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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Achievements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Achievements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Achievements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_Monopoly_on_Salt_and_Iron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Monopoly_on_Salt_and_Iron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>State Monopoly on Salt and Iron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Monopoly_on_Salt_and_Iron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qi-Hengshan_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qi-Hengshan_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Qi-Hengshan War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qi-Hengshan_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Guan Zhong</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Гуань Чжун – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гуань Чжун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Guan Zhong" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Guan Zhong" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guan Zhong" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guan Zhong" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%80%EC%A4%91_(%EC%B6%98%EC%B6%94)" title="관중 (춘추) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="관중 (춘추)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Guan Zhong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Гуань Чжун (легист) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гуань Чжун (легист)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC" title="جوان زهونج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوان زهونج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Guan Zhong" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E4%BB%B2" title="管仲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="管仲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Guan Zhong" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Guan Zhong" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Гуань Чжун (легист) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гуань Чжун (легист)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Guan Zhong" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guan Zhong" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Guan Zhong" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Гуань Чжун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гуань Чжун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng" title="Quản Trọng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quản Trọng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E4%BB%B2" title="管仲 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="管仲" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E4%BB%B2" title="管仲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="管仲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E4%BB%B2" title="管仲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="管仲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E4%BB%B2" title="管仲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="管仲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q457972#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese chancellor and reformer (c. 720–645 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chancellor of the State of Qi. For the geographic region, see <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a>. For the Republic of China politician, see <a href="/wiki/John_Kuan" title="John Kuan">John Kuan</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Guan Zhong<br />管仲</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Qihuangongguanzhong2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Qihuangongguanzhong2.jpg/220px-Qihuangongguanzhong2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Qihuangongguanzhong2.jpg/330px-Qihuangongguanzhong2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Qihuangongguanzhong2.jpg/440px-Qihuangongguanzhong2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="545" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Portrait of Guan Zhong from a segment of <a href="/wiki/Wu_family_shrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu family shrines">Wu family shrines</a> stone-relief (on the right)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">720 BC<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Yingshang_County" title="Yingshang County">Yingshang County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">645 BC (aged 75)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Yiwu (夷吾)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Politician, philosopher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(text)" title="Guanzi (text)">Guanzi</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Guan Zhong</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">管仲</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Guǎn Zhòng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Kuan<sup>3</sup> Chung<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kwàn ʈʂʊ̂ŋ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gún Juhng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gun<sup>2</sup> Zung<sup>6</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Kńg Tiōng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]ˤo[n]ʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>N-truŋ-s</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Guan Zhong</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">管仲</span>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile"><b>Kuan Chung</b></span></i>; c. 720–645 BC) was a Chinese philosopher and politician. He served as <a href="/wiki/Grand_chancellor_(China)" title="Grand chancellor (China)">chancellor</a> and was a reformer of the <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">State of Qi</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> of Chinese history.