toll and atrocities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_toll_and_atrocities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_in_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_in_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Reaction in Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_in_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reorganisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reorganisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Reorganisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reorganisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_Reorganisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Reorganisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Military Reorganisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_Reorganisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Nomenclature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-150th_anniversary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#150th_anniversary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 150th anniversary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-150th_anniversary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Folk music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Text-books_and_academic_monographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text-books_and_academic_monographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Text-books and academic monographs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text-books_and_academic_monographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_in_journals_and_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_in_journals_and_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Articles in journals and collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_in_journals_and_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Historiography and memory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.4 Other histories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_person_accounts_and_classic_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_person_accounts_and_classic_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.5 First person accounts and classic histories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_person_accounts_and_classic_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.6 Tertiary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Indian Rebellion of 1857</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" > 75 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9_1857" title="ثورة الهند سنة 1857 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثورة الهند سنة 1857" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հնդկական Ժողովրդական Ապստամբութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հնդկական Ժողովրդական Ապստամբութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AD" title="চিপাহী বিদ্ৰোহ ১৮৫৭ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চিপাহী বিদ্ৰোহ ১৮৫৭" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_na_India_de_1857" title="Rebelión na India de 1857 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rebelión na India de 1857" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipahil%C9%99r_%C3%BCsyan%C4%B1_(1857%E2%80%931859)" title="Sipahilər üsyanı (1857–1859) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sipahilər üsyanı (1857–1859)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1_%D8%B9%DB%86%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_(%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B5%DB%B7-%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B5%DB%B9)" title="سیپاهیلر عۆصیانی (۱۸۵۷-۱۸۵۹) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیپاهیلر عۆصیانی (۱۸۵۷-۱۸۵۹)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AD_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9" title="১৮৫৭ সিপাহি বিদ্রোহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৮৫৭ সিপাহি বিদ্রোহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-t%C5%8D%CD%98_T%C5%8Da_Ho%C3%A1n-lo%C4%81n" title="Ìn-tō͘ Tōa Hoán-loān – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ìn-tō͘ Tōa Hoán-loān" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Сипайҙар ихтилалы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сипайҙар ихтилалы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%9E" title="Паўстанне сіпаяў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўстанне сіпаяў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9" title="1857 के बिद्रोह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="1857 के बिद्रोह" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(1857)" title="Индийско въстание (1857) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индийско въстание (1857)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsavadeg_ar_Sipaied" title="Emsavadeg ar Sipaied – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emsavadeg ar Sipaied" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel%C2%B7li%C3%B3_%C3%ADndia_de_1857" title="Rebel·lió índia de 1857 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rebel·lió índia de 1857" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A9_indick%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Velké indické povstání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velké indické povstání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrthryfel_India_1857" title="Gwrthryfel India 1857 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrthryfel India 1857" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepoy-opr%C3%B8ret" title="Sepoy-oprøret – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sepoy-oprøret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indischer_Aufstand_von_1857" title="Indischer Aufstand von 1857 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indischer Aufstand von 1857" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_1857" title="Ινδική Εξέγερση του 1857 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδική Εξέγερση του 1857" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_de_la_India_de_1857" title="Rebelión de la India de 1857 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rebelión de la India de 1857" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindia_ribelo_de_1857" title="Hindia ribelo de 1857 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hindia ribelo de 1857" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipaioen_matxinada" title="Zipaioen matxinada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zipaioen matxinada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B5%DB%B7_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="شورش‌های ۱۸۵۷ در هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورش‌های ۱۸۵۷ در هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_cipayes" title="Révolte des cipayes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolte des cipayes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ir%C3%AD_Amach_na_hIndia_(1857)" title="Éirí Amach na hIndia (1857) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éirí Amach na hIndia (1857)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AB%A7%E0%AB%AE%E0%AB%AB%E0%AB%AD%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF" title="૧૮૫૭ની ભારતીય ક્રાંતિ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="૧૮૫૭ની ભારતીય ક્રાંતિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EC%9D%B4_%ED%95%AD%EC%9F%81" title="세포이 항쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세포이 항쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հնդկական ժողովրդական ապստամբություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնդկական ժողովրդական ապստամբություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="१८५७ का प्रथम भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१८५७ का प्रथम भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijski_ustanak_1857." title="Indijski ustanak 1857. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indijski ustanak 1857." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedicio_dil_Sepoy" title="Sedicio dil Sepoy – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sedicio dil Sepoy" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_India_1857" title="Pemberontakan India 1857 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan India 1857" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_indiani_del_1857" title="Moti indiani del 1857 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Moti indiani del 1857" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="המרד ההודי הגדול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המרד ההודי הגדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ಭಾರತದ ಪ್ರಥಮ ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ ಸಂಗ್ರಾಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತದ ಪ್ರಥಮ ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ ಸಂಗ್ರಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_(1857)" title="ინდოეთის აჯანყება (1857) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდოეთის აჯანყება (1857)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipaju_sacel%C5%A1an%C4%81s" title="Sipaju sacelšanās – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sipaju sacelšanās" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szipojl%C3%A1zad%C3%A1s" title="Szipojlázadás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szipojlázadás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE,_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD" title="प्रथम भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता सङ्ग्राम, १८५७ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्रथम भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता सङ्ग्राम, १८५७" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82_(1857)" title="ഒന്നാം ഇന്ത്യൻ സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യ സമരം (1857) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒന്നാം ഇന്ത്യൻ സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യ സമരം (1857)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="१८५७ चे स्वातंत्र्ययुद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="१८५७ चे स्वातंत्र्ययुद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_India_1857" title="Pemberontakan India 1857 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemberontakan India 1857" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiase_opstand_van_1857" title="Indiase opstand van 1857 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indiase opstand van 1857" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9" title="१८५७ सिपाही विद्रोह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="१८५७ सिपाही विद्रोह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%8D%E4%B9%B1" title="インド大反乱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド大反乱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_indiske_oppr%C3%B8ret_i_1857" title="Det indiske opprøret i 1857 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det indiske opprøret i 1857" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_indiske_oppr%C3%B8ret_i_1857" title="Det indiske opprøret i 1857 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det indiske opprøret i 1857" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev%C3%B2uta_dei_Cipaies" title="Revòuta dei Cipaies – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Revòuta dei Cipaies" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B9" title="ସିପାହୀ ବିଦ୍ରୋହ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସିପାହୀ ବିଦ୍ରୋହ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipohiylar_qo%CA%BBzg%CA%BBoloni" title="Sipohiylar qoʻzgʻoloni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sipohiylar qoʻzgʻoloni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਪਹਿਲਾ ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਸੰਗਰਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਪਹਿਲਾ ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਸੰਗਰਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_1857%D8%A1" title="جنگ آزادی 1857ء – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنگ آزادی 1857ء" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84_%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B5%DB%B7_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="د هند د کال ۱۸۵۷ بغاوت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هند د کال ۱۸۵۷ بغاوت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_sipaj%C3%B3w" title="Powstanie sipajów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie sipajów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%A3o_Indiana_de_1857" title="Rebelião Indiana de 1857 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rebelião Indiana de 1857" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83scoala_%C8%99ipailor" title="Răscoala șipailor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Răscoala șipailor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Восстание сипаев – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восстание сипаев" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83" title="भारतस्य प्रथमस्वातन्त्र्यसङ्ग्रामः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भारतस्य प्रथमस्वातन्त्र्यसङ्ग्रामः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelimi_indian_i_vitit_1857" title="Rebelimi indian i vitit 1857 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rebelimi indian i vitit 1857" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Indian Rebellion of 1857" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857%D8%B9_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="1857ع جي هندستاني بغاوت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1857ع جي هندستاني بغاوت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijski_ustanak_1857._godine" title="Indijski ustanak 1857. godine – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Indijski ustanak 1857. godine" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepoykapina" title="Sepoykapina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sepoykapina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepoyupproret" title="Sepoyupproret – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sepoyupproret" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelyong_Indiyano_ng_1857" title="Rebelyong Indiyano ng 1857 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rebelyong Indiyano ng 1857" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF,_1857" title="சிப்பாய்க் கிளர்ச்சி, 1857 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிப்பாய்க் கிளர்ச்சி, 1857" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%82" title="మొదటి భారత స్వాతంత్ర్య యుద్ధం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మొదటి భారత స్వాతంత్ర్య యుద్ధం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1857" title="กบฏอินเดีย ค.ศ. 1857 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กบฏอินเดีย ค.ศ. 1857" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_Hint_Ayaklanmas%C4%B1" title="1857 Hint Ayaklanması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1857 Hint Ayaklanması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B2" title="Повстання сипаїв – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Повстання сипаїв" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF_1857%D8%A1" title="جنگ آزادی ہند 1857ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنگ آزادی ہند 1857ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%9Fi_ngh%C4%A9a_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99_1857" title="Khởi nghĩa Ấn Độ 1857 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khởi nghĩa Ấn Độ 1857" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="印度民族起义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="印度民族起义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82" title="印度叛亂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="印度叛亂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="印度民族起义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度民族起义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q129864#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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navigation-not-searchable">"Sepoy Mutiny" redirects here. 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_War_of_Independence_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Indian War of Independence (disambiguation)">The Indian War of Independence (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Indian Rebellion of 1857</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Rebellion_of_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857.jpg/260px-Indian_Rebellion_of_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857.jpg/390px-Indian_Rebellion_of_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857.jpg/520px-Indian_Rebellion_of_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1959" data-file-height="1647" /></a> A 1912 map of Northern India, showing the centres of the rebellion.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>10 May 1857 (1857-05-10) – 1 November 1858 (1858-11-01) (1 year and 6 months)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> Some princely states annexed into <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>. Other princely states retain their dominions and autonomy.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">Sepoy</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oudh_State" title="Oudh State">Oudh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rohilla" title="Rohilla">Rohilla</a></li><li>Forces of <a href="/wiki/Rani_Lakshmibai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani Lakshmibai">Rani Lakshmibai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jhansi_State" title="Jhansi State">Jhansi</a></li><li>Forces of <a href="/wiki/Nana_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana Sahib">Nana Sahib</a> Peshwa II</li><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdishpur_estate" title="Jagdishpur estate">Jagdishpur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_State" title="Gwalior State">Gwalior</a> factions</li><li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodhpur State">Jodhpur</a> factions</li><li><a href="/wiki/Banda_(state)" title="Banda (state)">Banda</a></li><li>Various other <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Rajas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thakur_(title)" title="Thakur (title)">Thakurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaudhary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhary">Chaudharys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taluqdar" title="Taluqdar">Taluqdars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardars</a>, and chieftains</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">East India Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajputana_Agency" title="Rajputana Agency">Rajputana Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampur_State" title="Rampur State">Rampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodhpur State">Jodhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana Sahib">Nana Sahib</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Lakshmibai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani Lakshmibai">Rani Lakshmibai</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Kunwar Singh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><abbr title="Died of wounds">DOW</abbr></a>)</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">The Earl Canning</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Anson_(British_Army_officer,_born_1797)" title="George Anson (British Army officer, born 1797)">George Anson</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Grant_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Patrick Grant (Indian Army officer)">Sir Patrick Grant</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Clyde" title="Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde">Sir Colin Campbell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Rose,_1st_Baron_Strathnairn" title="Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn">Sir Hugh Rose</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Havelock" title="Henry Havelock">Sir Henry Havelock</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Sir James Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Montgomery_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Montgomery Lawrence">Sir Henry Lawrence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><abbr title="Died of wounds">DOW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_George_Smith_Neill" title="James George Smith Neill">Sir James Neill</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nicholson_(East_India_Company_officer)" title="John Nicholson (East India Company officer)">John Nicholson</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Surendra_Bikram_Shah" title="Surendra Bikram Shah">Surendra Bikram Shah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhir_Shamsher_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhir Shamsher Rana">Dhir Shamsher Rana</a><a href="#cite_note-Tyagi1974-1">[1]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Randhir_Singh_of_Kapurthala" title="Randhir Singh of Kapurthala">Randhir Singh</a> <a href="/wiki/Yusef_Ali_Khan" title="Yusef Ali Khan">Sir Yusef Ali Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> 6,000 British killed, including civilians<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers201364-2">[2]</a> Based on a rough comparison of the sketchy pre-1857 regional demographic data and the first <a href="/wiki/1871_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1871 Census of India">1871 Census of India</a>, probably 800,000 Indians were killed, and very likely more, both in the rebellion and in the famines and epidemics of disease that were caused as a result in its immediate aftermath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers201364-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Template:Campaignbox Indian Rebellion of 1857"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Indian Rebellion of 1857"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Indian Rebellion of 1857"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_Rebellion_of_18571336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lucknow" title="Siege of Lucknow">1st Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cawnpore" title="Siege of Cawnpore">1st Cawnpore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badli-ki-Serai" title="Battle of Badli-ki-Serai">Badli-ki-Serai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chinhat" title="Battle of Chinhat">Chinhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jhelum_(1857)" title="Battle of Jhelum (1857)">Jhelum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aong" title="Battle of Aong">Aong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Arrah" title="Siege of Arrah">Arrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agra" title="Battle of Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najafgarh" title="Battle of Najafgarh">Najafgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cawnpore" title="Second Battle of Cawnpore">2nd Cawnpore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Lucknow" title="Capture of Lucknow">2nd Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indian_campaign_of_1858" title="Central Indian campaign of 1858">Central India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857–58 against <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">the rule</a> of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a>, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-marshall-197-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a> of the company's army in the <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a>, 40 miles (64 km) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">upper Gangetic plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">central India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-bose-jalal-2003lead-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marriott2013-9">[7]</a> though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east.<a href="#cite_note-12">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bender2016-11">[8]</a> The rebellion posed a military threat to British power in that region,<a href="#cite_note-14">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-bayly1990-p170-13">[9]</a> and was contained only with the rebels' defeat in <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> on 20 June 1858.<a href="#cite_note-intro-refs-15">[10]</a> On 1 November 1858, the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder, though they did not declare the hostilities to have formally ended until 8 July 1859. The <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Names of the Indian Rebellion of 1857">name of the revolt is contested</a>, and it is variously described as the Sepoy Mutiny, the Indian Mutiny, the Great Rebellion, the Revolt of 1857, the Indian Insurrection, and the First War of Independence.<a href="#cite_note-17">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams2006-16">[11]</a> The Indian rebellion was fed by resentments born of diverse perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006100–103-18">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199485–86-19">[13]</a> and scepticism about British claims that their rule offered material improvement to the Indian economy.<a href="#cite_note-21">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2001-20">[14]</a> Many Indians rose against the British; however, many also fought for the British, and the majority remained seemingly compliant to British rule.<a href="#cite_note-22">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2001-20">[14]</a> Violence, which sometimes betrayed exceptional cruelty, was inflicted on both sides, on British officers, and civilians, including women and children, by the rebels, and on the rebels, and their supporters, including sometimes entire villages, by British reprisals; the cities of Delhi and <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> were laid waste in the fighting and the British retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-23">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2001-20">[14]</a> After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut, the rebels quickly reached Delhi, whose 81-year-old <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> ruler, <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a>, was declared the Emperor of <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a>. Soon, the rebels had captured large tracts of the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a> (Oudh). The East India Company's response came rapidly as well. With help from reinforcements, <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a> was retaken by mid-July 1857, and Delhi by the end of September.<a href="#cite_note-intro-refs-15">[10]</a> However, it then took the remainder of 1857 and the better part of 1858 for the rebellion to be suppressed in Jhansi, Lucknow, and especially the Awadh countryside.<a href="#cite_note-intro-refs-15">[10]</a> Other regions of Company-controlled India—<a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> province, the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>—remained largely calm.<a href="#cite_note-24">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marriott2013-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-intro-refs-15">[10]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/British_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="British Punjab">Punjab</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> princes crucially helped the British by providing both soldiers and support.<a href="#cite_note-25">[k]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marriott2013-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-intro-refs-15">[10]</a> The large princely states, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Kashmir</a>, as well as the smaller ones of <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a>, did not join the rebellion, serving the British, in the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Canning" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Canning">Lord Canning</a>'s words, as "breakwaters in a storm".<a href="#cite_note-spear-26">[15]</a> In some regions, most notably in Awadh, the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against British oppression.<a href="#cite_note-27">[16]</a> However, the rebel leaders proclaimed no articles of faith that presaged a new <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-brown1994-p94-28">[17]</a> Even so, the rebellion proved to be an important watershed in <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> history.<a href="#cite_note-30">[m]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams2006-16">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[18]</a> It led to the dissolution of the East India Company, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India, through passage of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">Government of India Act 1858</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[19]</a> India was thereafter administered directly by the British government in the new <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spear-26">[15]</a> On 1 November 1858, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> issued a proclamation to Indians, which while lacking the authority of a constitutional provision,<a href="#cite_note-34">[n]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adcock2013-33">[20]</a> promised rights similar to those of other British subjects.<a href="#cite_note-35">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[p]</a><a href="#cite_note-AldrichMcCreery2016-36">[21]</a> In the following decades, when admission to these rights was not always forthcoming, Indians were to pointedly refer to the Queen's proclamation in growing avowals of a new nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-39">[q]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[r]</a><a href="#cite_note-EmbreeHay1988-40">[23]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East_India_Company's_expansion_in_India">East India Company's expansion in India</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India1765and1805b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/India1765and1805b.jpg/220px-India1765and1805b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/India1765and1805b.jpg/330px-India1765and1805b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/India1765and1805b.jpg/440px-India1765and1805b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>India in 1765 and 1805, showing East India Company-governed territories in pink</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India1837to1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/India1837to1857.jpg/220px-India1837to1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/India1837to1857.jpg/330px-India1837to1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/India1837to1857.jpg/440px-India1837to1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>India in 1837 and 1857, showing East India Company-governed territories in pink</figcaption></figure> Although the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> had established a presence in India as far back as 1612,<a href="#cite_note-42">[24]</a> and earlier administered the <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factory areas</a> established for trading purposes, its victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757 marked the beginning of its firm foothold in eastern India. The victory was consolidated in 1764 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a>, when the East India Company army defeated <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a>. After his defeat, the emperor granted the company the right to the "collection of Revenue" in the provinces of Bengal (modern day <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, Bihar, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Odisha" title="History of Odisha">Odisha</a>), known as "Diwani" to the company.<a href="#cite_note-keay-43">[25]</a> The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras; later, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> (1766–1799) and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Maratha_Wars_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)">Anglo-Maratha Wars</a> (1772–1818) led to control of even more of India.<a href="#cite_note-44">[26]</a> In 1806, the <a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a> was sparked by new uniform regulations that created resentment amongst both <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> sepoys.<a href="#cite_note-45">[27]</a> After the turn of the 19th century, Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a> began what became two decades of accelerated expansion of Company territories. This was achieved either by <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_alliance" title="Subsidiary alliance">subsidiary alliances</a> between the company and local rulers or by direct military annexation.<a href="#cite_note-ludden-expansion-46">[28]</a> The subsidiary alliances created the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">maharajas</a> and the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">nawabs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">North-West Frontier Province</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> were annexed after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> in 1849; however, Kashmir was immediately sold under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar,_1846" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Amritsar, 1846">1846 Treaty of Amritsar</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Dogra_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra Dynasty">Dogra Dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu</a> and thereby became a princely state. The border dispute between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a> and British India, which sharpened after 1801, had caused the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a> of 1814–16 and brought the defeated <a href="/wiki/Gurkhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurkhas">Gurkhas</a> under British influence. In 1854, <a href="/wiki/Berar_Province" title="Berar Province">Berar</a> was annexed, and the state of Oudh was added two years later. For practical purposes, the company was the government of much of India.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_of_the_rebellion">Causes of the rebellion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857">Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></div> The Indian Rebellion of 1857 occurred as the result of an accumulation of factors over time, rather than any single event.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a> were Indian soldiers who were recruited into the company's army. Just before the rebellion, there were over 300,000 sepoys in the army, compared to about 50,000 British. The East India Company's forces were divided into three <a href="/wiki/Presidency_armies" title="Presidency armies">presidency armies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a> recruited higher <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">castes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhumihar" title="Bhumihar">Bhumihar</a>, mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Awadh_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Awadh State">Awadh</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="History of bihar">Bihar</a> regions, and even restricted the enlistment of lower castes in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-47">[29]</a> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Army" title="Madras Army">Madras Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Army" title="Bombay Army">Bombay Army</a> were "more localized, caste-neutral armies" that "did not prefer high-caste men".<a href="#cite_note-48">[30]</a> The domination of higher castes in the Bengal Army has been blamed in part for initial mutinies that led to the rebellion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Seapoy_Officers;_A_Private_Seapoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Two_Seapoy_Officers%3B_A_Private_Seapoy.jpg/170px-Two_Seapoy_Officers%3B_A_Private_Seapoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Two_Seapoy_Officers%3B_A_Private_Seapoy.jpg/255px-Two_Seapoy_Officers%3B_A_Private_Seapoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Two_Seapoy_Officers%3B_A_Private_Seapoy.jpg/340px-Two_Seapoy_Officers%3B_A_Private_Seapoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Two sepoy officers; a private sepoy, 1820s</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#87CEFA;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;">Rebellions in British India</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#87CEFA;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:black;"> East India Company</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuar_Rebellion" title="Chuar Rebellion">Chuar Rebellion</a> (1766–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_revolt_in_Bihar" title="1781 revolt in Bihar">1781 revolt in Bihar</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paik_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Paik Rebellion">Paik Rebellion</a> (1817–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_uprising" title="Kol uprising">Kol uprising</a> (1831–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santal_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Santal rebellion">Santal rebellion</a> (1855–1856)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> (1857–1858)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#87CEFA;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:black;"> British Raj</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rampa_rebellion_of_1879" title="Rampa rebellion of 1879">Rampa rebellion of 1879</a> (1879–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Kuki_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Kuki War">Anglo-Kuki War</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampa_Rebellion_of_1922" title="Rampa Rebellion of 1922">Rampa Rebellion of 1922</a> (1922–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Royal Indian Navy mutiny</a> (1946)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rebellions_in_British_India" title="Template:Rebellions in British India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rebellions_in_British_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rebellions in British India (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rebellions_in_British_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rebellions in British India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 1772, when <a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Warren Hastings</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Fort_William,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort William, India">Fort William</a>'s first Governor-General, one of his first undertakings was the rapid expansion of the company's army. Since the sepoys from Bengal – many of whom had fought against the Company in the Battles of Plassey and Buxar – were now suspect in British eyes, Hastings recruited farther west from the high-caste rural Rajputs and Bhumihar of Awadh and Bihar, a practice that continued for the next 75 years. However, in order to forestall any social friction, the company also took action to adapt its military practices to the requirements of their religious rituals. Consequently, these soldiers dined in separate facilities; in addition, overseas service, considered <a href="/wiki/Kala_pani_(taboo)" title="Kala pani (taboo)">polluting</a> to their caste, was not required of them, and the army soon came officially to recognise Hindu festivals. "This encouragement of high caste ritual status, however, left the government vulnerable to protest, even mutiny, whenever the sepoys detected infringement of their prerogatives."<a href="#cite_note-49">[31]</a> Stokes argues that "The British scrupulously avoided interference with the social structure of the village community which remained largely intact."<a href="#cite_note-50">[32]</a> After the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Oudh_State" title="Oudh State">Oudh</a> (Awadh) by the East India Company in 1856, many sepoys were disquieted both from losing their perquisites, as landed gentry, in the Oudh courts, and from the anticipation of any increased land-revenue payments that the annexation might bring about.