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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ancient period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Classical period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Islamic era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Post-independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Natural resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Refugees,_immigrants_and_expatriates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refugees,_immigrants_and_expatriates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Refugees, immigrants and expatriates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refugees,_immigrants_and_expatriates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Health and education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Art and museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jordan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 253 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-253" aria-hidden="true" > 253 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdun" title="Urdun – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Urdun" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Йордан – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Йордан" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Иордание – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Иордание" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordani%C3%AB" title="Jordanië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jordanië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanien" title="Jordanien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jordanien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%96%E1%88%B5" title="ዮርዳኖስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዮርዳኖስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Jordania" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉर्डन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जॉर्डन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hascemisc_Cyner%C4%ABce_%C3%BE%C3%A6s_Iordanes" title="Hascemisc Cynerīce þæs Iordanes – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hascemisc Cynerīce þæs Iordanes" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Иорданиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Иорданиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="الأردن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأردن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordania" title="Chordania – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chordania" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%95%DC%A2%DC%A2" title="ܝܘܪܕܢܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܘܪܕܢܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Յորդանան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Յորդանան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Jordania" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জৰ্ডান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জৰ্ডান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xordania" title="Xordania – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xordania" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="जोर्डन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जोर्डन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horyt%C3%A1%C3%B1a" title="Horytáña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Horytáña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Урдун – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Урдун" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ordaniya" title="İordaniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İordaniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="اوردون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوردون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordania" title="Yordania – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Yordania" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordon" title="Ordon – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Ordon" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জর্ডান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্ডান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordania" title="Yordania – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Yordania" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iok-t%C3%A0n" title="Iok-tàn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iok-tàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иордания – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иордания" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Іарданія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іарданія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ярданія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ярданія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉर्डन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जॉर्डन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordanya" title="Yordanya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Yordanya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Йордания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йордания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanien" title="Jordanien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Jordanien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%97%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="རྗོར་ཌན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྗོར་ཌན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jordania" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Иордани – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Иордани" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord%C3%A0nia" title="Jordània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jordània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Иордани – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иордани" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordanya" title="Hordanya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hordanya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord%C3%A1nsko" title="Jordánsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jordánsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Jordania" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorodhani" title="Jorodhani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Jorodhani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlad_Iorddonen" title="Gwlad Iorddonen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlad Iorddonen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لأردن – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لأردن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Jordania" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanien" title="Jordanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jordanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%8B%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އުރުދުން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އުރުދުން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1%C3%A1l%C3%ADn%C3%ADb%C4%85%C4%85h_%C3%81s%C3%A1%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Náálíníbąąh Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Náálíníbąąh Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordaniska" title="Jordaniska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Jordaniska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="जोर्डन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जोर्डन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordaania" title="Jordaania – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jordaania" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιορδανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιορδανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jordania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanio" title="Jordanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jordanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Jordania" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jordania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="اردن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اردن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanie" title="Jordanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jordanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordaanje" title="Jordaanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jordaanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leydi_Jordan" title="Leydi Jordan – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Leydi Jordan" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iord%C3%A1in" title="An Iordáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iordáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Jordaan" title="Yn Jordaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Jordaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ordaniya" title="İordaniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İordaniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B2rdan_(d%C3%B9thaich)" title="Iòrdan (dùthaich) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iòrdan (dùthaich)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xordania" title="Xordania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xordania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%89%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%A8" title="જૉર્ડન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જૉર્ડન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉर्डन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="जॉर्डन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yok-tan" title="Yok-tan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yok-tan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%A8" title="요르단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요르단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodan" title="Jodan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jodan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iored%C4%81ne" title="Ioredāne – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Ioredāne" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հորդանան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հորդանան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉर्डन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉर्डन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordaniska" title="Jordaniska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jordaniska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordania" title="Yordania – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Yordania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jordania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%E1%BB%8Ddan" title="Jọdan – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Jọdan" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordania" title="Hordania – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hordania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জর্ডান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জর্ডান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordania" title="Yordania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yordania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jordania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Jordania" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Иордани – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Иордани" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3rdan%C3%ADa" title="Jórdanía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jórdanía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordania" title="Giordania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giordania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9F" title="ירדן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ירדן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordania" title="Yordania – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yordania" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%94%C9%94rdaanii" title="Zɔɔrdaanii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Zɔɔrdaanii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೋರ್ಡಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೋರ್ಡಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordanya" title="Hordanya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Hordanya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иордания – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Иордания" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იორდანია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იორდანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88%D9%86" title="جورڈن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جورڈن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordani%C3%B4" title="Jordaniô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Jordaniô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иордания – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иордания" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorudani" title="Yorudani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Yorudani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordani" title="Yordani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yordani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иордания – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Иордания" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B2dani" title="Jòdani – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jòdani" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordani" title="Jordani – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jordani" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdun" title="Urdun – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Urdun" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иордания – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иордания" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordania" title="Iordania – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Iordania" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djordania" title="Djordania – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Djordania" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordania" title="Iordania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iordania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord%C4%81nija" title="Jordānija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jordānija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanien" title="Jordanien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jordanien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иордания – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Иордания" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanija" title="Jordanija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jordanija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordannia" title="Giordannia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Giordannia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordani%C3%AB" title="Jordanië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jordanië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zordan%C3%AD" title="Zordaní – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Zordaní" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdun" title="Urdun – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Urdun" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanii" title="Jordanii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Jordanii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jorgu%27e" title="jorgu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jorgu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurdania" title="Giurdania – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Giurdania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord%C3%A1nia" title="Jordánia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jordánia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordania" title="Yordania – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Yordania" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="जोर्डन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जोर्डन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Јордан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јордан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B4rdania" title="Jôrdania – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jôrdania" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ജോർദാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർദാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0ordan" title="Ġordan – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġordan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Drano" title="Hōrano – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hōrano" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉर्डन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉर्डन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იორდანია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იორდანია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="الاردن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاردن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="اوردون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اوردون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯖꯣꯔꯗꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯣꯔꯗꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordania" title="Yordania – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Yordania" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B3k-d%C3%A1ng" title="Iók-dáng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iók-dáng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord%C3%A1nia" title="Jordánia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Jordánia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иордания – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Иордания" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Йордан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Йордан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဂျော်ဒန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျော်ဒန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordani%C3%AB" title="Jordanië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jordanië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="जोर्डन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जोर्डन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="जोर्दन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जोर्दन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3" title="ヨルダン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨルダン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurdania" title="Giurdania – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Giurdania" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Урдан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Урдан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordaanien" title="Jordaanien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jordaanien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jordania" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଜୋର୍ଡାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜୋର୍ଡାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joordaan" title="Joordaan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Joordaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordaniya" title="Iordaniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iordaniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜਾਰਡਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਰਡਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="जार्डन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जार्डन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="اردن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اردن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordania" title="Hordania – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hordania" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="اردن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اردن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaadn" title="Jaadn – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jaadn" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8" title="ហ្សកដានី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ្សកដានី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanie" title="Jordanie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Jordanie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordania" title="Giordania – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Giordania" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanien" title="Jordanien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jordanien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jordania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord%C3%A2nia" title="Jordânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jordânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordaniya" title="Iordaniya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Iordaniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdun" title="Urdun – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Urdun" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordania" title="Iordania – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iordania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurtha%C3%B1a" title="Hurthaña – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hurthaña" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Йорданьско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Йорданьско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иордания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иордания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иордания – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Иордания" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="जार्डन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जार्डन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱡᱚᱨᱰᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱚᱨᱰᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="اردن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اردن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giord%C3%A0nia" title="Giordània – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Giordània" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanien" title="Jordanien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Jordanien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jordania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurdania" title="Giurdania – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Giurdania" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ජෝර්දානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝර්දානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="اردن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اردن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJoridane" title="IJoridane – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IJoridane" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord%C3%A1nsko" title="Jordánsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jordánsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanija" title="Jordanija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jordanija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorda%C5%84ijo" title="Jordańijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Jordańijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdun" title="Urdun – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Urdun" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ئوردن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئوردن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanikondre" title="Jordanikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Jordanikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Јордан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јордан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordania" title="Yordania – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Yordania" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jordania" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanien" title="Jordanien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jordanien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜோர்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜோர்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurdun" title="Lurdun – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lurdun" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdun" title="Urdun – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Urdun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Үрдүн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үрдүн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၵျေႃႇတၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵျေႃႇတၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="జోర్డాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జోర్డాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord%C3%A1nia" title="Jordánia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Jordánia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศจอร์แดน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศจอร์แดน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Урдун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Урдун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soatane" title="Soatane – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Soatane" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Crd%C3%BCn" title="Ürdün – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ürdün" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordani%C3%BDa" title="Iordaniýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Iordaniýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdun" title="Urdun – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Urdun" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иордания – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Иордания" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%90%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%89%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95" title="ᨐᨚᨑᨉᨊᨗᨕ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨐᨚᨑᨉᨊᨗᨕ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Йорданія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йорданія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="اردن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اردن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئىئوردانىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىئوردانىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zord%C3%A0nia" title="Zordània – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zordània" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanii" title="Jordanii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Jordanii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yord%C3%A4n" title="Yordän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Yordän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordaania" title="Jordaania – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Jordaania" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E6%97%A6" title="約旦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="約旦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordani%C3%AB" title="Jordanië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Jordanië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordanya" title="Hordanya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hordanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordaani" title="Jordaani – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Jordaani" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6" title="约旦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约旦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="יארדאניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יארדאניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%E1%BB%8D%CC%81rd%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Jọ́rdánì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jọ́rdánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E6%97%A6" title="約旦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="約旦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdun" title="Urdun – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Urdun" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordaoni%C3%AB" title="Jordaonië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Jordaonië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juordan%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Juordanėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Juordanėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6" title="约旦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约旦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodan" title="Jodan – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Jodan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdun" title="Urdun – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jordan&params=31.24_N_36.51_E_">31°14′N 36°31′E / 31.24°N 36.51°E / 31.24; 36.51</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jordan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jordan (disambiguation)">Jordan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"HKJ" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/HKJ_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="HKJ (disambiguation)">HKJ (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan</div><div class="ib-country-names">المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hāshimiyya</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jordan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Jordan"><img alt="Flag of Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/125px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/188px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jordan" title="Flag of Jordan">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Jordan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Jordan"><img alt="Coat of arms of Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coat_of_arms_of_Jordan.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coat_of_arms_of_Jordan.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coat_of_arms_of_Jordan.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="523" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jordan" title="Coat of arms of Jordan"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: الله، الوطن، الملك Allāh, al-Waṭan, al-Malik "God, Country, King"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: السلام الملكي الأردني Al-Salām al-Malakī al-Urdunī "<a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Anthem_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Anthem of Jordan">The Royal Anthem of Jordan</a>"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="37" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Jordan_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/National_anthem_of_Jordan_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/National_anthem_of_Jordan_instrumental.ogg/National_anthem_of_Jordan_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Jordan_instrumental.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Jordan_instrumental.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Jordan_instrumental.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Jordan_instrumental.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Jordan_instrumental.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Jordan_instrumental.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Jordan_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Jordan_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Jordan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Jordan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Jordan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Jordan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Jordan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Jordan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Jordan_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_JOR_-_UNOCHA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jordan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_JOR_-_UNOCHA.svg/250px-Jordan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_JOR_-_UNOCHA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jordan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_JOR_-_UNOCHA.svg/375px-Jordan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_JOR_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jordan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_JOR_-_UNOCHA.svg/500px-Jordan_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_JOR_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="254" /></a>Show map of Jordan</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jordan&params=31_57_N_35_56_E_type:city">31°57′N 35°56′E / 31.950°N 35.933°E / 31.950; 35.933</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>95% <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a></li><li>3% <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Jordan" title="Circassians in Jordan">Circassian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechens_in_Jordan" title="Chechens in Jordan">Chechen</a></li><li>2% <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Jordan" title="Armenians in Jordan">Armenian</a> and others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>95% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan" title="Islam in Jordan">Sunni Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</li><li>3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">Christianity</a></li><li>1% <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></div> 1% others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian people">Jordanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jordan" title="Politics of Jordan">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jordan" title="Prime Minister of Jordan">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Hassan" title="Jafar Hassan">Jafar Hassan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jordan" title="Parliament of Jordan">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Jordan)" title="Senate (Jordan)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Jordan)" title="House of Representatives (Jordan)">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Emirate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 April 1921</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 May 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jordan" title="Constitution of Jordan">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 January 1952</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jordan" title="Geography of Jordan">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">89,342 km2 (34,495 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">110th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.6</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jordan" title="Demographics of Jordan">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">11,484,805<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">84th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2015 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,531,712<a href="#cite_note-census-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">114/km2 (295.3/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">70th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $132.092 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.JO-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">91st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $12,809<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.JO-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">112th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $50.022 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.JO-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">93rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $4,850<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.JO-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">114th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2011)</th><td class="infobox-data">35.4<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.736<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-7">[7]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">99th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_dinar" title="Jordanian dinar">Jordanian dinar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">JOD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Jordan" title="Telephone numbers in Jordan">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Jordan" title="Telephone numbers in Jordan">+962</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:JO" title="ISO 3166-2:JO">JO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.jo" title=".jo">.jo</a> <a href="/wiki/.%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title=".الاردن">.الاردن</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Jordan,<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a> is a country in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a> region of <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. Jordan is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> to the west. The <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, flowing into the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, is located along the country's western border within the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a>. Jordan has a small coastline along the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> in its southwest, separated by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> is the country's capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Jordan" title="List of cities in Jordan">largest city</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Levant_region_by_population" title="List of largest cities in the Levant region by population">most populous city in the Levant</a>. Modern-day Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> period. Three kingdoms developed in <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>. In the third century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a> established <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">their kingdom</a> centred in <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> period saw the establishment of several cities in Transjordan that comprised the <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a>. Later, after the end of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> rule, the region became part of the Islamic caliphates of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>. Following the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Great_Arab_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Arab Revolt">Great Arab Revolt</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Syria_vilayet" title="Syria vilayet">Ottoman Syria</a> was <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#British_Mandates" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">partitioned</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_of_the_Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan">establishment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Emirate of Transjordan</a> in 1921, which became a British protectorate. In 1946, the country gained independence and became officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a> The country <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">captured and annexed</a> the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> until it was occupied by Israel <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">in 1967</a>. Jordan <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_disengagement_from_the_West_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian disengagement from the West Bank">renounced</a> its claim to the territory to the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestinians</a> in 1988 and signed a <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">peace treaty with Israel</a> in 1994. Jordan is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> country, covering an area of 89,342 km2 (34,495 sq mi) with a population of 11.5 million, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_population" title="List of Arab League countries by population">eleventh-most populous Arab country</a>. The dominant majority, or around 95% of the country's population, is <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslim</a>, with the rest being mostly <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">Arab Christian</a>. Jordan was mostly unscathed by the violence that swept the region following the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> in 2010. From as early as 1948, Jordan has accepted refugees from multiple neighbouring countries in conflict. An estimated 2.1 million <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian refugees</a>, most of whom hold Jordanian citizenship, as well as 1.4 million <a href="/wiki/Syrian_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian refugees">Syrian refugees</a>, were residing in Jordan as of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-census-4">[4]</a> The kingdom is also a refuge for thousands of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christian Iraqis</a> fleeing persecution.<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> While Jordan continues to accept refugees, the large Syrian influx during the 2010s has placed substantial strain on national resources and infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-13">[10]</a> The sovereign state is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, but the king holds wide executive and legislative powers. Jordan is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>. The country has a high <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, ranking 99th, and is considered a lower middle income economy. The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordanian economy</a>, one of the smallest economies in the region, is attractive to foreign investors based upon a skilled workforce.<a href="#cite_note-skwf-14">[11]</a> The country is a major tourist destination, also attracting medical tourism with its well-developed <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Jordan" title="Health in Jordan">health sector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tourists-15">[12]</a> Nonetheless, a lack of natural resources, large flow of refugees, and regional turmoil have hampered economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-washington-16">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River#Etymology" title="Jordan River">Jordan River § Etymology</a></div> Jordan takes its name from the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, which forms much of the country's northwestern border.