<sup id="cite_ref-EWP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> was <b>Yiwu</b> (Chinese: <span lang="zh">夷吾</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yíwú</span></i>). <i>Zhong</i> was his <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a>. He is mainly remembered for his reforms as chancellor under <a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan of Qi</a>, as well as his friendship with his colleague <a href="/wiki/Bao_Shuya" title="Bao Shuya">Bao Shuya</a>, though his reputation remained controversial among the <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as detailed in the Philosophy and appraisal section. </p><p>Through Guan Zhong's reforms and skilful diplomacy Qi became the most powerful of the feudal states and Duke Huan became the first of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Hegemons" title="Five Hegemons">Five Hegemons</a>. Though knowledge of his reforms is limited, in particular he instituted a famous fiscal policy known as "balancing the light and the heavy", associated with salt and iron monopolies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise a diverse work, the <a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(text)" title="Guanzi (text)">Guanzi</a> compilation making use of his name makes similar such recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guan_Zhong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_and_friendship_with_Bao_Shuya">Youth and friendship with Bao Shuya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guan_Zhong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Youth and friendship with Bao Shuya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guan Zhong, a descendant of either <a href="/wiki/Shu_Xian_of_Guan" title="Shu Xian of Guan">Shu Xian of Guan</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/King_Mu_of_Zhou" title="King Mu of Zhou">King Mu of Zhou</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was born in Yingshang, and became acquainted with Bao Shuya at an early age, when they became business partners. The <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Shiji</a> records that, as partner, Guan Zhong often took more than his share of the profits, in effect cheating Bao Shuya. Bao, however, recognised his impoverished background and was not offended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tutors_of_different_princes">Tutors of different princes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guan_Zhong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tutors of different princes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subsequently, Guan Zhong was appointed tutor to Prince Jiu, the younger brother of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Duke_Xiang_of_Qi" title="Duke Xiang of Qi">Duke Xiang of Qi</a>. Bao Shuya, meanwhile, became tutor to Jiu's younger brother, Prince Xiaobai. </p><p>In 686 BC, Duke Xiang was murdered in a palace coup by two of his ministers, who then installed <a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Wuzhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gongsun Wuzhi">Gongsun Wuzhi</a>, a scion of the ducal house, as the new Duke. Recognising that they were in mortal danger, both Prince Jiu and Prince Xiaobai fled with their respective tutors. Prince Jiu fled to the <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">State of Lu</a>, while Prince Xiaobai went to the <a href="/wiki/Ju_(state)" title="Ju (state)">State of Ju</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Becoming_chancellor">Becoming chancellor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guan_Zhong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Becoming chancellor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 685 BC, Gongsun Wuzhi himself was killed in another palace coup, and the ministers of Qi sent envoys to Ju, hoping to receive Prince Xiaobai back and succeed to the duchy. On hearing of this, Lu also sent Prince Jiu towards Qi, while Guan Zhong intercepted Prince Xiaobai to prevent his return. In the resulting conflict, Guan Zhong shot an arrow at Xiaobai which hit his belt buckle. Xiaobai pretended to cough blood and collapse, tricking Guan Zhong into thinking he was mortally wounded. </p><p>Eventually, Xiaobai won the race back to Qi, and was installed as Duke. The State of Lu attempted to enforce Prince Jiu's claim, but was defeated in battle, after which Qi forced Lu to execute Prince Jiu and send Guan Zhong back as a prisoner. Xiaobai originally wanted to execute Guan Zhong as well, but Bao Shuya strongly recommended sparing him and elevating him to chancellor, even though that meant he would outrank Bao himself. Xiaobai was eventually convinced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_reforms">Domestic reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guan_Zhong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Domestic reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Duke Huan had inherited a state in turmoil, after three years of civil wars and usurpation had severely depleted the treasury. As Chancellor, Guan Zhong instituted extensive reforms aimed at organising and strengthening the Qi state. </p><p>Administratively, the capital was divided into 21 districts: six of merchants, which provided the Qi state's trade revenue, and fifteen of attendants, which provided the core of the Qi army. Similarly, the population outside the capital was organised: 30 households were formed into one village, 10 villages as one troop, 10 troops as one district, 3 districts as one county, and counties grouped into five regions. Administrators were appointed at every level, with the regional administrators reporting on their jurisdictions to the Duke every year. </p><p>Economically, Guan Zhong disbanded the <a href="/wiki/Well-field_system" title="Well-field system">well-field system</a> instituted since the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>; instead, all land was to be taxed according to its productivity. At the same time, Qi's coastal position was exploited through the expansion of fisheries and salt production, while trade was encouraged through certain privileges. For instance, people bearing goods to market on foot, and carriages arriving empty at markets to make purchases, were not subject to tolls; this encouraged the use of the state-managed markets. </p><p>Guan Zhong wrote that because taxation would reduce the people's wealth and make them dislike the government, it was better to obtain revenue by monopolizing the sale of salt, iron, forest products, and ore.