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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pinyin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Syllables</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syllables-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syllables subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syllables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Initials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Finals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_⟨ü⟩_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_⟨ü⟩_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>The <span>⟨ü⟩</span> sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_⟨ü⟩_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tones</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tones-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tones subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Placement_and_omission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Placement_and_omission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Placement and omission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Placement_and_omission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_sandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_sandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tone sandhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_sandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacing,_capitalization,_and_punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacing,_capitalization,_and_punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spacing, capitalization, and punctuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacing,_capitalization,_and_punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_orthographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_orthographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparison with other orthographies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_other_orthographies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with other orthographies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_orthographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_charts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_charts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Comparison charts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_charts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typography_and_encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typography_and_encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Typography and encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typography_and_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computer_input" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_input"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Computer input</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_input-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sorting_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sorting_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sorting techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sorting_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>By region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Special names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pinyin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بينيين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بينيين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پین‌یین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پین‌یین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ফিনিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিনিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n-g%C3%AD_Pheng-im" title="Hàn-gí Pheng-im – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hàn-gí Pheng-im" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Піньінь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Піньінь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пинин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пинин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pchin-jin" title="Pchin-jin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pchin-jin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Πινγίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πινγίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjino" title="Pinjino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pinjino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پین‌یین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پین‌یین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="漢語拼音 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="漢語拼音" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon-ng%C3%AE_Ph%C3%AEn-y%C3%AEm" title="Hon-ngî Phîn-yîm – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hon-ngî Phîn-yîm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пинин – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Пинин" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%96%B4%EB%B3%91%EC%9D%8C" title="한어병음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한어병음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Փինյին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փինյին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="पिनयिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पिनयिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin-sistemo" title="Pinyin-sistemo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pinyin-sistemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hanyu Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hanyu Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פין-יין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פין-יין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hanyu Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფინინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფინინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пінин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пінин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99" title="ພິ່ນອິ່ນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພິ່ນອິ່ນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%86ji%C5%86s" title="Piņjiņs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Piņjiņs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjin" title="Pinjin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pinjin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пинјин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пинјин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="പിൻ‌യിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിൻ‌യിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="फीनयीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फीनयीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پينيپين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پينيپين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hanyu Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84_P%C4%ADng-%C4%ADng" title="Háng-ngṳ̄ Pĭng-ĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háng-ngṳ̄ Pĭng-ĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="拼音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="拼音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪਿਨਯਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿਨਯਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پین ین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پین ین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пінїнь – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пінїнь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pchin-jin" title="Pchin-jin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pchin-jin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjin" title="Pinjin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pinjin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86-%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پین-ین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پین-ین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пинјин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пинјин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjin" title="Pinjin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pinjin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பின்யின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பின்யின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="พินอิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พินอิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Піньїнь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Піньїнь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پینین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پینین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%89%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%86" title="پىنيىن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پىنيىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghyeam_Vahgun" title="Binghyeam Vahgun – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Binghyeam Vahgun" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADnh_%C3%A2m_H%C3%A1n_ng%E1%BB%AF" title="Bính âm Hán ngữ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bính âm Hán ngữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="漢語拼音 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="漢語拼音" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉语拼音" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="普通話拼音 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="普通話拼音" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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<nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pinyin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pinyin (disambiguation)">Pinyin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Hanyu Pinyin<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div> romanization</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data">Pinyin Committee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Youguang" title="Zhou Youguang">Zhou Youguang</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Published</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>11 February 1958</li><li>1982 <span class="nowrap">(ISO 7098)</span></li></ul></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Official script</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <span class="nowrap">(from 1958)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> <span class="nowrap">(from 1980)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <span class="nowrap">(from 1982)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <span class="nowrap">(from 2009)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: lightblue;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:拼音">拼音</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">spelled sounds</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">pīnyīn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄆㄧㄣ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄧㄣ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>pʻin<sup>1</sup>-yin<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">pin-yin</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[pʰín.ín]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">phin<sup>平</sup> in<sup>平</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">pin<sup>24</sup> im<sup>24</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">pingyām</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">ping3 jam1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lau_romanisation" title="Sidney Lau romanisation">Sidney Lau</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">ping<sup>3</sup>yam<sup>1°</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">ping<sup>3</sup>yem<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[pʰɪŋ˧ jɐm˥]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">pheng-im</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: lightblue;">Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:汉语">汉语</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:拼音">拼音</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:方案">方案</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:漢語">漢語</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:拼音">拼音</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:方案">方案</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">scheme of spelled Han language sounds</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hànyǔ Pīnyīn Fāng'àn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄏㄢˋ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄩˇ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄆㄧㄣ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄧㄣ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄈㄤ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄢˋ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hannyeu Pinin Fangann</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Han<sup>4</sup>-yü<sup>3</sup> Pʻin<sup>1</sup>-yin<sup>1</sup> Fang<sup>1</sup>-an<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hàn-yǔ Pin-yin Fang-àn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xân.ỳ pʰín.ín fáŋ.ân]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Hoe<sup>去</sup> nyiu<sup>上</sup> phin<sup>平</sup> in<sup>平</sup> faon<sup>平</sup> oe<sup>去</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">Hon<sup>55</sup> ngi<sup>24</sup> pin<sup>24</sup> im<sup>24</sup> fong<sup>24</sup> on<sup>55</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Honyúh Pingyām Fōng'on</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Hon3 jyu5 ping3 jam1 fong1 on3</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lau_romanisation" title="Sidney Lau romanisation">Sidney Lau</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Hon<sup>3</sup>yue<sup>5</sup> Ping<sup>3</sup>yam<sup>1°</sup> Fong<sup>1°</sup>on<sup>3</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Hon<sup>3</sup>yu<sup>5</sup> Ping<sup>3</sup>yem<sup>1</sup> Fong<sup>1</sup>on<sup>3</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hɔ̄ːn.y̬ː<span class="wrap"> </span>pʰēŋ.jɐ́m<span class="wrap"> </span>fɔ́ːŋ.ɔ̄ːn]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Hàn-gú pheng-im hong-àn</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Transliteration of Chinese">Transliteration of Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Mandarin">Modern Standard Mandarin</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Spelling conventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Latinxua Sin Wenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Wade" title="Simplified Wade">Simplified Wade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Standard_Mandarin_transcription_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Standard Mandarin transcription systems">Comparison chart</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Late imperial Mandarin</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morrison_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morrison romanization (page does not exist)">Morrison romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legge_romanization" title="Legge romanization">Legge romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuanese dialect">Sichuanese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Pinyin" title="Sichuanese Pinyin">Sichuanese Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuanxua_Ladinxua_Xin_Wenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz">Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">General Wu</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization of Wu Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese_romanisation" title="Wenzhounese romanisation">Wenzhounese romanization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Guangdong Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" title="Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation">Hong Kong Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Government_Cantonese_Romanization" title="Macau Government Cantonese Romanization">Macau Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer%E2%80%93Wempe" title="Meyer–Wempe">Meyer–Wempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lau_romanisation" title="Sidney Lau romanisation">Sidney Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Wong_(phonetic_symbols)" title="S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)">S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Wong_(romanisation)" title="S. L. Wong (romanisation)">S. L. Wong (romanization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Pinyin">Cantonese Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Romanization_(Cantonese)" title="Standard Romanization (Cantonese)">Standard Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett%E2%80%93Chao" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnett–Chao">Barnett–Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Cantonese_romanization_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Cantonese romanization systems"> <i>Comparison chart</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">Modern Literal Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phofsit_Daibuun" title="Phofsit Daibuun">Phofsit Daibuun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Habhunwe Latinxua Sin Bhundzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_p%C3%ACngy%C4%ABm" title="Bbánlám pìngyīm">Bbánlám pìngyīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">Daighi tongiong pingim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Hokkien_writing_systems" title="Comparison of Hokkien writing systems">Comparison chart</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Fuzhounese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme">Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanized</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized" title="Hinghwa Romanized">Hinghwa Romanized</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Romanized">Hainan Romanized</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou dialect</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Hainanese Transliteration Scheme">Hainanese Transliteration Scheme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang dialect</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanized_Shaowu" title="Romanized Shaowu">Romanized Shaowu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaowu_dialect" title="Shaowu dialect">Shaowu dialect</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang-Du</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagfa_Pinyim" title="Hagfa Pinyim">Hagfa