<a href="#cite_note-brownp88-51">[33]</a> Other historians have stressed that by 1857, some Indian soldiers, interpreting the presence of missionaries as a sign of official intent, were convinced that the company was masterminding mass conversions of Hindus and Muslims to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-52">[34]</a> Although earlier in the 1830s, evangelicals such as <a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a> had successfully clamoured for the passage of social reform, such as the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a> and allowing the remarriage of Hindu widows, there is little evidence that the sepoys' allegiance was affected by this.<a href="#cite_note-brownp88-51">[33]</a> However, changes in the terms of their professional service may have created resentment. As the extent of the East India Company's jurisdiction expanded with victories in wars or annexation, the soldiers were now expected not only to serve in less familiar regions, such as in <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a>, but also to make do without the "foreign service" remuneration that had previously been their due.<a href="#cite_note-53">[35]</a> A major cause of resentment that arose ten months prior to the outbreak of the rebellion was the <a href="/wiki/General_Service_Enlistment_Act" title="General Service Enlistment Act">General Service Enlistment Act</a> of 25 July 1856. As noted above, men of the Bengal Army had been exempted from overseas service. Specifically, they were enlisted only for service in territories to which they could march. Governor-General <a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Lord Dalhousie</a> saw this as an anomaly, since all sepoys of the Madras and Bombay Armies and the six "General Service" battalions of the Bengal Army had accepted an obligation to serve overseas if required. As a result, the burden of providing contingents for active service in Burma, readily accessible only by sea, and <a href="/wiki/Qing_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing empire">China</a> had fallen disproportionately on the two smaller Presidency Armies. As signed into effect by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Lord Canning</a>, Dalhousie's successor as Governor-General, the act required only new recruits to the Bengal Army to accept a commitment for general service. However, serving high-caste sepoys were fearful that it would be eventually extended to them, as well as preventing sons following fathers into an army with a strong tradition of family service.<a href="#cite_note-MasonHonour-54">[36]</a>: 261  There were also grievances over the issue of promotions, based on seniority. This, as well as the increasing number of British officers in the battalions,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-55">[37]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] made promotion slow, and many Indian officers did not reach commissioned rank until they were too old to be effective.<a href="#cite_note-56">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Enfield_rifle">The Enfield rifle</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Pensioned_Sepoy,_Moradabad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/A_Pensioned_Sepoy%2C_Moradabad.png/220px-A_Pensioned_Sepoy%2C_Moradabad.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/A_Pensioned_Sepoy%2C_Moradabad.png/330px-A_Pensioned_Sepoy%2C_Moradabad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/A_Pensioned_Sepoy%2C_Moradabad.png/440px-A_Pensioned_Sepoy%2C_Moradabad.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>A Pensioned Sepoy, Moradabad, 1842</figcaption></figure> The final spark was provided by the ammunition for the new <a href="/wiki/Royal_Small_Arms_Factory" title="Royal Small Arms Factory">Enfield</a> <a href="/wiki/Pattern_1853_Enfield" title="Pattern 1853 Enfield">Pattern 1853</a> <a href="/wiki/Rifled_musket" title="Rifled musket">rifled musket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[39]</a> These rifles, which fired <a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">Minié balls</a>, had a tighter fit than the earlier muskets, and used <a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">paper cartridges</a> that came pre-greased. To load the rifle, sepoys had to bite the cartridge open to release the powder.<a href="#cite_note-58">[40]</a> The grease used on these cartridges was rumoured to include <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a> derived from beef, which would be offensive to Hindus,<a href="#cite_note-59">[41]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">lard</a> derived from pork, which would be offensive to Muslims. At least one Company official pointed out the difficulties this might cause: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">unless it be proven that the grease employed in these cartridges is not of a nature to offend or interfere with the prejudices of religion, it will be expedient not to issue them for test to Native corps.<a href="#cite_note-wagner-60">[42]</a></blockquote> However, in August 1856, greased cartridge production was initiated at Fort William, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, following a British design. The grease used included tallow supplied by the Indian firm of Gangadarh Banerji & Co.<a href="#cite_note-61">[43]</a> By January, rumours abounded that the Enfield cartridges were greased with animal fat.<a href="#cite_note-62">[44]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Company officers became aware of the rumours through reports of an altercation between a high-caste sepoy and a low-caste labourer at <a href="/wiki/Dum_Dum" title="Dum Dum">Dum Dum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[45]</a> The labourer had taunted the sepoy that by biting the cartridge, he had himself lost caste, although at this time such cartridges had been issued only at Meerut and not at Dum Dum.<a href="#cite_note-64">[46]</a> There had been rumours that the British sought to destroy the religions of the Indian people, and forcing the native soldiers to break their sacred code would have certainly added to this rumour, as it apparently did. The company was quick to reverse the effects of this policy in hopes that the unrest would be quelled.<a href="#cite_note-65">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[48]</a> On 27 January, Colonel Richard Birch, the Military Secretary, ordered that all cartridges issued from depots were to be free from grease, and that sepoys could grease them themselves using whatever mixture "they may prefer".<a href="#cite_note-67">[49]</a> A modification was also made to the drill for loading so that the cartridge was torn with the hands and not bitten. This, however, merely caused many sepoys to be convinced that the rumours were true and that their fears were justified. Additional rumours started that the paper in the new cartridges, which was glazed and stiffer than the previously used paper, was impregnated with grease.<a href="#cite_note-68">[50]</a> In February, a court of inquiry was held at Barrackpore to get to the bottom of these rumours. Native soldiers called as witnesses complained of the paper "being stiff and like cloth in the mode of tearing", said that when the paper was burned it smelled of grease, and announced that the suspicion that the paper itself contained grease could not be removed from their minds.<a href="#cite_note-69">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_disquiet">Civilian disquiet</h3></div> Civilian rebellion was more multifarious. The rebels consisted of three groups: the feudal nobility, rural landlords called <a href="/wiki/Talukdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Talukdar">taluqdars</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ryot" title="Ryot">peasants</a>. The nobility, many of whom had lost titles and domains under the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Lapse">Doctrine of Lapse</a>, which refused to recognise the adopted children of princes as legal heirs, felt that the company had interfered with a traditional system of inheritance. Rebel leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Nana_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana Sahib">Nana Sahib</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani of Jhansi</a> belonged to this group; the latter, for example, was prepared to accept East India Company supremacy if her adopted son was recognised as her late husband's heir.<a href="#cite_note-70">[52]</a> In other areas of central India, such as <a href="/wiki/Indore_State" title="Indore State">Indore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sagar,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Sagar, Madhya Pradesh">Sagar</a>, where such loss of privilege had not occurred, the princes remained loyal to the company, even in areas where the sepoys had rebelled.<a href="#cite_note-71">[53]</a> The second group, the taluqdars, had lost half their landed estates to peasant farmers as a result of the land reforms that came in the wake of annexation of <a href="/wiki/Oudh_State" title="Oudh State">Oudh</a>. It is mentioned that throughout Oudh and Bihar <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> Taluqdars provided the bulk of leadership and played an important role during 1857 in the region.<a href="#cite_note-72">[54]</a> As the rebellion gained ground, the taluqdars quickly reoccupied the lands they had lost, and paradoxically, in part because of ties of kinship and feudal loyalty, did not experience significant opposition from the peasant farmers, many of whom joined the rebellion, to the great dismay of the British.<a href="#cite_note-73">[55]</a> It has also been suggested that heavy land-revenue assessment in some areas by the British resulted in many landowning families either losing their land or going into great debt to money lenders, and providing ultimately a reason to rebel; money lenders, in addition to the company, were particular objects of the rebels' animosity.<a href="#cite_note-74">[56]</a> The civilian rebellion was also highly uneven in its geographic distribution, even in areas of north-central India that were no longer under British control. For example, the relatively prosperous <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarnagar" title="Muzaffarnagar">Muzaffarnagar</a> district, a beneficiary of a Company irrigation scheme, and next door to <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a>, where the upheaval began, stayed relatively calm throughout.<a href="#cite_note-75">[57]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16528.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Canning, the Governor-General of India during the rebellion."><img alt="Charles Canning, the Governor-General of India during the rebellion." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Charles_Canning%2C_1st_Earl_Canning_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16528.jpg/91px-Charles_Canning%2C_1st_Earl_Canning_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16528.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Charles_Canning%2C_1st_Earl_Canning_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16528.jpg/137px-Charles_Canning%2C_1st_Earl_Canning_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16528.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Charles_Canning%2C_1st_Earl_Canning_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16528.jpg/183px-Charles_Canning%2C_1st_Earl_Canning_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16528.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="459" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Charles Canning</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a> during the rebellion.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalhousie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856, who devised the Doctrine of Lapse."><img alt="Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856, who devised the Doctrine of Lapse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dalhousie.jpg/84px-Dalhousie.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dalhousie.jpg/126px-Dalhousie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dalhousie.jpg/169px-Dalhousie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="643" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Lord Dalhousie</a>, the Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856, who devised the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Lapse">Doctrine of Lapse</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rani_of_jhansi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lakshmibai, the Rani of Maratha-ruled Jhansi, one of the principal leaders of the rebellion who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the Doctrine of Lapse."><img alt="Lakshmibai, the Rani of Maratha-ruled Jhansi, one of the principal leaders of the rebellion who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the Doctrine of Lapse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rani_of_jhansi.jpg/81px-Rani_of_jhansi.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rani_of_jhansi.jpg/122px-Rani_of_jhansi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rani_of_jhansi.jpg/163px-Rani_of_jhansi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="422" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Lakshmibai, the Rani of Maratha-ruled Jhansi</a>, one of the principal leaders of the rebellion who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Lapse">Doctrine of Lapse</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahadur_Shah_II_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal Emperor, crowned Emperor of India, by the Indian troops, he was deposed by the British, and died in exile in Burma"><img alt="Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal Emperor, crowned Emperor of India, by the Indian troops, he was deposed by the British, and died in exile in Burma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bahadur_Shah_II_of_India.jpg/97px-Bahadur_Shah_II_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bahadur_Shah_II_of_India.jpg/146px-Bahadur_Shah_II_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bahadur_Shah_II_of_India.jpg/195px-Bahadur_Shah_II_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2227" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a>, the last Mughal Emperor, crowned Emperor of India, by the Indian troops, he was deposed by the British, and died in exile in Burma</div> </li> </ul> "<a href="/wiki/Utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian">Utilitarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelical</a>-inspired social reform",<a href="#cite_note-76">[58]</a> including the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sati (practise)">sati</a><a href="#cite_note-OSU-77">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rudolph1997-78">[60]</a> and the legalisation of <a href="/wiki/Widow_remarriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Widow remarriage">widow remarriage</a> were considered by many—especially the British themselves<a href="#cite_note-AE-79">[61]</a>—to have caused suspicion that Indian religious traditions were being "interfered with", with the ultimate aim of conversion.<a href="#cite_note-AE-79">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-GFB-80">[62]</a> Recent historians, including <a href="/wiki/Chris_Bayly" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Bayly">Chris Bayly</a>, have preferred to frame this as a "clash of knowledges", with proclamations from religious authorities before the revolt and testimony after it including on such issues as the "insults to women", the rise of "<a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">low people</a>' under British tutelage", the "pollution" caused by Western medicine and the persecuting and ignoring of traditional <a href="/wiki/Indian_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian astrology">astrological</a> authorities.<a href="#cite_note-CB-81">[63]</a> British-run schools were also a problem: according to recorded testimonies, anger had spread because of stories that mathematics was replacing religious instruction, stories were chosen that would "bring contempt" upon Indian religions, and because girl children were exposed to "moral danger" by education.<a href="#cite_note-CB-81">[63]</a> The justice system was considered to be inherently unfair to the Indians. The official Blue Books, East India (Torture) 1855–1857, laid before the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> during the sessions of 1856 and 1857, revealed that Company officers were allowed an extended series of appeals if convicted or accused of brutality or crimes against Indians.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_Company_rule" title="Economy of India under Company rule">economic policies of the East India Company</a> were also resented by many Indians.<a href="#cite_note-82">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bengal_Army">The Bengal Army</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_Regiment_of_Skinner%27s_Horse_returning_from_a_General_Review,_1828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1st_Regiment_of_Skinner%27s_Horse_returning_from_a_General_Review%2C_1828.jpg/220px-1st_Regiment_of_Skinner%27s_Horse_returning_from_a_General_Review%2C_1828.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1st_Regiment_of_Skinner%27s_Horse_returning_from_a_General_Review%2C_1828.jpg/330px-1st_Regiment_of_Skinner%27s_Horse_returning_from_a_General_Review%2C_1828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1st_Regiment_of_Skinner%27s_Horse_returning_from_a_General_Review%2C_1828.jpg/440px-1st_Regiment_of_Skinner%27s_Horse_returning_from_a_General_Review%2C_1828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>The Bengal Native Cavalry</figcaption></figure> Each of the three "Presidencies" into which the East India Company divided India for administrative purposes maintained their own armies. Of these, the Army of the Bengal Presidency was the largest. Unlike the other two, it recruited heavily from among high-caste Hindus and comparatively wealthy Muslims. The Muslims formed a larger percentage of the 18 irregular cavalry units<a href="#cite_note-83">[65]</a> within the Bengal Army, whilst Hindus were mainly to be found in the 84 regular infantry and cavalry regiments. Thus 75% of the cavalry regiments was composed of Indian Muslims, while 80% of the infantry was composed of Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-84">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a> were therefore affected to a large degree by the concerns of the landholding and traditional members of Indian society. In the early years of Company rule, it tolerated and even encouraged the caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army, which recruited its regular infantry soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bihar" title="History of Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oudh_State" title="Oudh State">Oudh</a> regions. These soldiers were known as <a href="/wiki/Purbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Purbiya">Purbiyas</a>. By the time these customs and privileges came to be threatened by modernising regimes in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted.<a href="#cite_note-85">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-47">[29]</a> The sepoys also gradually became dissatisfied with various other aspects of army life. Their pay was relatively low and after Oudh and the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a> were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) for service there, because they were no longer considered "foreign missions". The junior British officers became increasingly estranged from their soldiers, in many cases treating them as their racial inferiors. In 1856, a new Enlistment Act was introduced by the company, which in theory made every unit in the Bengal Army liable to service overseas. Although it was intended to apply only to new recruits, the serving sepoys feared that the Act might be applied retroactively to them as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid200324-86">[68]</a> A high-caste Hindu who travelled in the cramped conditions of a wooden troop ship could not cook his own food on his own fire, and accordingly risked losing caste through ritual pollution.<a href="#cite_note-MasonHonour-54">[36]</a>: 243  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Onset_of_the_rebellion">Onset of the rebellion</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Mutiny_Map_Showing_Position_of_Troops_on_1st_May_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Indian_Mutiny_Map_Showing_Position_of_Troops_on_1st_May_1857.jpg/220px-Indian_Mutiny_Map_Showing_Position_of_Troops_on_1st_May_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Indian_Mutiny_Map_Showing_Position_of_Troops_on_1st_May_1857.jpg/330px-Indian_Mutiny_Map_Showing_Position_of_Troops_on_1st_May_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Indian_Mutiny_Map_Showing_Position_of_Troops_on_1st_May_1857.jpg/440px-Indian_Mutiny_Map_Showing_Position_of_Troops_on_1st_May_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption>Indian mutiny map showing position of troops on 1 May 1857</figcaption></figure> Several months of increasing tensions coupled with various incidents preceded the actual rebellion. On 26 February 1857 the 19th <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Native_Infantry" title="Bengal Native Infantry">Bengal Native Infantry</a> (BNI) regiment became concerned that new cartridges they had been issued were wrapped in paper greased with cow and pig fat, which had to be opened by mouth thus affecting their religious sensibilities. Their Colonel confronted them supported by artillery and cavalry on the parade ground, but after some negotiation withdrew the artillery, and cancelled the next morning's parade.<a href="#cite_note-87">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mangal_Pandey">Mangal Pandey</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></div> On 29 March 1857 at the <a href="/wiki/Barrackpore" title="Barrackpore">Barrackpore</a> parade ground, near <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, 29-year-old <a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a> of the 34th BNI, angered by the recent actions of the East India Company, declared that he would rebel against his commanders. Informed about Pandey's behaviour Sergeant-Major James Hewson went to investigate, only to have Pandey shoot at him. Hewson raised the alarm.<a href="#cite_note-David_2003_69-88">[70]</a> When his <a href="/wiki/Adjutant" title="Adjutant">Adjutant</a> Lt. Henry Baugh came out to investigate the unrest, Pandey opened fire but hit Baugh's horse instead.<a href="#cite_note-Malleson-89">[71]</a> General <a href="/wiki/John_Hearsey" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hearsey">John Hearsey</a> came out to the parade ground to investigate, and claimed later that Mangal Pandey was in some kind of "religious frenzy". He ordered the Indian commander of the <a href="/wiki/Quarter_guard" title="Quarter guard">Quarter Guard</a> <a href="/wiki/Jemadar" title="Jemadar">Jemadar</a> Ishwari Prasad to arrest Mangal Pandey, but the Jemadar refused. The quarter guard and other sepoys present, with the single exception of a soldier called <a href="/wiki/Shaikh_Paltu" title="Shaikh Paltu">Shaikh Paltu</a>, drew back from restraining or arresting Mangal Pandey. Shaikh Paltu restrained Pandey from continuing his attack.<a href="#cite_note-Malleson-89">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[72]</a> After failing to incite his comrades into an open and active rebellion, Mangal Pandey tried to take his own life, by placing his musket to his chest and pulling the trigger with his toe. He managed only to wound himself. He was court-martialled on 6 April and hanged two days later.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Jemadar Ishwari Prasad was sentenced to death and hanged on 21 April. The regiment was disbanded and stripped of its uniforms because it was felt that it harboured ill-feelings towards its superiors, particularly after this incident. Shaikh Paltu was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Havildar" title="Havildar">havildar</a> in the Bengal Army but was murdered shortly before the 34th BNI dispersed.<a href="#cite_note-91">[73]</a> Sepoys in other regiments thought these punishments were harsh. The demonstration of disgrace during the formal disbanding helped foment the rebellion in view of some historians. Disgruntled ex-sepoys returned home to Awadh with a desire for revenge.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unrest_during_April_1857">Unrest during April 1857</h3></div> During April, there was unrest and fires at <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambala" title="Ambala">Ambala</a>. At Ambala in particular, which was a large military cantonment where several units had been collected for their annual musketry practice, it was clear to General Anson, Commander-in-Chief of the Bengal Army, that some sort of rebellion over the cartridges was imminent. Despite the objections of the civilian Governor-General's staff, he agreed to postpone the musketry practice and allow a new drill by which the soldiers tore the cartridges with their fingers rather than their teeth. However, he issued no general orders making this standard practice throughout the Bengal Army and, rather than remain at Ambala to defuse or overawe potential trouble, he then proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Simla</a>, the cool <a href="/wiki/Hill_station" title="Hill station">hill station</a> where many high officials spent the summer.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although there was no open revolt at Ambala, there was widespread arson during late April. Barrack buildings (especially those belonging to soldiers who had used the Enfield cartridges) and British officers' bungalows were set on fire.<a href="#cite_note-92">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meerut">Meerut</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sepoy_revolt_at_Meerut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Sepoy_revolt_at_Meerut.jpg/220px-The_Sepoy_revolt_at_Meerut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Sepoy_revolt_at_Meerut.jpg/330px-The_Sepoy_revolt_at_Meerut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Sepoy_revolt_at_Meerut.jpg/440px-The_Sepoy_revolt_at_Meerut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>"The Sepoy revolt at Meerut", wood-engraving from the <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated London News">Illustrated London News</a>, 1857</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1857_mutineers_mosque_meerut2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1857_mutineers_mosque_meerut2.jpg/220px-1857_mutineers_mosque_meerut2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1857_mutineers_mosque_meerut2.jpg/330px-1857_mutineers_mosque_meerut2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1857_mutineers_mosque_meerut2.jpg/440px-1857_mutineers_mosque_meerut2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>An 1858 photograph by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christopher_Tytler" title="Robert Christopher Tytler">Robert Christopher Tytler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tytler" title="Harriet Tytler">Harriet Tytler</a> of a mosque in Meerut where some of the rebel soldiers may have prayed</figcaption></figure> At <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a>, a large military cantonment, 2,357 Indian sepoys and 2,038 British soldiers were stationed along with 12 British-manned guns. The station held one of the largest concentrations of British troops in India and this was later to be cited as evidence that the original rising was a spontaneous outbreak rather than a pre-planned plot.<a href="#cite_note-MasonHonour-54">[36]</a>: 278  Although the state of unrest within the Bengal Army was well known, on 24 April Lieutenant Colonel George Carmichael-Smyth, the unsympathetic commanding officer of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Bengal_Light_Cavalry" title="3rd Bengal Light Cavalry">3rd Bengal Light Cavalry</a>, which was composed mainly of Indian Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-93">[75]</a> ordered 90 of his men to parade and perform firing drills. All except five of the men on parade refused to accept their cartridges. On 9 May, the remaining 85 men were <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">court martialled</a>, and most were sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment with hard labour. Eleven comparatively young soldiers were given five years' imprisonment. The entire garrison was paraded and watched as the condemned men were stripped of their uniforms and placed in shackles. As they were marched off to jail, the condemned soldiers berated their comrades for failing to support them.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_death_of_Colonel_Finnis_on_the_parade_ground_at_Meerut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_death_of_Colonel_Finnis_on_the_parade_ground_at_Meerut.jpg/220px-The_death_of_Colonel_Finnis_on_the_parade_ground_at_Meerut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_death_of_Colonel_Finnis_on_the_parade_ground_at_Meerut.jpg/330px-The_death_of_Colonel_Finnis_on_the_parade_ground_at_Meerut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_death_of_Colonel_Finnis_on_the_parade_ground_at_Meerut.jpg/440px-The_death_of_Colonel_Finnis_on_the_parade_ground_at_Meerut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The death of Colonel John Finnis on the parade ground at Meerut. Finnis was the first European officer to be killed in the Mutiny.</figcaption></figure> The next day was Sunday. Some Indian soldiers warned off-duty junior British officers that plans were afoot to release the imprisoned soldiers by force, but the senior officers to whom this was reported took no action. There was also unrest in the city of Meerut itself, with angry protests in the bazaar and some buildings being set on fire. In the evening, most British officers were preparing to attend church, while many of the British soldiers were off duty and had gone into canteens or into the bazaar in Meerut. The Indian troops, led by the 3rd Cavalry, broke into revolt. British junior officers who attempted to quell the first outbreaks were killed by the rebels. British officers' and civilians' quarters were attacked, and four civilian men, eight women and eight children were killed. Crowds in the bazaar attacked off-duty soldiers there. About 50 Indian civilians, some of them officers' servants who tried to defend or conceal their employers, were killed by the sepoys.<a href="#cite_note-David_2003_93-94">[76]</a> While the action of the sepoys in freeing their 85 imprisoned comrades appears to have been spontaneous, some civilian rioting in the city was reportedly encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Kotwal" title="Kotwal">Kotwal</a> (chief police officer) <a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh_Gurjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhan Singh Gurjar">Dhan Singh Gurjar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[77]</a> Some sepoys (especially from the 11th Bengal Native Infantry) escorted trusted British officers and women and children to safety before joining the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-96">[78]</a> Some officers and their families escaped to <a href="/wiki/Rampur_State" title="Rampur State">Rampur</a>, where they found refuge with the Nawab.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The British historian <a href="/wiki/Philip_Mason" title="Philip Mason">Philip Mason</a> notes that it was inevitable that most of the sepoys and <a href="/wiki/Sowar" title="Sowar">sowars</a> from Meerut should have made for Delhi on the night of 10 May. It was a strong walled city located only forty miles away, it was the ancient capital and present seat of the nominal Mughal Emperor and finally there were no British troops in garrison there in contrast to Meerut.<a href="#cite_note-MasonHonour-54">[36]</a>: 278  No effort was made to pursue them.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delhi">Delhi</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massacre_of_officers_by_insurgent_cavalry_at_Delhi,.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Massacre_of_officers_by_insurgent_cavalry_at_Delhi%2C.jpg/220px-Massacre_of_officers_by_insurgent_cavalry_at_Delhi%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Massacre_of_officers_by_insurgent_cavalry_at_Delhi%2C.jpg/330px-Massacre_of_officers_by_insurgent_cavalry_at_Delhi%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Massacre_of_officers_by_insurgent_cavalry_at_Delhi%2C.jpg/440px-Massacre_of_officers_by_insurgent_cavalry_at_Delhi%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Wood-engraving depicting the massacre of officers by insurgent cavalry at Delhi. <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated London News">Illustrated London News</a>, 1857. <a href="/wiki/St._James%27_Church,_Delhi" title="St. James' Church, Delhi">St. James' Church, Delhi</a> is seen in the background.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_Chuprasi,_Delhi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Police_Chuprasi%2C_Delhi.png/220px-Police_Chuprasi%2C_Delhi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Police_Chuprasi%2C_Delhi.png/330px-Police_Chuprasi%2C_Delhi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Police_Chuprasi%2C_Delhi.png/440px-Police_Chuprasi%2C_Delhi.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Police in Delhi during the nominal rule of Bahadur Shah II, 1842, by <a href="/wiki/Emily_Eden" title="Emily Eden">Emily Eden</a></figcaption></figure> Early on 11 May, the first parties of the 3rd Cavalry reached Delhi. From beneath the windows of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperor">Emperor</a>'s apartments in the palace, they called on <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah II">Bahadur Shah II</a> to acknowledge and lead them. He did nothing at this point, apparently treating the sepoys as ordinary petitioners, but others in the palace were quick to join the revolt. During the day, the revolt spread. British officials and dependents, Indian Christians and shop keepers within the city were killed, some by sepoys and others by crowds of rioters.<a href="#cite_note-SurendraNathSen1857-97">[79]</a>: 71–73  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1858_Delhi_flag_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1858_Delhi_flag_tower.jpg/220px-1858_Delhi_flag_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1858_Delhi_flag_tower.jpg/330px-1858_Delhi_flag_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1858_Delhi_flag_tower.jpg/440px-1858_Delhi_flag_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff_Tower" title="Flagstaff Tower">Flagstaff Tower</a>, Delhi, where the British survivors of the rebellion gathered on 11 May 1857; photographed by <a href="/wiki/Felice_Beato" title="Felice Beato">Felice Beato</a></figcaption></figure> There were three battalion-sized regiments of Bengal Native Infantry stationed in or near the city. Some detachments quickly joined the rebellion, while others held back but also refused to obey orders to take action against the rebels. In the afternoon, a violent explosion in the city was heard for several miles. Fearing that the arsenal, which contained large stocks of arms and ammunition, would fall intact into rebel hands, the nine British Ordnance officers there had opened fire on the sepoys, including the men of their own guard. When resistance appeared hopeless, they blew up the arsenal. Six of the nine officers survived, but the blast killed many in the streets and nearby houses and other buildings.<a href="#cite_note-98">[80]</a> The news of these events finally tipped the sepoys stationed around Delhi into open rebellion. The sepoys were later able to salvage at least some arms from the arsenal, and a magazine two miles (3 km (1.9 mi)) outside Delhi, containing up to 3,000 barrels of gunpowder, was captured without resistance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many fugitive British officers and civilians had congregated at the <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff_Tower" title="Flagstaff Tower">Flagstaff Tower</a> on the ridge north of Delhi, where telegraph operators were sending news of the events to other British stations. When it became clear that the help expected from Meerut was not coming, they made their way in carriages to <a href="/wiki/Karnal" title="Karnal">Karnal</a>. Those who became separated from the main body or who could not reach the Flagstaff Tower also set out for Karnal on foot. Some were helped by villagers on the way; others were killed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The next day, Bahadur Shah held his first formal court for many years. It was attended by many excited sepoys. The emperor was alarmed by the turn events had taken, but eventually accepted the sepoys' allegiance and agreed to give his countenance to the rebellion. On 16 May, up to 50 British who had been held prisoner in the palace or had been discovered hiding in the city were killed by some of the emperor's servants under a <a href="/wiki/Peepul_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Peepul tree">peepul tree</a> in a courtyard outside the palace.<a href="#cite_note-99">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2006223–224-100">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supporters_and_opposition">Supporters and opposition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_revolt_of_1857_states_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Indian_revolt_of_1857_states_map.svg/220px-Indian_revolt_of_1857_states_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Indian_revolt_of_1857_states_map.svg/330px-Indian_revolt_of_1857_states_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Indian_revolt_of_1857_states_map.svg/440px-Indian_revolt_of_1857_states_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>States during the rebellion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-William-Desanges-Captain-C.-J.-S.-Gough-1832-1912-5th-Bengal-European-Cavalry-Winning-the-Victoria-....ugust-1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Louis-William-Desanges-Captain-C.-J.-S.-Gough-1832-1912-5th-Bengal-European-Cavalry-Winning-the-Victoria-....ugust-1857.jpg/220px-Louis-William-Desanges-Captain-C.-J.-S.-Gough-1832-1912-5th-Bengal-European-Cavalry-Winning-the-Victoria-....ugust-1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Louis-William-Desanges-Captain-C.-J.-S.-Gough-1832-1912-5th-Bengal-European-Cavalry-Winning-the-Victoria-....ugust-1857.jpg/330px-Louis-William-Desanges-Captain-C.-J.-S.-Gough-1832-1912-5th-Bengal-European-Cavalry-Winning-the-Victoria-....ugust-1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Louis-William-Desanges-Captain-C.-J.-S.-Gough-1832-1912-5th-Bengal-European-Cavalry-Winning-the-Victoria-....ugust-1857.jpg/440px-Louis-William-Desanges-Captain-C.-J.-S.-Gough-1832-1912-5th-Bengal-European-Cavalry-Winning-the-Victoria-....ugust-1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>5th Bengal European Cavalry Winning the Victoria Cross at Khurkowdah, Indian Mutiny, 15 August 1857</figcaption></figure> The news of the events at <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> spread rapidly, provoking uprisings among sepoys and disturbances in many districts. In many cases, it was the behaviour of British military and civilian authorities themselves which precipitated disorder. Learning of the fall of Delhi, many Company administrators hastened to remove themselves, their families and servants to places of safety. At Agra, 160 miles (260 km) from Delhi, no fewer than 6,000 assorted non-combatants converged on the <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Fort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[83]</a> The military authorities also reacted in disjointed manner. Some officers trusted their sepoys, but others tried to disarm them to forestall potential uprisings. At <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Benares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, the disarmings were bungled, also leading to local revolts.<a href="#cite_note-EdwardesBattles-102">[84]</a>: 52–53  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troops_of_the_Native_Allies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Troops_of_the_Native_Allies.jpg/220px-Troops_of_the_Native_Allies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Troops_of_the_Native_Allies.jpg/330px-Troops_of_the_Native_Allies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Troops_of_the_Native_Allies.jpg/440px-Troops_of_the_Native_Allies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Troops of the Native Allies by George Francklin Atkinson, 1859.