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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_conquest_of_Crete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Roman conquest of Crete</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_conquest_of_Crete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Province</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Province-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Province subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_Roman_governors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Roman_governors"> <div 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crete and Cyrenaica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta_et_Cyrenaica" title="Creta et Cyrenaica – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Creta et Cyrenaica" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Крит и Киренайка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Крит и Киренайка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirene_i_Creta" title="Cirene i Creta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cirene i Creta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A9ta_a_Kyrenaika" title="Kréta a Kyrenaika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kréta a Kyrenaika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta_et_Cyrene" title="Creta et Cyrene – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Creta et Cyrene" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreeta_ja_K%C3%BCrenaika" title="Kreeta ja Kürenaika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kreeta ja Kürenaika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Κρήτη και Κυρηναϊκή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρήτη και Κυρηναϊκή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta_y_Cirenaica" title="Creta y Cirenaica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Creta y Cirenaica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A8te_et_Cyr%C3%A9na%C3%AFque" title="Crète et Cyrénaïque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crète et Cyrénaïque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta_e_Cirenaica_(provincia_romana)" title="Creta e Cirenaica (provincia romana) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Creta e Cirenaica (provincia romana)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A0%88%ED%83%80_%ED%82%A4%EB%A0%88%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%B9%B4_%EC%86%8D%EC%A3%BC" title="크레타 키레나이카 속주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크레타 키레나이카 속주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreta_dan_Kirenaika" title="Kreta dan Kirenaika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kreta dan Kirenaika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta_e_Cirene" title="Creta e Cirene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Creta e Cirene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="פרובינקיה כרתים וקירנאיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרובינקיה כרתים וקירנאיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta_et_Cyrene" title="Creta et Cyrene – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Creta et Cyrene" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreta_ir_Kirenaika" title="Kreta ir Kirenaika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kreta ir Kirenaika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Крит и Киренајка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Крит и Киренајка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="क्रेटा व सायरेनेका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्रेटा व सायरेनेका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreta_en_Cyrenaica" title="Kreta en Cyrenaica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kreta en Cyrenaica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta_et_Cyrenaica" title="Creta et Cyrenaica – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Creta et Cyrenaica" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krit_va_Kirenaika" title="Krit va Kirenaika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Krit va Kirenaika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta_e_Cirenaica" title="Creta e Cirenaica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Creta e Cirenaica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta_et_Cirenaica" title="Creta et Cirenaica – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Creta et Cirenaica" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Крит и Киренаика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крит и Киренаика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreta_in_Cirenajka_(rimska_provinca)" title="Kreta in Cirenajka (rimska provinca) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kreta in Cirenajka (rimska provinca)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Крит и Киренаика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Крит и Киренаика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krit_i_Kirenajka" title="Krit i Kirenajka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krit i Kirenajka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta_et_Cyrene" title="Creta et Cyrene – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Creta et Cyrene" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta_et_Cyrenaica" title="Creta et Cyrenaica – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Creta et Cyrenaica" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girit_ve_Sirenayka" title="Girit ve Sirenayka – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Girit ve Sirenayka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Крит і Киренаїка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крит і Киренаїка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%8E%E6%98%94%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0" title="克里特与昔兰尼加 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克里特与昔兰尼加" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q692775#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crete_and_Cyrenaica&params=35.0621_N_24.9470_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°03′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">24°56′49″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.0621°N 24.9470°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.0621; 24.9470</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of the Roman Empire (67 BC – c. 297 AD)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Province of Crete and Cyrenaica<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname"><span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size:120%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Provincia Creta et Cyrenae</span></span></span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><br /><span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἐπαρχία Κρήτης καὶ Κυρήνης</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">Province of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">67 BC–c. 297 AD</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_-_Creta_et_Cyrenaica_(125_AD).