Pinyim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ">Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Yi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang–Yi dialects">Chang–Yi</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Diasystem" title="Diasystem">Polylectal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">General Chinese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese#Romanized_General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">Romanized General Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other transliterations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese#Character-based_General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">Character-based General Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">Transcription into Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By place</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Romanization in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanisation_in_Singapore" title="Chinese language romanisation in Singapore">Romanization in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">Romanization in Taiwan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Template:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Template talk:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hanyu Pinyin</b>, or simply <b>pinyin</b>, is the most common <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> system for <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>. In official documents, it is referred to as the <b>Chinese Phonetic Alphabet</b>. <i>Hanyu</i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">汉语</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">漢語</span>) literally means '<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> language'—that is, the Chinese language—while <i>pinyin</i> literally means 'spelled sounds'. Pinyin is the official romanisation system used in China, Singapore, Taiwan, and by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Its use has become common when transliterating Standard Chinese mostly regardless of region, though it is less ubiquitous in Taiwan. It is used to teach Standard Chinese, normally written with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>, to students already familiar with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. Pinyin is also used by various <a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_method" title="Chinese input method">input methods</a> on computers and to <a href="/wiki/Lexicographic_ordering" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographic ordering">categorize entries</a> in some <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese dictionaries">Chinese dictionaries</a>. </p><p>In pinyin, each Chinese syllable is spelled in terms of an optional <a href="/wiki/Initial_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Initial (linguistics)">initial</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Final_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Final (linguistics)">final</a>, each of which is represented by one or more letters. Initials are initial consonants, whereas finals are all possible combinations of medials (<a href="/wiki/Semivowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Semivowels">semivowels</a> coming before the vowel), a <a href="/wiki/Syllable_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nucleus">nucleus</a> vowel, and <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">coda</a> (final vowel or consonant). <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a> are used to indicate the four <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a> found in Standard Chinese, though these are often omitted in various contexts, such as when spelling <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese names</a> in non-Chinese texts. </p><p>Hanyu Pinyin was developed in the 1950s by a group of Chinese linguists including <a href="/wiki/Wang_Li_(linguist)" title="Wang Li (linguist)">Wang Li</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhiwei" title="Lu Zhiwei">Lu Zhiwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Jinxi" title="Li Jinxi">Li Jinxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luo_Changpei" title="Luo Changpei">Luo Changpei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Youguang" title="Zhou Youguang">Zhou Youguang</a>, who has been called the "father of pinyin". They based their work in part on earlier <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanization systems</a>. The system was originally promulgated at the Fifth Session of the <a href="/wiki/1st_National_People%27s_Congress" title="1st National People's Congress">1st National People's Congress</a> in 1958, and has seen several rounds of revisions since. The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> propagated Hanyu Pinyin as <b>ISO 7098</b> in 1982, and the United Nations began using it in 1986. Taiwan adopted Hanyu Pinyin as its official romanization system in 2009, replacing <a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20220912_The_No.6_Kindergarten_of_Jinshui_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/20220912_The_No.6_Kindergarten_of_Jinshui_District.jpg/290px-20220912_The_No.6_Kindergarten_of_Jinshui_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/20220912_The_No.6_Kindergarten_of_Jinshui_District.jpg/435px-20220912_The_No.6_Kindergarten_of_Jinshui_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/20220912_The_No.6_Kindergarten_of_Jinshui_District.jpg/580px-20220912_The_No.6_Kindergarten_of_Jinshui_District.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A facade of a kindergarten in <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>, Henan, with writing using simplified characters and pinyin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taichung_Port_Station_-_station_sign.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Taichung_Port_Station_-_station_sign.png/290px-Taichung_Port_Station_-_station_sign.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Taichung_Port_Station_-_station_sign.png/435px-Taichung_Port_Station_-_station_sign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Taichung_Port_Station_-_station_sign.png/580px-Taichung_Port_Station_-_station_sign.png 2x" data-file-width="3530" data-file-height="2353" /></a><figcaption>A sign for <a href="/wiki/Taichung_Port_railway_station" title="Taichung Port railway station">Taichung Port railway station</a> in Taiwan with writing using traditional characters, English, Wade–Giles (<i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Taichung</span></i>), and pinyin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionary in China, wrote the first book that used the Latin alphabet to write Chinese, entitled <i>Xizi Qiji</i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">西字奇蹟</span>; 'Miracle of Western Letters') and published in Beijing in 1605.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty years later, fellow Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Trigault" title="Nicolas Trigault">Nicolas Trigault</a> published 'Aid to the Eyes and Ears of Western Literati' (<span lang="zh-Hant">西儒耳目資</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xīrú ěrmù zī</span></i>)) in Hangzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither book had any influence among the contemporary Chinese literati, and the romanizations they introduced primarily were useful for Westerners.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late Qing, the reformer Song Shu (1862–1910) proposed that China adopt a phonetic writing system. A student of the scholars <a href="/wiki/Yu_Yue" title="Yu Yue">Yu Yue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Taiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Taiyan">Zhang Taiyan</a>, Song had observed the effect of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a></i> syllabaries and <a href="/wiki/Western_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Western learning">Western learning</a> during his visits to Japan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2020)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> While Song did not himself propose a transliteration system for Chinese, his discussion ultimately led to a proliferation of proposed schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> system was produced by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Wade" title="Thomas Francis Wade">Thomas Wade</a> in 1859, and further improved by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Giles" title="Herbert Giles">Herbert Giles</a>, presented in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="A Chinese–English Dictionary">Chinese–English Dictionary</a></i> (1892). It was popular, and was used in English-language publications outside China until 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1943, the US military tapped <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> to develop <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">another romanization system for Mandarin Chinese</a> intended for pilots flying over China—much more than previous systems, the result appears very similar to modern Hanyu Pinyin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hanyu Pinyin was designed by a group of mostly Chinese linguists, including <a href="/wiki/Wang_Li_(linguist)" title="Wang Li (linguist)">Wang Li</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhiwei" title="Lu Zhiwei">Lu Zhiwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Jinxi" title="Li Jinxi">Li Jinxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luo_Changpei" title="Luo Changpei">Luo Changpei</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Youguang" title="Zhou Youguang">Zhou Youguang</a> (1906–2017), an economist by trade, as part of a Chinese government project in the 1950s. Zhou, often called "the father of pinyin",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranigan2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranigan2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> worked as a banker in New York when he decided to return to China to help rebuild the country after the People's Republic was established. Earlier attempts to <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanize Chinese writing</a> were mostly abandoned in 1944. Zhou became an economics professor in Shanghai, and when the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Education</a> created the Committee for the Reform of the Chinese Written Language in 1955, Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> assigned him the task of developing a new romanization system, despite the fact that he was not a linguist by trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanyu Pinyin incorporated different aspects from existing systems, including <a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> (1928), <a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Latinxua Sin Wenz</a> (1931), and the <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a> (1918).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohsenow200423_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohsenow200423-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I'm not the father of pinyin", Zhou said years later; "I'm the son of pinyin. It's [the result of] a long tradition from the later years of the Qing dynasty down to today. But we restudied the problem and revisited it and made it more perfect."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranigan2008_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranigan2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An initial draft was authored in January 1956 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ye_Laishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ye Laishi (page does not exist)">Ye Laishi</a>, Lu Zhiwei and Zhou Youguang. A revised Pinyin scheme was proposed by Wang Li, Lu Zhiwei and Li Jinxi, and became the main focus of discussion among the group of Chinese linguists in June 1956, forming the basis of Pinyin standard later after incorporating a wide range of feedback and further revisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang1995_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first edition of Hanyu Pinyin was approved and officially adopted at the Fifth Session of the <a href="/wiki/1st_National_People%27s_Congress" title="1st National People's Congress">1st National People's Congress</a> on 11 February 1958. It was then introduced to primary schools as a way to teach Standard Chinese pronunciation and used to improve the literacy rate among adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Asiaone_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asiaone-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its formal promulgation, pinyin did not become widely used until after the tumult of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Mullaney_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Mullaney-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 189">: 189 </span></sup> In the 1980s, students were trained in pinyin from an early age, learning it in tandem with characters or even before.<sup id="cite_ref-:Mullaney_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Mullaney-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 200">: 200 </span></sup> </p><p>During the height of the Cold War the use of pinyin system over Wade–Giles and <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale romanizations</a> outside of China was regarded as a political statement or identification with the mainland Chinese government.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the early 1980s, Western publications addressing mainland China began using the Hanyu Pinyin romanization system instead of earlier romanization systems; this change followed the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations</a> between the United States and China in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, the Chinese government issued the <i>National Common Language Law</i>, providing a legal basis for applying pinyin.<sup id="cite_ref-Asiaone_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asiaone-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current specification of the orthography is GB/T 16159–2012.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGB/T_161592012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGB/T_161592012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syllables">Syllables</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Syllables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese phonology is generally described in terms of sound pairs of two initials (<span lang="zh-Hans">声母</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">聲母</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shēngmǔ</span></i>) and finals (<span lang="zh-Hans">韵母</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">韻母</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yùnmǔ</span></i>). This is distinct from the concept of consonant and vowel sounds as basic units in traditional (and most other phonetic systems used to describe the Chinese language). Every syllable in Standard Chinese can be described as a pair of one initial and one final, except for the special syllable <i>er</i> or when a trailing <i>-r</i> is considered part of a syllable (a phenomenon known as <i><a href="/wiki/Erhua" title="Erhua">erhua</a></i>). The latter case, though a common practice in some sub-dialects, is rarely used in official publications. </p><p>Even though most initials contain a consonant, finals are not always simple vowels, especially in compound finals (<span lang="zh-Hans">复韵母</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">複韻母</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">fùyùnmǔ</span></i>), i.e. when a "medial" is placed in front of the final. For example, the medials <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span> are pronounced with such tight openings at the beginning of a final that some native Chinese speakers (especially when singing) pronounce <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yī</span></i> (<span lang="zh">衣</span>; 'clothes'), officially pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/í/</span>, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jí/</span> and <i><span lang="zh-Latn">wéi</span></i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">围</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">圍</span>; 'to enclose'), officially pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uěi/</span>, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wěi/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wuěi/</span>. Often these medials are treated as separate from the finals rather than as part of them; this convention is followed in the chart of finals below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initials">Initials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Initials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conventional <a href="/wiki/Lexicographical_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographical order">lexicographical order</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a> is: </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#cfc"> b  p  m  f  </td> <td style="background:#ccf"> d  t  n  l  </td> <td style="background:#fcc"> g  k  h  </td> <td style="background:#fcf"> j  q  x  </td> <td style="background:#ffc"> zh  ch  sh  r  </td> <td style="background:#cff"> z  c  s  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In each cell below, the pinyin letters assigned to each initial are accompanied by their phonetic realizations in brackets, notated according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;border:none"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:none;border:none" colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">unaspirated</a> </th> <td style="background:#cfc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">b <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#ccf"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">d <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span></a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#fcc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">g <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> </th> <td style="background:#cfc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ]</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#ccf"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ]</span></a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#fcc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="background:#cfc"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal">m <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#ccf"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal">n <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span></a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">unaspirated</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cff"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">z <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#ffc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">zh <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʈʂ]</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#fcf"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">j <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕ]</span></a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cff"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">c <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsʰ]</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#ffc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">ch <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʈʂʰ]</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#fcf"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">q <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕʰ]</span></a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td style="background:#cfc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#cff"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant">s <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#ffc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex sibilant">sh <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʂ]</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#fcf"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant">x <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕ]</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#fcc"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">h <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ccf"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral approximant">l <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span></a> </td> <td style="background:#ffc">r <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant"> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɻ]</span></a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʐ]</span></a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:dashed"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a> </th> <td colspan="5">y <a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant"> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Labialized_palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labialized palatal approximant"> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥ]</span></a> and w <a href="/wiki/Labio-velar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labio-velar approximant"> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinyin</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th>Description<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#cfc"> <td><i>b</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span></td> <td>Unaspirated <i>p</i>, like in English s<u>p</u>ark. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cfc"> <td><i>p</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>]</span></td> <td>Strongly aspirated <i>p</i>, like in English <u>p</u>ay. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cfc"> <td><i>m</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span></td> <td>Like the <i>m</i> in English <u>m</u>ay. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cfc"> <td><i>f</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span></td> <td>Like the <i>f</i> in English <u>f</u>air. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccf"> <td><i>d</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span></td> <td>Unaspirated <i>t</i>, like in English s<u>t</u>op. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccf"> <td><i>t</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>]</span></td> <td>Strongly aspirated <i>t</i>, like in English <u>t</u>ake. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccf"> <td><i>n</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span></td> <td>Like the <i>n</i> in English <u>n</u>ay. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccf"> <td><i>l</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-taiwan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Like the <i>l</i> in English <u>l</u>ay. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcc"> <td><i>g</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span></td> <td>Unaspirated <i>k</i>, like in English s<u>k</u>ill. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcc"> <td><i>k</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>]</span></td> <td>Strongly aspirated <i>k</i>, like in English <u>k</u>iss. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcc"> <td><i>h</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-taiwan_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Varies between the <i>h</i> in English <u>h</u>at, and the <i>ch</i> in Scottish English lo<u>ch</u>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcf"> <td><i>j</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a>]</span></td> <td>Alveolo-palatal, unaspirated. No direct equivalent in English, but similar to the <i>ch</i> in English chur<u>ch</u>yard. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcf"> <td><i>q</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tɕʰ</a>]</span></td> <td>Alveolo-palatal, aspirated. No direct equivalent in English, but similar to the <i>ch</i> in English pun<u>ch</u>y. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcf"> <td><i>x</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>]</span></td> <td>Alveolo-palatal, unaspirated. No direct equivalent in English, but similar to the <i>sh</i> in English pu<u>sh</u>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffc"> <td><i>zh</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">ʈʂ</a>]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-taiwan_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Retroflex, unaspirated. Like <i>j</i> in English <u>j</u>ack. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffc"> <td><i>ch</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʂʰ</a>]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-taiwan_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Retroflex, aspirated. Like <i>ch</i> in English chur<u>ch</u>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffc"> <td><i>sh</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠̊˔</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-taiwan_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Retroflex, unaspirated. Like <i>sh</i> in <u>sh</u>irt. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffc"> <td><i>r</i></td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span>]~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-taiwan_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Retroflex. No direct equivalent in English, but varies between the <i>r</i> in English <u>r</u>educe and the <i>s</i> in English mea<u>s</u>ure. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cff"> <td><i>z</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>]</span></td> <td>Unaspirated. Like the <i>zz</i> in English pi<u>zz</u>a. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cff"> <td><i>c</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a>]</span></td> <td>Aspirated. Like the <i>ts</i> in English ba<u>ts</u>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cff"> <td><i>s</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span></td> <td>Like the <i>s</i> in English <u>s</u>ay. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>w</i><sup id="cite_ref-semivowel_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semivowel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span></td> <td>Like the <i>w</i> in English <u>w</u>ater. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>y</i><sup id="cite_ref-semivowel_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semivowel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a>]</span></td> <td>Either like the <i>y</i> in English <u>y</u>es—or when followed by a <i>u</i>, see below. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finals">Finals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Finals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float: right; background-color: white; border: 1px solid black; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"> <div style="text-align: center; background-color: #ccccff; margin: 5px 5px 5px 20px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_vowel_diagram" title="Chinese vowel diagram">Standard Chinese vowels</a> (with <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pinyin</a>)</b></div> <div style="background:transparent;"> <table cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"> <td style="width:100px;"> </td> <td style="width:90px;"><b>Front</b> </td> <td style="width:90px;"><b>Central</b> </td> <td style="width:60px;"><b>Back</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;"><b>Close</b> </td> <td style="height:210px;" colspan="5" rowspan="7"><div style="position:relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/300px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/450px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/600px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;"> <table style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:0%; width:4.5em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:100%; background:white;" class="nounderlines"> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> <small>⟨i⟩</small> • <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">y</span> <small>⟨ü⟩</small></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:33%; width:3em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:100%; background:white;" class="nounderlines"> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɨ</span> <small>⟨i⟩</small></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:62%; width:3em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:100%; background:white;" class="nounderlines"> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> <small>⟨u⟩</small></div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="position:absolute; left:55%; width:5em; top:18%; height:1.20em; font-size:100%; background:white;" class="nounderlines"> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɤ</span> <small>⟨e⟩</small> • <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> <small>⟨o⟩</small></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:20%; width:2.66em; top:38%; height:1.33em; font-size:100%; background:white;" class="nounderlines"> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e̞</span> <small>⟨ê⟩</small></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:3em; top:38%; height:1.33em; font-size:100%; background:white;" class="nounderlines"> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɚ</span> <small>⟨er⟩</small></div> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:100%; background:white;" class="nounderlines"> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> <small>⟨a⟩</small></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;"><b>Close-mid</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;"><b>Open-mid</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;"><b>Open</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mandarin_vowels" title="Template:Mandarin vowels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mandarin_vowels" title="Template talk:Mandarin vowels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mandarin_vowels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mandarin vowels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div> <p>In each cell below, the first line indicates the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA) transcription, the second indicates pinyin for a standalone (no-initial) form, and the third indicates pinyin for a combination with an initial. Other than finals modified by an <i>-r</i>, which are omitted, the following is an exhaustive table of all possible finals. </p><p>The only syllable-final consonants in Standard Chinese are <i>-n</i>, <i>-ng</i>, and <i>-r</i>, the last of which is attached as a grammatical <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>. A Chinese syllable ending with any other consonant either is from a non-Mandarin language (a southern Chinese language such as <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, reflecting <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology#Tones_and_final_consonants" title="Old Chinese phonology">final consonants in Old Chinese</a>), or indicates the use of a non-pinyin romanization system, such as one that uses final consonants to indicate tones. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">Rime</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left">Medial</div> </th> <th scope="col" style="min-width:2em">∅</th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="min-width:2em">-⁠e / -⁠o / -⁠ê </th> <th scope="col" style="min-width:2em">-⁠a</th> <th scope="col" style="min-width:2em">-⁠ei</th> <th scope="col" style="min-width:2em">-⁠ai </th> <th scope="col" style="min-width:2em">-⁠ou</th> <th scope="col">-⁠ao</th> <th scope="col" style="min-width:2em">-⁠en</th> <th scope="col">-⁠an </th> <th scope="col" style="min-width:2em">-⁠eng</th> <th scope="col">-⁠ang</th> <th scope="col" style="min-width:2em">er </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th scope="row" style="vertical-align:middle">∅ </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>-⁠i</li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤ]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>e</li><li>-⁠e</li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ê</li><li>-⁠ê</li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>a</li><li>-⁠a</li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ei̯]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ei</li><li>-⁠ei</li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ai̯]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ai</li><li>-⁠ai</li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ou̯]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ou</li><li>-⁠ou</li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[au̯]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ao</li><li>-⁠ao</li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ən]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>en</li><li>-⁠en</li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[an]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>an</li><li>-⁠an</li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əŋ]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>eng</li><li>-⁠eng</li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aŋ]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ang</li><li>-⁠ang</li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɚ]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>er</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th scope="row" style="vertical-align:middle"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>y⁠-</li><li>-⁠i⁠-</li></ul></div> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yi</li><li>-⁠i</li></ul></div></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[je]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ye</li><li>-⁠ie</li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ja]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ya</li><li>-⁠ia</li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="2" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jou̯]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>you</li><li>-⁠iu</li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jau̯]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yao</li><li>-⁠iao</li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[in]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yin</li><li>-⁠in</li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɛn]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yan</li><li>-⁠ian</li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iŋ]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>ying</li><li>-⁠ing</li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jaŋ]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yang</li><li>-⁠iang</li></ul></div> </td> <td rowspan="3" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th scope="row" style="vertical-align:middle"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>w⁠-</li><li>-⁠u⁠-</li></ul></div> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>wu</li><li>-⁠u</li></ul></div></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wo]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>wo</li><li>-⁠uo</li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wa]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>wa</li><li>-⁠ua</li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wei̯]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>wei</li><li>-⁠ui</li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wai̯]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>wai</li><li>-⁠uai</li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="2" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wən]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>wen</li><li>-⁠un</li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wan]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>wan</li><li>-⁠uan</li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wəŋ~ʊŋ]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>weng</li><li>-⁠ong</li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[waŋ]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>wang</li><li>-⁠uang</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th scope="row" style="vertical-align:middle"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>yu⁠-</li><li>-⁠ü⁠-</li></ul></div> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yu</li><li>-⁠ü</li></ul></div></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥe]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yue</li><li>-⁠üe</li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="5" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yn]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yun</li><li>-⁠ün</li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥɛn]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yuan</li><li>-⁠üan</li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jʊŋ]</span><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align:center;"><li>yong</li><li>-⁠iong</li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="2" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Technically, <i>i, u, ü</i> without a following vowel are finals, not medials, and therefore take the tone marks, but they are more concisely displayed as above. In addition, <i>ê</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> (<span lang="zh-Hans">欸</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">誒</span>) and syllabic nasals <i>m</i> (<span lang="zh">呒</span>, <span lang="zh">呣</span>), <i>n</i> (<span lang="zh">嗯</span>, <span lang="zh">唔</span>), <i>ng</i> (<span lang="zh">嗯</span>, <span lang="zh">𠮾</span>) are used as <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjections</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a>; for example, pinyin defines the names of several pinyin letters using <i>-ê</i> finals. </p><p>According to the <i>Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet</i>, <i>ng</i> can be abbreviated with the shorthand <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></i>. However, this shorthand is rarely used due to difficulty of entering it on computers. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pinyin</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Form with <a href="/wiki/Zero_initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero initial">zero initial</a></th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>-i</i></td> <td>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ̩</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z̩</a></span>], [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ̩</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ̩</a></span>]</td> <td>(<i>N/A</i>)</td> <td><i>-i</i> is a buzzed continuation of the consonant following <i>z-</i>, <i>c-</i>, <i>s-</i>, <i>zh-</i>, <i>ch-</i>, <i>sh-</i> or <i>r-</i>. In all other cases, -i has the sound of <i>b<b>ee</b></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>a</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span></td> <td><b>a</b></td> <td>like English <i>f<b>a</b>ther</i>, but a bit more fronted </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>e</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɤ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/26\/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Close-mid back unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Close-mid back unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span><sup id="cite_ref-taiwan_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>e</b></td> <td>a back, unrounded vowel (similar to English <i>d<b>uh</b></i>, but not as open). Pronounced as a sequence <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɰɤ]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ai</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ai̯]</span></td> <td><b>ai</b></td> <td>like English <b>eye</b>, but a bit lighter </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ei</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ei̯]</span></td> <td><b>ei</b></td> <td>as in <i>h<b>ey</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ao</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[au̯]</span></td> <td><b>ao</b></td> <td>approximately as in <i>c<b>ow</b></i>; the <i>a</i> is much more audible than the <i>o</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ou</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ou̯]</span></td> <td><b>ou</b></td> <td>as in North American English <i>s<b>o</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>an</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[an]</span></td> <td><b>an</b></td> <td>like British English <i>b<b>an</b></i>, but more central </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>en</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ən]</span></td> <td><b>en</b></td> <td>as in <i>tak<b>en</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ang</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aŋ]</span></td> <td><b>ang</b></td> <td>as in German <b>Ang</b>st.<br /> <p>(Starts with the vowel sound in <i>f<b>a</b>ther</i> and ends in the <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a>; like <i>s<b>ong</b></i> in some dialects of American English) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>eng</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əŋ]</span></td> <td><b>eng</b></td> <td>like <i>e</i> in <i>en</i> above but with <i>ng</i> appended </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ong</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊŋ]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o̞ʊŋ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-taiwan_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i>(weng)</i></td> <td>starts with the vowel sound in <i>b<b>oo</b>k</i> and ends with the velar nasal sound in <i>si<b>ng</b></i>. Varies between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oŋ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uŋ]</span> depending on the speaker. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>er</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɚ̯]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əɹ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-taiwan_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taiwan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>er</b></td> <td>Similar to the sound in <i>b<b>ar</b></i> in English. Can also be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɚ]</span> depending on the speaker. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Finals beginning with <i>i-</i> (<i>y-</i>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>i</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span></td> <td><b>yi</b></td> <td>like English <i>b<b>ee</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ia</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ja]</span></td> <td><b>ya</b></td> <td>as <i><b>i</b></i> + <i><b>a</b></i>; like English <i><b>ya</b>rd</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ie</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[je]</span></td> <td><b>ye</b></td> <td>as <i><b>i</b></i> + <i><b>ê</b></i> where the <i>e</i> (compare with the <i>ê</i> interjection) is pronounced shorter and lighter </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>iao</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jau̯]</span></td> <td><b>yao</b></td> <td>as <i><b>i</b></i> + <i><b>ao</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>iu</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jou̯]</span></td> <td><b>you</b></td> <td>as <i><b>i</b></i> + <i><b>ou</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ian</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɛn]</span></td> <td><b>yan</b></td> <td>as <b>i</b> + <b>an</b>; like English <i><b>yen</b></i>. Varies between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jen]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jan]</span> depending on the speaker. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>in</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[in]</span></td> <td><b>yin</b></td> <td>as <i><b>i</b></i> + <i><b>n</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>iang</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jaŋ]</span></td> <td><b>yang</b></td> <td>as <i><b>i</b></i> + <i><b>ang</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ing</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iŋ]</span></td> <td><b>ying</b></td> <td>as <i><b>i</b></i> + <i><b>ng</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>iong</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jʊŋ]</span></td> <td><b>yong</b></td> <td>as <i><b>i</b></i> + <i><b>ong</b></i>. Varies between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[joŋ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[juŋ]</span> depending on the speaker. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Finals beginning with <i>u-</i> (<i>w-</i>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>u</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span></td> <td><b>wu</b></td> <td>like English <i><b>oo</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ua</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wa]</span></td> <td><b>wa</b></td> <td>as <i><b>u</b></i> + <i><b>a</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>uo</i>/<i>o</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wo]</span></td> <td><b>wo</b></td> <td>as <i><b>u</b></i> + <i><b>o</b></i> where the <i>o</i> (compare with the <i>o</i> interjection) is pronounced shorter and lighter (spelled as <i><b>o</b></i> after <i>b</i>, <i>p</i>, <i>m</i> or <i>f</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>uai</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wai̯]</span></td> <td><b>wai</b></td> <td>as <i><b>u</b></i> + <i><b>ai</b></i>, as in English <i><b>why</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ui</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wei̯]</span></td> <td><b>wei</b></td> <td>as <i><b>u</b></i> + <i><b>ei</b></i>, as in English <i><b>way</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>uan</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wan]</span></td> <td><b>wan</b></td> <td>as <i><b>u</b></i> + <i><b>an</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>un</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wən]</span></td> <td><b>wen</b></td> <td>as <i><b>u</b></i> + <i><b>en</b></i>; as in English <i><b>won</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>uang</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[waŋ]</span></td> <td><b>wang</b></td> <td>as <i><b>u</b></i> + <i><b>ang</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>(ong)</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wəŋ]</span></td> <td><b>weng</b></td> <td>as <i><b>u</b></i> + <i><b>eng</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Finals beginning with <i>ü-</i> (<i>yu-</i>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>ü</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[y]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ea\/Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogg\/Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Close front rounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogg/Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Close front rounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></td> <td><b>yu</b></td> <td>as in German <i><b>ü</b>ber</i> or French <i>l<b>u</b>ne</i> (pronounced as English <b>ee</b> with rounded lips; spelled as <i><b>u</b></i> after <i>j</i>, <i>q</i> or <i>x</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>üe</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥe]</span></td> <td><b>yue</b></td> <td>as <i><b>ü</b></i> + <i><b>ê</b></i> where the e (compare with the <i>ê</i> interjection) is pronounced shorter and lighter (spelled as <i><b>ue</b></i> after <i>j</i>, <i>q</i> or <i>x</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>üan</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥɛn]</span></td> <td><b>yuan</b></td> <td>as <i><b>ü</b></i> + <i><b>an</b></i>. Varies between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥen]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥan]</span> depending on the speaker (spelled as <i><b>uan</b></i> after <i>j</i>, <i>q</i> or <i>x</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ün</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yn]</span></td> <td><b>yun</b></td> <td>as <i><b>ü</b></i> + <i><b>n</b></i> (spelled as <i><b>un</b></i> after <i>j</i>, <i>q</i> or <i>x</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Interjections </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>ê</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span></td> <td><b>ê</b></td> <td>as in <i>b<b>e</b>t</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>o</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</span></td> <td><b>o</b></td> <td>approximately as in British English <i><b>o</b>ffice</i>; the lips are much more rounded </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>io</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɔ]</span></td> <td><b>yo</b></td> <td>as <i><b>i</b></i> + <i><b>o</b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_⟨ü⟩_sound"><span id="The_.E2.9F.A8.C3.BC.E2.9F.A9_sound"></span>The <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span> sound</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The ⟨ü⟩ sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a> is added to ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">u</span>⟩ when it occurs after the initials ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">l</span>⟩ and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">n</span>⟩ when necessary in order to represent the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span>. This is necessary in order to distinguish the front high rounded vowel in <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">lü</i></span> (e.g. <span lang="zh-Hans">驴</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">驢</span>; 'donkey') from the back high rounded vowel in <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">lu</i></span> (e.g. <span lang="zh-Hans">炉</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">爐</span>; 'oven'). Tonal markers are placed above the umlaut, as in <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">lǘ</i></span>. </p><p>However, the <i>ü</i> is <i>not</i> used in the other contexts where it could represent a front high rounded vowel, namely after the letters <i>j</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>x</i>, and <i>y</i>. For example, the sound of the word for 'fish' (<span lang="zh-Hans">鱼</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">魚</span>) is transcribed in pinyin simply as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yú</i></span>, not as *<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yǘ</i></span>. This practice is opposed to Wade–Giles, which always uses <i>ü</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a>, which always uses <i>yu</i>. Whereas Wade–Giles needs the umlaut to distinguish between <i>chü</i> (pinyin <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ju</i></span>) and <i>chu</i> (pinyin <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhu</i></span>), this ambiguity does not arise with pinyin, so the more convenient form <i>ju</i> is used instead of <i>jü</i>. Genuine ambiguities only happen with <i>nu</i>/<i>nü</i> and <i>lu</i>/<i>lü</i>, which are then distinguished by an umlaut. </p><p>Many fonts or output methods do not support an umlaut for <i>ü</i> or cannot place tone marks on top of <i>ü</i>. Likewise, using <i>ü</i> in input methods is difficult because it is not present as a simple key on many keyboard layouts. For these reasons <i>v</i> is sometimes used instead by convention. For example, it is common for cellphones to use <i>v</i> instead of <i>ü</i>. Additionally, some stores in China use <i>v</i> instead of <i>ü</i> in the transliteration of their names. The drawback is a lack of <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed characters</a> and limited font support for <a href="/wiki/Combining_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Combining accent">combining accents</a> on the letter <i>v</i>, (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">v̄<span class="wrap"> </span>v́<span class="wrap"> </span>v̌<span class="wrap"> </span>v̀</span>). </p><p>This also presents a problem in transcribing names for use on passports, affecting people with names that consist of the sound <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">lü</i></span> or <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">nü</i></span>, particularly people with the surname <span lang="zh">吕</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_(surname)" title="Lü (surname)">Lǚ</a></span></i>), a fairly common surname, particularly compared to the surnames <span lang="zh">陆</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E9%99%86)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu (surname 陆)">Lù</a></span></i>), <span lang="zh">鲁</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E9%B2%81)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu (surname 鲁)">Lǔ</a></span></i>), <span lang="zh">卢</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E5%8D%A2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu (surname 卢)">Lú</a></span></i>) and <span lang="zh">路</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E8%B7%AF)" title="Lu (surname 路)">Lù</a></span></i>). Previously, the practice varied among different passport issuing offices, with some transcribing as "LV" and "NV" while others used "LU" and "NU". On 10 July 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Public Security</a> standardized the practice to use "LYU" and "NYU" in passports.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <i>nüe</i> written as <i>nue</i>, and <i>lüe</i> written as <i>lue</i> are not ambiguous, <i>nue</i> or <i>lue</i> are not correct according to the rules; <i>nüe</i> and <i>lüe</i> should be used instead. However, some Chinese input methods support both <i>nve</i>/<i>lve</i> (typing <i>v</i> for <i>ü</i>) and <i>nue</i>/<i>lue</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tones">Tones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg/130px-Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg/195px-Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg/260px-Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Relative pitch changes of the four tones</figcaption></figure> <p>The pinyin system also uses four <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> to mark the <a href="/wiki/Tones_of_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tones of Mandarin">tones of Mandarin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the pinyin system, four main tones of Mandarin are shown by diacritics: ā, á, ǎ, and à.