Social Issues | Council on Foreign Relations

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class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/energy-and-environment/climate-change" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Climate Change </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">International efforts, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But experts say countries aren’t doing enough to limit dangerous global warming. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland and <a href="/bio/clara-fong" class="card-article__authors-link">Clara Fong</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 21, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/renewing-america" class="card-article__series"> Renewing America </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Defense & Security</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Diplomacy & International Institutions</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/economics" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Economics</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/energy-and-environment" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Energy & Environment</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/health" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Health</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/human-rights" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Human Rights</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/politics-and-government" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Politics & Government</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/social-issues" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Social Issues</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/regions" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Regions</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/index.php/asia/myanmar" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Myanmar </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/index.php/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Myanmar’s Troubled History</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2021/02/myanmarbgr.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty. A military coup in February 2021 dashed hopes for…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland</span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 31, 2022</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/americas" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Americas</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/asia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Asia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Europe & Eurasia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/global-commons" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Global Commons</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Middle East & North Africa</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/oceania" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Oceania</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/sub-saharan-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/explainers" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Explainers</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/index.php/health" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Health </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/index.php/article/how-new-tobacco-control-laws-could-help-close-racial-gap-us-cancer " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/01/GettyImages-1409152899_Resized_0.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">During the 2020 presidential campaign, Joe Biden promised that his administration would make a “historic effort” to reduce long-running racial inequities in health. Tobacco use—the leading cause of p…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Interactive</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Olivia Angelino, <a href="/index.php/expert/thomas-j-bollyky" class="card-article__authors-link">Thomas J. Bollyky</a>, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli</span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 1, 2023</span> <a href="/index.php/programs/global-health-program" class="card-article__series"> Global Health Program </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/backgrounders" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Backgrounders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/inbriefs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">In Briefs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/podcasts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/videos" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Videos</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/timelines" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Timelines</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/special-projects" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Special Projects</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/infoguides" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">InfoGuides</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Research & Analysis</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article card-article-book-report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions/international-law" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> International Law </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/book/eastward-westward " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Eastward, Westward</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/9780231215923%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/9780231215923%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/9780231215923%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/9780231215923%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/> <img width="169" height="253" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/9780231215923%20%281%29.jpg.webp" /> </picture> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Few Americans have done more than Jerome A. Cohen to advance the rule of law in East Asia. The founder of the study of Chinese law in the United States and a tireless advocate for human rights, Cohen…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Book</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/jerome-cohen" class="card-article__authors-link">Jerome A. Cohen</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> March 4, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers & Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books & Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Communities</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/oil-and-petroleum-products" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Oil and Petroleum Products </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/academic-webinar-geopolitics-oil " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Academic Webinar: The Geopolitics of Oil</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2023/04/cms%20Saudi%20Arabia%20oil%20refinery%20by%20Ahmed%20Jadallah%20Reuters.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Webinar</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Carolyn Kissane and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/irina-faskianos" class="card-article__authors-link">Irina A. Faskianos</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> April 12, 2023</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State & Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Events</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/beijing30-global-status-women " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Beijing+30: The Global Status of Women</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/03/status%20of%20woman.