</figcaption></figure> In 1857, the Bengal Army had 86,000 men, of which 12,000 were British, 16,000 Sikh and 1,500 Gurkha. There were 311,000 native soldiers in India altogether, 40,160 British soldiers (including units of the British Army) and 5,362 officers.<a href="#cite_note-103">[85]</a> Fifty-four of the Bengal Army's 74 regular Native Infantry Regiments mutinied, but some were immediately destroyed or broke up, with their sepoys drifting away to their homes. A number of the remaining 20 regiments were disarmed or disbanded to prevent or forestall mutiny. Only twelve of the original Bengal Native Infantry regiments survived to pass into the new Indian Army.<a href="#cite_note-104">[86]</a> All ten of the Bengal Light Cavalry regiments mutinied.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Bengal Army also contained 29 irregular cavalry and 42 irregular infantry regiments. Of these, a substantial contingent from the recently annexed state of Awadh mutinied en masse. Another large contingent from <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwalior state">Gwalior</a> also mutinied, even though that state's king (<a href="/wiki/Jayajirao_Scindia" title="Jayajirao Scindia">Jayajirao Scindia</a>) supported the British. The remainder of the irregular units were raised from a wide variety of sources and were less affected by the concerns of mainstream Indian society. Some irregular units actively supported the company: three Gurkha and five of six Sikh infantry units, and the six infantry and six cavalry units of the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force.<a href="#cite_note-105">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[88]</a> On 1 April 1858, the number of Indian soldiers in the Bengal army loyal to the company was 80,053.<a href="#cite_note-107">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[90]</a> However large numbers were hastily raised in the Punjab and North-West Frontier after the outbreak of the Rebellion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Bombay army had three mutinies in its 29 regiments, whilst the Madras Army had none at all, although elements of one of its 52 regiments refused to volunteer for service in Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-109">[91]</a> Nonetheless, most of southern India remained passive, with only intermittent outbreaks of violence. Many parts of the region were ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizams</a> or the Mysore royalty, and were thus not directly under British rule.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E2%80%98Conflict_with_the_Ghazees_before_Bareilly%E2%80%99,_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%E2%80%98Conflict_with_the_Ghazees_before_Bareilly%E2%80%99%2C_1857.jpg/220px-%E2%80%98Conflict_with_the_Ghazees_before_Bareilly%E2%80%99%2C_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%E2%80%98Conflict_with_the_Ghazees_before_Bareilly%E2%80%99%2C_1857.jpg/330px-%E2%80%98Conflict_with_the_Ghazees_before_Bareilly%E2%80%99%2C_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%E2%80%98Conflict_with_the_Ghazees_before_Bareilly%E2%80%99%2C_1857.jpg/440px-%E2%80%98Conflict_with_the_Ghazees_before_Bareilly%E2%80%99%2C_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>‘Conflict with the Ghazees before Bareilly’, 1857</figcaption></figure> Although most of the mutinous sepoys in Delhi were Hindus, a significant proportion of the insurgents were Muslims. The proportion of <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_warriors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazi warriors">ghazis</a> grew to be about a quarter of the local fighting force by the end of the siege and included a regiment of suicide ghazis from Gwalior who had vowed never to eat again and to fight until they met certain death at the hands of British troops.<a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-110">[92]</a> However, most Muslims did not share the rebels' dislike of the British administration<a href="#cite_note-111">[93]</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> could not agree on whether to declare a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[94]</a> Some Islamic scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Maulana" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana">Maulana</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanotvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi">Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi</a> and Maulana <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi" title="Rashid Ahmad Gangohi">Rashid Ahmad Gangohi</a> took up arms against the colonial rule,<a href="#cite_note-113">[95]</a> but many Muslims, among them ulema from both the Sunni and Shia sects, sided with the British.<a href="#cite_note-114">[96]</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i-Hadith</a> scholars and colleagues of Nanautavi rejected the jihad.<a href="#cite_note-115">[97]</a> The most influential member of Ahl-i-Hadith ulema in Delhi, Maulana <a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Sayyid Nazir Husain Dehlvi</a>, resisted pressure from the mutineers to call for a jihad and instead declared in favour of British rule, viewing the Muslim-British relationship as a legal contract which could not be broken unless their religious rights were breached.<a href="#cite_note-116">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Looting_sikhs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Looting_sikhs.jpg/220px-Looting_sikhs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Looting_sikhs.jpg/330px-Looting_sikhs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Looting_sikhs.jpg/440px-Looting_sikhs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Sikh Troops Dividing the Spoil Taken from Mutineers, circa 1860</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathans">Pathans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North-West Frontier Province</a> supported the British and helped in the recapture of Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-117">[99]</a> The Sikhs in particular feared reinstatement of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> rule in northern India<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy216-118">[100]</a> because they had been persecuted by the Mughal Empire. They also felt disdain towards the <a href="/wiki/Purbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Purbiya">Purbiyas</a> or 'Easterners' (<a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Biharis</a> and those from the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a>) in the Bengal Army. The Sikhs felt that the bloodiest battles of the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second</a> Anglo-Sikh wars (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Chillianwala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Ferozeshah</a>), had been won by British troops, while the Hindustani sepoys had refused to meet the Sikhs in battle.<a href="#cite_note-119">[101]</a> These feelings were compounded when Hindustani sepoys were assigned a very visible role as garrison troops in Punjab and awarded profit-making civil posts in the Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy216-118">[100]</a> The varied groups in the support and opposing of the uprising is seen as a major cause of its failure.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_revolt">The revolt</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_stages">Initial stages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fugitive_British_officers_and_their_families_attacked_by_mutineers..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fugitive_British_officers_and_their_families_attacked_by_mutineers..jpg/220px-Fugitive_British_officers_and_their_families_attacked_by_mutineers..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fugitive_British_officers_and_their_families_attacked_by_mutineers..jpg/330px-Fugitive_British_officers_and_their_families_attacked_by_mutineers..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fugitive_British_officers_and_their_families_attacked_by_mutineers..jpg/440px-Fugitive_British_officers_and_their_families_attacked_by_mutineers..jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Fugitive British officers and their families attacked by mutineers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NyneeTal1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NyneeTal1857.jpg/220px-NyneeTal1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NyneeTal1857.jpg/330px-NyneeTal1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NyneeTal1857.jpg/440px-NyneeTal1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2897" data-file-height="2145" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Wood-engraving" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-engraving">wood-engraving</a> of Nynee Tal (today <a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a>) and accompanying story in the <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated London News">Illustrated London News</a>, 15 August 1857, describing how the resort town in the Himalayas served as a refuge for British families escaping from the rebellion of 1857 in Delhi and Meerut.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah II">Bahadur Shah II</a> was proclaimed the Emperor of the whole of India. Most contemporary and modern accounts suggest that he was coerced by the sepoys and his courtiers to sign the proclamation against his will.<a href="#cite_note-120">[102]</a> In spite of the significant loss of power that the Mughal dynasty had suffered in the preceding centuries, their name still carried great prestige across northern India.<a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-110">[92]</a> Civilians, nobility and other dignitaries took an oath of allegiance. The emperor issued coins in his name, one of the oldest ways of asserting imperial status. The adhesion of the Mughal emperor, however, turned the Sikhs of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a> away from the rebellion, as they did not want to return to Islamic rule, having fought many wars against the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> rulers. The province of <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> was largely quiet throughout the entire period. The British, who had long ceased to take the authority of the Mughal Emperor seriously, were astonished at how the ordinary people responded to Bahadur Shah's call for war.<a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-110">[92]</a> Initially, the Indian rebels were able to push back Company forces, and captured several important towns in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Haryana" title="History of Haryana">Haryana</a>, Bihar, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces" title="Central Provinces">Central Provinces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a>. When British troops were reinforced and began to counterattack, the mutineers were especially handicapped by their lack of centralized command and control. Although the rebels produced some natural leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a>, whom the Emperor later nominated as commander-in-chief after his son <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mughal" title="Mirza Mughal">Mirza Mughal</a> proved ineffectual, for the most part they were forced to look for leadership to rajahs and princes. Some of these were to prove dedicated leaders, but others were self-interested or inept.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Attack_of_the_Mutineers_on_the_Redan_Battery_at_Lucknow,_July_30th,_1857,.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%22Attack_of_the_Mutineers_on_the_Redan_Battery_at_Lucknow%2C_July_30th%2C_1857%2C.jpg/220px-%22Attack_of_the_Mutineers_on_the_Redan_Battery_at_Lucknow%2C_July_30th%2C_1857%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%22Attack_of_the_Mutineers_on_the_Redan_Battery_at_Lucknow%2C_July_30th%2C_1857%2C.jpg/330px-%22Attack_of_the_Mutineers_on_the_Redan_Battery_at_Lucknow%2C_July_30th%2C_1857%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%22Attack_of_the_Mutineers_on_the_Redan_Battery_at_Lucknow%2C_July_30th%2C_1857%2C.jpg/440px-%22Attack_of_the_Mutineers_on_the_Redan_Battery_at_Lucknow%2C_July_30th%2C_1857%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Attack of the mutineers on the Redan Battery at Lucknow, 30 July 1857</figcaption></figure> In the countryside around Meerut, a general <a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a> uprising posed the largest threat to the British. In <a href="/wiki/Parikshitgarh" title="Parikshitgarh">Parikshitgarh</a> near <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a>, Gurjars declared <a href="/wiki/Rao_Kadam_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rao Kadam Singh">Rao Kadam Singh</a> (Kuddum Singh) their leader, and expelled Company police. Kadam Singh Gurjar led a large force, estimates varying from 2,000 to 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-stokes-121">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulandshahr" title="Bulandshahr">Bulandshahr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bijnor" title="Bijnor">Bijnor</a> also came under the control of Gurjars under Walidad Khan and Maho Singh respectively. Contemporary sources report that nearly all the Gurjar villages between Meerut and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> participated in the revolt, in some cases with support from <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jullundur</a>, and it was not until late July that, with the help of local <a href="/wiki/Jat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat">Jats</a>, and the princely states, the British managed to regain control of the area.<a href="#cite_note-stokes-121">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India" title="The Imperial Gazetteer of India">The Imperial Gazetteer of India</a> states that throughout the Indian Rebellion of 1857, <a href="/wiki/Gurjars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjars">Gurjars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranghar" title="Ranghar">Ranghars</a> proved the "most irreconcilable enemies" of the British in the <a href="/wiki/Bulandshahr_district" title="Bulandshahr district">Bulandshahr</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-122">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Mufti</a> Nizamuddin, a renowned scholar of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">Fatwa</a> against the British forces and called upon the local population to support the forces of <a href="/wiki/Rao_Tula_Ram" title="Rao Tula Ram">Rao Tula Ram</a>. Casualties were high at the subsequent engagement at Narnaul (Nasibpur). After the defeat of Rao Tula Ram on 16 November 1857, Mufti Nizamuddin was arrested, and his brother Mufti Yaqinuddin and brother-in-law Abdur Rahman (alias Nabi Baksh) were arrested in <a href="/wiki/Tijara" title="Tijara">Tijara</a>. They were taken to Delhi and hanged.<a href="#cite_note-123">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Delhi">Siege of Delhi</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">Siege of Delhi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attack1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Attack1857.jpg/220px-Attack1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Attack1857.jpg/330px-Attack1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Attack1857.jpg/440px-Attack1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Assault on Delhi and capture of the Cashmere Gate, 14 September 1857</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Delhi,_1857..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Capture_of_Delhi%2C_1857..jpg/220px-Capture_of_Delhi%2C_1857..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Capture_of_Delhi%2C_1857..jpg/330px-Capture_of_Delhi%2C_1857..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Capture_of_Delhi%2C_1857..jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Capture of Delhi 1857.</figcaption></figure> The British were slow to strike back at first. It took time for troops stationed in Britain to make their way to India by sea, although some regiments moved overland through <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persia</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, and some regiments already en route for <a href="/wiki/Qing_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing empire">China</a> were diverted to India.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It took time to organise the British troops already in India into field forces, but eventually two columns left <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Simla</a>. They proceeded slowly towards Delhi and fought, killed, and hanged numerous Indians along the way. Two months after the first outbreak of rebellion at Meerut, the two forces met near <a href="/wiki/Karnal" title="Karnal">Karnal</a>. The combined force, including two <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a> units serving in the Bengal Army under contract from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a>, fought the rebels' main army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badli-ki-Serai" title="Battle of Badli-ki-Serai">Badli-ke-Serai</a> and drove them back to Delhi.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The company's army established a base on the Delhi ridge to the north of the city and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">Siege of Delhi</a> began. The siege lasted roughly from 1 July to 21 September. However, the encirclement was hardly complete, and for much of the siege the besiegers were outnumbered and it often seemed that it was the Company forces and not Delhi that were under siege, as the rebels could easily receive resources and reinforcements. For several weeks, it seemed likely that disease, exhaustion and continuous sorties by rebels from Delhi would force the besiegers to withdraw, but the outbreaks of rebellion in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a> were forestalled or suppressed, allowing the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_Movable_Column&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Punjab Movable Column (page does not exist)">Punjab Movable Column</a> of British, Sikh and Pashtun soldiers under <a href="/wiki/John_Nicholson_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Nicholson (general)">John Nicholson</a> to reinforce the besiegers on the Ridge on 14 August.<a href="#cite_note-124">[106]</a> On 30 August the rebels offered terms, which were refused.<a href="#cite_note-125">[107]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1857_ruins_jantar_mantar_observatory2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Jantar Mantar observatory in Delhi in 1858, damaged in the fighting"><img alt="The Jantar Mantar observatory in Delhi in 1858, damaged in the fighting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/1857_ruins_jantar_mantar_observatory2.jpg/235px-1857_ruins_jantar_mantar_observatory2.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/1857_ruins_jantar_mantar_observatory2.jpg/352px-1857_ruins_jantar_mantar_observatory2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/1857_ruins_jantar_mantar_observatory2.jpg/470px-1857_ruins_jantar_mantar_observatory2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="513" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar" title="Jantar Mantar">Jantar Mantar</a> observatory in Delhi in 1858, damaged in the fighting</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1857_cashmeri_gate_delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mortar damage to Kashmiri Gate, Delhi, 1858"><img alt="Mortar damage to Kashmiri Gate, Delhi, 1858" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1857_cashmeri_gate_delhi.jpg/256px-1857_cashmeri_gate_delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1857_cashmeri_gate_delhi.jpg/384px-1857_cashmeri_gate_delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1857_cashmeri_gate_delhi.jpg/511px-1857_cashmeri_gate_delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="495" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mortar damage to <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Gate_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)">Kashmiri Gate</a>, Delhi, 1858</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1857_hindu_raos_house2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hindu Rao's house in Delhi, now a hospital, was extensively damaged in the fighting."><img alt="Hindu Rao's house in Delhi, now a hospital, was extensively damaged in the fighting." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1857_hindu_raos_house2.jpg/229px-1857_hindu_raos_house2.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1857_hindu_raos_house2.jpg/344px-1857_hindu_raos_house2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1857_hindu_raos_house2.jpg/459px-1857_hindu_raos_house2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="496" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Raja_Hindu_Rao" title="Raja Hindu Rao">Hindu Rao</a>'s house in Delhi, now a hospital, was extensively damaged in the fighting.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1857_bank_of_delhi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bank of Delhi was attacked by mortar and gunfire."><img alt="The Bank of Delhi was attacked by mortar and gunfire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1857_bank_of_delhi2.jpg/264px-1857_bank_of_delhi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1857_bank_of_delhi2.jpg/396px-1857_bank_of_delhi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1857_bank_of_delhi2.jpg/529px-1857_bank_of_delhi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="477" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Bank of Delhi was attacked by mortar and gunfire.</div> </li> </ul> An eagerly awaited heavy siege train joined the besieging force, and from 7 September, the siege guns battered breaches in the walls and silenced the rebels' artillery.<a href="#cite_note-HCRE-126">[108]</a>: 478  An attempt to storm the city through the breaches and the <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Gate_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)">Kashmiri Gate</a> was launched on 14 September.<a href="#cite_note-HCRE-126">[108]</a>: 480  The attackers gained a foothold within the city but suffered heavy casualties, including John Nicholson. Major General <a href="/wiki/Archdale_Wilson" title="Archdale Wilson">Archdale Wilson</a>, the British commander, wished to withdraw, but was persuaded to hold on by his junior officers. After a week of street fighting, the British reached the Red Fort. <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a> had already fled to <a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Humayun's tomb">Humayun's tomb</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Capture_of_the_King_of_Delhi_by_Captain_Hodson%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%22Capture_of_the_King_of_Delhi_by_Captain_Hodson%22.jpg/220px-%22Capture_of_the_King_of_Delhi_by_Captain_Hodson%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%22Capture_of_the_King_of_Delhi_by_Captain_Hodson%22.jpg/330px-%22Capture_of_the_King_of_Delhi_by_Captain_Hodson%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%22Capture_of_the_King_of_Delhi_by_Captain_Hodson%22.jpg/440px-%22Capture_of_the_King_of_Delhi_by_Captain_Hodson%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Capture of <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a> and his sons by <a href="/wiki/William_Stephen_Raikes_Hodson" title="William Stephen Raikes Hodson">William Hodson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Humayun's tomb">Humayun's tomb</a> on 20 September 1857</figcaption></figure> The troops of the besieging force proceeded to loot and pillage the city. A large number of citizens were killed in retaliation for the British and Indian civilians that had been slaughtered by the rebels. During the street fighting, artillery was set up in the city's main mosque. Neighbourhoods within range were bombarded; the homes of the Muslim nobility that housed innumerable cultural, artistic, literary and monetary riches were destroyed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The British soon arrested Bahadur Shah Zafar, and the next day the British Major <a href="/wiki/William_Stephen_Raikes_Hodson" title="William Stephen Raikes Hodson">William Hodson</a> had his sons <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mughal" title="Mirza Mughal">Mirza Mughal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Khizr_Sultan" title="Mirza Khizr Sultan">Mirza Khizr Sultan</a> and grandson <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Abu_Bakr_(Mughal_prince)" title="Mirza Abu Bakr (Mughal prince)">Mirza Abu Bakr</a> shot under his own authority at the <a href="/wiki/Khooni_Darwaza" title="Khooni Darwaza">Khooni Darwaza</a> (the bloody gate) near Delhi Gate. On hearing the news, Zafar reacted with shocked silence, while his wife <a href="/wiki/Zinat_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinat Mahal">Zinat Mahal</a> was content, as she believed her son was now Zafar's heir.<a href="#cite_note-127">[109]</a> Shortly after the fall of Delhi, the victorious attackers organised a column that relieved another besieged Company force in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, and then pressed on to <a href="/wiki/Cawnpore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cawnpore">Cawnpore</a>, which had also recently been retaken. This gave the Company forces a continuous, although still tenuous, line of communication from the east to the west of India.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cawnpore_(Kanpur)">Cawnpore (Kanpur)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cawnpore" title="Siege of Cawnpore">Siege of Cawnpore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TantiaTope1858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/TantiaTope1858.jpg/220px-TantiaTope1858.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/TantiaTope1858.jpg/330px-TantiaTope1858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/TantiaTope1858.jpg/440px-TantiaTope1858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Wood-engraving depicting Tatya Tope's Soldiery</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cawnpore_Memorial,_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cawnpore_Memorial%2C_1860.jpg/220px-Cawnpore_Memorial%2C_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cawnpore_Memorial%2C_1860.jpg/330px-Cawnpore_Memorial%2C_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cawnpore_Memorial%2C_1860.jpg/440px-Cawnpore_Memorial%2C_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>A memorial erected (circa 1860) by the British after the Mutiny at the Bibighar Well. After India's Independence the statue was moved to the <a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Memorial_Church" title="Kanpur Memorial Church">All Souls Memorial Church</a>, Cawnpore. Albumen silver print by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bourne" title="Samuel Bourne">Samuel Bourne</a>, 1860</figcaption></figure> In June, sepoys under General <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Wheeler_(British_Army_Officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Wheeler (British Army Officer)">Wheeler</a> in Cawnpore (now <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a>) rebelled and besieged the British entrenchment. Wheeler was not only a veteran and respected soldier but also married to an Indian woman. He had relied on his own prestige and his cordial relations with local landholder and hereditary <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Nana_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana Sahib">Nana Sahib</a> to thwart rebellion, and took comparatively few measures to prepare fortifications and lay in supplies and ammunition.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Advised by his trusted consultant <a href="/wiki/Azimullah_Khan" title="Azimullah Khan">Azimullah Khan</a>, Nana Sahib led the rebels at Kanpur rather than join the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rajmohan-128">[110]</a> The besieged endured three weeks of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cawnpore" title="Siege of Cawnpore">Siege of Cawnpore</a> with little water or food, suffering continuous casualties among men, women and children. On 25 June Nana Sahib made an offer of safe passage to Allahabad. With barely three days' food rations remaining, the British agreed, provided they could keep their small arms and that the evacuation should take place in daylight on the morning of the 27th (the Nana Sahib wanted the evacuation to take place on the night of the 26th). Early in the morning of 27 June, the British party left their entrenchment and made their way to the river where boats provided by the Nana Sahib were waiting to take them to <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[111]</a> Several sepoys who had stayed loyal to the company were removed by the mutineers and killed, either because of their loyalty or because "they had become Christian". A few injured British officers trailing the column were also apparently hacked to death by angry sepoys. After the British party had largely arrived at the dock, which was surrounded by sepoys positioned on both banks of the Ganges,<a href="#cite_note-130">[112]</a> with clear lines of fire, firing broke out and the boats were abandoned by their crew, and caught or were set<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-131">[113]</a> on fire using pieces of red-hot charcoal.<a href="#cite_note-hibbert191-132">[114]</a> The British party tried to push the boats off but all except three remained stuck. One boat with over a dozen wounded men initially escaped, but later grounded, was caught by mutineers and pushed back down the river towards the carnage at Cawnpore. Towards the end, rebel cavalry rode into the water to finish off any survivors.<a href="#cite_note-hibbert191-132">[114]</a> After the firing ceased the survivors were rounded up and the men shot.<a href="#cite_note-hibbert191-132">[114]</a> By the time the massacre was over, most of the male members of the party were dead while the surviving women and children were removed and held hostage to be later killed in the <a href="/wiki/Bibighar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibighar massacre">Bibighar massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-133">[115]</a> Only four men eventually escaped alive from Cawnpore on one of the boats: two private soldiers, a lieutenant, and Captain <a href="/wiki/Mowbray_Thomson" title="Mowbray Thomson">Mowbray Thomson</a>, who wrote a first-hand account of his experiences entitled The Story of Cawnpore (London, 1859).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During his trial, <a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a> denied the existence of any such plan and described the incident in the following terms: the British had already boarded the boats and Tatya Tope raised his right hand to signal their departure. That very moment someone from the crowd blew a loud bugle, which created disorder and in the ongoing bewilderment, the boatmen jumped off the boats. The rebels started shooting indiscriminately. Nana Sahib, who was staying in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Savada_Kothi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Savada Kothi (page does not exist)">Savada Kothi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalow</a>) nearby, was informed about what was happening and immediately came to stop it.<a href="#cite_note-134">[116]</a> Some British histories allow that it might well have been the result of accident or error; someone accidentally or maliciously fired a shot, the panic-stricken British opened fire, and it became impossible to stop the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-EdwardesBattles-102">[84]</a>: 56  The surviving women and children were taken to Nana Sahib and then confined first to the Savada Kothi and then to the home of the local magistrate's clerk (the Bibighar)<a href="#cite_note-135">[117]</a> where they were joined by refugees from Fatehgarh. Overall, five men and 206 women and children were confined in the Bibigarh for about two weeks. In one week 25 were brought out, dead from dysentery and cholera.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-131">[113]</a> Meanwhile, a Company relief force that had advanced from Allahabad defeated the Indians and by 15 July it was clear that Nana Sahib would not be able to hold Cawnpore and a decision was made by Nana Sahib and other leading rebels that the hostages must be killed. After the sepoys refused to carry out this order, two Muslim butchers, two Hindu peasants and one of Nana's bodyguards went into the Bibigarh. Armed with knives and hatchets, they murdered the women and children.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-136">[118]</a> After the massacre, the walls were covered in bloody handprints, and the floor littered with parts of human limbs.<a href="#cite_note-137">[119]</a> The dead and the dying were thrown down a nearby well. When the 50-foot (15 m) deep well was filled with remains to within 6 feet (1.8 m) of the top,<a href="#cite_note-138">[120]</a> the remainder were thrown into the Ganges.<a href="#cite_note-139">[121]</a> Historians have given many reasons for this act of cruelty. With Company forces approaching Cawnpore, some believed that they would not advance if there were no hostages to save. Or perhaps it was to ensure that no information was leaked after the fall of Cawnpore. Other historians have suggested that the killings were an attempt to undermine Nana Sahib's relationship with the British.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-136">[118]</a> Perhaps it was due to fear, the fear of being recognised by some of the prisoners for having taken part in the earlier firings.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-133">[115]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1857_hospital_wheeler_cawnpore2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photograph entitled, "The Hospital in General Wheeler's entrenchment, Cawnpore". (1858) The hospital was the site of the first major loss of British lives in Cawnpore"><img alt="Photograph entitled, "The Hospital in General Wheeler's entrenchment, Cawnpore". (1858) The hospital was the site of the first major loss of British lives in Cawnpore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1857_hospital_wheeler_cawnpore2.jpg/263px-1857_hospital_wheeler_cawnpore2.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1857_hospital_wheeler_cawnpore2.jpg/394px-1857_hospital_wheeler_cawnpore2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1857_hospital_wheeler_cawnpore2.jpg/526px-1857_hospital_wheeler_cawnpore2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="476" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photograph entitled, "The Hospital in General Wheeler's entrenchment, Cawnpore". (1858) The hospital was the site of the first major loss of British lives in Cawnpore</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaughter_Ghat,_Cawnpore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1858 picture of Sati Chaura Ghat on the banks of the Ganges River, where on 27 June 1857 many British men lost their lives and the surviving women and children were taken prisoner by the rebels."><img alt="1858 picture of Sati Chaura Ghat on the banks of the Ganges River, where on 27 June 1857 many British men lost their lives and the surviving women and children were taken prisoner by the rebels." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Slaughter_Ghat%2C_Cawnpore.jpg/269px-Slaughter_Ghat%2C_Cawnpore.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Slaughter_Ghat%2C_Cawnpore.jpg/404px-Slaughter_Ghat%2C_Cawnpore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Slaughter_Ghat%2C_Cawnpore.jpg/539px-Slaughter_Ghat%2C_Cawnpore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="468" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1858 picture of Sati Chaura Ghat on the banks of the Ganges River, where on 27 June 1857 many British men lost their lives and the surviving women and children were taken prisoner by the rebels.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1858_Kanpur_well_monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bibigarh house where British women and children were killed and the well where their bodies were found, 1858."><img alt="Bibigarh house where British women and children were killed and the well where their bodies were found, 1858." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1858_Kanpur_well_monument.jpg/219px-1858_Kanpur_well_monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1858_Kanpur_well_monument.jpg/328px-1858_Kanpur_well_monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1858_Kanpur_well_monument.jpg/437px-1858_Kanpur_well_monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="548" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bibigarh house where British women and children were killed and the well where their bodies were found, 1858.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Outside_of_well,_Cawnpore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bibighar Well site where a memorial had been built. Samuel Bourne, 1860."><img alt="The Bibighar Well site where a memorial had been built. Samuel Bourne, 1860." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Outside_of_well%2C_Cawnpore.jpg/252px-Outside_of_well%2C_Cawnpore.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Outside_of_well%2C_Cawnpore.jpg/378px-Outside_of_well%2C_Cawnpore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Outside_of_well%2C_Cawnpore.jpg/504px-Outside_of_well%2C_Cawnpore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="478" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Bibighar Well site where a memorial had been built. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bourne" title="Samuel Bourne">Samuel Bourne</a>, 1860.</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanpur_massacre.594px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kanpur_massacre.594px.jpg/220px-Kanpur_massacre.594px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kanpur_massacre.594px.jpg/330px-Kanpur_massacre.594px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kanpur_massacre.594px.jpg/440px-Kanpur_massacre.594px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>A contemporary image of the massacre at the Satichaura Ghat</figcaption></figure> The killing of the women and children hardened British attitudes against the sepoys. The British public was aghast, and the anti-Imperial and pro-Indian proponents lost all of their support. Cawnpore became a war cry for the British and their allies for the rest of the conflict. Nana Sahib disappeared near the end of the rebellion, and it is not known what happened to him.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other British accounts<a href="#cite_note-140">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-AWard-141">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[124]</a> state that indiscriminate punitive measures were taken in early June, two weeks before the murders at the Bibighar (but after those at both Meerut and Delhi), specifically by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_George_Smith_Neill" title="James George Smith Neill">James George Smith Neill</a> of the Madras Fusiliers, commanding at <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, while moving towards Cawnpore. At the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh">Fatehpur</a>, a mob had attacked and murdered the local British population. On this pretext, Neill ordered all villages beside the Grand Trunk Road to be burned and their inhabitants to be hanged. Neill's methods were "ruthless and horrible",<a href="#cite_note-EdwardesBattles-102">[84]</a>: 53  and far from intimidating the population, may well have induced previously undecided sepoys and communities to revolt.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Neill was killed in action at Lucknow on 26 September and was never called to account for his punitive measures, though contemporary British sources lionised him and his "gallant blue caps".<a href="#cite_note-143">[s]</a> When the British retook Cawnpore, the soldiers took their sepoy prisoners to the Bibighar and forced them to lick the bloodstains from the walls and floor.