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no symbol or diacritic for the neutral tone: a. The diacritic is placed over the letter that represents the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nucleus">syllable nucleus</a>, unless that letter is missing. Tones are used in Hanyu Pinyin symbols, and they do not appear in Chinese characters. </p><p>Tones are written on the finals of Chinese pinyin. If the tone mark is written over an <i>i</i>, then it replaces the tittle, as in <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yī</i></span>. </p> <ol><li>The first tone (flat or high-level tone) is represented by a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ˉ⟩</span> added to the pinyin vowel: <dl><dd>ā ē ê̄ ī ō ū ǖ Ā Ē Ê̄ Ī Ō Ū Ǖ</dd></dl></li> <li>The second tone (rising or high-rising tone) is denoted by an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ˊ⟩</span>: <dl><dd>á é ế í ó ú ǘ Á É Ế Í Ó Ú Ǘ</dd></dl></li> <li>The third tone (falling-rising or low tone) is marked by a <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ˇ⟩</span>: <dl><dd>ǎ ě ê̌ ǐ ǒ ǔ ǚ Ǎ Ě Ê̌ Ǐ Ǒ Ǔ Ǚ</dd></dl></li> <li>The fourth tone (falling or high-falling tone) is represented by a <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ˋ⟩</span>: <dl><dd>à è ề ì ò ù ǜ À È Ề Ì Ò Ù Ǜ</dd></dl></li> <li>The fifth tone (neutral tone) is represented by a normal vowel without any accent mark: <dl><dd>a e ê i o u ü A E Ê I O U Ü</dd></dl></li></ol> <p>In dictionaries, neutral tone may be indicated by a dot preceding the syllable—e.g. <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">·ma</i></span>. When a neutral tone syllable has an alternative pronunciation in another tone, a combination of tone marks may be used: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhī·dào</span></i> (<span lang="zh">知道</span>) may be pronounced either <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhīdào</span></i> or <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhīdao</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGB/T_161592012§7.3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGB/T_161592012§7.3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tone_number" title="Tone number">Tone number</a></div> <p>Before the advent of computers, many typewriter fonts did not contain vowels with <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a> diacritics. Tones were thus represented by placing a <a href="/wiki/Tone_number" title="Tone number">tone number</a> at the end of individual syllables. For example, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tóng</i></span> is written <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tong<sup>2</sup></i></span>. Each tone can be denoted with its numeral the order listed above. The neutral tone can either be denoted with no numeral, with 0, or with 5. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Tone</th> <th scope="col">Examples</th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 </th> <td><div><ul style="list-style-type:circle"><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">mā</i></span><span style="padding-left:0.18em;"> </span><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ma<sup>1</sup></i></span></li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ma˥</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2 </th> <td><div><ul style="list-style-type:circle"><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">má</i></span><span style="padding-left:0.18em;"> </span><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>)</span></li><li>ma<sup>2</sup></li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ma˧˥</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3 </th> <td><div><ul style="list-style-type:circle"><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">mǎ</i></span><span style="padding-left:0.18em;"> </span><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ma<sup>3</sup></i></span></li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ma˨˩˦</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4 </th> <td><div><ul style="list-style-type:circle"><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">mà</i></span><span style="padding-left:0.18em;"> </span><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ma<sup>4</sup></i></span></li></ul></div></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ma˥˩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral tone">Neutral</a> </th> <td><div><ul style="list-style-type:circle"><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ma</i></span></li><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">·ma</i></span><span style="padding-left:0.18em;"> </span><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Middle_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle dot">middle dot</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ma<sup>0</sup></i></span></li><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ma<sup>5</sup></i></span></li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ma</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Placement_and_omission">Placement and omission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Placement and omission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Briefly, tone marks should always be placed in the order <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">a, e, i, o, u, ü</i></span>, with the only exceptions being <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">iu</i></span> and <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">io</i></span> where the tone mark is placed on the second vowel instead. Pinyin tone marks appear primarily above the syllable nucleus—e.g. as in <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">kuài</i></span>, where <i>k</i> is the initial, <i>u</i> the medial, <i>a</i> the nucleus, and <i>i</i> is the coda. There is an exception for syllabic nasals like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>, where the nucleus of the syllable is a consonant: there, the diacritic will be carried by a written dummy vowel. </p><p>When the nucleus is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span> (written <i>e</i> or <i>o</i>), and there is both a medial and a coda, the nucleus may be dropped from writing. In this case, when the coda is a consonant <i>n</i> or <i>ng</i>, the only vowel left is the medial <i>i, u</i>, or <i>ü</i>, and so this takes the diacritic. However, when the coda is a vowel, it is the coda rather than the medial which takes the diacritic in the absence of a written nucleus. This occurs with syllables ending in <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">-ui</i></span> (from <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wei</i></span>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wèi</i></span> → <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">-uì</i></span>) and in <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">-iu</i></span> (from <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">you</i></span>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yòu</i></span> → <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">-iù</i></span>). That is, in the absence of a written nucleus the finals have priority for receiving the tone marker, as long as they are vowels; if not, the medial takes the diacritic. </p><p>An algorithm to find the correct vowel letter (when there is more than one) is as follows: </p> <ol><li>If there is an <i>a</i> or an <i>e</i>, it will take the tone mark</li> <li>If there is an <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ou</i></span>, then the <i>o</i> takes the tone mark</li> <li>Otherwise, the second vowel takes the tone mark</li></ol> <p>Worded differently, </p> <ol><li>If there is an <i>a, e</i>, or <i>o</i>, it will take the tone mark; in the case of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ao</i></span>, the mark goes on the <i>a</i></li> <li>Otherwise, the vowels are <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">-iu</i></span> or <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">-ui</i></span>, in which case the second vowel takes the tone mark</li></ol> <p>The above can be summarized as the following table. The vowel letter taking the tone mark is indicated by the fourth-tone mark. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;border:none"> <caption><span class="nowrap">Placement of the pinyin tone mark</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:none;border-style:none"> </th> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="col">-a </th> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="col">-e </th> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="col">-i </th> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="col">-o </th> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="col">-u </th></tr> <tr> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="row">a- </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none solid none none"> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ài</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ào</i></span> </td> <td class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none solid none none"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="row">e- </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">èi</i></span> </td> <td colspan="2" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none solid none none"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="row">i- </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ià</i></span>, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">iào</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">iè</i></span></td> <td class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none"></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">iò</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">iù</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="row">o- </th> <td colspan="4" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none solid none none"> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">òu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="row">u- </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">uà</i></span>, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">uài</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">uè</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">uì</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">uò</i></span> </td> <td class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none solid none none"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="min-width:3em" scope="row">ü- </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">(üà)</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">üè</i></span> </td> <td colspan="3" class="table-na" style="background-color:#ececec;border-style:none solid solid none"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-taiwan-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwan_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">for Taipei Mandarin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-semivowel-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-semivowel_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-semivowel_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Y</i> and <i>w</i> are equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a> medials <i>i, u</i>, and <i>ü</i> (see below). They are spelled differently when there is no initial consonant in order to mark a new syllable: <i>fanguan</i> is <i>fan-guan</i>, while <i>fangwan</i> is <i>fang-wan</i> (and equivalent to <i>*fang-uan)</i>. With this convention, an apostrophe only needs to be used to mark an initial <i>a, e</i>, or <i>o: Xi'an</i> (two syllables: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕi.an]</span>) vs. <i>xian</i> (one syllable: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕi̯ɛn]</span>). In addition, <i>y</i> and <i>w</i> are added to fully vocalic <i>i, u</i>, and <i>ü</i> when these occur without an initial consonant, so that they are written <i>yi, wu</i>, and <i>yu</i>. Some Mandarin speakers do pronounce a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> sound at the beginning of such words—that is, <i>yi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ji]</span>, <i>wu</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wu]</span>, <i>yu</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥy]</span>,—so this is an intuitive convention. See below for a few finals which are abbreviated after a consonant plus <i>w/u</i> or <i>y/i</i> medial: <i>wen</i> → C+<i>un</i>, <i>wei</i> → C+<i>ui</i>, <i>weng</i> → C+<i>ong</i>, and <i>you</i> → Q+<i>iu</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_sandhi">Tone sandhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tone sandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">Tone sandhi</a> is not ordinarily reflected in pinyin spelling. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacing,_capitalization,_and_punctuation"><span id="Spacing.2C_capitalization.2C_and_punctuation"></span>Spacing, capitalization, and punctuation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spacing, capitalization, and punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard Chinese has many <a href="/wiki/Polysyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysyllabic">polysyllabic</a> words. Like in other writing systems using the Latin alphabet, spacing in pinyin is officially based on word boundaries. However, there are often ambiguities in partitioning a word. <i>The Basic Rules of the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet Orthography</i> were put into effect in 1988 by the National Educational and National Language commissions.<sup id="cite_ref-ortho_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ortho-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rules became a GB recommendation in 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-ortho_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ortho-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were last updated in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, however, published materials in China now often space pinyin syllable by syllable. According to <a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Victor H. Mair</a>, this practice became widespread after the Script Reform Committee, previously under direct control of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a>, had its power greatly weakened in 1985 when it was renamed the <a href="/wiki/State_Language_Commission" title="State Language Commission">State Language Commission</a> and placed under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mair claims that proponents of Chinese characters in the educational bureaucracy "became alarmed that word-based pinyin was becoming a de facto alternative to Chinese characters as a script for writing Mandarin and demanded that all pinyin syllables be written separately."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_orthographies">Comparison with other orthographies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Comparison with other orthographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pinyin superseded older romanization systems such as Wade–Giles and <a href="/wiki/Postal_romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal romanization">postal romanization</a>, and replaced bopomofo as the method of Chinese phonetic instruction in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>. The ISO adopted pinyin as the standard romanization for modern Chinese in 1982 (ISO 7098:1982, superseded by ISO 7098:2015). The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> followed suit in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2017_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lin_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lin-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">government of Singapore</a>, the United States's <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a>, and many other international institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2017)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Pinyin assigns some Latin letters sound values which are quite different from those of most languages. This has drawn some criticism as it may lead to confusion when uninformed speakers apply either native or English assumed pronunciations to words. However, this problem is not limited only to pinyin, since many languages that use the Latin alphabet natively also assign different values to the same letters. A recent study on Chinese writing and literacy concluded, "By and large, pinyin represents the Chinese sounds better than the Wade–Giles system, and does so with fewer extra marks."