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_factbook-17">[14]</a> While several theories for the origin of the river's name have been proposed, it is most plausible that it derives from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> word Yarad (ירד), meaning "the descender", reflecting the river's declivity.<a href="#cite_note-etm1-18">[15]</a> Much of the area that makes up modern Jordan was historically called <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a>, meaning "across the Jordan"; the term is used to denote the lands east of the river.<a href="#cite_note-etm1-18">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> uses the term עבר הירדן Ever ha'Yarden (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the other side of the Jordan') for the area.<a href="#cite_note-etm1-18">[15]</a> Early Arab chronicles call the river Al-Urdunn (a term cognate to the Hebrew Yarden).<a href="#cite_note-etm2-19">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jund_Al-Urdunn" class="mw-redirect" title="Jund Al-Urdunn">Jund Al-Urdunn</a> was a military district around the river in the early Islamic era.<a href="#cite_note-etm2-19">[16]</a> Later, during the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusades</a> in the beginning of the second millennium, a lordship was established in the area under the name of <a href="/wiki/Oultrejordain" class="mw-redirect" title="Oultrejordain">Oultrejordain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">History of Jordan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_period">Ancient period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20100923_amman37.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/20100923_amman37.JPG/220px-20100923_amman37.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/20100923_amman37.JPG/330px-20100923_amman37.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/20100923_amman37.JPG/440px-20100923_amman37.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/%27Ain_Ghazal_Statues" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ain Ghazal Statues">'Ain Ghazal Statues</a> (c. 7250 BC) uncovered in Amman are some of the oldest human statues ever found.</figcaption></figure> The oldest known evidence of <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominid</a> habitation in Jordan dates back at least 200,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-KOJ-21">[18]</a> Jordan is a rich source of <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> human remains (up to 20,000 years old) due to its location within the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, where various <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">migrations out of Africa</a> converged,<a href="#cite_note-chap-paleolithic-22">[19]</a> and its more humid climate during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>, which resulted in the formation of numerous remains-preserving wetlands in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Abu-JaberEtAl2020PPP-23">[20]</a> Past lakeshore environments attracted different groups of hominids, and several remains of tools dating from the Late Pleistocene have been found there.<a href="#cite_note-chap-paleolithic-22">[19]</a> Scientists have found the world's oldest known evidence of bread-making at a 14,500-year-old <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a> site in Jordan's northeastern desert.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period (10,000–4,500 BC), there was a transition there from a <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> culture to a culture with established populous agricultural villages.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">'Ain Ghazal</a>, one such village located at a site in the eastern part of present-day <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, is one of the largest known prehistoric settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/%27Ain_Ghazal_Statues" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ain Ghazal Statues">Dozens of plaster statues</a> of the human form, dating to 7250 BC or earlier, have been uncovered there; they are one of the oldest large-scale representations of humans ever found.<a href="#cite_note-aingazal-27">[24]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic period</a> (4500–3600 BC), several villages emerged in Transjordan including <a href="/wiki/Teleilat_el_Ghassul" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleilat el Ghassul">Tulaylet Ghassul</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a>;<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> a series of circular stone enclosures in the eastern basalt desert from the same period have long baffled archaeologists.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesha_Stele_(511142469)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mesha_Stele_%28511142469%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Mesha_Stele_%28511142469%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mesha_Stele_%28511142469%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Mesha_Stele_%28511142469%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mesha_Stele_%28511142469%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Mesha_Stele_%28511142469%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1942" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mesha_Stele" title="Mesha Stele">Mesha Stele</a> (c. 840 BC) records the glory of <a href="/wiki/Mesha" title="Mesha">Mesha</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>, displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Fortified towns and urban centres first emerged in the southern Levant early in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (3600–1200 BC).<a href="#cite_note-atlas11-30">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Feynan" title="Wadi Feynan">Wadi Feynan</a> became a regional centre for copper extraction: the metal was exploited on a large scale to produce bronze.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> Trade and movement of people in the Middle East peaked, spreading cultural innovations and whole civilisations to spread.<a href="#cite_note-atlas12-32">[29]</a> Villages in Transjordan expanded rapidly in areas with reliable water-resources and arable land.<a href="#cite_note-atlas12-32">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> populations expanded towards the Levant and came to control both banks of the Jordan River.<a href="#cite_note-atlas13-33">[30]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (1200–332 BC), after the withdrawal of the Egyptians, Transjordan was home to the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AEM-34">[31]</a> These peoples spoke <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite group</a>; archaeologists have concluded that their polities were tribal kingdoms rather than states.<a href="#cite_note-AEM-34">[31]</a> Ammon was located in the Amman plateau; Moab in the highlands east of the Dead Sea; and Edom in the area around <a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Wadi Araba</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-AEM-34">[31]</a> The northwestern region of the Transjordan, known then as <a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a>, was settled by the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> The three kingdoms continually clashed with the neighbouring Hebrew kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>, centred west of the Jordan River.<a href="#cite_note-harrison-36">[33]</a> One record of this is the <a href="/wiki/Mesha_Stele" title="Mesha Stele">Mesha Stele</a>, erected by the Moabite king <a href="/wiki/Mesha" title="Mesha">Mesha</a> in 840 BC; in an inscription on it, he lauds himself for the building projects that he initiated in Moab and commemorates his glory and his victory against the Israelites.<a href="#cite_note-rollston-37">[34]</a> The stele constitutes one of the most important archeological parallels to <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">accounts recorded in the Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mesha-louvre-38">[35]</a> At the same time, Israel and the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a> competed for control of the Gilead.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> Around 740–720 BC, Israel and Aram-Damascus were conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>. The kingdoms of Ammon, Edom and Moab were subjugated but were allowed to maintain some degree of independence.<a href="#cite_note-chap-iron-41">[38]</a> Then in 627 BC, following after the disintegration of the Assyrians' empire, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonians</a> took control of the area.<a href="#cite_note-chap-iron-41">[38]</a> Although the kingdoms supported the Babylonians against Judah in the 597 BC <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">sack of Jerusalem</a>, they rebelled against Babylon a decade later.<a href="#cite_note-chap-iron-41">[38]</a> The kingdoms were reduced to <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a>, a status they retained under the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Hellenic</a> empires.<a href="#cite_note-chap-iron-41">[38]</a> By the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman rule</a> around 63 BC, the kingdoms of Ammon, Edom and Moab had lost their distinct identities and were assimilated into the Roman culture.<a href="#cite_note-AEM-34">[31]</a> Some Edomites survived longer – driven by the Nabataeans, they had migrated to southern <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, which became known as <a href="/wiki/Idumaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumaea">Idumaea</a>; they were later converted to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmoneans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="2517" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/New_7_Wonders_of_the_World" title="New 7 Wonders of the World">New 7 Wonders of the World</a>, contains <a href="/wiki/Al-Khazneh" title="Al-Khazneh">Al-Khazneh</a>, believed to be the mausoleum of the <a href="/wiki/Nabataean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean">Nabataean</a> King <a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a>, 1st century AD</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">conquest</a> of the Persian Empire in 332 BC introduced <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic culture</a> to the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199810-43">[40]</a> After Alexander's death in 323 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Babylon" title="Partition of Babylon">empire split</a> among his generals, and in the end much of Transjordan was disputed between the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemies</a> based in Egypt and the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucids</a> based in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199810-43">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a>, nomadic Arabs based south of Edom, managed to establish an independent kingdom in 169 BC by exploiting the struggle between the two Greek powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199810-43">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a> controlled much of the trade routes of the region, and it stretched south along the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast into the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> desert, up to as far north as <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, which it controlled for a short period (85–71 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200151-44">[41]</a> The Nabataeans massed a fortune from their control of the trade routes, often drawing the envy of their neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200130-45">[42]</a> Petra, Nabataea's capital, flourished in the 1st century AD, driven by its extensive water irrigation systems and agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200170-46">[43]</a> The Nabataeans were talented <a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">stone carvers</a>, building their most elaborate structure, <a href="/wiki/Al-Khazneh" title="Al-Khazneh">Al-Khazneh</a>, in the first century AD.<a href="#cite_note-petra-47">[44]</a> It is believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> of the Arab Nabataean King <a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-petra-47">[44]</a> Roman legions under <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> conquered much of the Levant in 63 BC, inaugurating a period of Roman rule that lasted four centuries.<a href="#cite_note-roman-48">[45]</a> In 106 AD, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> annexed Nabataea unopposed and rebuilt the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Highway_(ancient)" title="King's Highway (ancient)">King's Highway</a> which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Via_Traiana_Nova" title="Via Traiana Nova">Via Traiana Nova</a> road.<a href="#cite_note-roman-48">[45]</a> The Romans gave the Greek cities of Transjordan—Philadelphia (Amman), <a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Gerasa</a> (Jerash), <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qays" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Qays">Gedara</a> (Umm Quays), <a href="/wiki/Pella,_Jordan" title="Pella, Jordan">Pella</a> (Tabaqat Fahl) and <a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Arbila</a> (Irbid)—and other Hellenistic cities in Palestine and southern Syria, a level of autonomy by forming the <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a>, a ten-city league.<a href="#cite_note-atlas15-49">[46]</a> Jerash is one of the best preserved Roman cities in the East; it was even visited by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> during his journey to Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerash_01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jerash_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Jerash_01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jerash_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Jerash_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jerash_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Jerash_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>The Oval Forum of <a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a> (c. 1st century AD), then member of the ten-city Greco-Roman league, the <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a>, seven of which are present in modern-day Jordan.</figcaption></figure> In 324 AD, the Roman Empire split and the Eastern Roman Empire, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, continued to control or influence the region until 636.<a href="#cite_note-byzantine-51">[48]</a> Christianity had <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">become legal within the empire in 313</a> after co-emperors <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> signed an edict of toleration.<a href="#cite_note-byzantine-51">[48]</a> In 380, the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a> made Christianity the official state religion. Transjordan prospered during the Byzantine era, and Christian churches were built throughout the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199814-52">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aqaba_Church" title="Aqaba Church">Aqaba Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Ayla</a> was built during this era; it is considered to be the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_church_buildings" title="List of oldest church buildings">world's first purpose built Christian church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Umm_ar-Rasas" title="Umm ar-Rasas">Umm ar-Rasas</a> in southern Amman contains at least 16 Byzantine churches.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Meanwhile, Petra's importance declined as sea trade routes emerged, and after a <a href="/wiki/Galilee_earthquake_of_363" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilee earthquake of 363">363 earthquake</a> destroyed many structures it declined further, eventually being abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-petra-47">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> in the east became the Byzantines' rivals, and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sasanian wars">frequent confrontations</a> sometimes led to the Sasanids controlling some parts of the region, including Transjordan.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_era">Islamic era</h3></div> In 629, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah" title="Battle of Mu'tah">Battle of Mu'tah</a> in what is today <a href="/wiki/Karak_Governorate" title="Karak Governorate">Karak Governorate</a>, the Byzantines and their <a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Arab Christian clients</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a>, staved off an attack by a Muslim <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> force that marched northwards towards the Levant from the Hejaz.<a href="#cite_note-Bowersock-56">[53]</a> The Byzantines however were defeated by the Muslims in 636 at the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yarmuk" title="Battle of the Yarmuk">Battle of the Yarmuk</a> just north of Transjordan.<a href="#cite_note-Bowersock-56">[53]</a> Transjordan was an essential territory for the conquest of Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-mus-57">[54]</a> The Rashidun caliphate was followed by that of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a> (661–750).<a href="#cite_note-mus-57">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Madaba_Map,_part_of_a_floor_mosaic_in_the_early_Byzantine_church_of_Saint_George_depicting_the_Holy_Land_in_the_6th_century_AD,_Madaba,_Jordan_(34477807231).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_Madaba_Map%2C_part_of_a_floor_mosaic_in_the_early_Byzantine_church_of_Saint_George_depicting_the_Holy_Land_in_the_6th_century_AD%2C_Madaba%2C_Jordan_%2834477807231%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_Madaba_Map%2C_part_of_a_floor_mosaic_in_the_early_Byzantine_church_of_Saint_George_depicting_the_Holy_Land_in_the_6th_century_AD%2C_Madaba%2C_Jordan_%2834477807231%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_Madaba_Map%2C_part_of_a_floor_mosaic_in_the_early_Byzantine_church_of_Saint_George_depicting_the_Holy_Land_in_the_6th_century_AD%2C_Madaba%2C_Jordan_%2834477807231%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4356" data-file-height="2885" /></a><figcaption>Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Madaba_Map" title="Madaba Map">Madaba Map</a> showing the Jordan River and the Dead Sea. Dating to the 6th century AD, it is the oldest surviving depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a></figcaption></figure> Under the Umayyad Caliphate, several <a href="/wiki/Desert_castles" title="Desert castles">desert castles</a> were constructed in Transjordan, including: <a href="/wiki/Qasr_Al-Mshatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasr Al-Mshatta">Qasr Al-Mshatta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qasr_Al-Hallabat" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasr Al-Hallabat">Qasr Al-Hallabat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mus-57">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>'s campaign to take over the Umayyad's began in a village in Transjordan known as <a href="/wiki/Humayma" title="Humayma">Humayma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atlas-58">[55]</a> The powerful <a href="/wiki/749_Galilee_earthquake" title="749 Galilee earthquake">749 earthquake</a> is thought to have contributed to the Umayyads' <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_revolution" title="Abbasid revolution">defeat by the Abbasids</a>, who moved the caliphate's capital from Damascus to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atlas-58">[55]</a> During Abbasid rule (750–969), several Arab tribes moved northwards and settled in the Levant.<a href="#cite_note-mus-57">[54]</a> As had happened during the Roman era, growth of maritime trade diminished Transjordan's central position, and the area became increasingly impoverished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199821-59">[56]</a> After the decline of the Abbasids, Transjordan was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> (969–1070), then by the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> (1115–1187).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199822-60">[57]</a> The Crusaders constructed several castles as part of the Lordship of Oultrejordain, including <a href="/wiki/Montreal_(castle)" title="Montreal (castle)">Montreal</a> and Al-Karak.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a> (1187) near <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Lake Tiberias</a> just north of Transjordan, the Crusaders lost to <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a> (1187–1260).