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Roman_Empire_-_Creta_et_Cyrenaica_%28125_AD%29.svg/220px-Roman_Empire_-_Creta_et_Cyrenaica_%28125_AD%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Roman_Empire_-_Creta_et_Cyrenaica_%28125_AD%29.svg/330px-Roman_Empire_-_Creta_et_Cyrenaica_%28125_AD%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Roman_Empire_-_Creta_et_Cyrenaica_%28125_AD%29.svg/440px-Roman_Empire_-_Creta_et_Cyrenaica_%28125_AD%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817" /></a></span><br />Roman province of Creta et Cyrenae highlighted.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gortyna" title="Gortyna">Gortyna</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">67 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 297 AD</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Cyrenaica">Roman Cyrenaica</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Byzantine Crete</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/20px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/30px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/40px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="178" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Libya_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Superior">Libya Superior</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Crete and Cyrenaica</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Creta et Cyrenaica</i>, <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κρήτη καὶ Κυρηναϊκή</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Krḗtē kaì Kyrēnaïkḗ</i></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Senatorial province">senatorial province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, established in 67 BC, which included the island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and the region of <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. These areas were settled by Greek colonists from the eighth to sixth centuries BC. After <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s death, his short-lived empire was partitioned between his generals during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the Diadochi</a>. Cyrenaica ended up under <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Egyptian rule</a>, except for Crete, which remained independent. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apion's_will_and_Roman_rule_of_Cyrenaica"><span id="Apion.27s_will_and_Roman_rule_of_Cyrenaica"></span>Apion's will and Roman rule of Cyrenaica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crete_and_Cyrenaica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Apion's will and Roman rule of Cyrenaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Apion" title="Ptolemy Apion">Ptolemy Apion</a>, the last king of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cyrenaica">Kingdom of Cyrenaica</a> left his kingdom to the Roman Republic when he died childless in 96 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyndale_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyndale-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rome readily accepted this inheritance from Ptolemy Apion but preferred to leave the administration to local rulers, rather than enforcing direct control. However, by the 70s BC, civil uprisings by Jewish settlers began to destabilise the province and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> was forced to take action. In 74 BC, they sent a low level official, the quaestor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Lentulus_Marcellinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus (page does not exist)">Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus</a>, to officially annex Cyrenaica as a Roman province and restore order. That the Senate sent such a low-ranking official indicates the political difficulty the Republic had in governing its growing empire, as well as indicating the ease with which Cyrenaica was willing to submit to Roman governance and the stability it brought.<sup id="cite_ref-unrv_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unrv-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_conquest_of_Crete">Roman conquest of Crete</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crete_and_Cyrenaica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman conquest of Crete"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Creticus" title="Marcus Antonius Creticus">Marcus Antonius Creticus</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> in 71 BC and was repelled. Then in 69 BC, Rome commissioned <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Creticus" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus">Quintus Caecilius Metellus</a> and, following a ferocious three-year campaign, Crete was conquered for Rome in 66 BC, Metellus earning the <a href="/wiki/Victory_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory titles">agnomen</a> "Creticus" as an honour for his conquest and subjugation of Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-unrv2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unrv2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Province">Province</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crete_and_Cyrenaica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 67 BC, Crete and Cyrenaica were combined into a single province with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Gortyn" title="Gortyn">Gortyn</a> in Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 117 AD, a <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War#Cyrenaica" title="Kitos War">Jewish revolt erupted in Cyrenaica</a>, resulting in the death of two hundred and twenty thousand people.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 298 AD, <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, because of geographic inconvenience, separated the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">province of Crete</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica#Roman_province" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, which in turn was divided between Libya Superior or Libya Pentapolis, with <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> as its capital, and Libya Inferior or Libya Sicca, with <a href="/wiki/Mersa_Matruh" title="Mersa Matruh">Paraetonium</a> as its capital.