<a href="#cite_note-144">[125]</a> They then hanged or <a href="/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun" title="Blowing from a gun">"blew from the cannon"</a>, the traditional Mughal punishment for mutiny, the majority of the sepoy prisoners. Although some claimed the sepoys took no actual part in the killings themselves, they did not act to stop it and this was acknowledged by Captain Thompson after the British departed Cawnpore for a second time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lucknow">Lucknow</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lucknow" title="Siege of Lucknow">Siege of Lucknow</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7th_Hussars,_charging_a_body_of_the_Mutineer%27s_Cavalry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/7th_Hussars%2C_charging_a_body_of_the_Mutineer%27s_Cavalry.jpg/300px-7th_Hussars%2C_charging_a_body_of_the_Mutineer%27s_Cavalry.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/7th_Hussars%2C_charging_a_body_of_the_Mutineer%27s_Cavalry.jpg/450px-7th_Hussars%2C_charging_a_body_of_the_Mutineer%27s_Cavalry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/7th_Hussars%2C_charging_a_body_of_the_Mutineer%27s_Cavalry.jpg/600px-7th_Hussars%2C_charging_a_body_of_the_Mutineer%27s_Cavalry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>7th Hussars, charging a body of the Mutineer's Cavalry, Alambagh, Lucknow</figcaption></figure> Very soon after the events at <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a>, rebellion erupted in the state of <a href="/wiki/Awadh_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Awadh State">Awadh</a> (also known as Oudh, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>), which had been annexed barely a year before. The British Commissioner resident at <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Montgomery_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Montgomery Lawrence">Sir Henry Lawrence</a>, had enough time to fortify his position inside the Residency compound. The defenders, including loyal sepoys, numbered some 1700 men. The rebels' assaults were unsuccessful, so they began a barrage of artillery and musket fire into the compound. Lawrence was one of the first casualties. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/John_Eardley_Inglis" title="John Eardley Inglis">John Eardley Inglis</a>. The rebels tried to breach the walls with explosives and bypass them via tunnels that led to underground close combat.<a href="#cite_note-HCRE-126">[108]</a>: 486  After 90 days of siege, the defenders were reduced to 300 loyal sepoys, 350 British soldiers and 550 non-combatants.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 25 September, a relief column under the command of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Havelock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Henry Havelock">Sir Henry Havelock</a> and accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Sir James Outram</a> (who in theory was his superior) fought its way from Cawnpore to Lucknow in a brief campaign, in which the numerically small column defeated rebel forces in a series of increasingly large battles. This became known as 'The First Relief of Lucknow', as this force was not strong enough to break the siege or extricate themselves, and so was forced to join the garrison. In October, another larger army under the new Commander-in-Chief, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Clyde" title="Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde">Sir Colin Campbell</a>, was finally able to relieve the garrison and on 18 November, they evacuated the defended enclave within the city, the women and children leaving first. They then conducted an orderly withdrawal, firstly to <a href="/wiki/Alambagh" title="Alambagh">Alambagh</a> 4 miles (6.4 km) north where a force of 4,000 were left to construct a fort, then to Cawnpore, where they defeated an attempt by Tantia Tope to recapture the city in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cawnpore" title="Second Battle of Cawnpore">Second Battle of Cawnpore</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Secundra_Bagh_after_Indian_Mutiny_higher_res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Image-Secundra_Bagh_after_Indian_Mutiny_higher_res.jpg/220px-Image-Secundra_Bagh_after_Indian_Mutiny_higher_res.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Image-Secundra_Bagh_after_Indian_Mutiny_higher_res.jpg/330px-Image-Secundra_Bagh_after_Indian_Mutiny_higher_res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Image-Secundra_Bagh_after_Indian_Mutiny_higher_res.jpg/440px-Image-Secundra_Bagh_after_Indian_Mutiny_higher_res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the Secundra Bagh, several months after its storming during the second relief of Lucknow. Albumen silver print by <a href="/wiki/Felice_Beato" title="Felice Beato">Felice Beato</a>, 1858</figcaption></figure> In March 1858, Campbell once again advanced on Lucknow with a large army, meeting up with the force at Alambagh, this time seeking to suppress the rebellion in Awadh. He was aided by a large <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepalese</a> contingent advancing from the north under <a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Kunwar_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jung Bahadur Kunwar Rana">Jung Bahadur Kunwar Rana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[126]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Dhir_Shamsher_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhir Shamsher Rana">Dhir Shamsher Kunwar Rana</a>, the youngest brother of Jung Bahadur, also led the Nepalese forces in various parts of India including <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benares" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tyagi1974-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[127]</a> Campbell's advance was slow and methodical, with a force under <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">General Outram</a> crossing the river on cask bridges on 4 March to enable them to fire artillery in flank. Campbell drove the large but disorganised rebel army from Lucknow with the final fighting taking place on 21 March.<a href="#cite_note-HCRE-126">[108]</a>: 491  There were few casualties to Campbell's own troops, but his cautious movements allowed large numbers of the rebels to disperse into Awadh. Campbell was forced to spend the summer and autumn dealing with scattered pockets of resistance while losing men to heat, disease and guerrilla actions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jhansi">Jhansi</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Central_India_Campaign_(1858)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central India Campaign (1858)">Central India Campaign (1858)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1857_jhansi_fort2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1857_jhansi_fort2.jpg/220px-1857_jhansi_fort2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1857_jhansi_fort2.jpg/330px-1857_jhansi_fort2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1857_jhansi_fort2.jpg/440px-1857_jhansi_fort2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jhansi_Fort" title="Jhansi Fort">Jhansi Fort</a>, which was taken over by rebel forces, and subsequently defended against British recapture by the <a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani of Jhansi</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jhansi_State" title="Jhansi State">Jhansi State</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Maratha_(caste)" title="Maratha (caste)">Maratha</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a>. When the Raja of Jhansi died without a biological male heir in 1853, it was annexed to the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_lapse" title="Doctrine of lapse">doctrine of lapse</a>. His widow Rani Lakshmi Bai, the <a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani of Jhansi</a>, protested against the denial of rights of their adopted son. When war broke out, Jhansi quickly became a centre of the rebellion. A small group of Company officials and their families took refuge in <a href="/wiki/Jhansi_Fort" title="Jhansi Fort">Jhansi Fort</a>, and the Rani negotiated their evacuation. However, when they left the fort they were massacred by the rebels over whom the Rani had no control; the British suspected the Rani of complicity, despite her repeated denials.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the end of June 1857, the company had lost control of much of <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Rajputana_Agency" title="Rajputana Agency">Rajputana</a>. The Bengal Army units in the area, having rebelled, marched to take part in the battles for Delhi and Cawnpore. The many princely states that made up this area began warring amongst themselves. In September and October 1857, the Rani led the successful defence of Jhansi against the invading armies of the neighbouring rajas of <a href="/wiki/Datia" title="Datia">Datia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchha" title="Orchha">Orchha</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 3 February, Sir <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Rose,_1st_Baron_Strathnairn" title="Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn">Hugh Rose</a> broke the 3-month siege of Saugor. Thousands of local villagers welcomed him as a liberator, freeing them from rebel occupation.<a href="#cite_note-147">[128]</a> In March 1858, the Central India Field Force, led by Sir Hugh Rose, advanced on and laid siege to Jhansi. The Company forces captured the city, but the Rani fled in disguise.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After being driven from Jhansi and <a href="/wiki/Kalpi" title="Kalpi">Kalpi</a>, on 1 June 1858 Rani Lakshmi Bai and a group of Maratha rebels captured the fortress city of <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindia">Scindia</a> rulers, who were British allies. This might have reinvigorated the rebellion, but the Central India Field Force very quickly advanced against the city. The Rani died on 17 June, the second day of the Battle of Gwalior, probably killed by a carbine shot from the <a href="/wiki/8th_King%27s_Royal_Irish_Hussars" title="8th King's Royal Irish Hussars">8th King's Royal Irish Hussars</a> according to the account of three independent Indian representatives. The Company forces recaptured Gwalior within the next three days. In descriptions of the scene of her last battle, she was compared to <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> by some commentators.<a href="#cite_note-148">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indore">Indore</h4></div> Colonel <a href="/wiki/Henry_Marion_Durand" title="Henry Marion Durand">Henry Marion Durand</a>, the then-Company resident at <a href="/wiki/Indore" title="Indore">Indore</a>, had brushed away any possibility of uprising in <a href="/wiki/Indore_State" title="Indore State">Indore</a>. However, on 1 July, sepoys in Holkar's army revolted and opened fire on the cavalry pickets of the Bhopal Contingent (a locally raised force with British officers). When Colonel Travers rode forward to charge, the Bhopal Cavalry refused to follow. The Bhopal Infantry also refused orders and instead levelled their guns at British sergeants and officers. Since all possibility of mounting an effective deterrent was lost, Durand decided to gather up all the British residents and escape, although 39 British residents of Indore were killed.<a href="#cite_note-149">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bihar">Bihar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Arrah" title="Siege of Arrah">Siege of Arrah</a></div> The rebellion in Bihar was mainly concentrated in the Western regions of the state; however, there were also some outbreaks of plundering and looting in <a href="/wiki/Gaya_district" title="Gaya district">Gaya district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Singh1966-150">[131]</a> One of the central figures was <a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Kunwar Singh</a>, the 80-year-old <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jagdishpur_estate" title="Jagdishpur estate">Jagdishpur</a>, whose estate was in the process of being sequestrated by the Revenue Board, instigated and assumed the leadership of revolt in Bihar.<a href="#cite_note-151">[132]</a> His efforts were supported by his brother <a href="/wiki/Babu_Amar_Singh" title="Babu Amar Singh">Babu Amar Singh</a> and his commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Singh" title="Hare Krishna Singh">Hare Krishna Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[133]</a> On 25 July, mutiny erupted in the garrisons of <a href="/wiki/Danapur" title="Danapur">Danapur</a>. Mutinying sepoys from the 7th, 8th and 40th regiments of Bengal Native Infantry quickly moved towards the city of <a href="/wiki/Arrah" title="Arrah">Arrah</a> and were joined by Kunwar Singh and his men.<a href="#cite_note-Boyle1858-153">[134]</a> Mr. Boyle, a British railway engineer in Arrah, had already prepared an outbuilding on his property for defence against such attacks.<a href="#cite_note-154">[135]</a> As the rebels approached Arrah, all British residents took refuge at Mr. Boyle's house.<a href="#cite_note-Halls1860-155">[136]</a> A siege soon ensued – eighteen civilians and 50 loyal sepoys from the <a href="/wiki/45th_Rattray%27s_Sikhs" title="45th Rattray's Sikhs">Bengal Military Police Battalion</a> under the command of Herwald Wake, the local magistrate, defended the house against artillery and musketry fire from an estimated 2000 to 3000 mutineers and rebels.<a href="#cite_note-Gazette22050-156">[137]</a> On 29 July 400 men were sent out from <a href="/wiki/Danapur" title="Danapur">Danapur</a> to relieve Arrah, but this force was ambushed by the rebels around a mile away from the siege house, severely defeated, and driven back. On 30 July, Major <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Eyre" title="Vincent Eyre">Vincent Eyre</a>, who was going up the river with his troops and guns, reached Buxar and heard about the siege. He immediately disembarked his guns and troops (the 5th Fusiliers) and started marching towards Arrah, disregarding direct orders not to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Sieveking1910-157">[138]</a> On 2 August, some 6 miles (9.7 km) short of Arrah, the Major was ambushed by the mutineers and rebels. After an intense fight, the 5th Fusiliers charged and stormed the rebel positions successfully.<a href="#cite_note-Gazette22050-156">[137]</a> On 3 August, Major Eyre and his men reached the siege house and successfully ended the siege.<a href="#cite_note-158">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[140]</a> After receiving reinforcements, Major Eyre pursued Kunwar Singh to his palace in Jagdispur; however, Singh had left by the time Eyre's forces arrived. Eyre then proceeded to destroy the palace and the homes of Singh's brothers.<a href="#cite_note-Gazette22050-156">[137]</a> In addition to Kunwar Singh's efforts, there were also rebellions carried out by Hussain Baksh Khan, Ghulam Ali Khan and Fateh Singh among others in <a href="/wiki/Gaya_district" title="Gaya district">Gaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawada_district" title="Nawada district">Nawada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehanabad_district" title="Jehanabad district">Jehanabad</a> districts.<a href="#cite_note-160">[141]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Barkagarh_estate" title="Barkagarh estate">Barkagarh Estate</a> of South Bihar (now in <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>), a major rebellion was led by <a href="/wiki/Thakur_(title)" title="Thakur (title)">Thakur</a> <a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishwanath_Shahdeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo">Vishwanath Shahdeo</a> who was part of the <a href="/wiki/Nagvanshis_of_Chotanagpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur">Nagavanshi dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ustad1997-161">[142]</a> He was motivated by disputes he had with the Christian <a href="/wiki/Kol_people" title="Kol people">Kol</a> tribals who had been grabbing his land and were implicitly supported by the British authorities. The rebels in South Bihar asked him to lead them and he readily accepted this offer. He organised a Mukti Vahini (Liberation Regiment) with the assistance of nearby zamindars including <a href="/wiki/Pandey_Ganpat_Rai" title="Pandey Ganpat Rai">Pandey Ganpat Rai</a> and Nadir Ali Khan.<a href="#cite_note-Ustad1997-161">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_regions">Other regions</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punjab_and_Afghan_Frontier">Punjab and Afghan Frontier</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_Treaty_(1857)" title="Second Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1857)">Second Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1857)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iln1857amax.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Iln1857amax.jpg/220px-Iln1857amax.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Iln1857amax.jpg/330px-Iln1857amax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Iln1857amax.jpg/440px-Iln1857amax.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2926" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption>Wood-engraving of the execution of mutineers at Peshawar</figcaption></figure> What was then referred to by the British as the Punjab was a very large administrative division, centred on <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. It included not only the present-day Indian and Pakistani Punjabi regions but also the North West Frontier districts bordering Afghanistan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Much of the region had been the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> until his death in 1839. The empire had then fallen into disorder, with court factions and the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> (Orthodox Sikhs) contending for power at the Lahore Durbar (court). After two Anglo-Sikh Wars, the entire region was annexed by the East India Company in 1849. In 1857, the region still contained the highest numbers of both British and Indian troops.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The inhabitants of the Punjab were not as sympathetic to the sepoys as they were elsewhere in India, which limited many of the outbreaks in the Punjab to disjointed uprisings by regiments of sepoys isolated from each other. In some garrisons, notably <a href="/wiki/Ferozepore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferozepore">Ferozepore</a>, indecision on the part of the senior British officers allowed the sepoys to rebel, but the sepoys then left the area, mostly heading for Delhi.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At the most important garrison, that of <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> close to the Afghan frontier, many comparatively junior officers ignored their nominal commander, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reed_(British_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Reed (British Army officer)">General Reed</a>, and took decisive action. They intercepted the sepoys' mail, thus preventing their coordinating an uprising, and formed a force known as the "Punjab Movable Column" to move rapidly to suppress any revolts as they occurred. When it became clear from the intercepted correspondence that some of the sepoys at Peshawar were on the point of open revolt, the four most disaffected Bengal Native regiments were disarmed by the two British infantry regiments in the cantonment, backed by artillery, on 22 May. This decisive act induced many local chieftains to side with the British.<a href="#cite_note-AllenSoldierSahibs-162">[143]</a>: 276  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lectern_-_Jhelum_by_Khalid_Mahmood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lectern_-_Jhelum_by_Khalid_Mahmood.jpg/170px-Lectern_-_Jhelum_by_Khalid_Mahmood.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lectern_-_Jhelum_by_Khalid_Mahmood.jpg/255px-Lectern_-_Jhelum_by_Khalid_Mahmood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lectern_-_Jhelum_by_Khalid_Mahmood.jpg/340px-Lectern_-_Jhelum_by_Khalid_Mahmood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Marble <a href="/wiki/Lectern" title="Lectern">Lectern</a> in memory of 35 British soldiers in Jhelum</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_(City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhelum (City)">Jhelum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a> saw a mutiny of native troops against the British. Here 35 British soldiers of Her Majesty's 24th Regiment of Foot (<a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Borderers" title="South Wales Borderers">South Wales Borderers</a>) were killed by mutineers on 7 July 1857. Among the dead was Captain Francis Spring, the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/William_Spring_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Spring (British Army officer)">Colonel William Spring</a>. To commemorate this event <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Church_Jhelum" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Church Jhelum">St. John's Church Jhelum</a> was built and the names of those 35 British soldiers are carved on a marble <a href="/wiki/Lectern" title="Lectern">lectern</a> present in that church.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The final large-scale military uprising in the Punjab took place on 9 July, when most of a brigade of sepoys at <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a> rebelled and began to move to Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-163">[144]</a> They were intercepted by <a href="/wiki/John_Nicholson_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Nicholson (general)">John Nicholson</a> with an equal British force as they tried to cross the <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi River</a>. After fighting steadily but unsuccessfully for several hours, the sepoys tried to fall back across the river but became trapped on an island. Three days later, Nicholson annihilated the 1,100 trapped sepoys in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trimmu_Ghat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Trimmu Ghat (page does not exist)">Battle of Trimmu Ghat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AllenSoldierSahibs-162">[143]</a>: 290–293  The British had been recruiting irregular units from <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakhtun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhtun">Pashtun</a> communities even before the first unrest among the Bengal units, and the numbers of these were greatly increased during the rebellion, 34,000 fresh levies eventually being pressed into service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert1980163-164">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lt_WA_Kerr_earning_the_Victoria_Cross_during_the_Indian_Mutiny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lt_WA_Kerr_earning_the_Victoria_Cross_during_the_Indian_Mutiny.jpg/170px-Lt_WA_Kerr_earning_the_Victoria_Cross_during_the_Indian_Mutiny.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lt_WA_Kerr_earning_the_Victoria_Cross_during_the_Indian_Mutiny.jpg/255px-Lt_WA_Kerr_earning_the_Victoria_Cross_during_the_Indian_Mutiny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Lt_WA_Kerr_earning_the_Victoria_Cross_during_the_Indian_Mutiny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Kerr" title="William Alexander Kerr">William Alexander Kerr</a>, <a href="/wiki/124th_Duchess_of_Connaught%27s_Own_Baluchistan_Infantry" title="124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry">24th Bombay Native Infantry</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Kolapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolapore">Kolapore</a>, July 1857</figcaption></figure> At one stage, faced with the need to send troops to reinforce the besiegers of Delhi, the Commissioner of the Punjab (<a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence" title="John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence">Sir John Lawrence</a>) suggested handing the coveted prize of Peshawar to <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a> of Afghanistan in return for a pledge of friendship. The British agents in Peshawar and the adjacent districts were horrified. Referring to the massacre of a retreating <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> in 1842, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Benjamin_Edwardes" title="Herbert Benjamin Edwardes">Herbert Edwardes</a> wrote, "Dost Mahomed would not be a mortal Afghan ... if he did not assume our day to be gone in India and follow after us as an enemy. British cannot retreat – Kabul would come again."<a href="#cite_note-AllenSoldierSahibs-162">[143]</a>: 283  In the event Lord Canning insisted on Peshawar being held, and Dost Mohammad, whose relations with Britain had been equivocal for over 20 years, remained neutral.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In September 1858 <a href="/wiki/Rai_Ahmad_Khan_Kharal" title="Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal">Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Kharal" title="Kharal">Kharal</a> tribe, led an insurrection in the <a href="/wiki/Neeli_Bar" title="Neeli Bar">Neeli Bar</a> district, between the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutlej River">Sutlej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab</a> rivers. The rebels held the forests of Gogaira and had some initial successes against the British forces in the area, besieging Major Crawford Chamberlain at <a href="/wiki/Chichawatni" title="Chichawatni">Chichawatni</a>. A squadron of Punjabi cavalry sent by Sir John Lawrence raised the siege. Ahmed Khan was killed but the insurgents found a new leader in Mahr Bahawal Fatyana, who maintained the uprising for three months until Government forces penetrated the jungle and scattered the rebel tribesmen.<a href="#cite_note-SurendraNathSen1857-97">[79]</a>: 343–344  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bengal_and_Tripura">Bengal and Tripura</h4></div> In September 1857, sepoys took control of the treasury in <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-165">[146]</a> The treasury remained under rebel control for several days. Further mutinies on 18 November saw the 2nd, 3rd and 4th companies of the 34th <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Native_Infantry" title="Bengal Native Infantry">Bengal Infantry Regiment</a> storming the Chittagong Jail and releasing all prisoners. The mutineers were eventually suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a> regiments.<a href="#cite_note-166">[147]</a> The mutiny also spread to <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, the former Mughal capital of Bengal. Residents in the city's <a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Thana" title="Lalbagh Thana">Lalbagh</a> area were kept awake at night by the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-167">[148]</a> Sepoys joined hands with the common populace in <a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a> to take control of the city's <a href="/wiki/Cantonment" title="Cantonment">cantonment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-165">[146]</a> In January 1858, many sepoys received shelter from the royal family of the princely state of <a href="/wiki/Hill_Tippera" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill Tippera">Hill Tippera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-165">[146]</a> The interior areas of Bengal proper were already experiencing growing resistance to Company rule due to the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Faraizi_movement" title="Faraizi movement">Faraizi movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-165">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gujarat">Gujarat</h4></div> In central and north Gujarat, the rebellion was sustained by landowner <a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagirdars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taluqdar" title="Taluqdar">taluqdar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thakur_(title)" title="Thakur (title)">thakurs</a> with the support of armed communities of <a href="/wiki/Bhil" title="Bhil">Bhil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a>, Pathans and Arabs, unlike the mutiny by sepoys in north India. Their main opposition of British was due to Inam commission. The <a href="/wiki/Bet_Dwarka" title="Bet Dwarka">Bet Dwarka</a> island, along with Okhamandal region of <a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a> peninsula which was under the <a href="/wiki/Gaekwad_of_Baroda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaekwad of Baroda">Gaekwad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baroda_State" title="Baroda State">Baroda State</a>, saw a revolt by the <a href="/wiki/Wagher" title="Wagher">Waghers</a> in January 1858 who, by July 1859, controlled that region. In October 1859, a joint offensive by British, Gaekwad and other princely states troops ousted the rebels and recaptured the region.<a href="#cite_note-Dharaiya1970-168">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yagnik2005-169">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orissa">Orissa</h4></div> During the rebellion, <a href="/wiki/Surendra_Sai" class="mw-redirect" title="Surendra Sai">Surendra Sai</a> was one of the many people broken out of <a href="/wiki/Hazaribagh" title="Hazaribagh">Hazaribagh</a> jail by mutineers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-171">[152]</a> In the middle of September Surendra established himself in <a href="/wiki/Sambalpur" title="Sambalpur">Sambalpur</a>'s old fort. He quickly organised a meeting with the Assistant Commissioner (Captain Leigh), and Leigh agreed to ask the government to cancel his and his brother's imprisonment while Surendra dispersed his followers. This agreement was soon broken, however, when on 31 September escaped the town and make for Khinda, where his brother was located with a 1,400-man force.<a href="#cite_note-:0-171">[152]</a> The British quickly moved to send two companies from the 40th Madras Native Infantry from Cuttack on 10 October, and after a forced march reached Khinda on 5 November, only to find the place abandoned as the rebels retreated to the jungle. Much of the country of Sambalpur was under the rebels' control, and they maintained a hit and run guerrilla war for quite some time. In December the British made further preparations to crush the uprising in Sambalpur, and it was temporarily transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Division" title="Chota Nagpur Division">Chota Nagpur Division</a> into the Orissa Division of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>. On the 30th a major battle was fought in which Surendra's brother was killed and the mutineers were routed. In January the British achieved minor successes, capturing a few major villages like Kolabira, and in February calm began to be restored. However, Surendra still held out, and the jungle hampered British parties from capturing him. Additionally, any native daring to collaborate with the British were terrorized along with their family. After a new policy that promised amnesty for mutineers, Surendra surrendered in May 1862.<a href="#cite_note-:0-171">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Empire">British Empire</h3></div> The authorities in British colonies with an Indian population, sepoy or civilian, took measures to secure themselves against copycat uprisings. In the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> the annual <a href="/wiki/Hosay" title="Hosay">Hosay</a> processions were banned,<a href="#cite_note-172">[153]</a> riots broke out in penal settlements in <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a> and the Settlements, in <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> the loss of a musket provoked a near riot,<a href="#cite_note-173">[154]</a> and security was boosted especially in locations with an Indian convict population.<a href="#cite_note-174">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_toll_and_atrocities">Death toll and atrocities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Relief_of_Lucknow,_1857_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Relief_of_Lucknow%2C_1857_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker.jpg/220px-The_Relief_of_Lucknow%2C_1857_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Relief_of_Lucknow%2C_1857_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker.jpg/330px-The_Relief_of_Lucknow%2C_1857_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Relief_of_Lucknow%2C_1857_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker.jpg/440px-The_Relief_of_Lucknow%2C_1857_by_Thomas_Jones_Barker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption>The Relief of Lucknow by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_Barker" title="Thomas Jones Barker">Thomas Jones Barker</a></figcaption></figure> Both sides committed atrocities against civilians.<a href="#cite_note-175">[t]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2001-20">[14]</a> In Oudh alone, some estimates put the toll at 150,000 Indians killed during the war, with 100,000 of them being civilians. The capture of Delhi, Allahabad, Kanpur and Lucknow by British forces were followed by general massacres.<a href="#cite_note-google4-176">[156]</a> Another notable atrocity was carried out by <a href="/wiki/James_George_Smith_Neill" title="James George Smith Neill">General Neill</a> who massacred thousands of Indian mutineers and Indian civilians suspected of supporting the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-177">[157]</a> The rebels' murder of British women, children and wounded soldiers (including sepoys who sided with the British) at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cawnpore" title="Siege of Cawnpore">Cawnpore</a>, and the subsequent printing of the events in the British papers, left many British soldiers outraged and seeking revenge. Aside from hanging mutineers, the British had some "<a href="/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun" title="Blowing from a gun">blown from cannon</a>", (an old Mughal punishment adopted many years before in India), in which sentenced rebels were tied over the mouths of cannons and blown to pieces when the cannons were fired.<a href="#cite_note-178">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-179">[159]</a> A particular act of cruelty on behalf of the British troops at Cawnpore included forcing many Muslim or Hindu rebels to eat pork or beef, as well as licking buildings freshly stained with blood of the dead before subsequent public hangings.<a href="#cite_note-auto-179">[159]</a> Practices of torture included "searing with hot irons...dipping in wells and rivers till the victim is half suffocated... squeezing the testicles...putting pepper and red chillies in the eyes or introducing them into the private parts of men and women...prevention of sleep...nipping the flesh with pinners...suspension from the branches of a tree...imprisonment in a room used for storing lime..."<a href="#cite_note-180">[160]</a> British soldiers also committed <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">sexual violence</a> against Indian women as a form of retaliation against the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-181">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[162]</a> As towns and cities were captured from the sepoys, the British soldiers took their revenge on Indian civilians by committing atrocities and rapes against Indian women.<a href="#cite_note-183">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[167]</a> Most of the British press, outraged by the stories of alleged rape committed by the rebels against British women, as well as the killings of British civilians and wounded British soldiers, did not advocate clemency of any kind towards the Indian population.<a href="#cite_note-Tickell2013-188">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Governor General Canning</a> ordered moderation in dealing with native sensibilities and earned the scornful sobriquet "Clemency Canning" from the press<a href="#cite_note-189">[169]</a> and later parts of the British public. In terms of sheer numbers, the casualties were much higher on the Indian side. A letter published after the fall of Delhi in the Bombay Telegraph and reproduced in the British press testified to the scale of the Indian casualties: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">.... All the city's people found within the walls of the city of Delhi when our troops entered were bayoneted on the spot, and the number was considerable, as you may suppose, when I tell you that in some houses forty and fifty people were hiding. These were not mutineers but residents of the city, who trusted to our well-known mild rule for pardon. I am glad to say they were disappointed.<a href="#cite_note-Herbert2008-190">[170]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_soldiers_looting_Qaisar_Bagh_Lucknow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_soldiers_looting_Qaisar_Bagh_Lucknow.jpg/220px-British_soldiers_looting_Qaisar_Bagh_Lucknow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_soldiers_looting_Qaisar_Bagh_Lucknow.jpg/330px-British_soldiers_looting_Qaisar_Bagh_Lucknow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_soldiers_looting_Qaisar_Bagh_Lucknow.jpg/440px-British_soldiers_looting_Qaisar_Bagh_Lucknow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>British soldiers looting Qaisar Bagh, Lucknow, after its recapture (steel engraving, late 1850s)</figcaption></figure> From the end of 1857, the British had begun to gain ground again. Lucknow was retaken in March 1858. On 8 July 1858, a peace treaty was signed, and the rebellion ended. The last rebels were defeated in <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> on 20 June 1858. By 1859, rebel leaders <a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nana_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana Sahib">Nana Sahib</a> had either been slain or had fled.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vibart" title="Edward Vibart">Edward Vibart</a>, a 19-year-old officer whose parents, younger brothers, and two of his sisters had died in the Cawnpore massacre,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2006374-191">[171]</a> recorded his experience: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The orders went out to shoot every soul.... It was literally murder... I have seen many bloody and awful sights lately but such a one as I witnessed yesterday I pray I never see again. The women were all spared but their screams on seeing their husbands and sons butchered, were most painful... Heaven knows I feel no pity, but when some old grey bearded man is brought and shot before your very eyes, hard must be that man's heart I think who can look on with indifference ...<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple20064-5-192">[172]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blowing_Mutinous_Sepoys_From_the_Guns,_September_8,_1857_-_steel_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Blowing_Mutinous_Sepoys_From_the_Guns%2C_September_8%2C_1857_-_steel_engraving.jpg/220px-Blowing_Mutinous_Sepoys_From_the_Guns%2C_September_8%2C_1857_-_steel_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Blowing_Mutinous_Sepoys_From_the_Guns%2C_September_8%2C_1857_-_steel_engraving.jpg/330px-Blowing_Mutinous_Sepoys_From_the_Guns%2C_September_8%2C_1857_-_steel_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Blowing_Mutinous_Sepoys_From_the_Guns%2C_September_8%2C_1857_-_steel_engraving.jpg/440px-Blowing_Mutinous_Sepoys_From_the_Guns%2C_September_8%2C_1857_-_steel_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Execution of mutineers by <a href="/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun" title="Blowing from a gun">blowing from a gun</a> by the British, 8 September 1857.</figcaption></figure> Some British troops adopted a policy of "no prisoners". One officer, Thomas Lowe, remembered how on one occasion his unit had taken 76 prisoners – they were just too tired to carry on killing and needed a rest, he recalled. Later, after a quick trial, the prisoners were lined up with a British soldier standing a couple of yards in front of them. On the order "fire", they were all simultaneously shot, "swept... from their earthly existence".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The aftermath of the rebellion has been the focus of new work using Indian sources and population studies. In <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Mughal" title="The Last Mughal">The Last Mughal</a>, historian <a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dalrymple (historian)">William Dalrymple</a> examines the effects on the Muslim population of Delhi after the city was retaken by the British and finds that intellectual and economic control of the city shifted from Muslim to Hindu hands because the British, at that time, saw an Islamic hand behind the mutiny.