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> Thus, these "goods of the mountains and seas" (namely iron and salt) should be state managed. Similarly, a price-regulation scheme existed for food, with granaries buying grain in bounty years to be released into the market in lean years. Finally, coinage was also unified to encourage trade within Qi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy_and_appraisal">Philosophy and appraisal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guan_Zhong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philosophy and appraisal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guan Zhong would ultimately be identified with the <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a> school as a result of his administrative reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-sas.upenn.edu_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sas.upenn.edu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though actually legalistic philosophy did not develop until hundreds of years later, R. Eno of Indiana University does consider that "If one were to trace the origins of Legalism as far back as possible, it might be appropriate to date its beginnings to the prime ministership of Guan Zhong, chief aide to the first of the hegemonic lords of the Spring Autumn period, Duke Huan of Qi (r. 685–643)."<sup id="cite_ref-indiana.edu_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiana.edu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is said to have indulged in a luxurious lifestyle,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and did not equate a ruler's moral purity with his ability to govern. Duke Huan, who loved hunting and women, asked Guan if these indulgences would harm his hegemony, to which Guan replied that the ruler's love for luxury would not harm his hegemony. It would only be harmed through inappropriate staffing and misuse of talent.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One passage "recounts" Confucius as considering him "mediocre" for his lack of frugality and knowledge of ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite all this, he might be considered, "at least in most respects" an "ideal Confucian minister".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guan Zhong is reported to have advised Duke Huan: 'Summon the wavering with courtesy and cherish the remote with virtuous conduct. So long as your virtuous conduct and courtesy never falter, there will be no one who does not cherish you.'" When Duke Huan was approached to dethrone the ruling clans of his state, Guan Zhong advised him that he had won their adherence through politeness (<i>li</i>) and trustworthiness (<i>xin</i>). </p><p>When Confucius's students criticized Guan Zhong as lacking propriety, crediting his ambition and achievement Confucius said of him that "It was due to Guan Zhong that Duke Huan was able to assemble the feudal lords on numerous occasions without resorting to the use of his war chariots. Such was his goodness! ... Through having Guan Zhong as his minister Duke Huan became protector over the feudal lords. He brought unity and order to the entire realm so that even today people enjoy his gifts to them ... I am afraid that without Guan Zhong we would be folding our lapels right-over-left (<a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">traditional Chinese clothing</a> customarily is folded left-over-right)."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The students of Confucius also posted a question whether Guan Zhong followed Ren (Confucian humaneness) or not. However, in pre-Qin period, "Ren" has a distinctive utilitarian definition. Hence, from this standpoint, Guan Zhong followed "Ren".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achievements">Achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guan_Zhong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guan Zhong started multiple reforms in the <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">State of Qi</a>. Politically, he centralized power and divided the state into different villages, each carrying out a specific trade. Instead of relying on the traditional aristocracy for manpower, he applied <a href="/wiki/Conscription#Medieval_levies" title="Conscription">levies</a> to the village units directly. He also developed a better method for choosing talent to be governors. Under Guan Zhong, Qi shifted administrative responsibility from hereditary aristocrats to professional bureaucrats. He is also credited for creating the first official government sponsored <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothel</a> known as "女市" which funded the government treasury. </p><p>During his term of office, the State of Qi became much stronger. The <i><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a></i> records that in 660 BC, Guan Zhong urged <a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan of Qi</a> to attack the small neighboring <a href="/wiki/Xing_(state)" title="Xing (state)">State of Xing</a> which was under attack from <a href="/wiki/Quanrong" title="Quanrong">Quan Rong</a> nomads, a non-Chinese Rong tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in 652 BC he advised the duke not to ally with a vassal ruler's son who wished to depose his father. Duke Huan often listened to Guan Zhong's sound advice such that his status amongst other Zhou vassal states rose. As a result, the duke came to be recognized as the first <a href="/wiki/Five_Hegemons" title="Five Hegemons">Hegemon</a> or leader of the vassal alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-EWP_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recognition of Guan Zhong's service, Duke Huan gave him the honorary title of "Godfather" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">仲父</span></span>). The same title was later given to <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Buwei" title="Lü Buwei">Lü Buwei</a> by Prince Zheng, the future <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_Monopoly_on_Salt_and_Iron">State Monopoly on Salt and Iron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guan_Zhong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: State Monopoly on Salt and Iron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Salt_and_Iron" title="Discourses on Salt and