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199823-62">[59]</a> The Ayyubids built the <a href="/wiki/Ajloun_Castle" title="Ajloun Castle">Ajloun Castle</a> and rebuilt older castles to be used as military outposts against the Crusaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199823-62">[59]</a> Villages in Transjordan under the Ayyubids became important stops for Muslim pilgrims going to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> who travelled along the route that connected Syria to the Hejaz.<a href="#cite_note-atlas1-63">[60]</a> Several of the Ayyubid castles were used and expanded by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluks</a> (1260–1516), who divided Transjordan between the provinces of Karak and Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199825-64">[61]</a> During the next century Transjordan experienced <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> attacks, but the Mongols were ultimately repelled by the Mamluks at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut" title="Battle of Ain Jalut">Battle of Ain Jalut</a> (1260).<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:388px;max-width:388px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerak_BW_1_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kerak_BW_1_%28cropped%29.JPG/165px-Kerak_BW_1_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kerak_BW_1_%28cropped%29.JPG/248px-Kerak_BW_1_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kerak_BW_1_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Kerak_BW_1_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3098" data-file-height="2074" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Kerak_Castle" title="Kerak Castle">Karak Castle</a> (c. 12th century) built by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusaders</a>, and later expanded under the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Ayyubids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubids">Ayyubids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ajloun_Castle_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ajloun_Castle_1.jpg/215px-Ajloun_Castle_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ajloun_Castle_1.jpg/323px-Ajloun_Castle_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ajloun_Castle_1.jpg/430px-Ajloun_Castle_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6011" data-file-height="3115" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Ajloun_Castle" title="Ajloun Castle">Ajloun Castle</a> (c. 12th century) built by the Ayyubid leader <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> for use against the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> In 1516 the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Caliphate</a>'s forces <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%931517)" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)">conquered Mamluk territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199826-66">[63]</a> Agricultural villages in Transjordan witnessed a period of relative prosperity in the 16th century but were later abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-VSS-67">[64]</a> Transjordan was of marginal importance to the Ottoman authorities.<a href="#cite_note-atlas10-68">[65]</a> As a result, Ottoman presence was virtually absent and reduced to annual tax collection visits.<a href="#cite_note-VSS-67">[64]</a> More Arab <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes moved into Transjordan from Syria and the Hejaz during the first three centuries of Ottoman rule, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banu_%27Adwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banu 'Adwan (page does not exist)">Adwan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bani_Sakhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Sakhr">Bani Sakhr</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Howeitat" title="Howeitat">Howeitat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199826,_27-69">[66]</a> These tribes laid claims to different parts of the region, and with the absence of a meaningful Ottoman authority, Transjordan slid into a state of anarchy that continued until the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199827-70">[67]</a> This led to a short-lived occupation by the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> forces (1803–1812), an ultra-orthodox Islamic movement that emerged in <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Najd</a> (in modern-day Saudi Arabia).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199830-71">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a>, son of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">governor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt Eyalet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi War">rooted out the Wahhabis</a> under the request of the Ottoman sultan by 1818.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199831-72">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z_Ottoman_Ten_arches_Amman_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Z_Ottoman_Ten_arches_Amman_2.jpg/220px-Z_Ottoman_Ten_arches_Amman_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Z_Ottoman_Ten_arches_Amman_2.jpg/330px-Z_Ottoman_Ten_arches_Amman_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Z_Ottoman_Ten_arches_Amman_2.jpg/440px-Z_Ottoman_Ten_arches_Amman_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman ten-arches bridge built near Amman in 1908, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_railway" title="Hejaz railway">Hejaz railway</a>, which stretched across the length of Transjordan and linked <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> with <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1833 Pasha turned on the Ottomans and established his rule over the Levant.<a href="#cite_note-cup-73">[70]</a> His policies led to the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_revolt_in_Palestine" title="Peasants' revolt in Palestine">peasants' revolt in Palestine</a> in 1834.<a href="#cite_note-cup-73">[70]</a> Transjordanian cities of <a href="/wiki/As-Salt" title="As-Salt">As-Salt</a> and Al-Karak <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Al-Karak_(1834)" title="Siege of Al-Karak (1834)">were destroyed</a> by Pasha's forces for harboring a <a href="/wiki/Qasim_al-Ahmad" title="Qasim al-Ahmad">peasants' revolt leader</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cup-73">[70]</a> Egyptian rule was <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%9341)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)">forcibly ended</a> in 1841, with Ottoman rule restored.<a href="#cite_note-cup-73">[70]</a> Only after Pasha's campaign did the Ottoman Empire try to solidify its presence in the <a href="/wiki/Syria_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Vilayet">Syria Vilayet</a>, which Transjordan was part of.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199837-74">[71]</a> A series of tax and land reforms (<a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a>) in 1864 brought some prosperity back to agriculture and to abandoned villages; the end of virtual autonomy led a backlash in other areas of Transjordan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199837-74">[71]</a> Muslim <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>, fleeing <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Russian persecution</a>, sought refuge in the Levant.<a href="#cite_note-leg-75">[72]</a> In Transjordan and with Ottoman support, Circassians first settled in the long-abandoned vicinity of Amman in 1867 and later in the surrounding villages.<a href="#cite_note-leg-75">[72]</a> The Ottoman authorities' establishment of its administration, conscription and heavy taxation policies led to revolts in the areas it controlled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199838-76">[73]</a> Transjordan's tribes in particular revolted during the <a href="/wiki/Shoubak_revolts" title="Shoubak revolts">Shoubak</a> (1905) and the <a href="/wiki/Karak_revolt" title="Karak revolt">Karak revolts</a> (1910), which were brutally suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-leg-75">[72]</a> The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway">Hejaz Railway</a> in 1908—stretching across the length of Transjordan and linking <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> with <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>—helped the population economically, as Transjordan became a stopover for pilgrims.<a href="#cite_note-leg-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Emirate of Transjordan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:030Arab_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/030Arab_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-030Arab_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/030Arab_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-030Arab_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/030Arab_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-030Arab_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the Hashemite-led <a href="/wiki/Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Army">Arab Army</a> holding the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Revolt" title="Flag of the Arab Revolt">flag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Great Arab Revolt</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, 1916</figcaption></figure> Increasing policies of <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> and centralisation adopted by the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the 1908 <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> disenchanted the Arabs of the Levant, which contributed to the development of an <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab nationalist">Arab nationalist</a> movement. These changes led to the outbreak of the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, which ended four centuries of stagnation under Ottoman rule.<a href="#cite_note-leg-75">[72]</a> The revolt was led by <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Sharif Hussein</a> of Mecca, scion of the <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemite family</a> of the Hejaz, and his sons <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Abdullah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_bin_Hussein,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz">Ali</a>. Locally, the revolt garnered the support of the Transjordanian tribes, including Bedouins, Circassians and <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian Christians">Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199841-77">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies of World War I</a>, including Britain and France whose imperial interests converged with the Arabist cause, offered support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199840-78">[75]</a> The revolt started on 5 June 1916 from Medina and pushed northwards until the fighting reached Transjordan in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aqaba" title="Battle of Aqaba">Battle of Aqaba</a> on 6 July 1917.<a href="#cite_note-revolt-79">[76]</a> The revolt reached its climax when Faisal entered Damascus in October 1918 and established an Arab-led military administration in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">OETA East</a>, later declared as the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab Kingdom of Syria</a>, both of which Transjordan was part of.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199841-77">[74]</a> During this period, the southernmost region of the country, including <a href="/wiki/Ma%27an" title="Ma'an">Ma'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>, was also <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Ma%27an" title="Occupation of Ma'an">claimed by</a> the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a>. The nascent Hashemite Kingdom over the <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">region of Syria</a> was forced to surrender to French troops on 24 July 1920 during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun" title="Battle of Maysalun">Battle of Maysalun</a>;<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> the French occupied only the northern part of Syria, leaving <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(Transjordan)" title="Interregnum (Transjordan)">Transjordan in a period of interregnum</a>. Arab aspirations failed to gain international recognition, due mainly to the secret 1916 <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a>, which divided the region into French and British spheres of influence, and the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>, in which Britain announced its support for the establishment of a "national home" for Jews in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199834-81">[78]</a> This was seen by the Hashemites and the Arabs as a betrayal of their previous agreements with the British,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199871-82">[79]</a> including the 1915 <a href="/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="McMahon–Hussein Correspondence">McMahon–Hussein Correspondence</a>, in which the British stated their willingness to recognize the independence of a unified Arab state stretching from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> under the rule of the Hashemites.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_high_commissioner%27s_first_visit_to_Transjordan,_in_Es-Salt..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_high_commissioner%27s_first_visit_to_Transjordan%2C_in_Es-Salt..jpg/220px-The_high_commissioner%27s_first_visit_to_Transjordan%2C_in_Es-Salt..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_high_commissioner%27s_first_visit_to_Transjordan%2C_in_Es-Salt..jpg/330px-The_high_commissioner%27s_first_visit_to_Transjordan%2C_in_Es-Salt..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_high_commissioner%27s_first_visit_to_Transjordan%2C_in_Es-Salt..jpg/440px-The_high_commissioner%27s_first_visit_to_Transjordan%2C_in_Es-Salt..jpg 2x" data-file-width="4588" data-file-height="3292" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/As-Salt" title="As-Salt">As-Salt</a> residents gather on 20 August 1920 during the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British</a> <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan">High Commissioner</a>'s visit to Transjordan</figcaption></figure> British <a href="/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan" title="List of high commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan">High Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a> travelled to Transjordan on 21 August 1920 to meet with As-Salt's residents. He there declared to a crowd of 600 Transjordanian notables that the British government would aid the establishment of local governments in Transjordan, which was to be kept separate from that of Palestine. The second meeting took place in <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais">Umm Qais</a> on 2 September, where the British representative Major <a href="/wiki/FitzRoy_Somerset,_4th_Baron_Raglan" title="FitzRoy Somerset, 4th Baron Raglan">Fitzroy Somerset</a> received a petition that demanded: an independent Arab government in Transjordan to be led by an Arab prince (emir); land sale in Transjordan to <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> be stopped as well as the prevention of Jewish immigration there; that Britain establish and fund a national army; and that free trade be maintained between Transjordan and the rest of the region.<a href="#cite_note-tj-84">[81]</a> Abdullah, the second son of Sharif Hussein, <a href="/wiki/Establishment_of_the_Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan">arrived from Hejaz by train in Ma'an</a> in southern Transjordan on 21 November 1920 to redeem the Greater Syrian Kingdom his brother had lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199882-85">[82]</a> Transjordan then was in disarray, widely considered to be ungovernable with its dysfunctional local governments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199891-86">[83]</a> Abdullah gained the trust of Transjordan's tribal leaders before scrambling to convince them of the benefits of an organised government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi1998100-87">[84]</a> Abdullah's successes drew the envy of the British, even when it was in their interest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi1998101-88">[85]</a> The British reluctantly accepted Abdullah as ruler of Transjordan after having given him a six-month trial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199896-89">[86]</a> In March 1921, the British decided to add Transjordan to their <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate for Palestine</a>, in which they would implement their "<a href="/wiki/Sharifian_Solution" title="Sharifian Solution">Sharifian Solution</a>" policy without applying the provisions of the mandate dealing with Jewish settlement. On 11 April 1921 the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Emirate of Transjordan</a> was established with Abdullah as emir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199893-90">[87]</a> In September 1922, the Council of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> recognised Transjordan as a state under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_memorandum" class="mw-redirect" title="Transjordan memorandum">Transjordan memorandum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> Transjordan remained a British mandate until 1946, but it had been granted a greater level of autonomy than the region west of the Jordan River.<a href="#cite_note-protectorate-93">[90]</a> Multiple difficulties emerged upon the assumption of power in the region by the Hashemite leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199810,_30,_31,_49,_104-94">[91]</a> In Transjordan, small local <a href="/wiki/Kura_rebellion" title="Kura rebellion">rebellions at Kura</a> in 1921 and 1923 were suppressed by Abdullah's forces with the help of the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199810,_30,_31,_49,_104-94">[91]</a> Wahhabis from Najd regained strength and <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_raids_on_Transjordan" title="Ikhwan raids on Transjordan">repeatedly raided</a> the southern parts of his territory, seriously threatening the emir's position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199810,_30,_31,_49,_104-94">[91]</a> The emir was unable to repel those raids without the aid of the local Bedouin tribes and the British, who maintained a military base with a small <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> detachment close to Amman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199810,_30,_31,_49,_104-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Hashemite_Kingdom_of_Jordan" title="Timeline of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan">Timeline of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_declaring_independence,_25_May_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/King_Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_declaring_independence%2C_25_May_1946.jpg/220px-King_Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_declaring_independence%2C_25_May_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/King_Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_declaring_independence%2C_25_May_1946.jpg/330px-King_Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_declaring_independence%2C_25_May_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/King_Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_declaring_independence%2C_25_May_1946.jpg/440px-King_Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_declaring_independence%2C_25_May_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">King Abdullah I</a> on 25 May 1946 declaring independence, with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hashem" title="Ibrahim Hashem">Ibrahim Hashem</a> in the background.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1946)" title="Treaty of London (1946)">Treaty of London</a>, signed by the British government and the Emir of Transjordan on 22 March 1946, recognised the independence of the state.<a href="#cite_note-FRUS1946-95">[92]</a> On 25 May 1946, the day that the treaty was ratified by the Transjordan parliament, Transjordan was raised to the status of a kingdom under the name of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in Arabic, with Abdullah as its first king; although it continued to be referred to as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan in English until 1949.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> 25 May is now celebrated as the nation's <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Jordan)" title="Independence Day (Jordan)">Independence Day</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Jordan" title="Public holidays in Jordan">public holiday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> Jordan became a member of the United Nations on 14 December 1955.<a href="#cite_note-HKJ-99">[96]</a> On 15 May 1948, as part of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a>, Jordan intervened along with several other Arab states.