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorTaylor2014124_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorTaylor2014124-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As pinyin is a phonetic writing system for modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>, it is not designed to replace characters for writing <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a>, the standard written language prior to the early 1900s. In particular, Chinese characters retain semantic cues that help distinguish differently pronounced words in the ancient classical language that are now <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a> in Mandarin. Thus, Chinese characters remain indispensable for recording and transmitting the corpus of Chinese writing from the past. </p><p>Pinyin is not designed to transcribe <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese language varieties">varieties</a> other than Standard Chinese, which is based on the phonological system of Beijing Mandarin. Other romanization schemes have been devised to transcribe those other Chinese varieties, such as <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a> for Cantonese and <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_charts">Comparison charts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Comparison charts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Vowels <i>a</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>o</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ai</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ei</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">au</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ou</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">an</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ən</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aŋ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">əŋ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊŋ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aɹ</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pinyin</a> </th> <td rowspan="3">a</td> <td rowspan="3">o</td> <td rowspan="2">ê</td> <td rowspan="2">e</td> <td rowspan="3">ai</td> <td rowspan="3">ei</td> <td rowspan="3">ao</td> <td rowspan="3">ou</td> <td rowspan="3">an</td> <td rowspan="2">en</td> <td rowspan="3">ang</td> <td rowspan="2">eng</td> <td rowspan="2">ong</td> <td rowspan="2">er </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> </th> <td>eh</td> <td>ê/o</td> <td>ên</td> <td>êng</td> <td>ung</td> <td>êrh </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-Bopo"> <th scope="row" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <td>ㄚ</td> <td>ㄛ</td> <td>ㄝ</td> <td>ㄜ</td> <td>ㄞ</td> <td>ㄟ</td> <td>ㄠ</td> <td>ㄡ</td> <td>ㄢ</td> <td>ㄣ</td> <td>ㄤ</td> <td>ㄥ</td> <td>ㄨㄥ</td> <td>ㄦ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-hant"> <th scope="row" lang="en">example </th> <td>阿</td> <td>喔</td> <td>誒</td> <td>俄</td> <td>艾</td> <td>黑</td> <td>凹</td> <td>偶</td> <td>安</td> <td>恩</td> <td>昂</td> <td>冷</td> <td>中</td> <td>二 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Vowels <i>i</i>, <i>u</i>, <i>y</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">je</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">jou</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">jɛn</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">in</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iŋ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">jʊŋ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">wo</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">wei</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">wən</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">wəŋ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">y</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɥe</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɥɛn</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">yn</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pinyin</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">yi</td> <td rowspan="2">ye</td> <td rowspan="2">you</td> <td rowspan="2">yan</td> <td rowspan="3">yin</td> <td rowspan="3">ying</td> <td rowspan="2">yong</td> <td rowspan="3">wu</td> <td rowspan="3">wo/o</td> <td rowspan="3">wei</td> <td>wen</td> <td>weng</td> <td rowspan="2">yu</td> <td rowspan="2">yue</td> <td rowspan="2">yuan</td> <td rowspan="2">yun </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> </th> <td>wun</td> <td>wong </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> </th> <td>i/yi</td> <td>yeh</td> <td>yu</td> <td>yen</td> <td>yung</td> <td>wên</td> <td>wêng</td> <td>yü</td> <td>yüeh</td> <td>yüan</td> <td>yün </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-Bopo"> <th scope="row" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <td>ㄧ</td> <td>ㄧㄝ</td> <td>ㄧㄡ</td> <td>ㄧㄢ</td> <td>ㄧㄣ</td> <td>ㄧㄥ</td> <td>ㄩㄥ</td> <td>ㄨ</td> <td>ㄨㄛ/ㄛ</td> <td>ㄨㄟ</td> <td>ㄨㄣ</td> <td>ㄨㄥ</td> <td>ㄩ</td> <td>ㄩㄝ</td> <td>ㄩㄢ</td> <td>ㄩㄣ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-hant"> <th scope="row" lang="en">example </th> <td>一</td> <td>也</td> <td>又</td> <td>言</td> <td>音</td> <td>英</td> <td>用</td> <td>五</td> <td>我</td> <td>位</td> <td>文</td> <td>翁</td> <td>玉</td> <td>月</td> <td>元</td> <td>雲 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Non-sibilant consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">fəŋ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tjou</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">twei</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">twən</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ny</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ly</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">xɤ</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pinyin</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">b</td> <td rowspan="2">p</td> <td rowspan="3">m</td> <td>feng</td> <td>diu</td> <td>dui</td> <td rowspan="2">dun</td> <td rowspan="2">te</td> <td>nü</td> <td>lü</td> <td rowspan="2">ge</td> <td rowspan="2">ke</td> <td rowspan="2">he </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> </th> <td>fong</td> <td>diou</td> <td>duei</td> <td>nyu</td> <td>lyu </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> </th> <td>p</td> <td>pʻ</td> <td>fêng</td> <td>tiu</td> <td>tui</td> <td>tun</td> <td>tʻê</td> <td>nü</td> <td>lü</td> <td>ko</td> <td>kʻo</td> <td>ho </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-Bopo"> <th scope="row" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <td>ㄅ</td> <td>ㄆ</td> <td>ㄇ</td> <td>ㄈㄥ</td> <td>ㄉㄧㄡ</td> <td>ㄉㄨㄟ</td> <td>ㄉㄨㄣ</td> <td>ㄊㄜ</td> <td>ㄋㄩ</td> <td>ㄌㄩ</td> <td>ㄍㄜ</td> <td>ㄎㄜ</td> <td>ㄏㄜ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-hant"> <th scope="row" lang="en">example </th> <td>玻</td> <td>婆</td> <td>末</td> <td>封</td> <td>丟</td> <td>兌</td> <td>頓</td> <td>特</td> <td>女</td> <td>旅</td> <td>歌</td> <td>可</td> <td>何 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Sibilant consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕjɛn</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕjʊŋ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕʰin</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɕɥɛn</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈʂɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈʂɨ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈʂʰɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈʂʰɨ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʂɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʂɨ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɻɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɻɨ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tswo</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsɨ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsʰɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsʰɨ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sɨ</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pinyin</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">jian</td> <td>jiong</td> <td>qin</td> <td>xuan</td> <td>zhe</td> <td>zhi</td> <td rowspan="2">che</td> <td>chi</td> <td rowspan="2">she</td> <td>shi</td> <td rowspan="2">re</td> <td>ri</td> <td rowspan="2">ze</td> <td rowspan="2">zuo</td> <td>zi</td> <td rowspan="2">ce</td> <td>ci</td> <td rowspan="2">se</td> <td>si </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> </th> <td>jyong</td> <td>cin</td> <td>syuan</td> <td>jhe</td> <td>jhih</td> <td>chih</td> <td>shih</td> <td>rih</td> <td>zih</td> <td>cih</td> <td>sih </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> </th> <td>chien</td> <td>chiung</td> <td>chʻin</td> <td>hsüan</td> <td>chê</td> <td>chih</td> <td>chʻê</td> <td>chʻih</td> <td>shê</td> <td>shih</td> <td>jê</td> <td>jih</td> <td>tsê</td> <td>tso</td> <td>tzŭ</td> <td>tsʻê</td> <td>tzʻŭ</td> <td>sê</td> <td>ssŭ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-Bopo"> <th scope="row" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <td>ㄐㄧㄢ</td> <td>ㄐㄩㄥ</td> <td>ㄑㄧㄣ</td> <td>ㄒㄩㄢ</td> <td>ㄓㄜ</td> <td>ㄓ</td> <td>ㄔㄜ</td> <td>ㄔ</td> <td>ㄕㄜ</td> <td>ㄕ</td> <td>ㄖㄜ</td> <td>ㄖ</td> <td>ㄗㄜ</td> <td>ㄗㄨㄛ</td> <td>ㄗ</td> <td>ㄘㄜ</td> <td>ㄘ</td> <td>ㄙㄜ</td> <td>ㄙ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-hant"> <th scope="row" lang="en">example </th> <td>件</td> <td>囧</td> <td>秦</td> <td>宣</td> <td>哲</td> <td>之</td> <td>扯</td> <td>赤</td> <td>社</td> <td>是</td> <td>惹</td> <td>日</td> <td>仄</td> <td>左</td> <td>字</td> <td>策</td> <td>次</td> <td>色</td> <td>斯 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><b>Tones</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ma˥</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ma˧˥</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ma˨˩˦</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ma˥˩</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ma</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pinyin</a> </th> <td>mā</td> <td rowspan="2">má</td> <td rowspan="2">mǎ</td> <td rowspan="2">mà</td> <td>ma </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> </th> <td>ma</td> <td>må </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> </th> <td>ma<sup>1</sup></td> <td>ma<sup>2</sup></td> <td>ma<sup>3</sup></td> <td>ma<sup>4</sup></td> <td>ma </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-Bopo"> <th scope="row" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <td>ㄇㄚ</td> <td>ㄇㄚˊ</td> <td>ㄇㄚˇ</td> <td>ㄇㄚˋ</td> <td>˙ㄇㄚ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-hant"> <th scope="row" lang="en">example (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>) </th> <td>媽</td> <td>麻</td> <td>馬</td> <td>罵</td> <td>嗎 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typography_and_encoding">Typography and encoding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Typography and encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the "Chinese Romanization" section of ISO 7098:2015, pinyin tone marks should use the symbols from <a href="/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks" title="Combining Diacritical Marks">Combining Diacritical Marks</a>, as opposed by the use of <a href="/wiki/Spacing_Modifier_Letters" title="Spacing Modifier Letters">Spacing Modifier Letters</a> in bopomofo. Lowercase letters with tone marks are included in <a href="/wiki/GB_2312" title="GB 2312">GB 2312</a> and their uppercase counterparts are included in <a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">JIS X 0212</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus Unicode includes all the common accented characters from pinyin.<sup id="cite_ref-thetype-pinyin_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thetype-pinyin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other punctuation mark and symbols in Chinese are to use the equivalent symbol in English noted in to GB 15834. </p><p>According to GB 16159, all accented letters are required to have both uppercase and lowercase characters as per their normal counterparts. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Accent alphabets in Hanyu Pinyin<sup id="cite_ref-thetype-pinyin_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thetype-pinyin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_pinyin-yellow"><a href="#endnote_pinyin-yellow">[a]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_pinyin-grey"><a href="#endnote_pinyin-grey">[b]</a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Letter</th> <th>First tone</th> <th>Second tone</th> <th>Third tone</th> <th>Fourth tone </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks" title="Combining Diacritical Marks">Combining Diacritical Marks</a></td> <td>◌̄ (U+0304)</td> <td>◌́ (U+0301)</td> <td>◌̌ (U+030C)</td> <td>◌̀ (U+0300) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">Common letters </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">Uppercase</td> <td>A</td> <td>Ā (U+0100)</td> <td>Á (U+00C1)</td> <td>Ǎ (U+01CD)</td> <td>À (U+00C0) </td></tr> <tr> <td>E</td> <td>Ē (U+0112)</td> <td>É (U+00C9)</td> <td>Ě (U+011A)</td> <td>È (U+00C8) </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>Ī (U+012A)</td> <td>Í (U+00CD)</td> <td>Ǐ (U+01CF)</td> <td>Ì (U+00CC) </td></tr> <tr> <td>O</td> <td>Ō (U+014C)</td> <td>Ó (U+00D3)</td> <td>Ǒ (U+01D1)</td> <td>Ò (U+00D2) </td></tr> <tr> <td>U</td> <td>Ū (U+016A)</td> <td>Ú (U+00DA)</td> <td>Ǔ (U+01D3)</td> <td>Ù (U+00D9) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ü (U+00DC)</td> <td style="background:grey;color:white">Ǖ (U+01D5)</td> <td>Ǘ (U+01D7)</td> <td>Ǚ (U+01D9)</td> <td>Ǜ (U+01DB) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">Lowercase</td> <td>a</td> <td>ā (U+0101)</td> <td>á (U+00E1)</td> <td>ǎ (U+01CE)</td> <td>à (U+00E0) </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td>ē (U+0113)</td> <td>é (U+00E9)</td> <td>ě (U+011B)</td> <td>è (U+00E8) </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td>ī (U+012B)</td> <td>í (U+00ED)</td> <td>ǐ (U+01D0)</td> <td>ì (U+00EC) </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td>ō (U+014D)</td> <td>ó (U+00F3)</td> <td>ǒ (U+01D2)</td> <td>ò (U+00F2) </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td>ū (U+016B)</td> <td>ú (U+00FA)</td> <td>ǔ (U+01D4)</td> <td>ù (U+00F9) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ü (U+00FC)</td> <td style="background:grey;color:white">ǖ (U+01D6)</td> <td>ǘ (U+01D8)</td> <td>ǚ (U+01DA)</td> <td>ǜ (U+01DC) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">Rare letters </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Uppercase</td> <td>Ê (U+00CA)</td> <td style="background:yellow">Ê̄ (U+00CA U+0304)</td> <td>Ế (U+1EBE)</td> <td style="background:yellow">Ê̌ (U+00CA U+030C)</td> <td>Ề (U+1EC0) </td></tr> <tr> <td>M</td> <td style="background:yellow">M̄ (U+004D U+0304)</td> <td>Ḿ (U+1E3E)</td> <td style="background:grey;color:white">M̌ (U+004D U+030C)</td> <td style="background:yellow">M̀ (U+004D U+0300) </td></tr> <tr> <td>N</td> <td style="background:grey;color:white">N̄ (U+004E U+0304)</td> <td>Ń (U+0143)</td> <td>Ň (U+0147)</td> <td>Ǹ (U+01F8) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Lowercase</td> <td>ê (U+00EA)</td> <td style="background:yellow">ê̄ (U+00EA U+0304)</td> <td>ế (U+1EBF)</td> <td style="background:yellow">ê̌ (U+00EA U+030C)</td> <td>ề (U+1EC1) </td></tr> <tr> <td>m</td> <td style="background:yellow">m̄ (U+006D U+0304)</td> <td>ḿ (U+1E3F)</td> <td style="background:grey;color:white">m̌ (U+006D U+030C)</td> <td style="background:yellow">m̀ (U+006D U+0300) </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td style="background:grey;color:white">n̄ (U+006E U+0304)</td> <td>ń (U+0144)</td> <td>ň (U+0148)</td> <td>ǹ (U+01F9) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>a.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_pinyin-yellow"><b><a href="#ref_pinyin-yellow">^</a></b></span> <span style="background:yellow">Yellow cells</span> indicate that there are no single Unicode character for that letter; the character shown here uses Combining Diacritical Mark characters to display the letter.<sup id="cite_ref-thetype-pinyin_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thetype-pinyin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>b.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_pinyin-grey"><b><a href="#ref_pinyin-grey">^</a></b></span> <span style="background:grey;color:white">Grey cells</span> indicate that <i><a href="/wiki/Xiandai_Hanyu_Cidian" title="Xiandai Hanyu Cidian">Xiandai Hanyu Cidian</a></i> does not include pinyin with that specific letter.<sup id="cite_ref-thetype-pinyin_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thetype-pinyin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/GBK_(character_encoding)" title="GBK (character encoding)">GBK</a> has mapped two characters <span class="nowrap">⟨ḿ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ǹ⟩</span> to <a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Areas" title="Private Use Areas">Private Use Areas</a> in Unicode respectively, thus some fonts (e.g. SimSun) that adhere to GBK include both characters in the Private Use Areas, and some input methods (e.g. Sogou Pinyin) also outputs the Private Use Areas code point instead of the original character. As the superset <a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a> changed the mappings of <span class="nowrap">⟨ḿ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ǹ⟩</span>, this has caused an issue where the input methods and font files use different encoding standards, and thus the input and output of both characters are mixed up.<sup id="cite_ref-thetype-pinyin_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thetype-pinyin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Shorthand pinyin letters<sup id="cite_ref-thetype-pinyin_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thetype-pinyin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Uppercase</th> <th>Lowercase</th> <th>Note</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ĉ (U+0108)</td> <td>ĉ (U+0109)</td> <td>Abbreviation of <i>ch</i></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">长</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">長</span> can be spelled as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ĉáŋ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ŝ (U+015C)</td> <td>ŝ (U+015D)</td> <td>Abbreviation of <i>sh</i></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">伤</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">傷</span> can be spelled as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ŝāŋ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ẑ (U+1E90)</td> <td>ẑ (U+1E91)</td> <td>Abbreviation of <i>zh</i></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">张</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">張</span> can be spelled as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Ẑāŋ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ŋ (U+014A)</td> <td>ŋ (U+014B)</td> <td>Abbreviation of <i>ng</i></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span lang="zh-Hans">让</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">讓</span> can be spelled as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ràŋ</i></span></li><li><span lang="zh">嗯</span> can be spelled as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ŋ̀</i></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Other symbols are used in pinyin are as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Symbol comparison </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Chinese</th> <th>Pinyin</th> <th>Usage</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+3002</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">。</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+002E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">.</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULL STOP</span> </td> <td>End of sentence </td> <td><span lang="zh">你好。</span> <span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Nǐ hǎo.</i></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FF0C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">，</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULLWIDTH COMMA</span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+3001</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">、</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA</span></li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+002C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">,</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span> </td> <td>Connecting clauses </td> <td><span lang="zh">你，好吗？</span> <span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Nǐ, hǎo ma?