Iron">Discourses on Salt and Iron</a> and <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E4%B8%9A%E4%B8%93%E5%8D%96" class="extiw" title="zh:盐业专卖">zh:盐业专卖</a></div> <p>Under Guan's guidance several important economic reforms were introduced. He created a uniform tax code and also used state power to encourage the production of salt and iron. </p><p>He believed that monopolizing the nature resources was helpful on improving the government income, with fewer complaints from the public than raising taxes. The strategy was described by himself to the Duke of Huan as "managing the mountain and the sea（官山海)", which mainly refers to iron mine from the mountain and salt from the sea. Under his policy, private business who produce salt by boiling seawater and iron by mining must sell all outputs to the government, and the government resell refined salt and iron products, with huge price gap, to all household in State of Qi. </p><p>Historians usually credit Guan Zhong for introducing state monopolies controlling salt and iron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qi-Hengshan_War">Qi-Hengshan War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guan_Zhong&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Qi-Hengshan War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A1%E5%B1%B1%E4%B9%8B%E8%B0%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:衡山之谋">zh:衡山之谋</a></div> <p>In the record of <a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(text)" title="Guanzi (text)">Guanzi</a> Chapter 84, Duke of Huan wanted to restrain the threat from State of Hengshan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">衡山国</span></span>) and asked Guan for solution. State of Hengshan was famous for its weapon production. Guan then ordered officials to buy arms from State of Hengshan in large quantities. After ten months, worrying that the price will continuously grow up, State of Yan, State of Dai and later State of Qin followed up the buying. The price then jumped sharply and, as a result, almost all household in State of Hengshan switched to make weapons instead of farming. One year later, Guan ordered officials to buy rice from State of Zhao, at a price more than three times higher than normal. By seeing the potential huge profit, State of Hengshan sold its rice inventory to officials from State of Qi. Afterwards, Guan suddenly ordered State of Qi's army to invade State of Hengshan. With selling out of weapon and rice, State of Hengshan soon surrendered. </p><p>Some historians marked Qi-Hengshan War the early form of <a href="/wiki/Economic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Warfare">Economic Warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guan_Zhong&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He composed the <i><a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(text)" title="Guanzi (text)">Guanzi</a></i> encyclopedia, officially compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Jixia_Academy" title="Jixia Academy">Jixia Academy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guan_Zhong&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guan Zhong is one of 32 historical personages featured in the <a href="/wiki/Koei" title="Koei">Koei</a> game <i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_XI" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI">Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI</a></i>, where he is referred to as Guan Yiwu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guan_Zhong&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EWP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EWP_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EWP_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2009" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Ann; Palais, James (2009). <i>East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-00534-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-00534-8"><bdi>978-0-547-00534-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-547-00534-8&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Walthall%2C+Ann&rft.au=Palais%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuan+Zhong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChŏng2016" class="citation book cs1">Chŏng, Yag-yong (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFGsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA218"><i>The Analects of Dasan: A Korean Syncretic Reading</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062499-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062499-6"><bdi>978-0-19-062499-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Analects+of+Dasan%3A+A+Korean+Syncretic+Reading&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-062499-6&rft.aulast=Ch%C5%8Fng&rft.aufirst=Yag-yong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFGsDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuan+Zhong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricket, Guanzi (1985) p.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricket, Guanzi (1985) p.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Yuanhe_Xingzuan" title="Yuanhe Xingzuan">Yuanhe Xingzuan</a></i> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%92%8C%E5%A7%93%E7%BA%82_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B705">"Vol. 5 隂 (Yin)"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Siku Quanshu</a> version). quote: "周文王弟三子管叔鮮之後管夷吾"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_(encyclopedia)" title="Tongzhi (encyclopedia)">Comprehensive Records</a></i> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%97_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B7026#%E6%B0%8F%E6%97%8F%E7%95%A5%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C">"Brief Accounts about the Clans - 2"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Siku Quanshu</a> version). quoted: "又齊有管夷吾出自周穆王至夷吾始顯於齊"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2022" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Shuanglin (2022). <i>China's Public Finance: Reforms, Challenges, and Options</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-09902-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-09902-8"><bdi>978-1-009-09902-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Public+Finance%3A+Reforms%2C+Challenges%2C+and+Options&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-009-09902-8&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Shuanglin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuan+Zhong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sas.upenn.edu-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sas.upenn.edu_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_R._Goldin" class="citation web cs1">Paul R. Goldin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150916013118/https://www.sas.upenn.edu/ealc/system/files/bio/%5Buser-raw%5D/papers/Persistent%20Misconceptions%20about%20Chinese%20Legalism.pdf">"Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. sas.upenn.