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Following the war, Jordan controlled the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, and on 24 April 1950 Jordan formally <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">annexed these territories</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Jericho_Conference" title="Jericho Conference">Jericho Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> In response, some Arab countries demanded Jordan's expulsion from the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-101">[98]</a> On 12 June 1950, the Arab League declared that the annexation was a temporary, practical measure and that Jordan was holding the territory as a "trustee" pending a future settlement.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> King Abdullah was assassinated at the <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a> in 1951 by a Palestinian militant, amid rumors he intended to sign a peace treaty with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-kaiofh-104">[101]</a> Abdullah was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Talal_of_Jordan" title="Talal of Jordan">Talal</a>, who established the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jordan" title="Constitution of Jordan">country's modern constitution</a> in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-kojt-105">[102]</a> Illness caused Talal to abdicate to his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">Hussein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kojt-105">[102]</a> who ascended to the throne in 1953 at age 17.<a href="#cite_note-kaiofh-104">[101]</a> Jordan witnessed great political uncertainty in the following period.<a href="#cite_note-poinjk-106">[103]</a> The 1950s was a period of political upheaval, as <a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> swept the Arab World.<a href="#cite_note-poinjk-106">[103]</a> On 1 March 1956, King Hussein <a href="/wiki/Arabization_of_the_Jordanian_Army_command" title="Arabization of the Jordanian Army command">Arabised the command of the Army</a> by dismissing a number of senior British officers, an act made to remove remaining foreign influence in the country.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> In 1958, Jordan and neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Hashemite Iraq</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a> as a response to the formation of the rival <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> between Nasser's Egypt and Syria.<a href="#cite_note-jejok-108">[105]</a> The union lasted only six months, being dissolved after Iraqi King <a href="/wiki/Faisal_II" title="Faisal II">Faisal II</a> (Hussein's cousin) was deposed by a bloody <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">military coup on 14 July 1958</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jejok-108">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karama_aftermath_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Karama_aftermath_1.jpg/220px-Karama_aftermath_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Karama_aftermath_1.jpg/330px-Karama_aftermath_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Karama_aftermath_1.jpg/440px-Karama_aftermath_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">King Hussein</a> on 21 March 1968 checking an abandoned <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> tank in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Battle of Karameh</a>.</figcaption></figure> Jordan signed a military pact with Egypt just before Israel launched a preemptive strike on Egypt to begin the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in June 1967, where Jordan and Syria joined the war.<a href="#cite_note-jowars-109">[106]</a> The Arab states were defeated, and Jordan lost control of the West Bank to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-jowars-109">[106]</a> The <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> with Israel followed, which included the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Battle of Karameh</a> where the combined forces of the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Jordanian Armed Forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organisation</a> (PLO) repelled an Israeli attack on the <a href="/wiki/Karameh" title="Karameh">Karameh</a> camp on the Jordanian border with the West Bank.<a href="#cite_note-jowars-109">[106]</a> Despite the fact that the Palestinians had limited involvement against the Israeli forces, the events at Karameh gained wide recognition and acclaim in the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani-110">[107]</a> As a result, there was an upsurge of support for Palestinian paramilitary elements (the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_fedayeen" title="Palestinian fedayeen">fedayeen</a>) within Jordan from other Arab countries.<a href="#cite_note-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani-110">[107]</a> The fedayeen activities soon became a threat to Jordan's rule of law.<a href="#cite_note-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani-110">[107]</a> In September 1970, the Jordanian army targeted the fedayeen and the resultant fighting led to the expulsion of Palestinian fighters from various PLO groups into Lebanon, in a conflict that became known as <a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani-110">[107]</a> In 1973, Egypt and Syria waged the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> on Israel, and fighting occurred along the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> cease-fire line.<a href="#cite_note-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani-110">[107]</a> Jordan sent a brigade to Syria to attack Israeli units on Syrian territory but did not engage Israeli forces from Jordanian territory.<a href="#cite_note-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani-110">[107]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/1974_Arab_League_summit" title="1974 Arab League summit">Rabat summit conference</a> in 1974, in the aftermath of the Yom-Kippur War, Jordan and the rest of the Arab League agreed that the PLO was the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people".<a href="#cite_note-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani-110">[107]</a> Subsequently, Jordan <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_disengagement_from_the_West_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian disengagement from the West Bank">renounced</a> its claims to the West Bank in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani-110">[107]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">1991 Madrid Conference</a>, Jordan agreed to negotiate a peace treaty sponsored by the US and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani-110">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a> was signed on 26 October 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani-110">[107]</a> In 1997, in retribution for <a href="/wiki/1997_Mahane_Yehuda_Market_bombings" title="1997 Mahane Yehuda Market bombings">a bombing</a>, Israeli agents entered Jordan using Canadian passports and poisoned <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mashal" title="Khaled Mashal">Khaled Mashal</a>, a senior <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> leader living in Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani-110">[107]</a> Bowing to intense international pressure, Israel provided an antidote to the poison and released dozens of political prisoners, including <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmed_Yassin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Ahmed Yassin">Sheikh Ahmed Yassin</a>, after King Hussein threatened to annul the peace treaty.<a href="#cite_note-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani-110">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HabisAlMajali%26WasfiAlTall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/HabisAlMajali%26WasfiAlTall.jpg/220px-HabisAlMajali%26WasfiAlTall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/HabisAlMajali%26WasfiAlTall.jpg/330px-HabisAlMajali%26WasfiAlTall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/HabisAlMajali%26WasfiAlTall.jpg/440px-HabisAlMajali%26WasfiAlTall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Army Chief <a href="/wiki/Habis_Majali" title="Habis Majali">Habis Majali</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Wasfi_Tal" title="Wasfi Tal">Wasfi Tal</a> during a military parade in 1970, two widely acclaimed national figures.</figcaption></figure> On 7 February 1999, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II</a> ascended the throne upon the death of his father Hussein, who had ruled for nearly 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> Abdullah embarked on economic liberalisation when he assumed the throne, and his reforms led to an economic boom which continued until 2008.<a href="#cite_note-IMFjohk-112">[109]</a> Abdullah II has been credited with increasing foreign investment, improving public-private partnerships and providing the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>'s free-trade zone and Jordan's flourishing information and communication technology sector.<a href="#cite_note-IMFjohk-112">[109]</a> He also set up five other special economic zones.<a href="#cite_note-IMFjohk-112">[109]</a> However, during the following years Jordan's economy experienced hardship as it dealt with the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> and spillover from the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-instability1-113">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> under <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a>'s leadership launched <a href="/wiki/2005_Amman_bombings" title="2005 Amman bombings">coordinated explosions</a> in three hotel lobbies in Amman on 9 November 2005, resulting in 60 deaths and 115 injured.<a href="#cite_note-acbsya-114">[111]</a> The bombings, which targeted civilians, caused widespread outrage among Jordanians.<a href="#cite_note-acbsya-114">[111]</a> The attack is considered to be a rare event in the country, and Jordan's <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Jordan)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Jordan)">internal security</a> was dramatically improved afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-acbsya-114">[111]</a> No major terrorist attacks have occurred since then.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> Abdullah and Jordan are viewed with contempt by Islamic extremists for the country's peace treaty with Israel, its relationship with the West, and its mostly non-religious laws.<a href="#cite_note-ahbbnyt-116">[113]</a> The Arab Spring were large-scale protests that erupted in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> in 2011, demanding economic and political reforms.<a href="#cite_note-jkfchh-117">[114]</a> Many of these protests tore down regimes in some Arab nations, leading to instability that ended with violent civil wars.<a href="#cite_note-jkfchh-117">[114]</a> In response to <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests" title="2011–2012 Jordanian protests">domestic unrest</a>, Abdullah replaced his prime minister and introduced reforms including reforming the constitution and laws governing public freedoms and elections.<a href="#cite_note-jkfchh-117">[114]</a> Proportional representation was re-introduced to the Jordanian parliament in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Jordanian_general_election" title="2016 Jordanian general election">2016 general election</a>, a move which he said would eventually lead to establishing parliamentary governments.<a href="#cite_note-hhjdrp-118">[115]</a> Jordan was left largely unscathed from the violence that swept the region despite an influx of 1.4 million Syrian refugees into the natural resources-lacking country and the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL).<a href="#cite_note-hhjdrp-118">[115]</a> On 4 April 2021, <a href="/wiki/2021_arrests_in_Jordan" title="2021 arrests in Jordan">19 people were arrested</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hamzah_bin_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Hamzah bin Hussein">Prince Hamzeh</a>, the former crown prince of Jordan, who was placed under house arrest, after having been accused of working to "destabilize" the kingdom. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jordan" title="Geography of Jordan">Geography of Jordan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_in_Wadi_Rum,_Jordan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mountain_in_Wadi_Rum%2C_Jordan.jpg/220px-Mountain_in_Wadi_Rum%2C_Jordan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mountain_in_Wadi_Rum%2C_Jordan.jpg/330px-Mountain_in_Wadi_Rum%2C_Jordan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mountain_in_Wadi_Rum%2C_Jordan.jpg/440px-Mountain_in_Wadi_Rum%2C_Jordan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Rum" title="Wadi Rum">Wadi Rum</a> is a valley in southern Jordan whose resemblance to the surface of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> has made it a popular tourist and filming location, including scenes of <a href="/wiki/The_Martian_(film)" title="The Martian (film)">The Martian</a></figcaption></figure> Jordan sits strategically at the crossroads of the continents of Asia, Africa and Europe,<a href="#cite_note-mattel-119">[116]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> area of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">cradle of civilisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-geo-120">[117]</a> Its area is 89,341 square kilometres (34,495 sq mi), and it is 400 kilometres (250 mi) long between its northernmost and southernmost points; <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais">Umm Qais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_factbook-17">[14]</a> The kingdom lies between <a href="/wiki/29th_parallel_north" title="29th parallel north">29°</a> and <a href="/wiki/34th_parallel_north" title="34th parallel north">34° N</a>, and <a href="/wiki/34th_meridian_east" title="34th meridian east">34°</a> and <a href="/wiki/40th_meridian_east" title="40th meridian east">40° E</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_border" title="Jordan–Saudi Arabia border">the south</a> and the east, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Jordan_border" title="Iraq–Jordan border">the north-east</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Syria_border" title="Jordan–Syria border">the north</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>) to the west. The east is an arid plateau irrigated by <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a> and seasonal streams.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_factbook-17">[14]</a> Major cities are overwhelmingly located on the north-western part of the kingdom with its fertile soils and relatively abundant rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-gbdss-121">[118]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zarqa" title="Zarqa">Zarqa</a> in the northwest, the capital <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> and <a href="/wiki/As-Salt" title="As-Salt">As-Salt</a> in the central west, and <a href="/wiki/Madaba" title="Madaba">Madaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak">Al-Karak</a> and Aqaba in the southwest.<a href="#cite_note-gbdss-121">[118]</a> Major towns in the east are the oasis towns of <a href="/wiki/Azraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Azraq">Azraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruwaished" title="Ruwaished">Ruwaished</a>.<a href="#cite_note-geo-120">[117]</a> In the west, a highland area of arable land and Mediterranean evergreen forestry drops suddenly into the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-geo-120">[117]</a> The rift valley contains the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, which separates Jordan from Israel.<a href="#cite_note-geo-120">[117]</a> Jordan has a 26 kilometres (16 mi) shoreline on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> but is otherwise landlocked.<a href="#cite_note-Jogeo-122">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yarmuk_(river)" title="Yarmuk (river)">Yarmuk River</a>, an eastern tributary of the Jordan, forms part of the boundary between Jordan and Syria (including the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Golan_Heights" title="Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights">Israeli-occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>) to the north.<a href="#cite_note-Jogeo-122">[119]</a> The other boundaries are formed by several international and local agreements and do not follow well-defined natural features.<a href="#cite_note-geo-120">[117]</a> The highest point is <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Umm_al_Dami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Umm al Dami">Jabal Umm al Dami</a>, at 1,854 m (6,083 ft) above sea level, while the lowest is the Dead Sea −420 m (−1,378 ft), the <a href="/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth" title="Extremes on Earth">lowest land point on Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-geo-120">[117]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_sea_newspaper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dead_sea_newspaper.jpg/220px-Dead_sea_newspaper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dead_sea_newspaper.jpg/330px-Dead_sea_newspaper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dead_sea_newspaper.jpg/440px-Dead_sea_newspaper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, which is located along Jordan's western border, is the lowest point on Earth and a natural resort that has attracted visitors from across the region for millennia</figcaption></figure> Jordan has a diverse range of habitats, ecosystems and biota because of its varied landscapes and environments.<a href="#cite_note-jordan-chm-123">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Conservation_of_Nature" title="Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature">Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature</a> was set up in 1966 to protect and manage Jordan's natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-tgjobd-124">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserves_in_Jordan" title="Nature reserves in Jordan">Nature reserves in Jordan</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Dana_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Dana Biosphere Reserve">Dana Biosphere Reserve</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Azraq_Wetland_Reserve" title="Azraq Wetland Reserve">Azraq Wetland Reserve</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shaumari_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Shaumari Wildlife Reserve">Shaumari Wildlife Reserve</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Mujib" title="Wadi Mujib">Mujib Nature Reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tgjobd-124">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Jordan">Climate of Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Jordan" title="Climate change in Jordan">Climate change in Jordan</a></div> The climate varies greatly; generally, the further inland from the Mediterranean, there are greater contrasts in temperature and less rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_factbook-17">[14]</a> The average elevation is 812 m (2,664 ft) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_factbook-17">[14]</a> The highlands above the Jordan Valley, mountains of the Dead Sea and Wadi <a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Araba</a> and as far south as Ras Al-Naqab are dominated by a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>, while the eastern and northeastern areas of the country are arid desert.<a href="#cite_note-majocw-125">[122]</a> Although the deserts reach high temperatures, the heat is usually moderated by low humidity and a daytime breeze, while the nights are cool.<a href="#cite_note-obgjo-126">[123]</a> Summers, lasting from May to September, are hot and dry, with temperatures averaging around 32 °C (90 °F) and sometimes exceeding 40 °C (104 °F) between July and August.<a href="#cite_note-obgjo-126">[123]</a> The winter, lasting from November to March, is relatively cool, with temperatures averaging around 11.08 °C (52 °F).<a href="#cite_note-majocw-125">[122]</a> Winter also sees frequent showers and occasional snowfall in some western elevated areas.<a href="#cite_note-majocw-125">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Jordan" title="Wildlife of Jordan">Wildlife of Jordan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ajlun_Green.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ajlun_Green.jpg/220px-Ajlun_Green.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ajlun_Green.jpg/330px-Ajlun_Green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ajlun_Green.jpg/440px-Ajlun_Green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A forest in <a href="/wiki/Ajloun" title="Ajloun">Ajloun</a>, northern Jordan. Forests make less than 2% of Jordan, making it among the world's least forested countries</figcaption></figure> Over 2,000 plant species have been recorded.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> Many of the flowering plants bloom in the spring after the winter rains and the type of vegetation depends largely on the levels of precipitation. The mountainous regions in the northwest are clothed in forests, while further south and east the vegetation becomes more scrubby and transitions to steppe-type vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Forests cover 1.5 million <a href="/wiki/Dunam" title="Dunam">dunums</a> (1,500 km2), less than 2% of Jordan, making Jordan among the world's least forested countries, the international average being 15%.