<a href="#cite_note-193">[173]</a> Approximately 6,000 of the 40,000 British living in India were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers201364-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_in_Britain">Reaction in Britain</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JusticeTenniel1857Punch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/JusticeTenniel1857Punch.jpg/170px-JusticeTenniel1857Punch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/JusticeTenniel1857Punch.jpg/255px-JusticeTenniel1857Punch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/JusticeTenniel1857Punch.jpg/340px-JusticeTenniel1857Punch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Justice, a print by <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Tenniel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Tenniel">Sir John Tenniel</a> in a September 1857 issue of <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></figcaption></figure> The scale of the punishments handed out by the British "Army of Retribution" was considered largely appropriate and justified in a Britain shocked by embellished reports of atrocities carried out against British troops and civilians by the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-Chakravarty2004-194">[174]</a> Accounts of the time frequently reach the "hyperbolic register", according to Christopher Herbert, especially in the often-repeated claim that the "Red Year" of 1857 marked "a terrible break" in British experience.<a href="#cite_note-Herbert2008-190">[170]</a> Such was the atmosphere – a national "mood of retribution and despair" that led to "almost universal approval" of the measures taken to pacify the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-Judd2004-195">[175]</a>: 87  Incidents of rape allegedly committed by Indian rebels against British women and girls appalled the British public. These atrocities were often used to justify the British reaction to the rebellion. British <a href="/wiki/History_of_British_newspapers" title="History of British newspapers">newspapers</a> printed various eyewitness accounts of the rape of English women and girls. One such account was published by <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, regarding an incident where 48 English girls as young as 10 had been raped by Indian rebels in Delhi. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> criticized this story as false propaganda, and pointed out that the story was written by a clergyman in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, far from the events of the rebellion, with no evidence to support his allegation.<a href="#cite_note-196">[176]</a> Individual incidents captured the public's interest and were heavily reported by the press. One such incident was that of General Wheeler's daughter Margaret being forced to live as her captor's concubine, though this was reported to the Victorian public as Margaret killing her rapist then herself.<a href="#cite_note-197">[177]</a> Another version of the story suggested that Margaret had been killed after her abductor had argued with his wife over her.<a href="#cite_note-198">[178]</a> During the aftermath of the rebellion, a series of exhaustive investigations were carried out by British police and intelligence officials into reports that British women prisoners had been "dishonoured" at the Bibighar and elsewhere. One such detailed enquiry was at the direction of Lord Canning. The consensus was that there was no convincing evidence of such crimes having been committed, although numbers of British women and children had been killed outright.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid2003257–258-199">[179]</a> The term 'Sepoy' or 'Sepoyism' became a derogatory term for nationalists, especially in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-200">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reorganisation">Reorganisation</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Special:EditPage/Indian Rebellion of 1857">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahadur_Shah_Zafar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar.jpg/220px-Bahadur_Shah_Zafar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar.jpg/330px-Bahadur_Shah_Zafar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a> (the last Mughal emperor) in Delhi, awaiting trial by the British for his role in the Uprising. Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christopher_Tytler" title="Robert Christopher Tytler">Robert Tytler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Shepherd_(photographer)" title="Charles Shepherd (photographer)">Charles Shepherd</a>, May 1858</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_victoria_proclamation1858c.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Image_victoria_proclamation1858c.JPG/220px-Image_victoria_proclamation1858c.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Image_victoria_proclamation1858c.JPG/330px-Image_victoria_proclamation1858c.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Image_victoria_proclamation1858c.JPG/440px-Image_victoria_proclamation1858c.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>The proclamation to the "Princes, Chiefs, and People of India", issued by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> on 1 November 1858. "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects." (p. 2)</figcaption></figure> Bahadur Shah II was arrested at <a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II#Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah II">tried for treason</a> by a military commission assembled at Delhi and exiled to <a href="/wiki/Rangoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a> where he died in 1862, bringing the Mughal dynasty to an end. In 1877 <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> took the title of <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of India">Empress of India</a> on the advice of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli,_1st_Earl_of_Beaconsfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield">Benjamin Disraeli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[181]</a> The rebellion saw the end of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>'s rule in India. In August, by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">Government of India Act 1858</a>, the company's ruling powers over India were transferred to the British Crown.<a href="#cite_note-202">[182]</a> A new British government department, the <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">India Office</a>, was created to handle the governance of India, and its head, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>, was entrusted with formulating Indian policy. The Governor-General of India gained a new title, <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>, and implemented the policies devised by the India Office. Some former East India Company territories, such as the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>, became colonies in their own right. The British colonial administration embarked on a program of reform, trying to integrate Indian higher castes and rulers into the government and abolishing attempts at <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a>. The Viceroy stopped land grabs, decreed religious tolerance and admitted Indians into civil service, albeit mainly as subordinates.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Essentially the old East India Company bureaucracy remained, though there was a major shift in attitudes. In looking for the causes of the Rebellion the authorities alighted on two things: religion and the economy. On religion it was felt that there had been too much interference with indigenous traditions, both Hindu and Muslim. On the economy it was now believed that the previous attempts by the company to introduce free market competition had undermined traditional power structures and bonds of loyalty placing the peasantry at the mercy of merchants and moneylenders. In consequence the new <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> was constructed in part around a conservative agenda, based on a preservation of tradition and hierarchy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On a political level it was also felt that the previous lack of consultation between rulers and ruled had been another significant factor in contributing to the uprising. In consequence, Indians were drawn into government at a local level. Though this was on a limited scale a crucial precedent had been set, with the creation of a new 'white collar' Indian elite, further stimulated by the opening of universities at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, a result of the Indian Universities Act. So, alongside the values of traditional and ancient India, a new professional middle class was starting to arise, in no way bound by the values of the past. Their ambition can only have been stimulated by Queen Victoria's Proclamation of November 1858, in which it is expressly stated, "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligations of duty which bind us to our other subjects...it is our further will that... our subjects of whatever race or creed, be freely and impartially admitted to offices in our service, the duties of which they may be qualified by their education, ability and integrity, duly to discharge."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Acting on these sentiments, <a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Lord Ripon</a>, viceroy from 1880 to 1885, extended the powers of local self-government and sought to remove racial practices in the law courts by the <a href="/wiki/Ilbert_Bill" title="Ilbert Bill">Ilbert Bill</a>. But a policy at once liberal and progressive at one turn was reactionary and backward at the next, creating new elites and confirming old attitudes. The Ilbert Bill had the effect only of causing a <a href="/wiki/White_mutiny" title="White mutiny">white mutiny</a> and the end of the prospect of perfect equality before the law. In 1886 measures were adopted to restrict Indian entry into the civil service.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_Reorganisation">Military Reorganisation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_C_Scott_of_the_Gen._Sir._Hope_Grant%27s_Column,_Sepoy_Mutiny,_1857._Memorial_at_the_St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Madras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Captain_C_Scott_of_the_Gen._Sir._Hope_Grant%27s_Column%2C_Sepoy_Mutiny%2C_1857._Memorial_at_the_St._Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Madras.jpg/220px-Captain_C_Scott_of_the_Gen._Sir._Hope_Grant%27s_Column%2C_Sepoy_Mutiny%2C_1857._Memorial_at_the_St._Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Madras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Captain_C_Scott_of_the_Gen._Sir._Hope_Grant%27s_Column%2C_Sepoy_Mutiny%2C_1857._Memorial_at_the_St._Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Madras.jpg/330px-Captain_C_Scott_of_the_Gen._Sir._Hope_Grant%27s_Column%2C_Sepoy_Mutiny%2C_1857._Memorial_at_the_St._Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Madras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Captain_C_Scott_of_the_Gen._Sir._Hope_Grant%27s_Column%2C_Sepoy_Mutiny%2C_1857._Memorial_at_the_St._Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Madras.jpg/440px-Captain_C_Scott_of_the_Gen._Sir._Hope_Grant%27s_Column%2C_Sepoy_Mutiny%2C_1857._Memorial_at_the_St._Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Madras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>Captain C Scott of the Gen. Sir. Hope Grant's Column, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Regiment" title="Madras Regiment">Madras Regiment</a>, who fell on the attack of Fort of Kohlee, 1858. Memorial at the <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Chennai" title="St. Mary's Church, Chennai">St. Mary's Church, Madras</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YorkMinsterYorkLancasterRegMemorialH1c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/YorkMinsterYorkLancasterRegMemorialH1c.jpg/220px-YorkMinsterYorkLancasterRegMemorialH1c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="432" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/YorkMinsterYorkLancasterRegMemorialH1c.jpg/330px-YorkMinsterYorkLancasterRegMemorialH1c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/YorkMinsterYorkLancasterRegMemorialH1c.jpg/440px-YorkMinsterYorkLancasterRegMemorialH1c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="4317" /></a><figcaption>Memorial inside the <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a></figcaption></figure> The Bengal Army dominated the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_armies" title="Presidency armies">Presidency armies</a> before 1857 and a direct result after the rebellion was the scaling back of the size of the Bengali contingent in the army.<a href="#cite_note-203">[183]</a> The Brahmin presence in the Bengal Army was reduced because of their perceived primary role as mutineers. The British looked for increased recruitment in the Punjab for the Bengal army as a result of the apparent discontent that resulted in the Sepoy conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Boxers-204">[184]</a> The rebellion transformed both the native and British armies of British India. Of the 74 regular Bengal Native Infantry regiments in existence at the beginning of 1857, only twelve escaped mutiny or disbandment.<a href="#cite_note-205">[185]</a> All ten of the Bengal Light Cavalry regiments were lost. The old Bengal Army had accordingly almost completely vanished from the order of battle. These troops were replaced by new units recruited from castes hitherto under-utilised by the British and from the minority so-called "<a href="/wiki/Martial_Races" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial Races">Martial Races</a>", such as the <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The inefficiencies of the old organisation, which had estranged sepoys from their British officers, were addressed, and the post-1857 units were mainly organised on the "irregular" system. From 1797 until the rebellion of 1857, each regular Bengal Native Infantry regiment had had 22 or 23 British officers,<a href="#cite_note-MasonHonour-54">[36]</a>: 238  who held every position of authority down to the second-in-command of each company. In irregular units there were fewer British officers, but they associated themselves far more closely with their soldiers, while more responsibility was given to the Indian officers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The British increased the ratio of British to Indian soldiers within India. From 1861 Indian artillery was replaced by British units, except for a few mountain batteries.<a href="#cite_note-MasonHonour-54">[36]</a>: 319  The post-rebellion changes formed the basis of the military organisation of British India until the early 20th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Victoria_Cross_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/UK_Victoria_Cross_ribbon_bar.svg/50px-UK_Victoria_Cross_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/UK_Victoria_Cross_ribbon_bar.svg/75px-UK_Victoria_Cross_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/UK_Victoria_Cross_ribbon_bar.svg/100px-UK_Victoria_Cross_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Victoria Cross</dt></dl> Medals were awarded to members of the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> during the rebellion. The 182 recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> are listed <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Mutiny_Victoria_Cross_recipients" title="List of Indian Mutiny Victoria Cross recipients">here</a>. <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Mutiny_Medal_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Indian_Mutiny_Medal_BAR.svg/50px-Indian_Mutiny_Medal_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Indian_Mutiny_Medal_BAR.svg/75px-Indian_Mutiny_Medal_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Indian_Mutiny_Medal_BAR.svg/100px-Indian_Mutiny_Medal_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Indian Mutiny Medal</dt></dl> 290,000 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Mutiny_Medal" title="Indian Mutiny Medal">Indian Mutiny Medals</a> were awarded. Clasps were awarded for the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">Siege of Delhi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lucknow" title="Siege of Lucknow">Siege and relief of Lucknow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[186]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/File:Lint_Indische_Orde_van_Verdienste_Indian_Order_of_Merit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lint_Indische_Orde_van_Verdienste_Indian_Order_of_Merit.jpg/50px-Lint_Indische_Orde_van_Verdienste_Indian_Order_of_Merit.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lint_Indische_Orde_van_Verdienste_Indian_Order_of_Merit.jpg/75px-Lint_Indische_Orde_van_Verdienste_Indian_Order_of_Merit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lint_Indische_Orde_van_Verdienste_Indian_Order_of_Merit.jpg/100px-Lint_Indische_Orde_van_Verdienste_Indian_Order_of_Merit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="88" /></a> Indian Order of Merit</dt></dl> A military and civilian decoration of British India, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Order_of_Merit" title="Indian Order of Merit">Indian Order of Merit</a> was first introduced by the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">East India Company</a> in 1837, and was taken over by the Crown in 1858, following the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Mutiny_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Mutiny of 1857">Indian Mutiny of 1857</a>. The Indian Order of Merit was the only gallantry medal available to Native soldiers between 1837 and 1907.<a href="#cite_note-CMJ-207">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Names of the Indian Rebellion of 1857">Names of the Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></div> There is no universally agreed name for the events of this period. In India and Pakistan, it has been termed as the "War of Independence of 1857" or "First War of Indian Independence"<a href="#cite_note-208">[188]</a> but it is not uncommon to use terms such as the "Revolt of 1857". The classification of the Rebellion being "<a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Indian_Independence_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="First War of Indian Independence (term)">First War of Independence</a>" is not without its critics in India.<a href="#cite_note-209">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hasan149-211">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nanda701-212">[192]</a> The use of the term "Indian Mutiny" is considered by some Indian politicians<a href="#cite_note-213">[193]</a> as belittling the importance of what happened and therefore reflecting an imperialistic attitude. Others dispute this interpretation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the UK and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> it is commonly called the "Indian Mutiny", but terms such as "Great Indian Mutiny", the "Sepoy Mutiny", the "Sepoy Rebellion", the "Sepoy War", the "Great Mutiny", the "Rebellion of 1857", "the Uprising", the "Mahomedan Rebellion", and the "Revolt of 1857" have also been used.<a href="#cite_note-214">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[196]</a> "The Indian Insurrection" was a name used in the press of the UK and British colonies at the time.<a href="#cite_note-217">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mutiny_Memorial_in_Delhi_is_a_monument_to_British_officers..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_Mutiny_Memorial_in_Delhi_is_a_monument_to_British_officers..jpg/170px-The_Mutiny_Memorial_in_Delhi_is_a_monument_to_British_officers..jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_Mutiny_Memorial_in_Delhi_is_a_monument_to_British_officers..jpg/255px-The_Mutiny_Memorial_in_Delhi_is_a_monument_to_British_officers..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/The_Mutiny_Memorial_in_Delhi_is_a_monument_to_British_officers..jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mutiny_Memorial" title="Mutiny Memorial">Mutiny Memorial</a> in Delhi, a monument to those killed on the British side during the fighting.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Adas" title="Michael Adas">Michael Adas</a> (1971) examines the <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> with emphasis on the four major approaches: the Indian nationalist view; the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> analysis; the view of the Rebellion as a traditionalist rebellion; and intensive studies of local uprisings.<a href="#cite_note-218">[198]</a> Many of the key primary and secondary sources appear in Biswamoy Pati, ed. 1857 Rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-219">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[200]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vereshchagin-Blowing_from_Guns_in_British_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vereshchagin-Blowing_from_Guns_in_British_India.jpg/170px-Vereshchagin-Blowing_from_Guns_in_British_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vereshchagin-Blowing_from_Guns_in_British_India.jpg/255px-Vereshchagin-Blowing_from_Guns_in_British_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vereshchagin-Blowing_from_Guns_in_British_India.jpg/340px-Vereshchagin-Blowing_from_Guns_in_British_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Indian_Revolt_by_the_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of the Indian Revolt by the English">Suppression of the Indian Revolt by the English</a>, which depicts the execution of mutineers by <a href="/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun" title="Blowing from a gun">blowing from a gun</a> by the British, a painting by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Vereshchagin" title="Vasily Vereshchagin">Vasily Vereshchagin</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1884. Note: This painting was allegedly bought by the British crown and possibly destroyed (current whereabouts unknown). It anachronistically depicts the events of 1857 with soldiers wearing (then current) uniforms of the late 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Metcalf" title="Thomas R. Metcalf">Thomas R. Metcalf</a> has stressed the importance of the work by Cambridge professor <a href="/wiki/Eric_Thomas_Stokes" title="Eric Thomas Stokes">Eric Stokes</a> (1924–1981), especially Stokes' The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India (1978). Metcalf says Stokes undermines the assumption that 1857 was a response to general causes emanating from entire classes of people. Instead, Stokes argues that 1) those Indians who suffered the greatest relative deprivation rebelled and that 2) the decisive factor in precipitating a revolt was the presence of prosperous magnates who supported British rule. Stokes also explores issues of economic development, the nature of privileged landholding, the role of moneylenders, the usefulness of classical rent theory, and, especially, the notion of the "rich peasant".<a href="#cite_note-221">[201]</a> To <a href="/wiki/Kim_A._Wagner" title="Kim A. Wagner">Kim A. Wagner</a>, who has conducted the most recent survey of the literature, modern Indian historiography is yet to move beyond responding to the "prejudice" of colonial accounts. Wagner sees no reason why atrocities committed by Indians should be understated or inflated merely because these things "offend our post-colonial sensibilities".<a href="#cite_note-222">[202]</a> Wagner also stresses the importance of <a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dalrymple (historian)">William Dalrymple's</a> The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty, Delhi 1857. Dalrymple was assisted by Mahmood Farooqui, who translated key Urdu and <a href="/wiki/Shikastah_Nasta%27liq_Script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shikastah Nasta'liq Script">Shikastah</a> sources and published a selection in Besieged: Voices from Delhi 1857.<a href="#cite_note-223">[203]</a> Dalrymple emphasized the role of religion and explored in detail the internal divisions and politico-religious discord amongst the rebels. He did not discover much in the way of proto-nationalism or any of the roots of modern India in the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-224">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[205]</a> Sabbaq Ahmed has looked at the ways in which ideologies of royalism, militarism, and Jihad influenced the behaviour of contending Muslim factions.<a href="#cite_note-226">[206]</a> Almost from the moment the first sepoys mutinied in Meerut, the nature and the scope of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 has been contested and argued over. Speaking in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> in July 1857, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> labelled it a 'national revolt' while <a href="/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>, the Prime Minister, tried to downplay the scope and the significance of the event as a 'mere military mutiny'.<a href="#cite_note-227">[207]</a> Reflecting this debate, an early historian of the rebellion, Charles Ball, used the word mutiny in his title, but labelled it a "struggle for liberty and independence as a people" in the text.<a href="#cite_note-228">[208]</a> Historians remain divided on whether the rebellion can properly be considered a war of Indian independence or not,<a href="#cite_note-229">[209]</a> although it is popularly considered to be one in India. Arguments against include: <ul><li>A united India did not exist at that time in political, cultural, or ethnic terms;</li> <li>The rebellion was put down with the help of other Indian soldiers drawn from the Madras Army, the Bombay Army and the Sikh regiments; 80% of the East India Company forces were Indian;<a href="#cite_note-230">[210]</a></li> <li>Many of the local rulers fought amongst themselves rather than uniting against the British;</li> <li>Many rebel sepoy regiments disbanded and went home rather than fight;</li> <li>Not all of the rebels accepted the return of the Mughals;</li> <li>The King of Delhi had no real control over the mutineers;<a href="#cite_note-231">[211]</a></li> <li>The revolt was largely limited to north and central India. Whilst risings occurred elsewhere they had little impact because of their limited nature;</li> <li>A number of revolts occurred in areas not under British rule, and against native rulers, often as a result of local internal politics;</li> <li>"The revolt was fractured along religious, ethnic and regional lines.<a href="#cite_note-232">[212]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felice_Beato_(British,_born_Italy_-_Two_Sepoys_of_the_31st_Native_Infantry,_Who_Were_Hanged_at_Lucknow,_1857_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_Two_Sepoys_of_the_31st_Native_Infantry%2C_Who_Were_Hanged_at_Lucknow%2C_1857_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_Two_Sepoys_of_the_31st_Native_Infantry%2C_Who_Were_Hanged_at_Lucknow%2C_1857_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_Two_Sepoys_of_the_31st_Native_Infantry%2C_Who_Were_Hanged_at_Lucknow%2C_1857_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_Two_Sepoys_of_the_31st_Native_Infantry%2C_Who_Were_Hanged_at_Lucknow%2C_1857_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_Two_Sepoys_of_the_31st_Native_Infantry%2C_Who_Were_Hanged_at_Lucknow%2C_1857_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_Two_Sepoys_of_the_31st_Native_Infantry%2C_Who_Were_Hanged_at_Lucknow%2C_1857_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4221" data-file-height="3321" /></a><figcaption>The hanging of two participants in the Indian Rebellion, Sepoys of the 31st Native Infantry. Albumen silver print by <a href="/wiki/Felice_Beato" title="Felice Beato">Felice Beato</a>, 1857.</figcaption></figure> A second school of thought while acknowledging the validity of the above-mentioned arguments opines that this rebellion may indeed be called a war of India's independence. The reasons advanced are: <ul><li>Even though the rebellion had various causes, most of the rebel sepoys who were able to do so, made their way to Delhi to revive the old <a href="/wiki/Mughal_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal empire">Mughal Empire</a> that signified national unity for even the Hindus amongst them;</li> <li>There was a widespread popular revolt in many areas such as <a href="/wiki/Awadh_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Awadh State">Oudh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a>. The rebellion was therefore more than just a military rebellion, and it spanned more than one region;</li> <li>The sepoys did not seek to revive small kingdoms in their regions, instead they repeatedly proclaimed a "country-wide rule" of the Mughals and vowed to drive out the British from "India", as they knew it then. (The sepoys ignored local princes and proclaimed in cities they took over: Khalq Khuda Ki, Mulk Badshah Ka, Hukm Subahdar Sipahi Bahadur Ka – "the people belong to God, the country to the Emperor and authority to the Sepoy and <a href="/wiki/Subahdar" title="Subahdar">Governor</a>"). The objective of driving out "foreigners" from not only one's own area but from their conception of the entirety of "India", signifies a nationalist sentiment;</li> <li>The mutineers, although some were recruited from outside Oudh, displayed a common purpose.<a href="#cite_note-233">[213]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="150th_anniversary">150th anniversary</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Youth_rally_at_the_National_Celebration_to_Commemorate_150th_Anniversary_of_the_First_War_of_Independence,_1857_at_Red_Fort,_in_Delhi_on_May_11,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_National_Youth_rally_at_the_National_Celebration_to_Commemorate_150th_Anniversary_of_the_First_War_of_Independence%2C_1857_at_Red_Fort%2C_in_Delhi_on_May_11%2C_2007.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_National_Youth_rally_at_the_National_Celebration_to_Commemorate_150th_Anniversary_of_the_First_War_of_Independence%2C_1857_at_Red_Fort%2C_in_Delhi_on_May_11%2C_2007.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_National_Youth_rally_at_the_National_Celebration_to_Commemorate_150th_Anniversary_of_the_First_War_of_Independence%2C_1857_at_Red_Fort%2C_in_Delhi_on_May_11%2C_2007.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1463" /></a><figcaption>The National Youth rally at the National Celebration to Commemorate 150th Anniversary of the First War of Independence, 1857 at Red Fort, in Delhi on 11 May 2007</figcaption></figure> The Government of India celebrated the year 2007 as the 150th anniversary of "India's First War of Independence". Several books written by Indian authors were released in the anniversary year including Amresh Mishra's "War of Civilizations", a controversial history of the Rebellion of 1857, and "Recalcitrance" by Anurag Kumar, one of the few novels written in English by an Indian based on the events of 1857.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2007, a group of retired British soldiers and civilians, some of them descendants of British soldiers who died in the conflict, attempted to visit the site of the Siege of Lucknow. However, fears of violence by Indian demonstrators, supported by the Hindu nationalist <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>, prevented the British visitors from visiting the site.<a href="#cite_note-234">[214]</a> Despite the protests, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Havelock-Allan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Havelock-Allan">Sir Mark Havelock</a> was able to make his way past police to visit the grave of his ancestor, General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Havelock" title="Henry Havelock">Henry Havelock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Nelson_O%27Neil_-_Eastward_Ho!_-_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Henry_Nelson_O%27Neil_-_Eastward_Ho%21_-_1857.jpg/220px-Henry_Nelson_O%27Neil_-_Eastward_Ho%21_-_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Henry_Nelson_O%27Neil_-_Eastward_Ho%21_-_1857.jpg/330px-Henry_Nelson_O%27Neil_-_Eastward_Ho%21_-_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Henry_Nelson_O%27Neil_-_Eastward_Ho%21_-_1857.jpg/440px-Henry_Nelson_O%27Neil_-_Eastward_Ho%21_-_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Nelson_O%27Neil" title="Henry Nelson O'Neil">Henry Nelson O'Neil</a>'s 1857 painting Eastward Ho! depicting British soldiers saying farewell to their loved ones as they embark on a deployment to India.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_of_India" title="Light of India">Light of India</a> – A 1929 short American silent film directed by <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Clifton" title="Elmer Clifton">Elmer Clifton</a> and filmed in Technicolor, depicts the rebellion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Brigade" title="Bengal Brigade">Bengal Brigade</a> – A 1954 film: at the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny. A British officer, Captain Claybourne (Hudson), is cashiered from his regiment over a charge of disobeying orders, but finds that his duty to his men is far from over</li> <li>Maniram Dewan – A 1964 <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> film by Sarbeswar Chakraborty, depicting the life and times of <a href="/wiki/Maniram_Dewan" title="Maniram Dewan">Maniram Dewan</a> who led the revolt in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatranj_Ke_Khilari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatranj Ke Khilari">Shatranj Ke Khilari</a> – A 1977 Indian film directed by <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, chronicling the events just before the onset of the Revolt of 1857. The focus is on the British annexation of Oudh, and the detachment of the nobility from the political sphere in 19th-century India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junoon_(1978_film)" title="Junoon (1978 film)">Junoon</a> (1978 film) – Directed by <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Benegal" title="Shyam Benegal">Shyam Benegal</a>, it is a critically acclaimed film about the love affair between a Pathan feudal chief and a British girl sheltered by his family during the revolt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey:_The_Rising" title="Mangal Pandey: The Rising">Mangal Pandey: The Rising</a> (2005) – <a href="/wiki/Ketan_Mehta" title="Ketan Mehta">Ketan Mehta</a>'s Hindi film chronicles the life of <a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade_(1936_film)" title="The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936 film)">The Charge of the Light Brigade</a> (1936) features a sequence inspired by the massacre at Cawnpore.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom" title="Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom">Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom</a> – During the dinner scene at the fictional Pankot Palace, Indiana Jones mentions that Captain Blumburtt was telling him about the role which the palace played in "the mutiny" and Chattar Lal complains, "It seems the British never forget the Mutiny of 1857".</li> <li>The Last Cartridge, an Incident of the Sepoy Rebellion in India (1908) – A fictionalized account of a British fort besieged during the Rebellion.</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_%26_Abdul" title="Victoria & Abdul">Victoria & Abdul</a> (2017) – Queen Victoria embarrasses herself by recounting to the court the one-sided account of the Indian Mutiny that Abdul had told her, Victoria's faith and trust in him are shaken and she decides he must go home. But soon after, she changes her mind and asks him to stay.<a href="#cite_note-237">[217]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manikarnika:_The_Queen_of_Jhansi" title="Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi">Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi</a>, a 2019 Hindi film chronicles the life of <a href="/wiki/Rani_Lakshmi_Bai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani Lakshmi Bai">Rani Lakshmi Bai</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3></div> <ul><li>1857: Ek Safarnama – A play by <a href="/wiki/Javed_Siddiqui" title="Javed Siddiqui">Javed Siddiqui</a>, set during the Rebellion of 1857 and staged at <a href="/wiki/Purana_Qila" title="Purana Qila">Purana Qila</a>, Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-238">[218]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial India</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_by_British_Information_Services,_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colonial India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg/250px-India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg/375px-India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg/500px-India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6118" data-file-height="9000" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">Map of colonial India, distributed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Information_Services" title="British Information Services">British Information Services</a> (1944)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian India">Austrian India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1778–1785</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company" title="Swedish East India Company">Swedish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1731–1813</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1605–1825</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1620–1869</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1668–1954</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> (1505–1961)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Casa_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Casa da Índia">Casa da Índia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1434–1833</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_India_Company" title="Portuguese East India Company">Portuguese East India Company</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1628–1633</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a> (1600–1947)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">EIC in India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1600–1757</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1757–1858</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Portuguese_India" title="British rule in Portuguese India">British rule in Portuguese India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1797–1813</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj in India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1858–1947</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British rule in Burma</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1824–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely states</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1721–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1947</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonial_India" title="Template:Colonial India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonial_India" title="Template talk:Colonial India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>'s autobiography <a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X" title="The Autobiography of Malcolm X">The Autobiography of Malcolm X</a> details his first encounters with atrocities in the non-British world and his reaction to the rebellion and massacres in 1857.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Masters" title="John Masters">John Masters</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Nightrunners_of_Bengal" title="Nightrunners of Bengal">Nightrunners of Bengal</a>, first published by Michael Joseph in 1951 and dedicated to the Sepoy of India, is a fictionalised account of the Rebellion as seen through the eyes of a British Captain in the Bengal Native Infantry who was based in Bhowani, itself a fictionalised version of the town of <a href="/wiki/Jhansi" title="Jhansi">Jhansi</a>. Captain Savage and his turbulent relationship with the Rani of Kishanpur form an analogous interrelationship of the Indian people and the British and sepoy regiments at that time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._G._Farrell" title="J. G. Farrell">J. G. Farrell</a>'s 1973 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_Krishnapur" title="The Siege of Krishnapur">The Siege of Krishnapur</a> details the siege of the fictional Indian town of Krishnapur during the Rebellion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald_Fraser" title="George MacDonald Fraser">George MacDonald Fraser</a>'s 1975 novel <a href="/wiki/Flashman_in_the_Great_Game" title="Flashman in the Great Game">Flashman in the Great Game</a> deals with the events leading up to and during the Rebellion.