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sas.upenn.edu/ealc/system/files/bio/%5Buser-raw%5D/papers/Persistent%20Misconceptions%20about%20Chinese%20Legalism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persistent+Misconceptions+about+Chinese+Legalism&rft.pub=sas.upenn.edu&rft.au=Paul+R.+Goldin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sas.upenn.edu%2Fealc%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fbio%2F%255Buser-raw%255D%2Fpapers%2FPersistent%2520Misconceptions%2520about%2520Chinese%2520Legalism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuan+Zhong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indiana.edu-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indiana.edu_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://chinatxt.sitehost.iu.edu/Thought/Legalism.pdf">http://chinatxt.sitehost.iu.edu/Thought/Legalism.pdf</a> R Eno, Indiana University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVankeerberghen2001" class="citation book cs1">Vankeerberghen, Griet (2001-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zt-vBqHQzpQC&pg=PA10"><i>The Huainanzi and Liu An's Claim to Moral Authority</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5148-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5148-9"><bdi>978-0-7914-5148-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Huainanzi+and+Liu+An%27s+Claim+to+Moral+Authority&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5148-9&rft.aulast=Vankeerberghen&rft.aufirst=Griet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzt-vBqHQzpQC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuan+Zhong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuoGuo2008" class="citation book cs1">Guo, Sujian; Guo, Baogang (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UkoStC-S-AMC&pg=PA38"><i>China in Search of a Harmonious Society</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2624-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2624-0"><bdi>978-0-7391-2624-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+Search+of+a+Harmonious+Society&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-2624-0&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Sujian&rft.au=Guo%2C+Baogang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUkoStC-S-AMC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuan+Zhong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYao2017" class="citation book cs1">Yao, Xinzhong (2017-05-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3b3QDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA321"><i>Reconceptualizing Confucian Philosophy in the 21st Century</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-4000-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-4000-9"><bdi>978-981-10-4000-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconceptualizing+Confucian+Philosophy+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-05-08&rft.isbn=978-981-10-4000-9&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Xinzhong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3b3QDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuan+Zhong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricket, Guanzi (1985) p.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYou" class="citation web cs1">You, Qingguo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.hk/Periodical_gzdxxb-shkxb201606011.aspx">"The Debate of Guan Zhong's Benevolence from the Perspective of Utilitarian of Benevolence"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Debate+of+Guan+Zhong%27s+Benevolence+from+the+Perspective+of+Utilitarian+of+Benevolence&rft.aulast=You&rft.aufirst=Qingguo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd.g.wanfangdata.com.hk%2FPeriodical_gzdxxb-shkxb201606011.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuan+Zhong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey, Patricia, Anne Walthall, and James Palais. <i>Pre-Modern East Asia To 1800. A Cultural, Social and Political History, Second Edition.</i> Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chu L.<i>Guan Zhong's Economics War</i>, Military Economics Research (China), 1991.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guan_Zhong&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2445">Works by Zhong Guan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Guan%2C%20Zhong%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Zhong%20Guan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Guan%2C%20Zhong%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Zhong%20Guan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Guan%2C%20Z%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Zhong%20Guan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Guan%2C%20Zhong%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Zhong%20Guan%22%29%20OR%20%28%22720-645%22%20AND%20Guan%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Guan Zhong</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Diverse/guanzi.html">"Master Guan"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Master+Guan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FLiterature%2FDiverse%2Fguanzi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuan+Zhong" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1439041">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029010918">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guan_Zhong&oldid=1274577121">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guan_Zhong&oldid=1274577121</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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