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> Plant species and genera include the <a href="/wiki/Pinus_halepensis" title="Pinus halepensis">Aleppo pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarcopoterium" title="Sarcopoterium">Sarcopoterium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvia_dominica" title="Salvia dominica">Salvia dominica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_iris" class="mw-redirect" title="Black iris">black iris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabasis_(plant)" title="Anabasis (plant)">Anabasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemisia (genus)">Artemisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cupressus_sempervirens" title="Cupressus sempervirens">Mediterranean cypress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_phoenicea" title="Juniperus phoenicea">Phoenecian juniper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> The mountainous regions in the northwest are clothed in natural forests of <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercus_ilex" title="Quercus ilex">evergreen oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachio</a> and wild <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan-131">[128]</a> Mammal and reptile species include, the <a href="/wiki/Long-eared_hedgehog" title="Long-eared hedgehog">long-eared hedgehog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Nubian ibex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallow_deer" title="Fallow deer">fallow deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_wolf" title="Arabian wolf">Arabian wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desert_monitor" title="Desert monitor">desert monitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">honey badger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass_snake" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass snake">glass snake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">caracal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Qumsiyeh-134">[131]</a> Bird include the <a href="/wiki/Hooded_crow" title="Hooded crow">hooded crow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_jay" title="Eurasian jay">Eurasian jay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lappet-faced_vulture" title="Lappet-faced vulture">lappet-faced vulture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbary_falcon" title="Barbary falcon">barbary falcon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh_eagle-owl" title="Pharaoh eagle-owl">pharaoh eagle-owl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_cuckoo" title="Common cuckoo">common cuckoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tristram%27s_starling" title="Tristram's starling">Tristram's starling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_sunbird" title="Palestine sunbird">Palestine sunbird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinai_rosefinch" title="Sinai rosefinch">Sinai rosefinch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_kestrel" title="Lesser kestrel">lesser kestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_crow" title="House crow">house crow</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White-spectacled_bulbul" title="White-spectacled bulbul">white-spectacled bulbul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> Four terrestrial ecoregions lie with Jordan's borders: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_xeric_grasslands_and_shrublands" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian xeric grasslands and shrublands">Syrian xeric grasslands and shrublands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean_conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests">Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_shrub_desert" title="Mesopotamian shrub desert">Mesopotamian shrub desert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Nubo-Sindian_tropical_desert_and_semi-desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert">Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-136">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jordan" title="Politics of Jordan">Politics of Jordan</a></div> Jordan is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jordan" title="Constitution of Jordan">constitution</a>, adopted in 1952 and amended a number of times since, is the legal framework that governs the monarch, government, bicameral legislature and judiciary.<a href="#cite_note-const-137">[134]</a> The king retains wide executive and legislative powers from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Jordan">government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jordan" title="Parliament of Jordan">parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> The king exercises his powers through the government that he appoints for a four-year term, which is responsible before the parliament that is made up of two chambers: the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Jordan)" title="Senate (Jordan)">Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Jordan)" title="House of Representatives (Jordan)">House of Representatives</a>. The judiciary is independent according to the constitution but in practice often lacks independence.<a href="#cite_note-const-137">[134]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Abdullah_II_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/King_Abdullah_II_%28cropped%29.jpg/139px-King_Abdullah_II_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/King_Abdullah_II_%28cropped%29.jpg/209px-King_Abdullah_II_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/King_Abdullah_II_%28cropped%29.jpg/278px-King_Abdullah_II_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="487" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Monarch</a> since 1999</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:HE_Jafar_Hassan_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/HE_Jafar_Hassan_%28cropped%29.jpg/145px-HE_Jafar_Hassan_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/HE_Jafar_Hassan_%28cropped%29.jpg/218px-HE_Jafar_Hassan_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/HE_Jafar_Hassan_%28cropped%29.jpg/290px-HE_Jafar_Hassan_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1780" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Hassan" title="Jafar Hassan">Jafar Hassan</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Jordan">Prime Minister</a> since 2024</div></div></div></div></div> The king is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a>. He can declare war and peace, ratify laws and treaties, convene and close legislative sessions, call and postpone elections, dismiss the government, and dissolve the parliament.<a href="#cite_note-const-137">[134]</a> The appointed government can also be dismissed through a majority <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a> by the elected House of Representatives. After a bill is proposed by the government, it must be approved by the House of Representatives then the Senate and becomes law after being ratified by the king. A royal veto on legislation can be overridden by a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority#Two-thirds_vote" title="Supermajority">two-thirds vote</a> in a joint session of both houses. The parliament also has the right of <a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(politics)" title="Interpellation (politics)">interpellation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-const-137">[134]</a> The 65 members of the upper Senate are directly appointed by the king, the constitution mandates that they be veteran politicians, judges and generals who previously served in the government or in the House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-jopseaf-139">[136]</a> The 130 members of the lower House of Representatives are elected through <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a> in 23 constituencies for a 4-year term.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> Minimum quotas exist in the House of Representatives for women (15 seats, though they won 20 seats in the 2016 election), Christians (9 seats) and <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Jordan" title="Circassians in Jordan">Circassians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chechens_in_Jordan" title="Chechens in Jordan">Chechens</a> (3 seats).<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> Courts are divided into three categories: civil, religious, and special.<a href="#cite_note-women-jordan-142">[139]</a> The civil courts deal with civil and criminal matters, including cases brought against the government.<a href="#cite_note-women-jordan-142">[139]</a> The civil courts include magistrate courts, courts of first instance, courts of appeal,<a href="#cite_note-women-jordan-142">[139]</a> high administrative courts which hear cases relating to administrative matters,<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> and the constitutional court which was set up in 2012 in order to hear cases regarding the constitutionality of laws.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, the constitution preserves <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religious</a> and personal freedoms. Religious law only extends to matters of personal status such as divorce and inheritance in religious courts, and is partially based on Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> The special court deals with cases forwarded by the civil one.<a href="#cite_note-unesco1-146">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A9_16-9-2018_(12).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A9_16-9-2018_%2812%29.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A9_16-9-2018_%2812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A9_16-9-2018_%2812%29.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A9_16-9-2018_%2812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A9_16-9-2018_%2812%29.jpg/440px-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A9_16-9-2018_%2812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jordan" title="Parliament of Jordan">parliamentary session</a></figcaption></figure> The monarch, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II</a>, ascended to the throne in February 1999 after the death of his father King <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">Hussein</a>. Abdullah re-affirmed Jordan's commitment to the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">peace treaty</a> with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and its relations with the United States. He refocused the government's agenda on economic reform during his first year. King Abdullah's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Hussein,_Crown_Prince_of_Jordan" title="Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan">Prince Hussein</a>, is the Crown Prince of Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-hamzah-147">[144]</a> The prime minister is <a href="/wiki/Jafar_Hassan" title="Jafar Hassan">Jafar Hassan</a> who was appointed on 15 September 2024.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> Abdullah had announced his intention to move Jordan to a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>, where the largest bloc in parliament forms a government. However, the underdevelopment of political parties in a country where tribal identity remains strong has hampered the effort.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> Jordan has approximately 50 political parties representing nationalist, leftist, Islamist, and liberal ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> Political parties contested one-fifth of the seats in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Jordanian_general_election" title="2016 Jordanian general election">2016 elections</a>, the remainder belonging to independent politicians.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> ranked Jordan as "Not Free" in the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> 2022 report.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> Jordan ranked 94th globally in the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Freedom_in_the_World" title="Index of Freedom in the World">Human Freedom Index</a> in 2021,<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> and ranked 58th in the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> In the 2023 <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Index" title="World Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, Jordan ranked 146 out of 180 countries. The overall score for Jordan was 42.79, based on a scale from 0 (least free) to 105 (most free). The 2015 report noted "the Arab Spring and the Syrian conflict have led the authorities to tighten their grip on the media and, in particular, the Internet, despite an outcry from civil society".<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> Jordanian media consists of public and private institutions. Popular Jordanian newspapers include <a href="/wiki/Al_Ghad" title="Al Ghad">Al Ghad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Jordan_Times" title="The Jordan Times">Jordan Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Mamlaka" title="Al-Mamlaka">Al-Mamlaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roya_TV" title="Roya TV">Roya TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Radio_and_Television_Corporation" title="Jordan Radio and Television Corporation">Jordan TV</a> are some Jordanian television channels.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> Internet penetration in Jordan reached 76% in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Jordan" title="List of cities in Jordan">List of cities in Jordan</a></div>The capital city is <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, located in north-central Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-csbe-158">[155]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_cities_of_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Largest cities of Jordan (page does not exist)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Jordan (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Jordan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Jordan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Jordan <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2015 Census<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Jordan" title="List of cities in Jordan">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Jordan" title="Governorates of Jordan">Governorate</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amman"><img alt="Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Amman.jpg/120px-Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Amman.jpg/180px-Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Amman.jpg/240px-Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Qurtobah,_Az-Zarqa,_Jordan_-_panoramio_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zarqa"><img alt="Zarqa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Qurtobah%2C_Az-Zarqa%2C_Jordan_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/120px-Qurtobah%2C_Az-Zarqa%2C_Jordan_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Qurtobah%2C_Az-Zarqa%2C_Jordan_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/180px-Qurtobah%2C_Az-Zarqa%2C_Jordan_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Qurtobah%2C_Az-Zarqa%2C_Jordan_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/240px-Qurtobah%2C_Az-Zarqa%2C_Jordan_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="1037" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zarqa" title="Zarqa">Zarqa</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amman_Governorate" title="Amman Governorate">Amman Governorate</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,812,059 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Irbid1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Irbid"><img alt="Irbid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Irbid1.jpg/120px-Irbid1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Irbid1.jpg/180px-Irbid1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Irbid1.jpg/240px-Irbid1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="222" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ameriyya_District-Russeifa10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russeifa"><img alt="Russeifa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ameriyya_District-Russeifa10.jpg/120px-Ameriyya_District-Russeifa10.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ameriyya_District-Russeifa10.jpg/180px-Ameriyya_District-Russeifa10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ameriyya_District-Russeifa10.jpg/240px-Ameriyya_District-Russeifa10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2232" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russeifa" title="Russeifa">Russeifa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zarqa" title="Zarqa">Zarqa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zarqa_Governorate" title="Zarqa Governorate">Zarqa Governorate</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">635,160 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Irbid_Governorate" title="Irbid Governorate">Irbid Governorate</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">502,714 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russeifa" title="Russeifa">Russeifa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zarqa_Governorate" title="Zarqa Governorate">Zarqa Governorate</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">472,604 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ar-Ramtha" title="Ar-Ramtha">Ar-Ramtha</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amman_Governorate" title="Amman Governorate">Amman Governorate</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">155,693 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aqaba_Governorate" title="Aqaba Governorate">Aqaba Governorate</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">148,398 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mafraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mafraq">Al-Mafraq</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mafraq_Governorate" title="Mafraq Governorate">Mafraq Governorate</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">106,008 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madaba" title="Madaba">Madaba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madaba_Governorate" title="Madaba Governorate">Madaba Governorate</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">105,353 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/As-Salt" title="As-Salt">As-Salt</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Balqa_Governorate" title="Balqa Governorate">Balqa Governorate</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">99,890 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jerash_Governorate" title="Jerash Governorate">Jerash Governorate</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,745 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> Jordan is divided into 12 <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Jordan" title="Governorates of Jordan">governorates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhafazah" title="Muhafazah">muhafazah</a>) informally grouped into three regions: northern, central, southern. The governorates are divided into <a href="/wiki/Liwa_(Arabic)" title="Liwa (Arabic)">liwa</a> or districts, which are often further subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">qda</a> or sub-districts.