</i></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2014</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">—</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">EM DASH</span> (×2) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2014</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">—</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">EM DASH</span> </td> <td>Division of clauses mid-sentence </td> <td><span lang="zh">枢纽部分——中央大厅</span> <span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">shūniǔ bùfèn — zhōngyāng dàtīng</i></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2026</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">…</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS</span> (×2) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2026</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">…</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS</span> </td> <td>Redaction of part of a passage </td> <td><span lang="zh">我……</span> <span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Wǒ…</i></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00B7</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">·</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MIDDLE DOT</span> </td> <td>Neutral tone marker placed before the syllable </td> <td><span lang="zh">吗</span> <span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">·ma</i></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+002D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">-</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HYPHEN-MINUS</span> </td> <td>Hyphenation of abbreviated compounds </td> <td><span lang="zh">公关</span> <span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">gōng-guān</i></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0027</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">'</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">APOSTROPHE</span> </td> <td>Syllable segmentation </td> <td><span lang="zh">西安</span> - <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xī'ān</i></span> <span class="nowrap">(compared to <span lang="zh">先</span> - <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiān</i></span>)</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpg/290px-Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpg/435px-Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpg/580px-Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>A slogan written on a school wall featuring pinyin annotations without tonal marks or word grouping</figcaption></figure> <p>The spelling of Chinese geographical or personal names in pinyin has become the most common way to transcribe them in English. Pinyin has also become the dominant <a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_method" title="Chinese input method">Chinese input method</a> in mainland China, in contrast to Taiwan, where bopomofo is most commonly used. </p><p>Families outside of Taiwan who speak Mandarin as a mother tongue use pinyin to help children associate characters with spoken words which they already know. Chinese families outside of Taiwan who speak some other language as their mother tongue use the system to teach children Mandarin pronunciation when learning vocabulary in elementary school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowlingHulme2005320–322_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowlingHulme2005320–322-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1958, pinyin has been actively used in <a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">adult education</a> as well, making it easier for formerly illiterate people to continue with self-study after a short period of pinyin literacy instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2005206–208_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2005206–208-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pinyin has become a tool for many foreigners to learn Mandarin pronunciation, and is used to explain both the grammar and spoken Mandarin coupled with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>. Books containing both Chinese characters and pinyin are often used by foreign learners of Chinese. Pinyin's role in teaching pronunciation to foreigners and children is similar in some respects to <i><a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">furigana</a></i>-based books with <i><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a></i> letters written alongside <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> (directly analogous to bopomofo) in Japanese, or fully vocalised texts in Arabic. </p><p>The tone-marking diacritics are commonly omitted in popular news stories and even in scholarly works, as well as in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Braille</a> system, which is similar to pinyin, but meant for blind readers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in some degree of ambiguity as to which words are being represented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_input">Computer input</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Computer input"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simple computer systems, sometimes only able to use simple character systems for text, such as the 7-bit <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> standard—essentially the 26 Latin letters, 10 digits, and punctuation marks—long provided a convincing argument for using unaccented pinyin instead of diacritical pinyin or Chinese characters. Today, however, most computer systems are able to display characters from Chinese and many other writing systems as well, and have them entered with a Latin keyboard using an <a href="/wiki/Input_method" title="Input method">input method</a> editor. Alternatively, some touchscreen devices allow users to input characters graphically by writing with a <a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">stylus</a>, with concurrent online <a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">handwriting recognition</a>. </p><p>Pinyin with accents can be entered with the use of special keyboard layouts or various other utilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sorting_techniques">Sorting techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sorting techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pinyin_alphabetical_order" title="Pinyin alphabetical order">Pinyin alphabetical order</a></div> <p>Chinese text can be sorted by its pinyin representation, which is often useful for looking up words whose pronunciations are known, but not whose character forms are not known. Chinese characters and words can be sorted for convenient lookup by their Pinyin expressions alphabetically,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangZou200326–27_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangZou200326–27-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to their inherited order originating with the ancient Phoenicians. Identical syllables are then further sorted by tone number, ascending, with neutral tones placed last. </p><p>Words of multiple characters can be sorted in two different ways,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either per character, as is used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Xiandai_Hanyu_Cidian" title="Xiandai Hanyu Cidian">Xiandai Hanyu Cidian</a></i>, or by the whole word's string, which is only then sorted by tone. This method is used in the <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_Chinese%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="ABC Chinese–English Dictionary">ABC Chinese–English Dictionary</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_region">By region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: By region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">Chinese language romanization in Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></div> <p>Between October 2002 and January 2009, Taiwan used <a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a>, a domestic modification of Hanyu Pinyin, as its official romanization system. Thereafter, it began to promote the use of Hanyu Pinyin instead. Tongyong Pinyin was designed to romanize varieties spoken on the island in addition to Standard Chinese. The ruling <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) party resisted its adoption, preferring the system by then used in mainland China and internationally. Romanization preferences quickly became associated with issues of national identity. Preferences split along party lines: the KMT and its affiliated parties in the Pan-Blue Coalition supported the use of Hanyu Pinyin while the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a> (DPP) and its allies in the Pan-Green Coalition favored the use of Tongyong Pinyin. </p><p>Today, many street signs in Taiwan use Tongyong Pinyin or derived romanizations,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some use Hanyu Pinyin–derived romanizations. It is not unusual to see spellings on street signs and buildings derived from the older Wade–Giles, <a href="/wiki/MPS2" class="mw-redirect" title="MPS2">MPS2</a> and other systems. Attempts to make Hanyu Pinyin standard in Taiwan have had uneven success, with most place and proper names remaining unaffected, including all major cities. Personal names on Taiwanese passports honor the choices of Taiwanese citizens, who can choose Wade–Giles, Hakka, <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Taiwanese" title="Hoklo Taiwanese">Hoklo</a>, Tongyong, aboriginal, or pinyin.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official use of pinyin is controversial, as when pinyin use for a metro line in 2017 provoked protests, despite government responses that "The romanization used on road signs and at transportation stations is intended for foreigners... Every foreigner learning Mandarin learns Hanyu pinyin, because it is the international standard...The decision has nothing to do with the nation's self-determination or any ideologies, because the key point is to ensure that foreigners can read signs."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese language romanization in Singapore">Chinese language romanization in Singapore</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> implemented Hanyu Pinyin as the official romanization system for Mandarin in the public sector starting in the 1980s, in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaign" title="Speak Mandarin Campaign">Speak Mandarin Campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBockhorst-HengLee20073_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBockhorst-HengLee20073-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanyu Pinyin is also used as the romanization system to teach Mandarin Chinese at schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChan2016485_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan2016485-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While adoption has been mostly successful in government communication, placenames, and businesses established in the 1980s and onward, it continues to be unpopular in some areas, most notably for personal names and vocabulary borrowed from other varieties of Chinese already established in the local vernacular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBockhorst-HengLee20073_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBockhorst-HengLee20073-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these situations, romanization continues to be based on the Chinese language variety it originated from, especially the three largest Chinese varieties traditionally spoken in Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_names"><span class="anchor" id="Minority"></span>Special names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Special names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/SASM/GNC_romanization" title="SASM/GNC romanization">SASM/GNC romanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">Tibetan pinyin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Guangdong Romanization</a></div> <p>In accordance to the <i>Regulation of Phonetic Transcription in Hanyu Pinyin Letters of Place Names in Minority Nationality Languages</i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">少数民族语地名汉语拼音字母音译转写法</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">少數民族語地名漢語拼音字母音譯寫法</span>) promulgated in 1976, place names in non-Han languages like <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a> are also officially transcribed using pinyin in a system adopted by the State Administration of Surveying and Mapping and Geographical Names Committee known as <a href="/wiki/SASM/GNC_romanization" title="SASM/GNC romanization">SASM/GNC romanization</a>. The pinyin letters (26 Roman letters, plus <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ê⟩</span>) are used to approximate the non-Han language in question as closely as possible. This results in spellings that are different from both the customary spelling of the place name, and the pinyin spelling of the name in Chinese: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Customary</th> <th>Official pinyin</th> <th>Characters </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a></td> <td>Xigazê</td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">日喀则</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">日喀則</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Rìkāzé</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urumchi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a></td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">乌鲁木齐</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">烏魯木齊</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wūlǔmùqí</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(city)" title="Lhasa (city)">Lhasa</a></td> <td>Lhasa</td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">拉萨</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">拉薩</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Lāsà</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a></td> <td>Hohhot</td> <td><span lang="zh">呼和浩特</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Hūhéhàotè</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Golmud" title="Golmud">Golmud</a></td> <td>Golmud</td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">格尔木</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">格爾木</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Gé'ěrmù</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a></td> <td>Qiqihar</td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">齐齐哈尔</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">齊齊哈爾</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Qíqíhā'ěr</span></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Chinese_transcription_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Chinese transcription systems">Comparison of Chinese transcription systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization of Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization of Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">Transcription into Chinese characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_word-segmented_writing" title="Chinese word-segmented writing">Chinese word-segmented writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSin2012" class="citation book cs1">Sin, Kiong Wong (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMapiPYFvc8C&q=Matteo+Ricci+Xizi+Qiji&pg=PA72"><i>Confucianism, Chinese History and Society</i></a>. World Scientific. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4374-47-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4374-47-7"><bdi>978-981-4374-47-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucianism%2C+Chinese+History+and+Society&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-981-4374-47-7&rft.aulast=Sin&rft.aufirst=Kiong+Wong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMapiPYFvc8C%26q%3DMatteo%2BRicci%2BXizi%2BQiji%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockey2009" class="citation book cs1">Brockey, Liam Matthew (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sOGSvo4VMPkC&q=Matteo+Ricci+Xizi+Qiji&pg=PA261"><i>Journey to the East: The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02881-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02881-4"><bdi>978-0-674-02881-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Columbia University Press. pp. 303–304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51799-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51799-7"><bdi>978-0-231-51799-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Chinese+Tradition&rft.pages=303-304&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51799-7&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Wing-tsit&rft.au=Adler%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXEWsXaMJZYC%26q%3DMatteo%2BRicci%2BXizi%2BQiji%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAo1997" class="citation journal cs1">Ao, Benjamin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.white-clouds.com/iclc/cliej/cl4ao.htm">"History and Prospect of Chinese Romanization"</a>. <i>Chinese Librarianship: An International Electronic Journal</i>. <b>4</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Librarianship%3A+An+International+Electronic+Journal&rft.atitle=History+and+Prospect+of+Chinese+Romanization&rft.volume=4&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Ao&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.white-clouds.com%2Ficlc%2Fcliej%2Fcl4ao.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2017_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2017_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2017_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox2017">Fox (2017)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/books&magazines/2009-03/26/content_17504026.htm">"Father of pinyin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></i>. 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>... mainland Chinese Braille for standard Mandarin, and Taiwanese Braille for Taiwanese Mandarin are phonetically based ... tone (generally omitted for Mandarin systems)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Braille%27s+invention+still+a+boon+to+visually+impaired+Chinese+readers&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Farticle%2F2126844%2Flouis-brailles-19th-century-invention-remains-boon-visually&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangZou200326–27-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangZou200326–27_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWangZou2003">Wang & Zou (2003)</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSu2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Su Peicheng (苏培成) (2014). <bdi lang="zh">现代汉字学纲要</bdi> [<i>Essentials of Modern Chinese Characters</i>] (in Chinese) (3rd ed.). Beijing: The Commercial Press. pp. 183–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-100-10440-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-100-10440-1"><bdi>978-7-100-10440-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%A6%E7%BA%B2%E8%A6%81&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=183-207&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=The+Commercial+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-7-100-10440-1&rft.aulast=Su&rft.aufirst=Peicheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liu Wanjun (劉婉君) (15 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/2581473"><bdi lang="zh">路牌改通用拼音？