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">As member states convene for the 69th UN Commission on the Status of Women and commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, please join us for a dialogue on th…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Event</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Susana Malcorra, Rachel B. Vogelstein and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/linda-robinson" class="card-article__authors-link">Linda Robinson</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> March 13, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars & Conference Calls</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--initiatives"> <a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Related Sites</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Council of Councils </a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img 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data-clamp-lines="4">Approaching 90, the Dalai Lama has written what's likely his last book--about Tibet's struggles with China and its future. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/elliott-abrams" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Elliott Abrams</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> March 17, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/pressure-points" class="card-article-large__series"> Pressure Points </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/philippines" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Philippines </a> </div> <a href="/blog/duterte-arrested-and-appears-icc-his-aura-broken " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Duterte Arrested and Appears at the ICC—His Aura is Broken </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/03/Duterte%20ICC.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Given his previously untouchable status, the arrest and potential prosecution of former Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte by the International Criminal Court (ICC) is a surprising development. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/joshua-kurlantzick" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Joshua Kurlantzick</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> March 17, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/asia-unbound" class="card-article-large__series"> Asia Unbound </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/social-issues/drug-policy" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Drug Policy </a> </div> <a href="/article/how-does-fentanyl-reach-united-states " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> How Does Fentanyl Reach the United States? </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/03/Fentanyl_A.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">President Trump has imposed steep tariffs on Canada, China, and Mexico in the name of curbing fentanyl flows into the United States. In reality, supplies of the drug—and related deaths—have sharply declined in the past year, though they are still at worrying levels. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/mariel-ferragamo" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Mariel Ferragamo</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> March 4, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="card-group card-group--krt card-group--bg-color-light-grey "> <div class="card-group__background"></div> <div class="card-group__content-wrapper"> <h2 class="card-group__title"> Experts in this Topic </h2> <div class="card-group__container"> <section class="card-expert-small card-expert-small--rail-with-image "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <div class="field--image"> <img width="278" height="278" alt="Alyssa Ayres" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxl/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.jpg" /> </div> </div> <a href="/expert/alyssa-ayres" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Alyssa Ayres </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Adjunct Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan, and South Asia </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="krt-grid__list-container"> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/programs/china-strategy" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> China Strategy Initiative </a> </div> <a href="/article/clouded-vision-access-challenge-us-china-scholarship " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Clouded Vision: The Access Challenge in U.S.-China Scholarship </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/03/2020-01-24T000000Z_1676484740_RC2IME9Y3O6P_RTRMADP_3_CHINA-HEALTH-USA.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Last year, when I received an invitation from a U.S.-China joint academic venture to lead a delegation of young scholars and scientists to an international health forum with host-covered expenses, the response was telling. Of the five potential delegates I contacted, two never responded, and while three initially showed enthusiasm, all ultimately declined the invitation within days. With no other options, I declined the invitation. This case highlights the increasingly challenging atmosphere for conducting academic exchanges between China and the United States. For one thing, air travel between the two countries has become increasingly arduous—not merely due to rising ticket prices, but also because of severely limited direct flight options. The current 89 weekly nonstop flights pale in comparison to the pre-pandemic frequency of 340. A journey that once took 13 hours from the East Coast can now stretch into a 24-hour odyssey with multiple connections. Safety concerns persist. While serious crimes against foreigners remain rare in China, scholars conducting fieldwork face distinct risks. This becomes particularly concerning in light of the new anti-espionage law, which establishes broad criteria for determining what constitutes state secrets and calls for nationwide mobilization to report suspicious activities. Following Beijing’s release of three U.S. citizens in a prisoner exchange in November 2024, the U.S. State Department lowered China’s travel advisory from level three (“reconsider travel”) to level two (“exercise increased caution”). Some interpret this downgrade as evidence that scholarly exchange can be insulated from political tensions. Critics nevertheless argue that the prisoner swap risks normalizing “hostage diplomacy,” potentially encouraging Beijing to detain more Americans. Yet attributing these access issues solely to China would be misleading. The challenges also emanate from within the United States itself. Growing pressure from policy circles and broader society has made American scholars and students increasingly hesitant to engage in academic exchanges with China, fearing potential stigma from such associations. Federal funding for China-focused research has declined significantly in recent years, and the Fulbright academic exchange programs with China, suspended during the first Trump administration, remain dormant. As engagement with China has fallen out of favor, China hawks have gained prominence while advocates of exchange find themselves increasingly sidelined. The Justice Department’s now-discontinued China Initiative, which targeted perceived security threats from Beijing and led to several failed prosecutions of U.S.