<a href="#cite_note-Muni-160">[157]</a> Control for each administrative unit is in a "chief town" (<a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">administrative centre</a>) known as a <a href="/wiki/Nahias_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahias of Jordan">nahia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Muni-160">[157]</a> <div class="left"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Map</th> <th></th> <th>Governorate</th> <th>Capital</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15"><div role="img" class="floatleft noresize" style="width: 360px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordan_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jordan_location_map.svg/360px-Jordan_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jordan_location_map.svg/540px-Jordan_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jordan_location_map.svg/720px-Jordan_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1197" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; left:148px; top:14px"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:324px; top:14px"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:18.2px; top:65.7px"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:258px; top:212px"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:-0.5px; top:117.4px"><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:64.2px; top:77.68px"><a href="/wiki/Irbid_Governorate" title="Irbid Governorate">Irbid</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:80.4px; top:110.8px"><a href="/wiki/Jerash_Governorate" title="Jerash Governorate">Jerash</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:69.6px; top:94.96px"><a href="/wiki/Ajloun_Governorate" title="Ajloun Governorate">Ajloun</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:199.2px; top:107.2px"><a href="/wiki/Mafraq_Governorate" title="Mafraq Governorate">Mafraq</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:147px; top:144.28px"><a href="/wiki/Zarqa_Governorate" title="Zarqa Governorate">Zarqa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:87.6px; top:155.8px"><a href="/wiki/Amman_Governorate" title="Amman Governorate">Amman</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:58.8px; top:128.8px"><a href="/wiki/Balqa_Governorate" title="Balqa Governorate">Balqa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:62.4px; top:175.6px"><a href="/wiki/Madaba_Governorate" title="Madaba Governorate">Madaba</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:61.68px; top:209.8px"><a href="/wiki/Kerak_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerak Governorate">Karak</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:48px; top:240.4px"><a href="/wiki/Tafilah_Governorate" title="Tafilah Governorate">Tafilah</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:269.2px"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27an_Governorate" title="Ma'an Governorate">Ma'an</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:21px; top:334px"><a href="/wiki/Aqaba_Governorate" title="Aqaba Governorate">Aqaba</a></div> </div> </td> <th colspan="5">Northern region </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irbid_Governorate" title="Irbid Governorate">Irbid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a></td> <td>1,770,158 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mafraq_Governorate" title="Mafraq Governorate">Mafraq</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mafraq" title="Mafraq">Mafraq</a></td> <td>549,948 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerash_Governorate" title="Jerash Governorate">Jerash</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a></td> <td>237,059 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ajloun_Governorate" title="Ajloun Governorate">Ajloun</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ajloun" title="Ajloun">Ajloun</a></td> <td>176,080 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Central region </th></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amman_Governorate" title="Amman Governorate">Amman</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></td> <td>4,007,256 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zarqa_Governorate" title="Zarqa Governorate">Zarqa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zarqa" title="Zarqa">Zarqa</a></td> <td>1,364,878 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balqa_Governorate" title="Balqa Governorate">Balqa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/As-Salt" title="As-Salt">As-Salt</a></td> <td>491,709 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madaba_Governorate" title="Madaba Governorate">Madaba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madaba" title="Madaba">Madaba</a></td> <td>189,192 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Southern region </th></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karak_Governorate" title="Karak Governorate">Karak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak">Al-Karak</a></td> <td>316,629 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aqaba_Governorate" title="Aqaba Governorate">Aqaba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a></td> <td>188,160 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ma%27an_Governorate" title="Ma'an Governorate">Ma'an</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ma%27an" title="Ma'an">Ma'an</a></td> <td>144,083 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tafilah_Governorate" title="Tafilah Governorate">Tafilah</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tafila" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafila">Tafila</a></td> <td>96,291 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Jordan" title="Foreign relations of Jordan">Foreign relations of Jordan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Rania_and_King_Abdullah_II_of_Jordan,_Donald_and_Melania_Trump_in_the_Oval_Office,_April_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Queen_Rania_and_King_Abdullah_II_of_Jordan%2C_Donald_and_Melania_Trump_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_April_2017.jpg/220px-Queen_Rania_and_King_Abdullah_II_of_Jordan%2C_Donald_and_Melania_Trump_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_April_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Queen_Rania_and_King_Abdullah_II_of_Jordan%2C_Donald_and_Melania_Trump_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_April_2017.jpg/330px-Queen_Rania_and_King_Abdullah_II_of_Jordan%2C_Donald_and_Melania_Trump_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_April_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Queen_Rania_and_King_Abdullah_II_of_Jordan%2C_Donald_and_Melania_Trump_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_April_2017.jpg/440px-Queen_Rania_and_King_Abdullah_II_of_Jordan%2C_Donald_and_Melania_Trump_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_April_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1638" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a> with <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdullah II">King Abdullah II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Rania" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Rania">Queen Rania</a> of Jordan at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, 2017</figcaption></figure> The kingdom has followed a pro-Western <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> and maintained close relations with the United States and the United Kingdom. During the first <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> (1990), these relations were damaged by Jordan's neutrality and its maintenance of relations with Iraq. Later, Jordan restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">UN sanctions against Iraq</a> and in the Southwest Asia peace process. After King Hussein's death in 1999, relations between Jordan and the Persian Gulf countries greatly improved.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> Jordan is a key ally of the US and UK and, together with Egypt and the United Arab Emirates, is one of only three <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab nations</a> to have signed peace treaties with Israel, Jordan's direct neighbour.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> Jordan views an independent Palestinian state with the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">1967 borders</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> and of supreme national interest.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> The ruling Hashemite dynasty has had custodianship over holy sites in Jerusalem since 1924, a position reinforced in the Israel–Jordan peace treaty. Turmoil in Jerusalem's <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a> mosque between Israelis and Palestinians created tensions between Jordan and Israel concerning the former's role in protecting the Muslim and Christian sites in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> Jordan is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ALO-165">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> It enjoys "advanced status" with the European Union and is part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>, which aims to increase links between the EU and its neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-EU-167">[164]</a> Jordan and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> tried to join the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> in 2011, but the Gulf countries offered a five-year development aid programme instead.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Jordanian Armed Forces</a></div> The first organised army in Jordan was established on 22 October 1920, named the "<a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199810,_30,_31,_49,_104-94">[91]</a> The Arab Legion grew from 150 men in 1920 to 8,000 in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-encmew-169">[166]</a> Jordan's capture of the West Bank during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War proved that the Arab Legion, known today as the Jordan Armed Forces, was the most effective among the Arab troops involved in the war.<a href="#cite_note-encmew-169">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Jordanian_Army" title="Royal Jordanian Army">Royal Jordanian Army</a>, which boasts around 110,000 personnel, is considered to be among the most professional in the region and is particularly well-trained and organised.<a href="#cite_note-encmew-169">[166]</a> The Jordanian military enjoys strong support and aid from the United States, the United Kingdom and France. This is due to Jordan's critical position in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-encmew-169">[166]</a> The development of <a href="/wiki/Special_Operation_Forces_(Jordan)" title="Special Operation Forces (Jordan)">Special Operations Forces</a> has been particularly significant, enhancing the capability of the military to react rapidly to threats to homeland security, as well as training special forces from the region and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> Jordan provides extensive training to the security forces of several Arab countries.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> There are about 50,000 Jordanian troops working with the United Nations in <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> missions across the world. Jordan ranks third internationally in participation in U.N. peacekeeping missions,<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> with one of the highest levels of peacekeeping troop contributions of all U.N. member states.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> Jordan has dispatched several field hospitals to conflict zones and areas affected by natural disasters across the region.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> In 2014, Jordan joined an aerial bombardment campaign by an international coalition led by the United States against the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a> as part of its intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> In 2015, Jordan participated in the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Houthis" title="Houthis">Houthis</a> and forces loyal to former President <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a>, who was deposed in the 2011 uprising.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Jordan" title="Law enforcement in Jordan">Law enforcement in Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jordan" title="Law of Jordan">Law of Jordan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordanian_Police_automobile_(Audi).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jordanian_Police_automobile_%28Audi%29.JPG/220px-Jordanian_Police_automobile_%28Audi%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jordanian_Police_automobile_%28Audi%29.JPG/330px-Jordanian_Police_automobile_%28Audi%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jordanian_Police_automobile_%28Audi%29.JPG/440px-Jordanian_Police_automobile_%28Audi%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> City Centre Police patrol vehicle. Jordan's law enforcement was ranked 37th globally by the 2016 World Internal Security and Police Index</figcaption></figure> Law enforcement is under the purview of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Directorate" title="Public Security Directorate">Public Security Directorate</a> (which includes approximately 50,000 persons) and the <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Gendarmerie" title="General Directorate of Gendarmerie">General Directorate of Gendarmerie</a>, both of which are subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Jordan)" title="Ministry of Interior (Jordan)">Ministry of Interior</a>. The first police force was organised after the fall of the Ottoman Empire on 11 April 1921.<a href="#cite_note-PSD-177">[174]</a> Until <a href="/wiki/Arabization_of_the_Jordanian_Army_command" title="Arabization of the Jordanian Army command">1956</a> police duties were carried out by the Arab Legion and the <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_Frontier_Force" title="Transjordan Frontier Force">Transjordan Frontier Force</a>. After that year the Public Safety Directorate was established.<a href="#cite_note-PSD-177">[174]</a> The number of female police officers is increasing. In the 1970s, it was the first Arab country to include women in its police force.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> Jordan's law enforcement was ranked 37th in the world and 3rd in the Middle East, in terms of police services' performance, by the 2016 World Internal Security and Police Index.<a href="#cite_note-TDBC-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Economy of Jordan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Jordan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Jordan.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Jordan.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Jordan.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Change in per capita GDP of Jordan, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International Geary-Khamis dollars</figcaption></figure> Jordan is classified by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> as a lower middle income country.<a href="#cite_note-data.worldbank.org-181">[178]</a> The World Food Programme classified Jordan's economy as upper-middle income, as well as being poor in resources with limited land for agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> Approximately 15.7% of the population lives below the national poverty line as of 2018,<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> while almost a third fell below the national poverty line during some time of the year, known as <a href="/wiki/Transient_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient poverty">transient poverty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> The economy, which has a GDP of $39.453 billion (as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan&action=edit">[update]</a>),<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.JO-5">[5]</a> grew at an average rate of 8% per annum between 2004 and 2008, and around 2.6% 2010 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_factbook-17">[14]</a> GDP per capita rose by 351% in the 1970s, declined 30% in the 1980s, and rose 36% in the 1990s—currently $9,406 per capita by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> The Jordanian economy is one of the smallest economies in the region, and the country's populace suffers from relatively high rates of unemployment and poverty.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_factbook-17">[14]</a> The economy is relatively well diversified. Trade and finance combined account for nearly one-third of GDP; transportation and communication, public utilities, and construction account for one-fifth, and mining and manufacturing constitute nearly another fifth.<a href="#cite_note-washington-16">[13]</a> Net <a href="/wiki/Official_development_assistance" title="Official development assistance">official development assistance</a> to Jordan in 2009 totalled US$761 million; according to the government, approximately two-thirds of this was allocated as grants, of which half was direct budget support.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-jord-186">[183]</a> The official currency is the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_dinar" title="Jordanian dinar">Jordanian dinar</a>, which is pegged to the International Monetary Fund's <a href="/wiki/Special_drawing_rights" title="Special drawing rights">special drawing rights</a>, equivalent to an exchange rate of 1 US$ ≡ 0.709 dinar, or approximately 1 dinar ≡ 1.41044 dollars.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> In 2000, Jordan joined the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organisation</a> and signed the <a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Jordan–United States Free Trade Agreement">Jordan–United States Free Trade Agreement</a>, thus becoming the first Arab country to establish a free trade agreement with the United States. Jordan enjoys advanced status with the EU, which has facilitated greater access to export to European markets.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> Due to slow domestic growth, high energy and food subsidies and a bloated <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public-sector</a> workforce, Jordan usually runs annual <a href="/wiki/Budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficit">budget deficits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-congresser-189">[186]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamal_Abdul_Nasser_Circle_Amman_Jordan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jamal_Abdul_Nasser_Circle_Amman_Jordan.jpg/220px-Jamal_Abdul_Nasser_Circle_Amman_Jordan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jamal_Abdul_Nasser_Circle_Amman_Jordan.jpg/330px-Jamal_Abdul_Nasser_Circle_Amman_Jordan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jamal_Abdul_Nasser_Circle_Amman_Jordan.jpg/440px-Jamal_Abdul_Nasser_Circle_Amman_Jordan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>View of a part of the capital <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> and the turmoil caused by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> have depressed GDP growth, damaging trade, industry, construction and tourism.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_factbook-17">[14]</a> Tourist arrivals have dropped sharply since 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ftharsh-190">[187]</a> Since 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Gas_Pipeline" title="Arab Gas Pipeline">natural gas pipeline</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> supplying Jordan from Egypt was attacked 32 times by Islamic State affiliates. Jordan incurred billions of dollars in losses because it had to substitute more expensive heavy-fuel oils to generate electricity.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> In 2012, the government cut subsidies on fuel, increasing its price.<a href="#cite_note-oxbiz-192">[189]</a> The decision, which was later revoked, caused large scale protests to break out across the country.<a href="#cite_note-congresser-189">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-ftharsh-190">[187]</a> Foreign debt in 2011 was $19 billion, representing 60% of its GDP. In 2016, the debt reached $35.1 billion representing 93% of its GDP.<a href="#cite_note-instability1-113">[110]</a> This substantial increase is attributed to effects of regional instability causing a decrease in tourist activity, decreased foreign investments, increased military expenditures, attacks on Egyptian pipelines, the collapse of trade with Iraq and Syria, expenses from hosting Syrian refugees, and accumulated interest from loans.<a href="#cite_note-instability1-113">[110]</a> According to the World Bank, Syrian refugees have cost Jordan more than $2.5 billion per year, amounting to 6% of the GDP and 25% of the government's annual revenue.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> Foreign aid covers only a small part of these costs, 63% of the total costs are covered by Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> An austerity programme was adopted by the government which aims to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio" title="Debt-to-GDP ratio">debt-to-GDP ratio</a> to 77 percent by 2021.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> The programme succeeded in preventing the debt from rising above 95% in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> The proportion of well-educated and skilled workers is among the highest in the region in sectors such as ICT and industry, due to a relatively modern educational system. This has attracted large foreign investments and has enabled the country to export its workforce to <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-skwf-14">[11]</a> Flows of <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittances</a> grew rapidly, particularly during the end of the 1970s and 1980s, and remains an important source of external funding.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> Remittances were $3.8 billion in 2015, a notable rise compared to 2014 where remittances reached over $3.66 billion, making Jordan the fourth-largest recipient in the region.