</li> <li>Two of Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> stories, <a href="/wiki/The_Sign_of_the_Four" title="The Sign of the Four">The Sign of the Four</a> and "<a href="/wiki/The_Adventure_of_the_Crooked_Man" title="The Adventure of the Crooked Man">The Adventure of the Crooked Man</a>", feature events that took place during the Rebellion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Crichton" title="Michael Crichton">Michael Crichton</a>'s 1975 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_(novel)" title="The Great Train Robbery (novel)">The Great Train Robbery</a> mentions the Rebellion and briefly details the events of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cawnpore" title="Siege of Cawnpore">Siege of Cawnpore</a>, as the Rebellion was happening in tandem with the trial of Edward Pierce.<a href="#cite_note-239">[219]</a></li> <li>The majority of <a href="/wiki/M._M._Kaye" title="M. M. Kaye">M. M. Kaye</a>'s novel Shadow of the Moon is set between 1856 and 1858, and the Rebellion is shown to greatly affect the lives of the main characters, who were inhabitants of the Residency at Lunjore (a fictional town in north India). The early chapters of her novel <a href="/wiki/The_Far_Pavilions" title="The Far Pavilions">The Far Pavilions</a> take place during the Rebellion, which leads to the protagonist, a child of British ancestry, being raised as a Hindu.</li> <li>Indian writer <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Bond" title="Ruskin Bond">Ruskin Bond</a>'s fictional novella A Flight of Pigeons is set around the Indian Rebellion of 1857. It is from this story that the film <a href="/wiki/Junoon_(1978_film)" title="Junoon (1978 film)">Junoon</a> was later adapted in 1978 by <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Benegal" title="Shyam Benegal">Shyam Benegal</a>.</li> <li>The 1880 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Steam_House" title="The Steam House">The Steam House</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> takes place in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s famous character <a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a>, originally an Indian prince, fought on the side of the rebels during the rebellion (as stated in Verne's later novel <a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Island" title="The Mysterious Island">The Mysterious Island</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a>'s 1924 novel <a href="/wiki/A_Passage_to_India" title="A Passage to India">A Passage to India</a> alludes several times to the Mutiny.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Annie_Steel" title="Flora Annie Steel">Flora Annie Steel</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/On_the_Face_of_the_Waters" title="On the Face of the Waters">On the Face of the Waters</a> (1896) describes incidents of the Mutiny.</li> <li>The plot of <a href="/wiki/H._Beam_Piper" title="H. Beam Piper">H. Beam Piper</a>'s science fiction novel <a href="/wiki/Uller_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Uller Uprising">Uller Uprising</a> is based on the events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.</li> <li>Rujub, the juggler and In Times of Peril: A tale of India by <a href="/wiki/G.A._Henty" class="mw-redirect" title="G.A. Henty">G.A. Henty</a> are each based on the Indian Rebellion of 1857[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_War_of_Independence_(book)" title="The Indian War of Independence (book)">The Indian War of Independence</a> (1909) describes incidents of the Mutiny.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_music">Folk music</h3></div> <ul><li>Various folk songs in Assam, called Maniram Dewanor Geet were composed in the memory of <a href="/wiki/Maniram_Dewan" title="Maniram Dewan">Maniram Dewan</a>, highlighting his role in the tea industry and the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-VijayasreeAkādemī2004-240">[220]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare_in_British_colonial_India" title="Political warfare in British colonial India">Political warfare in British colonial India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrackpore_Mutiny_of_1824" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrackpore Mutiny of 1824">Barrackpore Mutiny of 1824</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> "It has been roughly estimated that 6,000 of the approximately 40,000 Europeans then in India were killed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers201364-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a> or <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> were labelled <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> in the 19th-century Censuses of India.<a href="#cite_note-buettner-europeans-ethnology-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> "The 1857 rebellion was by and large confined to northern Indian Gangetic Plain and central India."<a href="#cite_note-bose-jalal-2003lead-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> "The revolt was confined to the northern Gangetic plain and central India."<a href="#cite_note-Marriott2013-9">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Although the majority of the violence occurred in the northern Indian Gangetic plain and central India, recent scholarship has suggested that the rebellion also reached parts of the east and north."<a href="#cite_note-Bender2016-11">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> "What distinguished the events of 1857 was their scale and the fact that for a short time they posed a military threat to British dominance in the Ganges Plain."<a href="#cite_note-bayly1990-p170-13">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> "The events of 1857–58 in India (are) known variously as a mutiny, a revolt, a rebellion and the first war of independence (the debates over which only confirm just how contested imperial history can become) ... "<a href="#cite_note-Williams2006-16">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> "Indian soldiers and the rural population over a large part of northern India showed their mistrust of their rulers and their alienation from them. ... For all their talk of improvement, the new rulers were as yet able to offer very little in the way of positive inducements for Indians to acquiesce in the rule."<a href="#cite_note-Marshall2001-20">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> "Many Indians took up arms against the British, if for very diverse reasons. On the other hand, a very large number actually fought for the British, while the majority remained apparently acquiescent. Explanations have therefore to concentrate on the motives of those who actually rebelled."<a href="#cite_note-Marshall2001-20">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> The cost of the rebellion in terms of human suffering was immense. Two great cities, Delhi and Lucknow, were devastated by fighting and by the plundering of the victorious British. Where the countryside resisted, as in parts of Awadh, villages were burnt. Mutineers and their supporters were often killed out of hand. British civilians, including women and children, were murdered as well as the British officers of the sepoy regiments."<a href="#cite_note-Marshall2001-20">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> "The south, Bengal, and the Punjab remained unscathed, ..."<a href="#cite_note-Marriott2013-9">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> "... it was the support from the Sikhs, carefully cultivated by the British since the end of the Anglo-Sikh wars, and the disinclination of the Bengali intelligentsia to throw in their lot with what they considered a backward Zamindar revolt, that proved decisive in the course of the struggle.<a href="#cite_note-Marriott2013-9">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> "(they) generated no coherent ideology or programme on which to build a new order."<a href="#cite_note-brown1994-p94-28">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> "The events of 1857–58 in India, ... marked a major watershed not only in the history of British India but also of British imperialism as a whole."<a href="#cite_note-Williams2006-16">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> "Queen Victoria's Proclamation of 1858 laid the foundation for Indian secularism and established the semi-legal framework that would govern the politics of religion in colonial India for the next century. ... It promised civil equality for Indians regardless of their religious affiliation, and state non-interference in Indians' religious affairs. Although the Proclamation lacked the legal authority of a constitution, generations of Indians cited the Queen's proclamation in order to claim, and to defend, their right to religious freedom."<a href="#cite_note-Adcock2013-33">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> The proclamation to the "Princes, Chiefs, and People of India", issued by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> on 1 November 1858. "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects." [p. 2] </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "When the governance of India was transferred from the East India Company to the Crown in 1858, she (Queen Victoria) and Prince Albert intervened in an unprecedented fashion to turn the proclamation of the transfer of power into a document of tolerance and clemency. ... They ... insisted on the clause that stated that the people of India would enjoy the same protection as all subjects of Britain. Over time, this royal intervention led to the Proclamation of 1858 becoming known in the Indian subcontinent as 'the Magna Carta of Indian liberties', a phrase which Indian nationalists such as Gandhi later took up as they sought to test equality under imperial law"<a href="#cite_note-AldrichMcCreery2016-36">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> "In purely legal terms, (the proclamation) kept faith with the principles of liberal imperialism and appeared to hold out the promise that British rule would benefit Indians and Britons alike. But as is too often the case with noble statements of faith, reality fell far short of theory, and the failure on the part of the British to live up to the wording of the proclamation would later be used by Indian nationalists as proof of the hollowness of imperial principles."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers201376-38">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> "Ignoring ...the conciliatory proclamation of Queen Victoria in 1858, Britishers in India saw little reason to grant Indians a greater control over their own affairs. Under these circumstances, it was not long before the seed-idea of nationalism implanted by their reading of Western books began to take root in the minds of intelligent and energetic Indians."<a href="#cite_note-EmbreeHay1988-40">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Units of the Army of the Madras Presidency wore blue rather than black shakoes or forage caps </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> The cost of the rebellion in terms of human suffering was immense. Two great cities, Delhi and Lucknow, were devastated by fighting and by the plundering of the victorious British. Where the countryside resisted, as in parts of Awadh, villages were burnt. Mutineers and their supporters were often killed out of hand. British civilians, including women and children, were murdered as well as the British officers of the sepoy regiments."<a href="#cite_note-Marshall2001-20">[14]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tyagi1974-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tyagi1974_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyagi1974_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTyagi1974" class="citation book cs1">Tyagi, Sushila (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O0aOlkayZnQC">Indo-Nepalese Relations: (1858–1914)</a>. India: Concept Publishing Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230919160252/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0aOlkayZnQC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Nepalese+Relations%3A+%281858%E2%80%931914%29&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Tyagi&rft.aufirst=Sushila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO0aOlkayZnQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers201364-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers201364_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers201364_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers201364_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers201364_2-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeers2013">Peers 2013</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-buettner-europeans-ethnology-3"><a href="#cite_ref-buettner-europeans-ethnology_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuettner2000" class="citation cs2">Buettner, Elizabeth (2000), "Problematic spaces, problematic races: defining 'Europeans' in late colonial India", Women's History Review, 9 (2): 277–298, 278, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612020000200242">10.1080/09612020000200242</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0961-2025">0961-2025</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145297044">145297044</a>, <q>Colonial-era sources most commonly referred to individuals whom scholars today often describe as 'white' or 'British' as 'European' or 'English'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+Review&rft.atitle=Problematic+spaces%2C+problematic+races%3A+defining+%27Europeans%27+in+late+colonial+India&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E298%2C+278&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145297044%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0961-2025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09612020000200242&rft.aulast=Buettner&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marshall-197-5"><a href="#cite_ref-marshall-197_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2007">Marshall 2007</a>, p. 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavid2003">David 2003</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-bose-jalal-2003lead-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bose-jalal-2003lead_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bose-jalal-2003lead_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoseJalal2004">Bose & Jalal 2004</a>, pp. 72–73 </li> <li id="cite_note-Marriott2013-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marriott2013_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriott2013_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriott2013_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriott2013_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriott2013_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriott2013_9-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarriott2013" class="citation cs2">Marriott, John (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eXPLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195">The other empire: Metropolis, India and progress in the colonial imagination</a>, Manchester University Press, p. 195, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-061-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-061-3"><bdi>978-1-84779-061-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+other+empire%3A+Metropolis%2C+India+and+progress+in+the+colonial+imagination&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84779-061-3&rft.aulast=Marriott&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeXPLCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bender2016-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bender2016_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bender2016_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender2016" class="citation cs2">Bender, Jill C. (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f5OzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">The 1857 Indian Uprising and the British Empire</a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 3, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-48345-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-48345-9"><bdi>978-1-316-48345-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1857+Indian+Uprising+and+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-316-48345-9&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=Jill+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df5OzCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bayly1990-p170-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bayly1990-p170_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bayly1990-p170_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayly1987">Bayly 1987</a>, p. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-intro-refs-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-intro-refs_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-intro-refs_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-intro-refs_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-intro-refs_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-intro-refs_15-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBandyopadhyay2004">Bandyopadhyay 2004</a>, pp. 169–172, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1994">Brown 1994</a>, pp. 85–87, and <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, pp. 100–106 </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams2006-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2006_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2006_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2006_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2006_16-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeers2006" class="citation cs2">Peers, Douglas M. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7pcMC7ANpmoC&pg=PA63">"Britain and Empire"</a>, in Williams, Chris (ed.), A Companion to 19th-Century Britain, John Wiley & Sons, p. 63, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5679-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5679-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-5679-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Britain+and+Empire&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+19th-Century+Britain&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5679-0&rft.aulast=Peers&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7pcMC7ANpmoC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006100–103-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006100–103_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, pp. 100–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199485–86-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199485–86_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1994">Brown 1994</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall2001-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2001_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2001_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2001_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2001_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2001_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2001_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2001_20-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2001_20-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2001" class="citation cs2">Marshall, P. 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(2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DvMVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">The Limits of Tolerance: Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom</a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 23–25, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-999543-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-999543-1"><bdi>978-0-19-999543-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+Tolerance%3A+Indian+Secularism+and+the+Politics+of+Religious+Freedom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-999543-1&rft.aulast=Adcock&rft.aufirst=C.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDvMVDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AldrichMcCreery2016-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AldrichMcCreery2016_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AldrichMcCreery2016_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2016" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Miles (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iR3GDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">"The British royal family and the colonial empire from the Georgians to Prince George"</a>, in Aldrish, Robert; McCreery, Cindy (eds.), Crowns and Colonies: European Monarchies and Overseas Empires, Manchester University Press, pp. 38–39, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-0088-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-0088-7"><bdi>978-1-5261-0088-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230919160248/https://books.google.com/books?id=iR3GDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2023, retrieved 30 March 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+British+royal+family+and+the+colonial+empire+from+the+Georgians+to+Prince+George&rft.btitle=Crowns+and+Colonies%3A+European+Monarchies+and+Overseas+Empires&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-0088-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiR3GDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers201376-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers201376_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeers2013">Peers 2013</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-EmbreeHay1988-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EmbreeHay1988_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EmbreeHay1988_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbreeHayBary1988" class="citation cs2">Embree, Ainslie Thomas; Hay, Stephen N.; Bary, William Theodore De (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XoMRuiSpBp4C&pg=PA85">"Nationalism Takes Root: The Moderates"</a>, Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan, Columbia University Press, p. 85, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06414-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06414-9"><bdi>978-0-231-06414-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230919160249/https://books.google.com/books?id=XoMRuiSpBp4C&pg=PA85">archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2023, retrieved 19 September 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationalism+Takes+Root%3A+The+Moderates&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Indian+Tradition%3A+Modern+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06414-9&rft.aulast=Embree&rft.aufirst=Ainslie+Thomas&rft.au=Hay%2C+Stephen+N.&rft.au=Bary%2C+William+Theodore+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXoMRuiSpBp4C%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/india/1617englandindies.asp">"Internet History Sourcebooks Project"</a>. 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Anthem Press. p. 271.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+India%2C+1480%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.aulast=Markovitz&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article3232391.ece">"When the Vellore sepoys rebelled"</a>. The Hindu. 6 August 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815230327/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article3232391.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2016. 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Oxford University Press, 1981, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-wagner-60"><a href="#cite_ref-wagner_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_A._Wagner2010" class="citation cs2">Kim A. Wagner (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=35sGgU8A4CEC&pg=PA28">The great fear of 1857: rumours, conspiracies and the making of the Indian Mutiny</a>, Peter Lang, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906165-27-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906165-27-7"><bdi>978-1-906165-27-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+fear+of+1857%3A+rumours%2C+conspiracies+and+the+making+of+the+Indian+Mutiny&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-906165-27-7&rft.au=Kim+A.+Wagner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D35sGgU8A4CEC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> The only troops to be armed with the Enfield rifle, and hence the greased cartridges, were the British HM 60th Rifles stationed at Meerut. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_John_William_KayeGeorge_Bruce_Malleson1888" class="citation cs2">Sir John William Kaye; George Bruce Malleson (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mioKAQAAIAAJ&q=Gangadarh+Banerji+company&pg=PA381">Kaye's and Malleson's history of the Indian mutiny of 1857–8</a>, London: W. H. Allen & Co, p. 381, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230919160250/https://books.google.com/books?id=mioKAQAAIAAJ&q=Gangadarh+Banerji+company&pg=PA381">archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2023, retrieved 12 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaye%27s+and+Malleson%27s+history+of+the+Indian+mutiny+of+1857%E2%80%938&rft.place=London&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen+%26+Co&rft.date=1888&rft.au=Sir+John+William+Kaye&rft.au=George+Bruce+Malleson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmioKAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DGangadarh%2BBanerji%2Bcompany%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesterBoehmeMitchell2021" class="citation book cs1">Lester, Alan; Boehme, Kate; Mitchell, Peter (7 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Ruling_the_World.html?id=RyoNEAAAQBAJ">Ruling the World: Freedom, Civilisation and Liberalism in the Nineteenth-Century British Empire</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42620-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42620-6"><bdi>978-1-108-42620-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Company armies had begun replacing their Brown Bess rifles with new Lee Enfield ones during early 1857. These rifles required greased cartridges that had to be bitten at one end. A British officer alleged that rumors of cow and pig fat in the grease began when a worker at the Barrackpore arsenal asked a higher-caste sepoy for a drink from his canteen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruling+the+World%3A+Freedom%2C+Civilisation+and+Liberalism+in+the+Nineteenth-Century+British+Empire&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42620-6&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Boehme%2C+Kate&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FRuling_the_World.html%3Fid%3DRyoNEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHibbert1980">Hibbert 1980</a>, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavid2003">David 2003</a>, p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavid2007">David 2007</a>, p. 292 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardes1975" class="citation book cs1">Edwardes, Michael (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redyearindianreb0000edwa/page/23/mode/1up">Red Year: The Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>. London: Cardinal. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-351-15997-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-351-15997-5"><bdi>0-351-15997-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Year%3A+The+Indian+Rebellion+of+1857&rft.place=London&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cardinal&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-351-15997-5&rft.aulast=Edwardes&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredyearindianreb0000edwa%2Fpage%2F23%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavid2003">David 2003</a>, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavid2007">David 2007</a>, p. 293 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> G. W. Forrest, Selections from the letters, despatches and other state papers preserved in the Military department of the government of India, 1857–58 (1893), pp. 8–12, available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectionsfroml00forrgoog">archive.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBandyopadhyay2004">Bandyopadhyay 2004</a>, p. 172, <a href="#CITEREFBoseJalal2004">Bose & Jalal 2004</a>, pp. 72–73, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1994">Brown 1994</a>, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBandyopadhyay2004">Bandyopadhyay 2004</a>, p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetcalf1964">Metcalf 1964</a>, p. 299: "Rajput Taluqdars provided the bulk of leadership in Oudh, Kunwar Singh a Rajput Zamindar was the moving spirit of uprising in Bihar" </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoseJalal2004">Bose & Jalal 2004</a>, p. 72, <a href="#CITEREFMetcalf1964">Metcalf 1964</a>, pp. 63–64, <a href="#CITEREFBandyopadhyay2004">Bandyopadhyay 2004</a>, p. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1994">Brown 1994</a>, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoeber_RudolphRudolph2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hoeber Rudolph, Susanne; Rudolph, Lloyd I. (2000). "Living with Difference in India". The Political Quarterly. 71: 20–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-923X.71.s1.4">10.1111/1467-923X.71.s1.4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Living+with+Difference+in+India&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-923X.71.s1.4&rft.aulast=Hoeber+Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+Lloyd+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSU-77"><a href="#cite_ref-OSU_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPionke,_Albert_D.2004" class="citation cs2">Pionke, Albert D. (2004), Plots of opportunity: representing conspiracy in Victorian England, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, p. 82, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0948-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0948-6"><bdi>978-0-8142-0948-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plots+of+opportunity%3A+representing+conspiracy+in+Victorian+England&rft.place=Columbus&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8142-0948-6&rft.au=Pionke%2C+Albert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudolph1997-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Rudolph1997_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph,_L._I.Rudolph,_S._H.1997" class="citation cs2">Rudolph, L. I.; Rudolph, S. H. (1997), "Occidentalism and Orientalism: Perspectives on Legal Pluralism", Cultures of Scholarship</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultures+of+Scholarship&rft.atitle=Occidentalism+and+Orientalism%3A+Perspectives+on+Legal+Pluralism&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+L.+I.&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+S.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AE-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AE_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AE_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbree,_Ainslie1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ainslie_Embree" title="Ainslie Embree">Embree, Ainslie</a> (1992), Helmstadter, Richard J.; Webb, R. K.; Davis, Richard (eds.), Religion and irreligion in Victorian society: essays in honor of R. K. Webb, New York: Routledge, p. 152, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07625-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07625-8"><bdi>978-0-415-07625-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+irreligion+in+Victorian+society%3A+essays+in+honor+of+R.+K.+Webb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07625-8&rft.au=Embree%2C+Ainslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFB-80"><a href="#cite_ref-GFB_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Fremont-Barnes2007" class="citation cs2">Gregory Fremont-Barnes (2007), The Indian Mutiny 1857–58 (Essential Histories), Reading: Osprey Publishing, p. 9, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-209-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-209-7"><bdi>978-1-84603-209-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Mutiny+1857%E2%80%9358+%28Essential+Histories%29&rft.place=Reading&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-209-7&rft.au=Gregory+Fremont-Barnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CB-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CB_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly,_C._A.1996" class="citation cs2">Bayly, C. A. (1996), Empire and information: intelligence gathering and social communication in India, 1780–1870, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 331, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66360-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66360-1"><bdi>978-0-521-66360-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+information%3A+intelligence+gathering+and+social+communication+in+India%2C+1780%E2%80%931870&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66360-1&rft.au=Bayly%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Mutiny.html">» Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 Postcolonial Studies @ Emory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114213449/http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Mutiny.html">Archived</a> 14 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. English.emory.edu (23 March 1998). Retrieved on 12 July 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollo1981" class="citation book cs1">Mollo, Boris (1981). The Indian Army. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-1074-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-1074-8"><bdi>978-0-7137-1074-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Army&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Littlehampton+Book+Services+Ltd&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7137-1074-8&rft.aulast=Mollo&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAijaz_Ahmad2021" class="citation book cs1">Aijaz Ahmad (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LohCEAAAQBAJ&dq=three+fourths+muslims+cavalry&pg=PA158">Uprising of 1857: Some Facts about Failure of Indian war of Independence</a>. K.K. Publications. p. 158. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230919160251/https://books.google.com/books?id=LohCEAAAQBAJ&dq=three+fourths+muslims+cavalry&pg=PA158">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uprising+of+1857%3A+Some+Facts+about+Failure+of+Indian+war+of+Independence&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=K.K.+Publications&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Aijaz+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLohCEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dthree%2Bfourths%2Bmuslims%2Bcavalry%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Seema Alavi The Sepoys and the Company (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 1998, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid200324-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid200324_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavid2003">David 2003</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Memorandum from Lieutenant-Colonel W. St. L. Mitchell (CO of the 19th BNI) to Major A. H. Ross about his troop's refusal to accept the Enfield cartridges, 27 February 1857, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/docs/history/primarydocs/War%20of%201857/Indian%20Mutiny--Ch1/letter%2031.htm">Archives of Project South Asia, South Dakota State University and Missouri Southern State University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100818120054/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/docs/history/primarydocs/War%20of%201857/Indian%20Mutiny--Ch1/letter%2031.htm">Archived</a> 18 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_2003_69-88"><a href="#cite_ref-David_2003_69_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavid2003">David 2003</a>, p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-Malleson-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malleson_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malleson_89-1">b</a> "The Indian Mutiny of 1857", Col. G. B. Malleson, reprint 2005, Rupa & Co. Publishers, New Delhi. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Durendra Nath Sen, p. 50 Eighteen Fifty-Seven, The Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India, May 1957. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2014" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Kim A. (2014). The Great Fear of 1857. Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising. Dev Publishers & Distributors. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81406-34-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-81406-34-2"><bdi>978-93-81406-34-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Fear+of+1857.+Rumours%2C+Conspiracies+and+the+Making+of+the+Indian+Uprising&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Dev+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-81406-34-2&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Kim+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHibbert1980">Hibbert 1980</a>, pp. 73–75 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkram_ul-Majeed_Sehgal2002" class="citation book cs1">Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1KPfAAAAMAAJ&q=3rd+regiment+cavalry+mainly+muslims">Defence Journal: Volume 5, Issues 9–12</a>. University of Michigan. p. 37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411073814/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KPfAAAAMAAJ&q=3rd+regiment+cavalry+mainly+muslims">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defence+Journal%3A+Volume+5%2C+Issues+9%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Ikram+ul-Majeed+Sehgal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1KPfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D3rd%2Bregiment%2Bcavalry%2Bmainly%2Bmuslims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_2003_93-94"><a href="#cite_ref-David_2003_93_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavid2003">David 2003</a>, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHibbert1980">Hibbert 1980</a>, pp. 80–85 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Sir John Kaye & G. B. Malleson: The Indian Mutiny of 1857, (Delhi: Rupa & Co.) reprint 2005, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-SurendraNathSen1857-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SurendraNathSen1857_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SurendraNathSen1857_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1957" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Surendra Nath (1957). Eighteen Fifty-Seven. Delhi: Ministry of Information.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eighteen+Fifty-Seven&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Information&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Surendra+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHibbert1980">Hibbert 1980</a>, pp. 98–101 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHibbert1980">Hibbert 1980</a>, pp. 93–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2006223–224-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2006223–224_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalrymple2006">Dalrymple 2006</a>, p. 223–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHibbert1980">Hibbert 1980</a>, pp. 152–163 </li> <li id="cite_note-EdwardesBattles-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EdwardesBattles_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EdwardesBattles_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EdwardesBattles_102-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardes1970" class="citation book cs1">Edwardes, Michael (1970) [1963]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlesofindianm0000edwa/page/53/mode/1up">Battles of the Indian Mutiny</a>. Pan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-02524-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-02524-4"><bdi>0-330-02524-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+the+Indian+Mutiny&rft.pub=Pan&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-330-02524-4&rft.aulast=Edwardes&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlesofindianm0000edwa%2Fpage%2F53%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2001">Harris 2001</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Indian Army Uniforms under the British – Infantry, W. Y. Carman, Morgan-Grampian Books 1969, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124041847/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/august/sepoy.htm">"The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857–59 – A. H. AMIN"</a>. Defencejournal.