南市府：已採用多年</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Times" title="Liberty Times">Liberty Times</a></i> (in Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2019</span>. <bdi lang="zh">基進黨台南市東區市議員參選人李宗霖今天指出，台南市路名牌拼音未統一、音譯錯誤等，建議統一採用通用拼音。對此，台南市政府交通局回應，南市已實施通用拼音多年，將全面檢視路名牌，依現行音譯方式進行校對改善。</bdi></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liberty+Times&rft.atitle=%E8%B7%AF%E7%89%8C%E6%94%B9%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%EF%BC%9F+%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%82%E5%BA%9C%EF%BC%9A%E5%B7%B2%E6%8E%A1%E7%94%A8%E5%A4%9A%E5%B9%B4&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Wanjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ltn.com.tw%2Fnews%2Flife%2Fbreakingnews%2F2581473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverington2019" class="citation news cs1">Everington, Keoni (15 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3763530">"Taiwan passport can now include names in Hoklo, Hakka, indigenous languages"</a>. <i>Taiwan News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801154158/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3763530">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+News&rft.atitle=Taiwan+passport+can+now+include+names+in+Hoklo%2C+Hakka%2C+indigenous+languages&rft.date=2019-08-15&rft.aulast=Everington&rft.aufirst=Keoni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taiwannews.com.tw%2Fen%2Fnews%2F3763530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2017" class="citation news cs1">Lin, Sean (11 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2017/01/11/2003662899">"Groups protest use of Hanyu pinyin for new MRT line"</a>. <i>Taipei Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Groups+protest+use+of+Hanyu+pinyin+for+new+MRT+line&rft.date=2017-01-11&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2017%2F01%2F11%2F2003662899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBockhorst-HengLee20073-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBockhorst-HengLee20073_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBockhorst-HengLee20073_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBockhorst-HengLee2007">Bockhorst-Heng & Lee (2007)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan2016485-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChan2016485_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChan2016">Chan (2016)</a>, p. 485.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%25E6%25B1%2589%25E8%25AF%25AD%25E6%258B%25BC%25E9%259F%25B3%25E6%2596%25B9%25E6%25A1%2588"><bdi lang="zh">汉语拼音方案</bdi></a> [<i>Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet</i>] (in Chinese). Chinese Script Reform Committee. 1982 [1958]. ISO 7098:1982 – via Wikisource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88&rft.pub=Chinese+Script+Reform+Committee&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%2525E6%2525B1%252589%2525E8%2525AF%2525AD%2525E6%25258B%2525BC%2525E9%25259F%2525B3%2525E6%252596%2525B9%2525E6%2525A1%252588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGB/T_161592012" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pinyin.info/rules/GBT16159-2012.html"><bdi lang="zh">汉语拼音正词法基本规则</bdi></a> [<i>Basic rules of the Chinese phonetic alphabet orthography</i>] (in Chinese). National Standards of the People's Republic of China. 29 June 2012. GB/T 16159-2012 – via pinyin.info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%AD%A3%E8%AF%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99&rft.pub=National+Standards+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2012-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpinyin.info%2Frules%2FGBT16159-2012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockhorst-HengLee2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bockhorst-Heng, Wendy; Lee, Lionel (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249025241">"Language Planning in Singapore: On Pragmatism, Communitarianism and Personal Names"</a>. <i>Current Issues in Language Planning</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Issues+in+Language+Planning&rft.atitle=Language+Planning+in+Singapore%3A+On+Pragmatism%2C+Communitarianism+and+Personal+Names&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Bockhorst-Heng&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft.au=Lee%2C+Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F249025241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranigan2008" class="citation news cs1">Branigan, Tania (21 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/21/china">"Sound Principles"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sound+Principles&rft.date=2008-02-21&rft.aulast=Branigan&rft.aufirst=Tania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Ffeb%2F21%2Fchina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2016" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Sin-Wai, ed. (2016). <i>The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-38249-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-38249-2"><bdi>978-1-317-38249-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+the+Chinese+Language&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-38249-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2017" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Margalit (14 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/14/world/asia/zhou-youguang-who-made-writing-chinese-as-simple-as-abc-dies-at-111.html">"Zhou Youguang, Who Made Writing Chinese as Simple as ABC, Dies at 111"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Zhou+Youguang%2C+Who+Made+Writing+Chinese+as+Simple+as+ABC%2C+Dies+at+111&rft.date=2017-01-14&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Margalit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F01%2F14%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fzhou-youguang-who-made-writing-chinese-as-simple-as-abc-dies-at-111.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2005" class="citation book cs1">Price, R. F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVydlhmChEEC"><i>Education in Modern China</i></a>. China: History, Philosophy, Economics. Vol. 23 (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-36167-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-36167-2"><bdi>0-415-36167-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+Modern+China&rft.series=China%3A+History%2C+Philosophy%2C+Economics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-36167-2&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVydlhmChEEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohsenow2004" class="citation book cs1">Rohsenow, John S. (2004). "Fifty Years of Script and Written Language Reform in the P.R.C.: The Genesis of the Language Law of 2001". In Zhou, Minglang; Sun, Hongkai (eds.). <i>Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China</i>. Springer. pp. 21–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8038-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8038-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-8038-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fifty+Years+of+Script+and+Written+Language+Reform+in+the+P.R.C.%3A+The+Genesis+of+the+Language+Law+of+2001&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+in+the+People%E2%80%99s+Republic+of+China&rft.pages=21-43&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8038-8&rft.aulast=Rohsenow&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnowlingHulme2005" class="citation book cs1">Snowling, Margaret J.; Hulme, Charles (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qV7s-Oyx13oC"><i>The Science of Reading</i></a>. Blackwell Handbooks of Developmental Psychology. Vol. 17. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-1488-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-1488-6"><bdi>1-4051-1488-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Reading&rft.series=Blackwell+Handbooks+of+Developmental+Psychology&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4051-1488-6&rft.aulast=Snowling&rft.aufirst=Margaret+J.&rft.au=Hulme%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqV7s-Oyx13oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSybesma2015" class="citation book cs1">Sybesma, Rint, ed. (2015). <i>Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics Online</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2210-7363-ecll-all">10.1163/2210-7363-ecll-all</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2210-7363">2210-7363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Chinese+Language+and+Linguistics+Online&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2210-7363-ecll-all&rft.issn=2210-7363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFWipperman2015" class="citation">Wipperman, Dorothea. "Transcription Systems: Hànyǔ pīnyīn 漢語拼音". In <a href="#CITEREFSybesma2015">Sybesma (2015)</a>.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorTaylor2014" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Insup; Taylor, M. Martin (2014) [1995]. <i>Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese</i>. Studies in Written Language and Literacy. Vol. 14 (Rev. ed.). John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1794-3"><bdi>978-90-272-1794-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+and+Literacy+in+Chinese%2C+Korean%2C+and+Japanese&rft.series=Studies+in+Written+Language+and+Literacy&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-272-1794-3&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Insup&rft.au=Taylor%2C+M.+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsu2022" class="citation book cs1">Tsu, Jing (2022). "When "Peking" Became "Beijing"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Kingdom of Characters: The Language Revolution That Made China Modern</i>. New York: Riverhead. pp. 171–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7352-1472-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7352-1472-9"><bdi>978-0-7352-1472-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=When+%22Peking%22+Became+%22Beijing%22&rft.btitle=Kingdom+of+Characters%3A+The+Language+Revolution+That+Made+China+Modern&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=171-213&rft.pub=Riverhead&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-7352-1472-9&rft.aulast=Tsu&rft.aufirst=Jing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wang Jun (王均) (1995). <bdi lang="zh">当代中國的文字改革</bdi> [<i>Writing System Reform in Contemporary China</i>] (in Chinese). Beijing: Contemporary Chinese Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80092-298-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80092-298-5"><bdi>978-7-80092-298-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Contemporary+Chinese+Publishing+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-7-80092-298-5&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Jun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangZou2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wang Ning (王寧) Zou Xiaoli (鄒曉麗) (2003). <bdi lang="zh">工具書</bdi> [<i>Reference Books</i>] (in Chinese). Hong Kong: Peace Book. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-238-363-7" title="Special:BookSources/962-238-363-7"><bdi>962-238-363-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E6%9B%B8&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Peace+Book&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=962-238-363-7&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Ning&rft.au=Zou%2C+Xiaoli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2005" class="citation book cs1">Gao, Johnson K. (2005). <i>Pinyin shorthand: a bilingual handbook</i>. Jack Sun. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-599-71251-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-599-71251-2"><bdi>978-1-599-71251-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pinyin+shorthand%3A+a+bilingual+handbook&rft.pub=Jack+Sun&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-599-71251-2&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Johnson+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYinFelley1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Yin Binyong (尹斌庸) Felley, Mary (1990). <bdi lang="zh">汉语拼音和正词法</bdi> [<i>Chinese romanization: pronunciation and orthography</i>]. Sinolingua. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80052-148-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80052-148-5"><bdi>978-7-80052-148-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%A3%E8%AF%8D%E6%B3%95&rft.pub=Sinolingua&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-7-80052-148-5&rft.aulast=Yin&rft.aufirst=Binyong&rft.au=Felley%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Pinyin</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pinyin" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Pinyin">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pinyin" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Pinyin">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42222" class="extiw" title="d:Q42222">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pinyin" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Pinyin">Pinyin</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chinese_(Mandarin)" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Chinese (Mandarin)">Chinese (Mandarin)</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chinese_(Mandarin)/Pinyin_Pronunciation" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Chinese (Mandarin)/Pinyin Pronunciation">Pinyin Pronunciation</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2012/06/01/20120601104529410.pdf">Chinese phonetic alphabet spelling rules for Chinese names</a>—The official standard GB/T 28039–2011 in Chinese. PDF version from the Chinese Ministry of Education <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.babelstone.co.uk/CJK/GBT28039-2011.html">HTML version</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards" title="Template talk:ISO standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISO_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards <span class="nobold">by standard number</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_language" title="Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_language" title="Template talk:Chinese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an dialect">Xi'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renshou%E2%80%93Fushun_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renshou–Fushun Mandarin (page does not exist)">Renshou–Fushun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gui%E2%80%93Liu_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gui–Liu Mandarin (page does not exist)">Gui–Liu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Lanzhou dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:兰州话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urumqi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urumqi dialect (page does not exist)">Urumqi dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:乌鲁木齐话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi-Yan_dialect" title="Zhi-Yan dialect">Zhi–Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji-She&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji-She (page does not exist)">Ji-She</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:绩歙片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiu-Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiu-Yi (page does not exist)">Xiu-Yi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:休黟片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi-De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi-De (page does not exist)">Qi-De</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:祁婺片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Yanzhou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:旌占片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing-Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing-Zhan (page does not exist)">Jing-Zhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:严州片">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Liu_Gan" title="Yi–Liu Gan">Yi–Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying%E2%80%93Yi_Gan" title="Ying–Yi Gan">Ying–Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%E2%80%93Tong_Gan" title="Da–Tong Gan">Da–Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%E2%80%93Xu_Xiang" title="Ji–Xu Xiang">Ji–Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Quan_Xiang" title="Yong–Quan Xiang">Yong–Quan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houguan_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houguan language group (page does not exist)">Houguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu%E2%80%93Ning_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu–Ning language group (page does not exist)">Fu–Ning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Pedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Malaysian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banqiao dialect (page does not exist)">Banqiao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhui_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhui dialect (page does not exist)">Xinhui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao%E2%80%93Yang_Yue" title="Gao–Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Hua_Yue" title="Wu–Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%E2%80%93Lian_Yue" title="Qin–Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Yongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guandao dialect (page does not exist)">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Rongjiang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai-Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/350px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="785" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/525px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/700px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard<br />forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Input</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li> <li>Boshiamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKC_Chinese_Input_System" title="CKC Chinese Input System">CKC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_method" title="Dayi method">Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IME" title="Microsoft Pinyin IME">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi (Wang Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary<br /> forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Logographic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Script_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese" title="List of varieties of Chinese">List of varieties of Chinese</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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