<sup id="cite_ref-unrv2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unrv2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Livius_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livius-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Roman_governors">List of Roman governors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crete_and_Cyrenaica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of Roman governors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>C. Clodius Vestalis<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (between 30 BC and AD 14)</li> <li>M. Titius (between 30 BC and AD 14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Secundus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomponius Secundus">Pomponius Secundus</a> (between AD 37 and 54)</li> <li>Fabius (before 13 BC)</li> <li>P. Sextius Scaeva (7/6 BC)</li> <li>Q. Lucanius Proculus (after 13 BC)</li> <li>L. Plotius Vicinas (between 2 BC and AD 7)</li> <li>(Lollius) Palicanus (between 30 BC and AD 14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Nonius_Balbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Nonius Balbus">Marcus Nonius Balbus</a> (between 30 BC and AD 14)</li> <li>(Vettius) Scato (between 23 BC and AD 12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Rubellius_Blandus" title="Gaius Rubellius Blandus">Gaius Rubellius Blandus</a> (between 30 BC and AD 14)</li> <li>(Titus) Caesius Cordus (c. AD 12)</li> <li>P. Octavius (between AD 14 and 29)</li> <li>Occius Flamma (between AD 14 and 37)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Lupus" title="Cornelius Lupus">Cornelius Lupus</a> (between AD 14 and 37)</li> <li>P. Viriasius Naso</li> <li>Celer</li> <li>Augurinus (between AD 37 and 41)</li> <li>Q. Cassius Gratus (before 53)</li> <li>Caesernius Veiento (46/47?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Pomponius_Secundus" title="Publius Pomponius Secundus">Publius Pomponius Secundus</a> (between 37 and 54)</li> <li>Cestius Proculus (before 56)</li> <li>Pedius Blaesus (before 59)</li> <li>Bruttidius Sabinus (first half 1st century)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Turpilius_Dexter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Turpilius Dexter (page does not exist)">Lucius Turpilius Dexter</a> (64/65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Atilius_Rufus" title="Titus Atilius Rufus">Titus Atilius Rufus</a> (67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Minicius_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aulus Minicius Rufus">Aulus Minicius Rufus</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (71/72)</li> <li>Catullus (72/73)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Arinius_Modestus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Arinius Modestus (page does not exist)">Gaius Arinius Modestus</a> (73-75)</li> <li>Silo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Antius_Aulus_Julius_Quadratus" title="Gaius Antius Aulus Julius Quadratus">Aulus Julius Quadratus</a> (84/85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Pomponius_Gallus_Didius_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Pomponius Gallus Didius Rufus">Gaius Pomponius Gallus Didius Rufus</a> (88/89)</li> <li>Gaius Memmius [...] (98/99)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Elufrius_Severus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Elufrius Severus (page does not exist)">Lucius Elufrius Severus</a> (99/100)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Aemilius_Honoratus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Aemilius Honoratus (page does not exist)">Lucius Aemilius Honoratus</a> (between 97 and 118)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Vibius_Varus_(consul_115)" title="Titus Vibius Varus (consul 115)">Titus Vibius Varus</a> (between 97 and 118)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvius_Carus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salvius Carus (page does not exist)">Salvius Carus</a> (134/135)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Marcellus_Dentilianus" title="Quintus Caecilius Marcellus Dentilianus">Quintus Caecilius Marcellus Dentilianus</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (c. 140)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quintus_Julius_Potitus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quintus Julius Potitus (page does not exist)">Quintus Julius Potitus</a> (between 138 and 161)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Claudius_Titianus_Demostratus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Claudius Titianus Demostratus (page does not exist)">Gaius Claudius Titianus Demostratus</a> (161/162)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomponius_Naevianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomponius Naevianus (page does not exist)">Pomponius Naevianus</a> (between 165 and 169)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veturius_Paccianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veturius Paccianus (page does not exist)">Veturius Paccianus</a> (before 168)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Saevinius_Proculus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Saevinius Proculus (page does not exist)">Lucius Saevinius Proculus</a> (173/174)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quintus_Caecilius_Rufinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quintus Caecilius Rufinus (page does not exist)">Quintus Caecilius Rufinus</a> (between 160 and 180)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quintus_Servilius_Pudens_(proconsul)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quintus Servilius Pudens (proconsul) (page does not exist)">Quintus Servilius Pudens</a> (164/165)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Clodius_Tineius_Pupienus_Bassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Clodius Tineius Pupienus Bassus">Lucius Clodius Tineius Pupienus Bassus</a> (250)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crete_and_Cyrenaica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jane Francis and Anna Kouremenos (eds.) 2016. <i>Roman Crete: New Perspectives</i>. Oxford: Oxbow</li> <li>Anna Kouremenos 2018. "In the Heart of the Wine-Dark Sea: Cretan Insularity and Identity in the Roman Period". In A. Kouremenos (ed.) <i>Insularity and Identity in the Roman Mediterranean</i>. Oxford: Oxbow.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrancisCurtis2022" class="citation book cs1">Francis, Jane; Curtis, Michael J., eds. (2022). <i>Change and transition on Crete interpreting the evidence from the Hellenistic through to the early Byzantine period</i>. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781803270562" title="Special:BookSources/9781803270562"><bdi>9781803270562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Change+and+transition+on+Crete+interpreting+the+evidence+from+the+Hellenistic+through+to+the+early+Byzantine+period.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Archaeology&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781803270562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrete+and+Cyrenaica" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crete_and_Cyrenaica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tyndale-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyndale_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/apion_fr.htm">"Ptolemy Apion"</a>. Chris Bennett<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ptolemy+Apion&rft.pub=Chris+Bennett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tyndalehouse.com%2FEgypt%2Fptolemies%2Fapion_fr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrete+and+Cyrenaica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unrv-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unrv_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unrv.com/provinces/cyrenaica.php">"Cyrenaica"</a>. UNRV.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyrenaica&rft.pub=UNRV.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrv.com%2Fprovinces%2Fcyrenaica.