-based academics, has left lasting concerns among scholars. Public sentiment has likewise hardened—a 2024 Pew Research Center survey indicates that for the fifth consecutive year, approximately eight in ten Americans hold unfavorable views of China. In this oversecuritized environment, American universities are curtailing their China programs, former U.S. government officials are discouraged from Chinese engagement, and American students are steered away from China studies. Some American universities have implemented stricter protocols for faculty participation in Chinese-funded academic activities—such as conference-related expenses like flights, accommodation, and speaking fees—or have banned accepting such support entirely, concerned about losing U.S. government research funding. The amendment and extension of the landmark bilateral science and technology agreement (STA) in December 2024 has substantially narrowed its scope—it now explicitly limits cooperation to government-to-government research in the hard sciences, excluding both non-government research and social sciences that were previously covered. This restriction could further impede U.S.-based scholars’ work in China, as they can no longer rely on either government’s commitment to facilitating access. These restrictions not only foster self-censorship in China specialists’ publications and public remarks but also alter the calculus of conducting their research. Those conducting in-person interviews in China must exercise extraordinary caution to protect both themselves and their interlocutors. Chinese sources have become increasingly reluctant to engage in one-on-one conversations with foreigners or share data with international colleagues—some due to fears of government scrutiny, others swayed by anti-American sentiment, and many influenced by both factors. Perhaps more significant, in the face of this thickening information fog, China scholars in the West are increasingly forced to rely on remote analysis and often secondary sources to interpret complex political and social developments from afar. To be sure, open-source intelligence and secondary materials remain valuable tools for remote analysis when physical access to China is constrained. Like earlier analysts who gleaned insights into Chinese leadership thinking through careful study of open sources, researchers today can extract meaningful signals from official media content that reflects CPC preferences and indicates shifts in policy direction. The proliferation of social media platforms—WeChat, Weibo, and Douyin—has also opened new windows into public opinion and social dynamics within China. Yet the limitations of desk-based research are profound. Reflecting on U.S. Soviet studies two decades after the USSR’s collapse, leading scholars observed that the obsession with Kremlin politics blinded Sovietologists to the agency of Soviet society, preventing them from foreseeing its downfall. As one scholar noted, “in the absence of access to archives, or permission to do in-country fieldwork at that time, there was no scholarly basis for challenging this most fundamental of all aspects of the totalitarian paradigm.” Similarly, without field observations, researchers struggle to test theoretical frameworks against ground-level reality. The neototalitarian model illustrates this dilemma: while it correctly identifies the intensifying state control over society since 2012, it fails to capture the subtle dynamics of resistance and adaptation within Chinese society and how they may influence government decisions. How can we address this knowledge deficit problem? In my recent <em>New York Times</em> article, “America Is Dangerously Ignorant of What’s Going On in China,” I highlighted the limitations of relying on remote analysis and secondary sources—and the potential harm this poses to U.S. China policy. I also outlined a multi-faceted strategy, including revolutionizing open-source research, rebuilding institutional bridges to restore suspended academic exchanges, protecting legitimate scholarly work, and increasing awareness among political leaders. For a deeper dive, read the full article. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/yanzhong-huang" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Yanzhong Huang</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> March 4, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/china-strategy" class="card-article-large__series"> China Strategy Initiative </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/mexico" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Mexico </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/mexicos-long-war-drugs-crime-and-cartels " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Mexico’s Long War: Drugs, Crime, and the Cartels </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/08/MexicoDrugWar_BG.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Violence continues to rage some two decades after the Mexican government launched a war against drug cartels. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by CFR.org Editors</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 21, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </div> <a href="/backgrounder/how-us-asylum-process-works " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> How the U.S. Asylum Process Works </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/06/Immigration_BG.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Asylum has become a central part of the U.S. immigration debate in recent years after border crossings reached a record high in fiscal year 2023. Here’s how the asylum process works. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/diana-roy" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Diana Roy</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 19, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="krt-grid__list-container"> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large event card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/social-issues/religion" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Religion </a> </div> <a href="/event/2025-religion-and-foreign-policy-workshop " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> 2025 Religion and Foreign Policy Workshop </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/02/250211-0018.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The Religion and Foreign Policy Workshop convenes clergy, seminary heads, scholars of religion, and representatives of faith-based organizations from around the country for discussions with policymakers, CFR fellows, and other experts. The event is a valuable opportunity to engage with colleagues and participate in substantive conversations on international issues of interest to religious communities.  The workshop will include an opening night dinner conversation, plenary sessions, and breakout discussions with choices among a variety of thematic and regional topics. Access the complete agenda here </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Event</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">with Prashan De Visser, Josefina Echavarría Álvarez, Mohamed Elsanousi, Nazila Ghanea, Samah Norquist, Wai Wai Nu, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/ebenezer-obadare" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Ebenezer Obadare</a> , <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/shannon-k-oneil" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Shannon K. O'Neil</a> , <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/farah-pandith" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Farah Pandith</a> , Melissa Rogers, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/paul-b-stares" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Paul B. Stares</a> , Knox Thames, Azza Karam, Peter Mandaville, Simran Jeet Singh and Burton L. Visotzky</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 11, 2025</span> <a href="/event-series/religion-and-foreign-policy-workshop" class="card-article-large__series"> Religion and Foreign Policy Workshop </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/china" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> China </a> </div> <a href="/blog/marriages-china-crash-portending-deeper-demographic-woes " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Marriages in China Crash, Portending Deeper Demographic Woes </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/02/ChinaBaby.