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/august/sepoy.htm">the original</a> on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defencejournal.com&rft.atitle=The+Sepoy+Rebellion+of+1857%E2%80%9359+%E2%80%93+A.+H.+AMIN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defencejournal.com%2F2001%2Faugust%2Fsepoy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614075639/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/india/bengalarmy1857.html">"BaseballCloud-Pocket Radar"</a>. orbat.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbat.com/site/cimh/india/bengalarmy1857.html">the original</a> on 14 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=orbat.com&rft.atitle=BaseballCloud-Pocket+Radar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbat.com%2Fsite%2Fcimh%2Findia%2Fbengalarmy1857.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024030853/http://www.newstodaynet.com/guest/210607gu1.htm">"Lessons from 1857"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstodaynet.com/guest/210607gu1.htm">the original</a> on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lessons+from+1857&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstodaynet.com%2Fguest%2F210607gu1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071122162904/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Images-1765c.html">"The Indian Army: 1765–1914"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Images-1765c.html">the original</a> on 22 November 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Army%3A+1765%E2%80%931914&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bharat-rakshak.com%2FLAND-FORCES%2FArmy%2FImages-1765c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavid2003">David 2003</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalrymple-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple_110-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalrymple2006">Dalrymple 2006</a>, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyesha_Jalal2008" class="citation book cs1">Ayesha Jalal (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes">Partisans of Allah</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes/page/129">129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02801-2"><bdi>978-0-674-02801-2</bdi></a>. <q>Nor did most Muslims share the rebels' hatred of the British, even as they deplored the more egregious excesses of colonial rule.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partisans+of+Allah&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02801-2&rft.au=Ayesha+Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartisansofallah00ayes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyesha_Jalal2008" class="citation book cs1">Ayesha Jalal (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes">Partisans of Allah</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes/page/114">114</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02801-2"><bdi>978-0-674-02801-2</bdi></a>. <q>During the 1857 uprising, the ulema could not agree whether to declare a jihad.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partisans+of+Allah&rft.pages=114-&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02801-2&rft.au=Ayesha+Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartisansofallah00ayes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyesha_Jalal2008" class="citation book cs1">Ayesha Jalal (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes">Partisans of Allah</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes/page/122">122</a>–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02801-2"><bdi>978-0-674-02801-2</bdi></a>. <q>Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi (1833–1879), the great Deobandi scholar, fought against the British...Along with Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (1828–1905), he took up arms when he was presented with clear evidence of English injustice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partisans+of+Allah&rft.pages=122-123&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02801-2&rft.au=Ayesha+Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartisansofallah00ayes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyesha_Jalal2008" class="citation book cs1">Ayesha Jalal (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes">Partisans of Allah</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes/page/130">130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02801-2"><bdi>978-0-674-02801-2</bdi></a>. <q>Many Muslims, including Sunni and Shia ulema, collaborated with the British.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partisans+of+Allah&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02801-2&rft.au=Ayesha+Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartisansofallah00ayes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyesha_Jalal2008" class="citation book cs1">Ayesha Jalal (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes">Partisans of Allah</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes/page/130">130</a>–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02801-2"><bdi>978-0-674-02801-2</bdi></a>. <q>Several of Nanautawi's fellow seminarians in Deoband and divines of the Ahl-i-Hadith reputed for their adherence to Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi rejected the jihad.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partisans+of+Allah&rft.pages=130-131&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02801-2&rft.au=Ayesha+Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartisansofallah00ayes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyesha_Jalal2008" class="citation book cs1">Ayesha Jalal (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes">Partisans of Allah</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes/page/131">131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02801-2"><bdi>978-0-674-02801-2</bdi></a>. <q>Maulana Sayyid Nazir Husain Dehalvi was the most influential of the Ahl-Hadith ulema in Delhi at the time of the revolt. The rebels coerced him into issuing a fatwa declaring a jihad...he ruled out armed jihad in India, on the grounds that the relationship with the British government was a contract that Muslims could not legally break unless their religious rights were infringed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partisans+of+Allah&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02801-2&rft.au=Ayesha+Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartisansofallah00ayes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Zachary Nunn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drake.edu/artsci/PolSci/ssjrnl/2001/nunn.html">The British Raj</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070913225531/http://www.drake.edu/artsci/PolSci/ssjrnl/2001/nunn.html">Archived</a> 13 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy216-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy216_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy216_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevaskis1928" class="citation cs2">Trevaskis, Hugh Kennedy (1928), The Land of Five Rivers: An Economic History of the Punjab from Earliest Times to the Year of Grace 1890, London: Oxford University Press, pp. 216–217</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+Five+Rivers%3A+An+Economic+History+of+the+Punjab+from+Earliest+Times+to+the+Year+of+Grace+1890&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E217&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Trevaskis&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2001">Harris 2001</a>, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> The Indian Mutiny 1857–58, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-stokes-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stokes_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stokes_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokesBayly1986" class="citation cs2">Stokes, Eric; 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Retrieved 3 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-8120725065&rft.au=Chopra%2C+P.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRAON5AW4yUEC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather_Streets2004" class="citation book cs1">Heather Streets (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BscnZT_1po8C&pg=PA39">Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914</a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 39–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6962-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6962-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-6962-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martial+Races%3A+The+Military%2C+Race+and+Masculinity+in+British+Imperial+Culture%2C+1857%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=39-&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6962-8&rft.au=Heather+Streets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBscnZT_1po8C%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Sahib: The British Soldier in India 1750–1914 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(military_historian)" title="Richard Holmes (military historian)">Richard Holmes</a> HarperCollins 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikki_Christie,_Brendan_Christie_and_Adam_Kidson" class="citation book cs1">Nikki Christie, Brendan Christie and Adam Kidson. Britain: losing and gaining an empire, 1763–1914. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4479-8534-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4479-8534-1"><bdi>978-1-4479-8534-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%3A+losing+and+gaining+an+empire%2C+1763%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=150&rft.isbn=978-1-4479-8534-1&rft.au=Nikki+Christie%2C+Brendan+Christie+and+Adam+Kidson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudrangshu_Mukherjee" title="Rudrangshu Mukherjee">Mukherjee, Rudrangshu</a> (1998). Spectre of Violence: The 1857 Kanpur Massacre. New Delhi: Penguin Books. p. 175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spectre+of+Violence%3A+The+1857+Kanpur+Massacre&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Rudrangshu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-18-2-a-the-great-rebellion-of-1857-in-india">"Constitutional Rights Foundation"</a>. Crf-usa.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224070714/https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-18-2-a-the-great-rebellion-of-1857-in-india">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019. 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Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Citizenthought.net&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Mutiny+1857%E2%80%9358&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citizenthought.net%2FIndian_Mutiny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehal" class="citation news cs1">Behal, Arsh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/scottish-historian-reflects-on-horrors-of-1857-uprising/articleshow/61990784.cms">"Scottish historian reflects on horrors of 1857 uprising"</a>. Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207084324/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/scottish-historian-reflects-on-horrors-of-1857-uprising/articleshow/61990784.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scottish+historian+reflects+on+horrors+of+1857+uprising&rft.aulast=Behal&rft.aufirst=Arsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchandigarh%2Fscottish-historian-reflects-on-horrors-of-1857-uprising%2Farticleshow%2F61990784.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd,_Kevin_R._D." class="citation web cs1">Shepherd, Kevin R. D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citizenthought.net/Indian_Mutiny.html">"The Indian Mutiny and Civil War 1857–58"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901192917/https://www.citizenthought.net/Indian_Mutiny.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Mutiny+and+Civil+War+1857%E2%80%9358&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+Kevin+R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citizenthought.net%2FIndian_Mutiny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall1858" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Charles (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_tuZCAAAAcAAJ">The History of the Indian Mutiny</a>. London Printing and Publishing Company. <q>Charles Ball.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Indian+Mutiny&rft.pub=London+Printing+and+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_tuZCAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedfern1858" class="citation book cs1">Redfern (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2iVcAAAAQAAJ">Justice for India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230919161302/https://books.google.com/books?id=2iVcAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+for+India&rft.date=1858&rft.au=Redfern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2iVcAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tickell2013-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Tickell2013_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTickell2013" class="citation book cs1">Tickell, Alex (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kiE9ie0hi8IC&pg=PA92">Terrorism, Insurgency and Indian-English Literature, 1830–1947</a>. Routledge. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-61841-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-61841-3"><bdi>978-1-136-61841-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230919161303/https://books.google.com/books?id=kiE9ie0hi8IC&pg=PA92">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism%2C+Insurgency+and+Indian-English+Literature%2C+1830%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-61841-3&rft.aulast=Tickell&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkiE9ie0hi8IC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Punch, 24 October 1857. </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbert2008-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert2008_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert2008_190-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert,_C.2008" class="citation cs2">Herbert, C. (2008), War of No Pity: The Indian Mutiny and Victorian Trauma, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+of+No+Pity%3A+The+Indian+Mutiny+and+Victorian+Trauma&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Herbert%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2006374-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2006374_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalrymple2006">Dalrymple 2006</a>, p. 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple20064-5-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple20064-5_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalrymple2006">Dalrymple 2006</a>, p. 4-5. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalrymple2006">Dalrymple 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chakravarty2004-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Chakravarty2004_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarty,_G.2004" class="citation cs2">Chakravarty, G. (2004), The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Mutiny+and+the+British+Imagination&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Chakravarty%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judd2004-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Judd2004_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd2004" class="citation cs2">Judd, Denis (2004), The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280358-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280358-1"><bdi>0-19-280358-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lion+and+the+Tiger%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+British+Raj%2C+1600%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-280358-1&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckman2003" class="citation cs2">Beckman, Karen Redrobe (2003), Vanishing Women: Magic, Film, and Feminism, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, pp. 33–34, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3074-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3074-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-3074-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vanishing+Women%3A+Magic%2C+Film%2C+and+Feminism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3074-5&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Karen+Redrobe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavid2003">David 2003</a>, pp. 220–222 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> The Friend of India reprinted in South Australian Advertiser, 2 October 1860. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid2003257–258-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid2003257–258_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavid2003">David 2003</a>, pp. 257–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender" class="citation cs2">Bender, J. C., "Mutiny or freedom fight", in Potter, S. J. (ed.), Newspapers and empire in Ireland and Britain, Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 105–106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mutiny+or+freedom+fight&rft.btitle=Newspapers+and+empire+in+Ireland+and+Britain&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalmia2019" class="citation book cs1">Dalmia, Vasudha (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdehDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">Fiction as History: The Novel and the City in Modern North India</a>. State University of New York Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7607-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7607-0"><bdi>978-1-4384-7607-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230919161303/https://books.google.com/books?id=VdehDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiction+as+History%3A+The+Novel+and+the+City+in+Modern+North+India&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-7607-0&rft.aulast=Dalmia&rft.aufirst=Vasudha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVdehDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Rajit K. Mazumder, The Indian Army and the Making of the Punjab. (Delhi, Permanent Black, 2003), 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxers-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Boxers_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickersR._G._Tiedemann2007" class="citation cs2">Bickers, Robert A.; R. G. Tiedemann (2007), The Boxers, China, and the World, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 231 (at p. 63), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5395-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5395-8"><bdi>978-0-7425-5395-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boxers%2C+China%2C+and+the+World&rft.pages=231+%28at+p.+63%29&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5395-8&rft.aulast=Bickers&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=R.+G.+Tiedemann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> W. Y. Carman, p. 107 Indian Army Uniforms – Infantry, Morgan-Grampian London 1969. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Authorisation contained in General Order 363 of 1858 and General Order 733 of 1859. </li> <li id="cite_note-CMJ-207"><a href="#cite_ref-CMJ_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Calcutta Monthly Journal and General Register 1837". p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Calcutta+Monthly+Journal+and+General+Register+1837&rft.pages=60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/1857.htm">First Indian War of Independence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225224640/http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/1857.htm">Archived</a> 25 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 8 January 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> A number of dispossessed dynasts, both Hindu and Muslim, exploited the well-founded caste-suspicions of the sepoys and made these simple folk their cat's paw in gamble for recovering their thrones. The last scions of the Delhi Mughals or the Oudh Nawabs and the Peshwa, can by no ingenuity be called fighters for Indian freedom Hindusthan Standard, Puja Annual, 195 p. 22 referenced in the Truth about the Indian mutiny article by Dr Ganda Singh. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> In the light of the available evidence, we are forced to the conclusion that the uprising of 1857 was not the result of careful planning, nor were there any master-minds behind it. As I read about the events of 1857, I am forced to the conclusion that the Indian national character had sunk very low. The leaders of the revolt could never agree. They were mutually jealous and continually intrigued against one another. ... In fact these personal jealousies and intrigues were largely responsible for the Indian defeat.Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Surendranath Sen: Eighteen Fifty-seven (Appx. X & Appx. XV). </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasan149-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Hasan149_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHasanRoy1998">Hasan & Roy 1998</a>, p. 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nanda701-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Nanda701_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNanda1965">Nanda 1965</a>, p. 701 </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110312101012/http://speakerloksabha.gov.in/speech/SpeechDetails.asp?SpeechId=172">"The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speakerloksabha.gov.in/speech/SpeechDetails.asp?SpeechId=172">the original</a> on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Office+of+Speaker+Lok+Sabha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspeakerloksabha.gov.in%2Fspeech%2FSpeechDetails.asp%3FSpeechId%3D172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history/british_history2.htm">"Indian History – British Period – First war of Independence"</a>. Gatewayforindia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609165941/http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history/british_history2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gatewayforindia.com&rft.atitle=Indian+History+%E2%80%93+British+Period+%E2%80%93+First+war+of+Independence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatewayforindia.com%2Fhistory%2Fbritish_history2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2007/08/DALRYMPLE/15000">"Il y a cent cinquante ans, la révolte des cipayes"</a>. Monde-diplomatique.fr. 1 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109142453/https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2007/08/DALRYMPLE/15000">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monde-diplomatique.fr&rft.atitle=Il+y+a+cent+cinquante+ans%2C+la+r%C3%A9volte+des+cipayes&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monde-diplomatique.fr%2F2007%2F08%2FDALRYMPLE%2F15000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050503231048/http://www.nationalgeographic.de/php/entdecken/wettbewerb2/forum.php3?command=show&id=3118&root=3052">"National Geographic Deutschland"</a>. 3 May 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.de/php/entdecken/wettbewerb2/forum.php3?command=show&id=3118&root=3052">the original</a> on 3 May 2005. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Deutschland&rft.date=2005-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.de%2Fphp%2Fentdecken%2Fwettbewerb2%2Fforum.php3%3Fcommand%3Dshow%26id%3D3118%26root%3D3052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> The Empire, Sydney, Australia, 11 July 1857, or Taranaki Herald, New Zealand, 29 August 1857. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Michael Adas, "Twentieth Century Approaches to the Indian Mutiny of 1857–58", Journal of Asian History, 1971, Vol. 5 Issue 1, pp. 1–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> It includes essays by historians Eric Stokes, Christopher Bayly, Rudrangshu Mukherjee, Tapti Roy, Rajat K. Ray and others. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswamoy_Pati2010" class="citation cs2">Biswamoy Pati (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NGqiSQAACAAJ">The 1857 Rebellion</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-806913-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-806913-3"><bdi>978-0-19-806913-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1857+Rebellion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-806913-3&rft.au=Biswamoy+Pati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNGqiSQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> For the latest research see Crispin Bates, ed., Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume I: Anticipations and Experiences in the Locality (2013). </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Thomas R. Metcalf, "Rural society and British rule in nineteenth century India". Journal of Asian Studies 39#1 (1979): 111–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_A._Wagner2010" class="citation book cs1">Kim A. Wagner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=35sGgU8A4CEC&pg=PR26">The Great Fear of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising</a>. Peter Lang. pp. xxvi–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906165-27-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906165-27-7"><bdi>978-1-906165-27-7</bdi></a>. <q>Modern Indian historiography on 1857 still seems, at least in part, to be responding to the prejudice of colonial accounts ... I see no reason to downplay, or to exaggerate, the atrocities carried out by Indians simply because such events seem to offend our post-colonial sensibilities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Fear+of+1857%3A+Rumours%2C+Conspiracies+and+the+Making+of+the+Indian+Uprising&rft.pages=xxvi-&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-906165-27-7&rft.au=Kim+A.+Wagner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D35sGgU8A4CEC%26pg%3DPR26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> M. Farooqui, trans (2010) Besieged: voices from Delhi 1857 Penguin Books. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner, Kim A. (2011). "The Marginal Mutiny: The New Historiography of the Indian Uprising of 1857". History Compass. 9 (10): 760–766 [760]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2011.00799.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00799.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Marginal+Mutiny%3A+The+New+Historiography+of+the+Indian+Uprising+of+1857&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=760-766+760&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2011.00799.x&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Kim+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_A._Wagner2010" class="citation cs2">Kim A. Wagner (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=35sGgU8A4CEC&pg=PR26">The Great Fear Of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising</a>, Peter Lang, p. 26, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906165-27-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906165-27-7"><bdi>978-1-906165-27-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Fear+Of+1857%3A+Rumours%2C+Conspiracies+and+the+Making+of+the+Indian+Uprising&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-906165-27-7&rft.au=Kim+A.+Wagner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D35sGgU8A4CEC%26pg%3DPR26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Sabbaq Ahmed, "Ideology and Muslim militancy in India: Selected case studies of the 1857 Indian rebellion". (PhD Dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington (NZ), 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/handle/10063/4660">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003120931/http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/handle/10063/4660">Archived</a> 3 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> The Indian Mutiny and Victorian Trauma by Christopher Herbert, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> The History of the Indian Mutiny: Giving a detailed account of the sepoy insurrection in India by Charles Ball, The London Printing and Publishing Company, London, 1860. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> V.D. Savarkar argues that the rebellion was a war of Indian independence. The Indian War of Independence: 1857 (Bombay: 1947 [1909]). Most historians have seen his arguments as discredited, with one venturing so far as to say, 'It was neither first, nor national, nor a war of independence.' Eric Stokes has argued that the rebellion was actually a variety of movements, not one movement. The Peasant Armed (Oxford: 1980). See also S. B. Chaudhuri, Civil Rebellion in the Indian Mutinies 1857–1859 (Calcutta: 1957). </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpilsbury2007" class="citation book cs1">Spilsbury, Julian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianmutiny00juli/page/n166/mode/1up">The Indian Mutiny</a>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. n2, n166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84651-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84651-2"><bdi>978-0-297-84651-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Mutiny&rft.pages=n2%2C+n166&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84651-2&rft.aulast=Spilsbury&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findianmutiny00juli%2Fpage%2Fn166%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> S&T magazine issue 121 (September 1988), p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> The communal hatred led to ugly communal riots in many parts of U.P. The green flag was hoisted and Muslims in Bareilly, Bijnor, Moradabad, and other places the Muslims shouted for the revival of Muslim kingdom." <a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a>: Sepoy Mutiny and Revolt of 1857 (pp. 2303–2331). </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Yechury" title="Sitaram Yechury">Sitaram Yechury</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hindustantimes.com/news/181_1896809,00120001.htm">The Empire Strikes Back</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208002747/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1896809,00120001.htm">Archived</a> 8 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Hindustan Times. January 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7009742.stm">"UK India Mutiny ceremony blocked"</a>. BBC News. 24 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224070712/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7009742.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UK+India+Mutiny+ceremony+blocked&rft.date=2007-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F7009742.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathi2007" class="citation news cs1">Tripathi, Ram Dutt (26 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7014281.stm">"Briton visits India Mutiny grave"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227030409/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7014281.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2019. 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Roy, Tapti (1998), "Review of Tapti Roy, The Politics of a Popular Uprising, OUP, 1994", Social Scientist, 26 (1): 148–151, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3517586">10.2307/3517586</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517586">3517586</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=Review+of+Tapti+Roy%2C+The+Politics+of+a+Popular+Uprising%2C+OUP%2C+1994&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3517586&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3517586%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Farhat&rft.au=Roy%2C+Tapti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a> (1980), The Great Mutiny: India 1857, London: Allen Lane, p. 472, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-004752-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-004752-3"><bdi>978-0-14-004752-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Mutiny%3A+India+1857&rft.place=London&rft.pages=472&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-14-004752-3&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudden2002" class="citation cs2">Ludden, David (2002), India And South Asia: A Short History, Oxford: Oneworld, xii, 306, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-237-9"><bdi>978-1-85168-237-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+And+South+Asia%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=xii%2C+306&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-237-9&rft.aulast=Ludden&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/P._J._Marshall" title="P. J. Marshall">Marshall, P. J.</a> (2007), The Making and Unmaking of Empires: Britain, India, and America c. 1750–1783, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press., p. 400, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922666-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922666-5"><bdi>978-0-19-922666-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+and+Unmaking+of+Empires%3A+Britain%2C+India%2C+and+America+c.+1750%E2%80%931783&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=Oxford+and+New+York%3A+Oxford+University+Press.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922666-5&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_D._Metcalf" title="Barbara D. Metcalf">Metcalf, Barbara D.</a>; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006), A Concise History of Modern India (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 337, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68225-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68225-1"><bdi>978-0-521-68225-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pages=337&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68225-1&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara+D.&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf1964" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Metcalf" title="Thomas R. Metcalf">Metcalf, Thomas R.</a> (1964), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aftermathofrevol0000unse/page/299/mode/1up">The Aftermath of Revolt: India, 1857–1870</a>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/63-23412">63-23412</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aftermath+of+Revolt%3A+India%2C+1857%E2%80%931870&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F63-23412&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faftermathofrevol0000unse%2Fpage%2F299%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanda1965" class="citation cs2">Nanda, Krishan (September 1965), "'1857 in India: Mutiny or War of Independence?' by Ainslie T. Embree", The Western Political Quarterly (Review), 18 (3): 700–701, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/i218739">i218739</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%271857+in+India%3A+Mutiny+or+War+of+Independence%3F%27+by+Ainslie+T.+Embree&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E700-%3C%2Fspan%3E701&rft.date=1965-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fi218739%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nanda&rft.aufirst=Krishan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeers2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Peers" title="Douglas Peers">Peers, Douglas M.</a> (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dyQuAgAAQBAJ">India Under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885</a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88286-2"><bdi>978-1-317-88286-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Under+Colonial+Rule%3A+1700%E2%80%931885&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-88286-2&rft.aulast=Peers&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdyQuAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpear1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Percival_Spear" title="Percival Spear">Spear, Percival</a> (1990) [First published 1965], A History of India, vol. 2, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013836-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013836-8"><bdi>978-0-14-013836-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.place=New+Delhi+and+London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013836-8&rft.aulast=Spear&rft.aufirst=Percival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text-books_and_academic_monographs">Text-books and academic monographs</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlavi1996" class="citation cs2">Alavi, Seema (1996), The Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition 1770–1830, Oxford University Press, p. 340, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563484-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563484-6"><bdi>978-0-19-563484-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sepoys+and+the+Company%3A+Tradition+and+Transition+1770%E2%80%931830&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563484-6&rft.aulast=Alavi&rft.aufirst=Seema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2007" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Clare (2007), Indian Uprising of 1857–8: Prisons, Prisoners and Rebellion, New York: Anthem Press, p. 217, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-249-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-249-9"><bdi>978-1-84331-249-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Uprising+of+1857%E2%80%938%3A+Prisons%2C+Prisoners+and+Rebellion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-249-9&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Alan_Bayly" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Alan Bayly">Bayly, Christopher Alan</a> (2000), Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, c 1780–1870, Cambridge University Press, p. 412, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57085-5"><bdi>978-0-521-57085-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Information%3A+Intelligence+Gathering+and+Social+Communication+in+India%2C+c+1780%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57085-5&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Greenwood" title="Adrian Greenwood">Greenwood, Adrian</a> (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221172547/http://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/index.php/victoria-s-scottish-lion-26465.html/">Victoria's Scottish Lion: The Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde</a>, UK: History Press, p. 496, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-5685-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-5685-7"><bdi>978-0-7509-5685-7</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/index.php/victoria-s-scottish-lion-26465.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2016, retrieved 26 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victoria%27s+Scottish+Lion%3A+The+Life+of+Colin+Campbell%2C+Lord+Clyde&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-5685-7&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistorypress.co.uk%2Findex.php%2Fvictoria-s-scottish-lion-26465.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2010" class="citation cs2">Jain, Meenakshi (2010), Parallel Pathways: Essays On Hindu-Muslim Relations (1707–1857), Delhi: Konark, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8122007831" title="Special:BookSources/978-8122007831"><bdi>978-8122007831</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parallel+Pathways%3A+Essays+On+Hindu-Muslim+Relations+%281707%E2%80%931857%29&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Konark&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-8122007831&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Meenakshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene1883" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Keene_(1826%E2%80%931915)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry George Keene (1826–1915)">Keene, Henry George</a> (1883), Fifty-Seven. Some account of the administration of Indian Districts during the revolt of the Bengal Army, London: W.H. Allen, p. 145</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty-Seven.+Some+account+of+the+administration+of+Indian+Districts+during+the+revolt+of+the+Bengal+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=W.H.