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrete+and+Cyrenaica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unrv2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unrv2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unrv2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unrv.com/provinces/crete.php">"Crete"</a>. UNRV.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crete&rft.pub=UNRV.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrv.com%2Fprovinces%2Fcrete.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrete+and+Cyrenaica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Cyrenaica">"Cyrenaica historical region, North Africa"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyrenaica+historical+region%2C+North+Africa&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FCyrenaica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrete+and+Cyrenaica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmallwood1981" class="citation book cs1">Smallwood, Edith M. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nw0VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA394"><i>The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian: a Study in Political Relations</i></a>. BRILL. p. 394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06403-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06403-4"><bdi>978-90-04-06403-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+Under+Roman+Rule%3A+From+Pompey+to+Diocletian%3A+a+Study+in+Political+Relations&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06403-4&rft.aulast=Smallwood&rft.aufirst=Edith+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnw0VAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrete+and+Cyrenaica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livius-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Livius_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/place/cyrenaica/">"Cyernaica"</a>. Livius.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyernaica&rft.pub=Livius.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fplace%2Fcyrenaica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrete+and+Cyrenaica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 30 BC to AD 67 are taken from <a href="/wiki/Werner_Eck" title="Werner Eck">Werner Eck</a>, "Über die prätorischen Prokonsulate in der Kaiserzeit. Eine quellenkritische Überlegung", <i>Zephyr</i> 23/24 (1972/73), pp. 246f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 71 to 135 are taken from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", <i><a href="/wiki/Chiron_(journal)" title="Chiron (journal)">Chiron</a></i>, 12 (1982), pp. 281-362; 13 (1983), pp. 147-237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 140 to 165 are taken from <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Alf%C3%B6ldy" title="Géza Alföldy">Géza Alföldy</a>, <i>Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen</i> (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), pp. 263f</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenean period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crete#Classical,_Hellenistic,_Roman,_Byzantine_and_Arab_Crete" title="History of Crete">Classical and Hellenistic period</a></li> <li>Roman period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_League" title="Cretan League">Cretan League</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crete and Cyrenaica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">First Byzantine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Arab period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Second Byzantine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Venetian period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Saint_Titus" title="Revolt of Saint Titus">Revolt of Saint Titus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Candia" title="Siege of Candia">Siege of Candia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Ottoman period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1841)" title="Cretan Revolt (1841)">1841 revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)" title="Cretan revolt (1866–1869)">Great Cretan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1878)" title="Cretan revolt (1878)">1878 revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1897%E2%80%931898)" title="Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)">1897–1898 revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theriso_revolt" title="Theriso revolt">Theriso revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li>World War II <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_resistance" title="Cretan resistance">Resistance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_the_early_Roman_Empire_(117_AD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Aegyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Graiae_et_Poeninae" title="Alpes Graiae et Poeninae">Alpes Graiae et Poeninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia and Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Corsica and Sardinia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crete and Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Hispania Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></i> <sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Iudaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia_et_Pamphylia" title="Lycia et Pamphylia">Lycia et Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracia (Roman province)">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)"><img alt="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/150px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/225px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/300px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>†</sup> Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s reforms.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Roman_and_Byzantine_Empire_in_modern_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_history_by_territory" title="Template:Roman history by territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_history_by_territory" title="Template talk:Roman history by territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_history_by_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman history by territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Roman_and_Byzantine_Empire_in_modern_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in modern territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania#Greeks_and_Romans" title="History of Albania">Albania (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Albania under the Byzantine Empire">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra#Iberian_and_Roman_Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_influence_in_Caucasian_Albania" title="Roman influence in Caucasian Albania">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria#Roman_era" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans#Roman_period" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Roman_period" title="Early history of Bosnia and 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