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Numbers of marriages in China dropped dramatically in 2024. The continuing decline in marriages likely signals further declines in birth rates, intensifying China's demographic headwinds. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/carl-minzner" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Carl Minzner</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 10, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/asia-unbound" class="card-article-large__series"> Asia Unbound </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/cuba" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Cuba </a> </div> <a href="/expert-brief/can-united-states-send-undocumented-immigrants-guantanamo-bay " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Can the United States Send Undocumented Immigrants to Guantánamo Bay? </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/02/GuantanamoMigrants_EB.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The Trump administration’s crackdown on undocumented immigrants includes a plan to transport potentially thousands to Guantánamo Bay. It is likely to spur international condemnation and a range of legal challenges. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Expert Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/john-b-bellinger-iii" class="card-article-large__authors-link">John B. Bellinger III</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 4, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/us-foreign-policy-program" class="card-article-large__series"> U.S. Foreign Policy Program </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/mexico" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Mexico </a> </div> <a href="/article/destabilizing-mexico-would-make-us-less-safe-and-wealthy " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Destabilizing Mexico Would Make the U.S. Less Safe and Wealthy </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/2025-01-27T055511Z_2023753537_RC2QHCAXYBS9_RTRMADP_3_USA-TRUMP-MIGRATION-COLOMBIA.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Trump’s revival of his punitive immigration playbook will overwhelm Mexico’s overburdened state, sandbag regional economic growth and enrich criminal cartels. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/shannon-k-oneil" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Shannon K. O'Neil</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 28, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/latin-america-studies-program" class="card-article-large__series"> Latin America Studies Program </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large timeline card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/colombia" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Colombia </a> </div> <a href="/timeline/us-colombia-relations " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> U.S.-Colombia Relations </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2022/03/TL_US_Colombia_Lead.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Over the two centuries since Colombia’s independence, the relationship between Washington and Bogotá has evolved into a close economic and security partnership. But it has at times been strained by U.S. intervention, Cold War geopolitics, and the war on drugs. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Timeline</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/diana-roy" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Diana Roy</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 27, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large timeline card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/border-and-port-security" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Border and Port Security </a> </div> <a href="/timeline/us-mexico-relations " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> U.S.-Mexico Relations </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2022/03/CoverTest_0.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Over the course of two hundred years, the United States and Mexico have developed rich diplomatic, economic, and cultural ties but at times clashed over borders, migration, trade, and an escalating drug war. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Timeline</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/diana-roy" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Diana Roy</a> and Brianna Lee</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 24, 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </div> <a href="/article/why-january-6-pardons-could-be-catastrophic-public-safety " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Why the January 6 Pardons Could Be Catastrophic for Public Safety </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/Ware_article_capitol_0.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The deterrence power of prosecuting the insurrectionists has been destroyed. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/jacob-ware" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Jacob Ware</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 24, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/national-security-and-defense-program" class="card-article-large__series"> National Security and Defense Program </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Nigeria </a> </div> <a href="/blog/obnoxious-legislation " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> An Obnoxious Legislation </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/Mubarak%20Bala%20012225.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4"><em>Nigeria’s blasphemy laws have no place in modern society</em>. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/ebenezer-obadare" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Ebenezer Obadare</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 22, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/africa-transition" class="card-article-large__series"> Africa in Transition </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row krt-grid__list-item"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large timeline card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </div> <a href="/timeline/us-postwar-immigration-policy " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> U.S. Postwar Immigration Policy </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2022/05/TL_Immigration_Lead.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Immigration has been an important element of U.S. economic and cultural vitality since the country’s founding. This interactive timeline outlines the evolution of U.S. immigration policy after World War II. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Timeline</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by Brianna Lee and <a href="/bio/diana-roy" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Diana Roy</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 21, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/renewing-america" class="card-article-large__series"> Renewing America </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> </ul> </div> <ul class="js-pager__items pager" data-drupal-views-infinite-scroll-pager="automatic"> <li class="pager__item"> <a class="button" href="?page=1" title="Load more items" rel="next">Load More</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="main-footer-anchor"></div> <footer class="main-footer"> <div class="main-footer__wrapper"> <a href="/" class="main-footer__logo-btn"> <svg viewBox="0 0 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