+Allen&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004" class="citation cs2">Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), A History of India (4th ed.), London: Routledge, xii, 448, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0"><bdi>978-0-415-32920-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xii%2C+448&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32920-0&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Rothermund%2C+Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeasor1956" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Leasor" title="James Leasor">Leasor, James</a> (1956), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201201833/https://www.jamesleasor.com/the-red-fort/">The Red Fort</a>, London: W. Lawrie, p. 377, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-034200-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-034200-7"><bdi>978-0-02-034200-7</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamesleasor.com/the-red-fort/">the original</a> on 1 February 2020, retrieved 8 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Fort&rft.place=London&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=W.+Lawrie&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-02-034200-7&rft.aulast=Leasor&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamesleasor.com%2Fthe-red-fort%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdarRaychaudhuriDatta1967" class="citation cs2">Majumdar, R.C.; Raychaudhuri, H.C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1967), <a href="/wiki/An_Advanced_History_of_India" title="An Advanced History of India">An Advanced History of India</a> (3rd ed.), London: Macmillan, p. 1126</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Advanced+History+of+India&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1126&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rft.au=Raychaudhuri%2C+H.C.&rft.au=Datta%2C+Kalikinkar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2004" class="citation cs2">Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004), A History of Modern India 1480–1950, London: Anthem, p. 607, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-152-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-152-2"><bdi>978-1-84331-152-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+India+1480%E2%80%931950&rft.place=London&rft.pages=607&rft.pub=Anthem&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-152-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf1997" class="citation cs2">Metcalf, Thomas R. (1997), Ideologies of the Raj, Cambridge University Press, p. 256, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58937-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58937-6"><bdi>978-0-521-58937-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideologies+of+the+Raj&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58937-6&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2002" class="citation cs2">Mukherjee, Rudrangshu (2002), Awadh in Revolt 1857–1858: A Study of Popular Resistance (2nd ed.), London: Anthem, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-075-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-075-4"><bdi>978-1-84331-075-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Awadh+in+Revolt+1857%E2%80%931858%3A+A+Study+of+Popular+Resistance&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Anthem&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-075-4&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Rudrangshu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1966" class="citation cs2">Palmer, Julian A.B. (1966), The Mutiny Outbreak at Meerut in 1857, Cambridge University Press, p. 175, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05901-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05901-5"><bdi>978-0-521-05901-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mutiny+Outbreak+at+Meerut+in+1857&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-521-05901-5&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Julian+A.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2002" class="citation cs2">Ray, Rajat Kanta (2002), The Felt Community: Commonality and Mentality before the Emergence of Indian Nationalism, Oxford University Press, p. 596, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565863-7"><bdi>978-0-19-565863-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Felt+Community%3A+Commonality+and+Mentality+before+the+Emergence+of+Indian+Nationalism&rft.pages=596&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565863-7&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Rajat+Kanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb2002" class="citation cs2">Robb, Peter (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofindia00pete/page/344">A History of India</a>, Basingstoke: Palgrave, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofindia00pete/page/344">344</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69129-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69129-8"><bdi>978-0-333-69129-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-69129-8&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofindia00pete%2Fpage%2F344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1994" class="citation cs2">Roy, Tapti (1994), The politics of a popular uprising: Bundelkhand 1857, Delhi: Oxford University Press, p. 291, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563612-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563612-3"><bdi>978-0-19-563612-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+a+popular+uprising%3A+Bundelkhand+1857&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563612-3&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Tapti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1998" class="citation cs2">Stanley, Peter (1998), White Mutiny: British Military Culture in India, 1825–1875, London: Hurst, p. 314, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-330-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-330-1"><bdi>978-1-85065-330-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Mutiny%3A+British+Military+Culture+in+India%2C+1825%E2%80%931875&rft.place=London&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-330-1&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2001" class="citation cs2">Stein, Burton (2001), A History of India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, p. 432, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565446-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565446-2"><bdi>978-0-19-565446-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565446-2&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1980" class="citation cs2">Stokes, Eric (1980), The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, p. 316, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29770-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29770-7"><bdi>978-0-521-29770-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peasant+and+the+Raj%3A+Studies+in+Agrarian+Society+and+Peasant+Rebellion+in+Colonial+India&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29770-7&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokesBayly1986" class="citation cs2">Stokes, Eric; Bayly, C.A. (1986), The Peasant Armed: The Indian Revolt of 1857, Oxford: Clarendon, p. 280, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821570-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821570-7"><bdi>978-0-19-821570-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peasant+Armed%3A+The+Indian+Revolt+of+1857&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821570-7&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Bayly%2C+C.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1997" class="citation cs2">Taylor, P.J.O. (1997), What really happened during the mutiny: a day-by-day account of the major events of 1857–1859 in India, Delhi: Oxford University Press, p. 323, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564182-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564182-0"><bdi>978-0-19-564182-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+really+happened+during+the+mutiny%3A+a+day-by-day+account+of+the+major+events+of+1857%E2%80%931859+in+India&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564182-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=P.J.O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Wolpert, Stanley</a> (2004), A New History of India (7th ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 530, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516678-1"><bdi>978-0-19-516678-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+India&rft.pages=530&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516678-1&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_in_journals_and_collections">Articles in journals and collections</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam_Khan2013" class="citation cs2">Alam Khan, Iqtidar (May–June 2013), "The Wahabis in the 1857 Revolt: A Brief Reappraisal of Their Role", Social Scientist, 41 (5/6): 15–23, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23611115">23611115</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Wahabis+in+the+1857+Revolt%3A+A+Brief+Reappraisal+of+Their+Role&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=5%2F6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2013-05%2F2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23611115%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Alam+Khan&rft.aufirst=Iqtidar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlavi1993" class="citation cs2">Alavi, Seema (February 1993), "The Company Army and Rural Society: The Invalid Thanah 1780–1830", Modern Asian Studies, 27 (1), Cambridge University Press: 147–178, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00016097">10.1017/S0026749X00016097</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/312880">312880</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143566845">143566845</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Company+Army+and+Rural+Society%3A+The+Invalid+Thanah+1780%E2%80%931830&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=1993-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143566845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F312880%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00016097&rft.aulast=Alavi&rft.aufirst=Seema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1991" class="citation cs2">Baker, David (1991), "Colonial Beginnings and the Indian Response: The Revolt of 1857–58 in Madhya Pradesh", Modern Asian Studies, 25 (3): 511–543, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00013913">10.1017/S0026749X00013913</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/312615">312615</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146482671">146482671</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Colonial+Beginnings+and+the+Indian+Response%3A+The+Revolt+of+1857%E2%80%9358+in+Madhya+Pradesh&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E511-%3C%2Fspan%3E543&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146482671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F312615%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00013913&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlunt2000" class="citation cs2">Blunt, Alison (July 2000), "Embodying war: British women and domestic defilement in the Indian "Mutiny", 1857–8", Journal of Historical Geography, 26 (3): 403–428, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjhge.2000.0236">10.1006/jhge.2000.0236</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Geography&rft.atitle=Embodying+war%3A+British+women+and+domestic+defilement+in+the+Indian+%22Mutiny%22%2C+1857%E2%80%938&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E403-%3C%2Fspan%3E428&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjhge.2000.0236&rft.aulast=Blunt&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuttaRao2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dutta, Sunasir; Rao, Hayagreeva (July 2015). "Infectious diseases, contamination rumours and ethnic violence: Regimental mutinies in the Bengal Native Army in 1857 India". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 129: 36–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.obhdp.2014.10.004">10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.10.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141583862">141583862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organizational+Behavior+and+Human+Decision+Processes&rft.atitle=Infectious+diseases%2C+contamination+rumours+and+ethnic+violence%3A+Regimental+mutinies+in+the+Bengal+Native+Army+in+1857+India&rft.volume=129&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.obhdp.2014.10.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141583862%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Sunasir&rft.au=Rao%2C+Hayagreeva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish1994" class="citation cs2">English, Barbara (February 1994), "The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857", Past & Present (142), Oxford University Press: 169–178, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F142.1.169">10.1093/past/142.1.169</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/651200">651200</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=The+Kanpur+Massacres+in+India+in+the+Revolt+of+1857&rft.issue=142&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=1994-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F142.1.169&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F651200%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2000" class="citation cs2">Klein, Ira (July 2000), "Materialism, Mutiny and Modernization in British India", Modern Asian Studies, 34 (3), Cambridge University Press: 545–580, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00003656">10.1017/S0026749X00003656</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/313141">313141</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143348610">143348610</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Materialism%2C+Mutiny+and+Modernization+in+British+India&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E545-%3C%2Fspan%3E580&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143348610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F313141%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00003656&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Ira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahiri2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nayanjot_Lahiri" title="Nayanjot Lahiri">Lahiri, Nayanjot</a> (June 2003), "Commemorating and Remembering 1857: The Revolt in Delhi and Its Afterlife", World Archaeology, 35 (1), Taylor & Francis: 35–60, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0043824032000078072">10.1080/0043824032000078072</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3560211">3560211</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159530372">159530372</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Commemorating+and+Remembering+1857%3A+The+Revolt+in+Delhi+and+Its+Afterlife&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159530372%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3560211%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0043824032000078072&rft.aulast=Lahiri&rft.aufirst=Nayanjot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Rudrangshu_Mukherjee" title="Rudrangshu Mukherjee">Mukherjee, Rudrangshu</a> (August 1990), "'Satan Let Loose upon Earth': The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857", Past & Present (128), Oxford University Press: 92–116, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F128.1.92">10.1093/past/128.1.92</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/651010">651010</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=%27Satan+Let+Loose+upon+Earth%27%3A+The+Kanpur+Massacres+in+India+in+the+Revolt+of+1857&rft.issue=128&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=1990-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F128.1.92&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F651010%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Rudrangshu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Rudrangshu_Mukherjee" title="Rudrangshu Mukherjee">Mukherjee, Rudrangshu</a> (February 1994), "The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857: Reply", Past & Present (1), Oxford University Press: 178–189, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F142.1.178">10.1093/past/142.1.178</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/651201">651201</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=The+Kanpur+Massacres+in+India+in+the+Revolt+of+1857%3A+Reply&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.date=1994-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F142.1.178&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F651201%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Rudrangshu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rao, Parimala V. (3 March 2016). "Modern education and the revolt of 1857 in India". Paedagogica Historica. 52 (1–2): 25–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00309230.2015.1133668">10.1080/00309230.2015.1133668</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146864929">146864929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paedagogica+Historica&rft.atitle=Modern+education+and+the+revolt+of+1857+in+India&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00309230.2015.1133668&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146864929%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Parimala+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1993" class="citation cs2">Roy, Tapti (February 1993), "Visions of the Rebels: A Study of 1857 in Bundelkhand", Modern Asian Studies, 27 (1), Cambridge University Press: 205–228 (Special Issue: How Social, Political and Cultural Information Is Collected, Defined, Used and Analyzed), <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00016115">10.1017/S0026749X00016115</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/312882">312882</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144558490">144558490</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Visions+of+the+Rebels%3A+A+Study+of+1857+in+Bundelkhand&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=205-228+%28Special+Issue%3A+How+Social%2C+Political+and+Cultural+Information+Is+Collected%2C+Defined%2C+Used+and+Analyzed%29&rft.date=1993-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144558490%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F312882%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00016115&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Tapti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Singh, Hira. (2013) "Class, Caste, Colonial Rule, and Resistance: The Revolt of 1857 in India", in Marxism and Social Movements (Brill, 2013). 299–316.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1969" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Thomas_Stokes" title="Eric Thomas Stokes">Stokes, Eric</a> (December 1969), "Rural Revolt in the Great Rebellion of 1857 in India: A Study of the Saharanpur and Muzaffarnagar Districts", The Historical Journal, 12 (4), Cambridge University Press: 606–627, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0018246x00010554">10.1017/s0018246x00010554</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638016">2638016</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159820559">159820559</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Rural+Revolt+in+the+Great+Rebellion+of+1857+in+India%3A+A+Study+of+the+Saharanpur+and+Muzaffarnagar+Districts&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E606-%3C%2Fspan%3E627&rft.date=1969-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159820559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638016%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0018246x00010554&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashbrook2001" class="citation cs2">Washbrook, D. A. (2001), "India, 1818–1860: The Two Faces of Colonialism", in Porter, Andrew (ed.), Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 395–421, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924678-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924678-6"><bdi>978-0-19-924678-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India%2C+1818%E2%80%931860%3A+The+Two+Faces+of+Colonialism&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire%3A+The+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E395-%3C%2Fspan%3E421&rft.pub=Oxford+and+New+York%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924678-6&rft.aulast=Washbrook&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3></div> <ul><li>Bates, Crispin, ed. Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857 (5 vol. Sage Publications India, 2013–14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csas.ed.ac.uk/mutiny/">online guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216051322/http://www.csas.ed.ac.uk/mutiny/">Archived</a> 16 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; With illustrations, maps, selected text and more.</li> <li>Chakravarty, Gautam. The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination (Cambridge University Press, 2005).</li> <li>Deshpande, Prachi. "The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857". journal of Asian studies 67#3 (2008): 855–879.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErll2006" class="citation journal cs1">Erll, Astrid (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/pdf/geschiedenis/EJES%20Erll%20final.pdf">"Re-writing as re-visioning: Modes of representing the 'Indian Mutiny' in British novels, 1857 to 2000"</a> (PDF). European Journal of English Studies. 10 (2): 163–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13825570600753485">10.1080/13825570600753485</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141659712">141659712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=Re-writing+as+re-visioning%3A+Modes+of+representing+the+%27Indian+Mutiny%27+in+British+novels%2C+1857+to+2000&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13825570600753485&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141659712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Erll&rft.aufirst=Astrid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.let.leidenuniv.nl%2Fpdf%2Fgeschiedenis%2FEJES%2520Erll%2520final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrykenberg2001" class="citation cs2">Frykenberg, Robert E. (2001), "India to 1858", in Winks, Robin (ed.), Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 194–213, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924680-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924680-9"><bdi>978-0-19-924680-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India+to+1858&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire%3A+Historiography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E194-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.pub=Oxford+and+New+York%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924680-9&rft.aulast=Frykenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPati2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pati, Biswamoy (12–18 May 2007). "Historians and Historiography: Situating 1857". Economic and Political Weekly. 42 (19): 1686–1691. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4419570">4419570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Historians+and+Historiography%3A+Situating+1857&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1686-%3C%2Fspan%3E1691&rft.date=2007-05-12%2F2007-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4419570%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pati&rft.aufirst=Biswamoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerusek1992" class="citation journal cs1">Perusek, Darshan (Spring 1992). "Subaltern Consciousness and the Historiography of the Indian Rebellion of 1857". Novel: A Forum on Fiction. 25 (3). Duke University Press: 286–301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1345889">10.2307/1345889</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1345889">1345889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novel%3A+A+Forum+on+Fiction&rft.atitle=Subaltern+Consciousness+and+the+Historiography+of+the+Indian+Rebellion+of+1857&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E286-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1345889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1345889%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Perusek&rft.aufirst=Darshan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner, Kim A. (October 2011). "The Marginal Mutiny: The New Historiography of the Indian Uprising of 1857". History Compass. 9 (10): 760–766. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2011.00799.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00799.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Marginal+Mutiny%3A+The+New+Historiography+of+the+Indian+Uprising+of+1857&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E760-%3C%2Fspan%3E766&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2011.00799.x&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Kim+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_histories">Other histories</h3></div> <ul><li>Mishra, Amaresh. 2007. War of Civilisations: The Long Revolution (India AD 1857, 2 Vols.), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-1282-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-1282-8">978-81-291-1282-8</a></li> <li>Ward, Andrew. Our Bones Are Scattered. New York: Holt & Co., 1996.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_person_accounts_and_classic_histories">First person accounts and classic histories</h3></div> <ul><li>Parag Tope, "Tatya Tope's Operation Red Lotus", Publisher: Rupa Publications India</li> <li>Barter, Captain Richard The Siege of Delhi. Mutiny memories of an old officer, London, The <a href="/wiki/Folio_Society" title="Folio Society">Folio Society</a>, 1984.</li> <li>Campbell, Sir Colin. Narrative of the Indian Revolt. London: George Vickers, 1858.</li> <li>Collier, Richard. The Great Indian Mutiny. New York: Dutton, 1964.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Forrest" title="George William Forrest">Forrest, George W.</a> A History of the Indian Mutiny, William Blackwood and Sons, London, 1904. (4 vols)</li> <li>Fitchett, W. H., B.A., LL.D., A Tale of the Great Mutiny, Smith, Elder & Co., London, 1911.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stephen_Raikes_Hodson" title="William Stephen Raikes Hodson">Hodson, William Stephen Raikes</a>. 12 Years of a Soldier's Life In India. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1860.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia,_Lady_Inglis" title="Julia, Lady Inglis">Inglis, Julia Selina</a>, Lady, 1833–1904, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/inglis/lucknow/lucknow.html">The Siege of Lucknow: a Diary</a>, London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co., 1892. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/writers.html">A Celebration of Women Writers.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_John_McLeod_Innes" title="James John McLeod Innes">Innes, Lt. General McLeod</a>: The Sepoy Revolt, A.D. Innes & Co., London, 1897.</li> <li>Kaye, John William. A History of the Sepoy War In India (3 vols). London: W.H. Allen & Co., 1878.</li> <li>Kaye, Sir John & Malleson, G. B.: The Indian Mutiny of 1857, Rupa & Co., Delhi, (1st edition 1890) reprint 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1859" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmed_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Ahmed Khan">Khan, Syed Ahmed</a> (1859), Asbab-e Baghawat-e Hind, Translated as The Causes of the Indian Revolt, <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, 1873</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asbab-e+Baghawat-e+Hind&rft.pub=Translated+as+The+Causes+of+the+Indian+Revolt%2C+Allahabad%2C+1873&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Syed+Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Rebellion+of+1857" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Malleson, Colonel G. B. The Indian Mutiny of 1857. New York: Scribner & Sons, 1891.</li> <li>Marx, Karl & Freidrich Engels. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstindianwarindependencemarxengels">The First Indian War of Independence 1857–1859</a>. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1959.</li> <li>Pandey, Sita Ram, From Sepoy to Subedar, Being the Life and Adventures of Subedar Sita Ram, a Native Officer of the Bengal Native Army, Written and Related by Himself, trans. Lt. Col. Norgate, (Lahore: Bengal Staff Corps, 1873), ed. James Lunt, (Delhi: Vikas Publications, 1970).</li> <li>Raikes, Charles: Notes on the Revolt in the North-Western Provinces of India, <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>, London, 1858.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Roberts, Field Marshal Lord</a>, Forty-one Years in India, Richard Bentley, London, 1897</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/16528">Forty-one years in India</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li>Russell, William Howard, My Diary in India in the years 1858–9, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, London, 1860, (2 vols.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowbray_Thomson" title="Mowbray Thomson">Thomson, Mowbray</a> (Capt.), The Story of Cawnpore, Richard Bentley, London, 1859.</li> <li>Trevelyan, Sir George Otto, Cawnpore, Indus, Delhi, (first edition 1865), reprint 2002.</li> <li>Wilberforce, Reginald G, An Unrecorded Chapter of the Indian Mutiny, Being the Personal Reminiscences of Reginald G. Wilberforce, Late 52nd Infantry, Compiled from a Diary and Letters Written on the Spot London: John Murray 1884, facsimile reprint: Gurgaon: The Academic Press, 1976.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_sources">Tertiary sources</h3></div> <ul><li>"Indian Mutiny". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Indian-Mutiny">Indian Mutiny | History, Causes, Effects, Summary, & Facts | Britannica</a>. 23 March 1998.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Indian Rebellion of 1857 <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Indian+Rebellion+of+1857&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Indian+Rebellion+of+1857">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Indian+Rebellion+of+1857&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/fullscreen.html?object=099">Detailed Map: The revolt of 1857–1859, Historical Atlas of South Asia, Digital South Asia Library, hosted by the University of Chicago</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301171130/http://defencejournal.com/dec99/1857.htm">Development of Situation-January to July 1857 – Maj (Retd) Agha Humayun Amin from Washington, DC defencejounal.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/mutiny/mutiny.htm">The Indian Mutiny BritishEmpire.co.uk</a></li> <li>Karl Marx, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Tribune">New York Tribune</a>, 1853–1858, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/india/index.htm">The Revolt in India marxists.org</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Indo-British conflicts </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_German_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu German Conspiracy">Hindu German Conspiracy</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Ireland</a> (1593–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Virginia</a> (1609–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Swally</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">Ormuz</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinago Genocide of 1626">Saint Kitts</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">Quebec</a> (1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> (1634–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a> (1641–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654–1667)" title="History of the Acadians">Acadia</a> (1654–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1654–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1655–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1662)" title="Battle of Tangier (1662)">1st Tangier</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">2nd Tangier</a> (1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)">Child's War</a> (1686–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War" title="Anglo-Siamese War">Siam</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Ghana</a> (1694–1700)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> (1711–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War/Dummer's War</a> (1722–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1740–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (1746–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia</a> (1749–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a> (1756–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1758–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt" title="Tacky's Revolt">Jamaica</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1762–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a> (1765–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a> (1769–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1773–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1775–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1779–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> (1781–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Assam</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> (1788–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Sound</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1789–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote (Wayanad) War</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion" title="Fédon's rebellion">Grenada</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a> (1798–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1798–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign" title="Michael Dwyer">Dwyer's guerrilla campaign</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a> (1799–1805)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> (1806–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Egypt</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froberg_mutiny" title="Froberg mutiny">Froberg mutiny</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808" title="Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808">Santo Domingo</a> (1808–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">Martinique</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">Guadeloupe</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Île Bonaparte">Reunion</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">Mauritius</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java</a> (1810–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (1811–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">USA</a> (1812–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Nepal</a> (1814–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion" title="Slachter's Nek Rebellion">Cape Colony</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Guiana</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> (1824–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1824–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War (Van Diemen's Land)</a> (1828–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Jamaica</a> (1831–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Malacca</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Expedition" title="Aden Expedition">Aden Expedition</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a> (1839–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (1845–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton" title="Expedition to Canton">Canton</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">British Honduras</a> (1847–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Ceylon</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> (1854–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> (1856–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian Rebellion</a> (1857–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Revolt of Rajab Ali</a> (1857–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela campaign</a> (1863–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian Rebellion in Canada</a> (1866–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Manitoba</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak</a> (1875–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1879–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basutoland</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> (1881–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">Saskatchewan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Central Africa</a> (1886–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888" title="Hazara Expedition of 1888">Hazara</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign" title="Hunza–Nagar Campaign">Hunza–Nagar Campaign</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1893–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">North Borneo</a> (1894–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid South Africa</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chimurenga">Matabeleland</a> (1896–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">First Mohmand campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">Six-Day War</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">West Africa</a> (1901–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">Tibet expedition</a> (1903–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Nyasaland</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Quebec</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1919–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Kurdistan</a> (1922–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Transjordan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_revolt" title="Ikhwan revolt">Ikhwan revolt</a> (1927–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Redshirt_Rebellion,_Indian_North_West_Frontier_1930%E2%80%931931" title="Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–1931">Tirah</a> (1930–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Barzani revolt</a> (1931–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Second Mohmand campaign</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Ethiopia</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish revolt in Palestine</a> (1944–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Indochina</a> (1945–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Indonesia</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Kenya Emergency</a> (1952–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Oman</a> (1954–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Oman</a> (1962–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1962–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Malaysia</a> (1962–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> (1963–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal652" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal652" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Bengal" title="Maritime history of Bengal">Maritime history of Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Cuisine" title="West Bengal Cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129864#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129864#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129864#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1354692/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4161500-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064921">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11954898m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11954898m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph180956&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5626349">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000634661&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt799jrf2v25w29">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007543459805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027527816">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Rebellion_of_1857&oldid=1276090645">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Rebellion_of_1857&oldid=1276090645</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Category:Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_East_India_Company" title="Category:British East India Company">British East 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