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jordan" title="Transport in Jordan">Transport in Jordan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Alia_International_Airport_Terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Queen_Alia_International_Airport_Terminal.jpg/220px-Queen_Alia_International_Airport_Terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Queen_Alia_International_Airport_Terminal.jpg/330px-Queen_Alia_International_Airport_Terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Queen_Alia_International_Airport_Terminal.jpg/440px-Queen_Alia_International_Airport_Terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Alia_International_Airport" title="Queen Alia International Airport">Queen Alia International Airport</a> near <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> was chosen as the best airport in the Middle East for 2014 and 2015 by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Airport_Service_Quality_Award_winners" title="List of Airport Service Quality Award winners">ASQ</a></figcaption></figure> Jordan is ranked as having the 35th best infrastructure in the world, one of the highest rankings in the developing world, according to the 2010 World Economic Forum's Index of Economic Competitiveness. This high infrastructural development is necessitated by its role as a transit country for goods and services mainly to Palestine and Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-www3.weforum.org-199">[196]</a> According to data from the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan&action=edit">[update]</a>, the road network consisted of 2,878 km (1,788 mi) of main roads; 2,592 km (1,611 mi) of rural roads and 1,733 km (1,077 mi) of side roads. The <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_railway" title="Hejaz railway">Hejaz railway</a>, built during the Ottoman Empire which extended from Damascus to Mecca, will act as a base for future railway expansion plans. Currently, the railway has little civilian activity; it is primarily used for transporting goods. A national railway project is currently undergoing studies and seeking funding sources.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> Amman has a network of public transportation buses including the <a href="/wiki/Amman_Bus" title="Amman Bus">Amman Bus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amman_Bus_Rapid_Transit" title="Amman Bus Rapid Transit">Amman Bus Rapid Transit</a> and is connected to nearby <a href="/wiki/Zarqa" title="Zarqa">Zarqa</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Amman-Zarqa_Bus_Rapid_Transit" title="Amman-Zarqa Bus Rapid Transit">Amman-Zarqa Bus Rapid Transit</a>. Jordan has three commercial airports, all receiving and dispatching international flights. Two are in Amman and the third is in Aqaba, <a href="/wiki/King_Hussein_International_Airport" title="King Hussein International Airport">King Hussein International Airport</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amman_Civil_Airport" title="Amman Civil Airport">Amman Civil Airport</a> serves several regional routes and charter flights while <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alia_International_Airport" title="Queen Alia International Airport">Queen Alia International Airport</a> is the major international airport in Jordan and is the <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">hub</a> for <a href="/wiki/Royal_Jordanian_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Jordanian Airlines">Royal Jordanian Airlines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a>. Queen Alia International Airport expansion was completed in 2013 with new terminals costing $700 million, to handle over 16 million passengers annually.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> It is considered a state-of-the-art airport and was awarded 'the best airport by region: Middle East' for 2014 and 2015 by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Airport_Service_Quality_Award_winners" title="List of Airport Service Quality Award winners">Airport Service Quality</a> survey, the world's leading airport passenger satisfaction benchmark programme.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Aqaba" title="Port of Aqaba">Port of Aqaba</a> is the only port in Jordan. In 2006, the port was ranked as being the "Best Container Terminal" in the Middle East by <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_List" title="Lloyd's List">Lloyd's List</a>. The port was chosen because it is a port for other neighbouring countries, its location is between four countries and three continents, it is an exclusive gateway for the local market, and it has been recentely improved.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Jordan" title="Tourism in Jordan">Tourism in Jordan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethany_(5).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethany_%285%29.JPG/220px-Bethany_%285%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethany_%285%29.JPG/330px-Bethany_%285%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethany_%285%29.JPG/440px-Bethany_%285%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas">Al-Maghtas</a> ruins on the Jordanian side of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, believed to have been the location of the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a> and the ministry of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></figcaption></figure> The tourism sector is considered a cornerstone of the economy and is a large source of employment, hard currency, and economic growth. In 2010, there were 8 million visitors to Jordan. The majority of tourists are from European and Arab countries.<a href="#cite_note-tourists-15">[12]</a> Tourism has been severely affected by regional turbulence,<a href="#cite_note-Jordan_in_transition-204">[201]</a> notably those caused by the Arab Spring. Jordan experienced a 70% decrease in the number of tourists from 2010 to 2016;<a href="#cite_note-Tourism_AJ-205">[202]</a> tourist numbers started to recover in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Tourism_AJ-205">[202]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_and_Antiquities_(Jordan)" title="Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (Jordan)">Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities</a>, Jordan is home to around 100,000 archaeological and tourist sites.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> Some very well preserved historical cities include <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a>, the former being the most popular tourist attraction and an icon of the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Tourism_AJ-205">[202]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, there are numerous biblical sites, including: <a href="/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas">Al-Maghtas</a> (a traditional location for the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nebo" title="Mount Nebo">Mount Nebo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umm_ar-Rasas" title="Umm ar-Rasas">Umm ar-Rasas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madaba" title="Madaba">Madaba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machaerus" title="Machaerus">Machaerus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> Islamic sites include shrines of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s companions such as <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Rawahah" title="Abd Allah ibn Rawahah">Abd Allah ibn Rawahah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Haritha_al-Kalbi" title="Zayd ibn Haritha al-Kalbi">Zayd ibn Harithah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muadh_ibn_Jabal" title="Muadh ibn Jabal">Muadh ibn Jabal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ajloun_Castle" title="Ajloun Castle">Ajloun Castle</a>, built by Muslim Ayyubid leader <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> in the 12th century during his wars with the Crusaders, is also a popular tourist attraction.<a href="#cite_note-mattel-119">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dana_Reserve_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dana_Reserve_07.jpg/220px-Dana_Reserve_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dana_Reserve_07.jpg/330px-Dana_Reserve_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dana_Reserve_07.jpg/440px-Dana_Reserve_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3453" data-file-height="2474" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dana_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Dana Biosphere Reserve">Dana Biosphere Reserve</a> in southern Jordan lies along the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Trail" title="Jordan Trail">Jordan Trail</a>, a hiking path that is gaining popularity</figcaption></figure> Modern entertainment, recreation and souqs in urban areas, mostly in Amman, also attract tourists. Recently, the nightlife in Amman, Aqaba and Irbid has started to emerge and the number of bars, discos and nightclubs is on the rise.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> Alcohol is widely available in tourist restaurants, liquor stores and even some supermarkets.<a href="#cite_note-lpgw-210">[207]</a> Valleys including <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Mujib" title="Wadi Mujib">Wadi Mujib</a> and hiking trails in different parts of the country attract adventurers. Hiking is gaining popularity among tourists and locals. Places such as Dana Biosphere Reserve and Petra offer numerous signposted hiking trails. The <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Trail" title="Jordan Trail">Jordan Trail</a>, a 650 km (400 mi) hiking trail stretching the entire country from north to south, crossing several attractions, was established in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-JT1-211">[208]</a> The trail aims to revive the tourism sector.<a href="#cite_note-JT1-211">[208]</a> Moreover, seaside recreation is present on the shores of Aqaba and the Dead Sea through several international resorts.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> Jordan has been a <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a> destination in the Middle East since the 1970s. A study conducted by <a href="/wiki/Private_Hospitals_Association_(Jordan)" title="Private Hospitals Association (Jordan)">Jordan's Private Hospitals Association</a> found that 250,000 patients from 102 countries received treatment in Jordan in 2010, compared to 190,000 in 2007, bringing over $1 billion in revenue. Jordan is the region's top medical tourism destination, as rated by the World Bank, and fifth in the world overall.<a href="#cite_note-Ha'aretz_medical-213">[210]</a> The majority of patients come from Yemen, Libya and Syria because of the ongoing civil wars in those countries. Doctors and medical staff have gained experience in dealing with war patients through years of receiving such cases from various conflict zones in the region.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> Natural treatment methods can be found in both <a href="/wiki/Ma%27in_Hot_Springs" title="Ma'in Hot Springs">Ma'in Hot Springs</a> and the Dead Sea. The Dead Sea is often described as a 'natural spa'. It contains 10 times more salt than the average ocean, which makes it impossible to sink in. The high salinity of the Dead Sea has been proven therapeutic for many skin diseases.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> The uniqueness of this lake attracts several Jordanian and foreign vacationers, which boosted investments in the hotel sector in the area.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Jordan" title="Energy in Jordan">Energy in Jordan</a></div> Jordan is among the most water-scarce nations on Earth. At 97 cubic metres of water per person per year, it is considered to face "absolute <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>" according to the Falkenmark Classification.<a href="#cite_note-:1-217">[214]</a> Scarce resources to begin with have been aggravated by the massive influx of Syrian refugees, many of whom face issues of access to clean water in informal settlements (see "Immigrants and Refugees" below).<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> Jordan shares both of its two main surface water resources, the Jordan and Yarmuk rivers, with neighbouring countries, adding complexity to water allocation decisions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-217">[214]</a> Water from <a href="/wiki/Disi_Water_Conveyance" title="Disi Water Conveyance">Disi aquifer</a> and ten major dams historically played a large role in providing fresh water.<a href="#cite_note-jordan-water-219">[216]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Dam_(Jordan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawa Dam (Jordan)">Jawa Dam</a> in northeastern Jordan, which dates back to the fourth millennium BC, is the world's oldest dam.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aqaba_Railway_Corporation_BW_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Aqaba_Railway_Corporation_BW_1.JPG/220px-Aqaba_Railway_Corporation_BW_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Aqaba_Railway_Corporation_BW_1.JPG/330px-Aqaba_Railway_Corporation_BW_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Aqaba_Railway_Corporation_BW_1.JPG/440px-Aqaba_Railway_Corporation_BW_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A phosphate train at Ram station</figcaption></figure> Natural gas was discovered in 1987; however, the estimated size of the reserve discovered was about 230 billion <a href="/wiki/Cubic_foot" title="Cubic foot">cubic feet</a>, a minuscule quantity compared with its oil-rich neighbours. The Risha field, in the eastern desert beside the Iraqi border, produces nearly 35 million cubic feet of gas per day, which is sent to a nearby power plant to generate a small amount of Jordan's electricity needs.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> This led to a reliance on importing oil to generate almost all of its electricity. Regional instability over the decades halted oil and gas supply to the kingdom from various sources, making it incur billions of dollars in losses. Jordan built a <a href="/wiki/Liquified_natural_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified natural gas">liquified natural gas</a> port in Aqaba in 2012 to temporarily substitute the supply, while formulating a strategy to rationalize energy consumption and to diversify its energy sources. Jordan receives 330 days of sunshine per year, and wind speeds reach over 7 m/s in the mountainous areas, so renewables proved a promising sector.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> King Abdullah inaugurated large-scale renewable energy projects in the 2010s including the 117 MW <a href="/wiki/Tafila_Wind_Farm" title="Tafila Wind Farm">Tafila Wind Farm</a>, the 53 MW <a href="/wiki/Shams_Ma%27an_Solar_Power_Plant" title="Shams Ma'an Solar Power Plant">Shams Ma'an</a>, and the 103 MW <a href="/wiki/Quweira_Solar_Power_Plant" title="Quweira Solar Power Plant">Quweira</a> solar power plants, with several more projects planned. By early 2019, it was reported that more than 1090 MW of renewable energy projects had been completed, contributing to 8% of Jordan's electricity up from 3% in 2011, while 92% was generated from gas.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> After having initially set the percentage of renewable energy, Jordan aimed to generate by 2020 at 10%, the government announced in 2018 that it sought to beat that figure and aim for 20%.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> Jordan has the fifth largest <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil-shale</a> reserves in the world, which could be commercially exploited in the central and northwestern regions.<a href="#cite_note-economist.com-225">[222]</a> Official figures estimate reserves at more than 70 billion tonnes. <a href="/wiki/Attarat_Power_Plant" title="Attarat Power Plant">Attarat Power Plant</a>, its first oil-shale power plant, was commissioned in 2023, with a 470 MW capacity.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> Jordan also aims to benefit from its large uranium reserves by tapping nuclear energy. The original plan involved constructing two 1,000 MW reactors but has been scrapped because of financial constraints.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> Currently, the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="Jordan Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a> is considering building <a href="/wiki/Small_modular_reactor" title="Small modular reactor">small modular reactors</a> instead, whose capacities hover below 500 MW and can provide water sources through <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a>. In 2018, the commission announced that Jordan was in talks with multiple companies to build its first commercial nuclear plant, a helium-cooled reactor that is scheduled for completion by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphate</a> mines in the south have made Jordan one of the largest producers and exporters of the mineral in the world.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aqaba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aqaba.jpg/220px-Aqaba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aqaba.jpg/330px-Aqaba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aqaba.jpg/440px-Aqaba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aqaba_Flagpole" title="Aqaba Flagpole">Aqaba Flagpole</a> in the southernmost city of <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>, Jordan's only coastal outlet</figcaption></figure> The industrial sector, which includes mining, manufacturing, construction, and power, accounted for approximately 26% of the GDP in 2004 (including manufacturing, 16.2%; construction, 4.6%; and mining, 3.1%). More than 21% of the labor force was employed in industry in 2002. In 2014, industry accounted for 6% of the GDP.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> The main industrial products are potash, phosphates, cement, clothes, and fertilisers. The most promising segment of this sector is construction. Petra Engineering Industries Company, which is considered to be one of the main pillars of Jordanian industry, has gained international recognition with its air-conditioning units reaching <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> Jordan is now considered to be a leading pharmaceuticals manufacturer in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">MENA</a> region, led by <a href="/wiki/Hikma_Pharmaceuticals" title="Hikma Pharmaceuticals">Hikma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> The military industry thrived after the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Design_and_Development_Bureau" title="Jordan Design and Development Bureau">Jordan Design and Development Bureau</a> defence company was established by King Abdullah II in 1999, to provide an indigenous capability for the supply of scientific and technical services to the Jordanian Armed Forces, and to become a global hub in security research and development. It manufactures all types of military products, many of which are presented at the bi-annually held international military exhibition <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Forces_Exhibition" title="Special Operations Forces Exhibition">SOFEX</a>. In 2015, the company exported $72 million worth of industries to over 42 countries.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Jordan" title="Science and technology in Jordan">Science and technology in Jordan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tafila_Wind_Farm_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tafila_Wind_Farm_2.jpg/220px-Tafila_Wind_Farm_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tafila_Wind_Farm_2.jpg/330px-Tafila_Wind_Farm_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tafila_Wind_Farm_2.jpg/440px-Tafila_Wind_Farm_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The 117 MW <a href="/wiki/Tafila_Wind_Farm" title="Tafila Wind Farm">Tafila Wind Farm</a> in southern Jordan is the first and largest commercial wind farm in the Middle East<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a></figcaption></figure> Science and technology is the fastest developing economic sector. This growth is occurring across multiple industries, including information and communications technology (ICT) and nuclear technology. Jordan contributes 75% of the Arabic content on the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-usdpict-235">[232]</a> In 2014, the ICT sector accounted for more than 84,000 jobs and contributed to 12% of the GDP. More than 400 companies are active in telecom, information technology, and video game development. 600 companies are operating in active technologies and 300 start-up companies.<a href="#cite_note-usdpict-235">[232]</a> Jordan was ranked 73rd in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> Nuclear science and technology are also expanding. The <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Research_and_Training_Reactor" title="Jordan Research and Training Reactor">Jordan Research and Training Reactor</a>, which was commissioned in 2016, is a 5 MW training reactor located at the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Jordan University of Science and Technology">Jordan University of Science and Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ar_Ramtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar Ramtha">Ar Ramtha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jrtrjt-237">[234]</a> The facility is the first nuclear reactor in the country and will provide Jordan with radioactive isotopes for medical usage and provide training to students to produce a skilled workforce for the country's planned commercial nuclear reactors.<a href="#cite_note-jrtrjt-237">[234]</a> Jordan also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron-Light_for_Experimental_Science_and_Applications_in_the_Middle_East" title="Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East">Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East</a> (SESAME) facility, which is the only particle accelerator in the Middle East, and one of only 60 <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">synchrotron</a> radiation facilities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-nytsrf-238">[235]</a> SESAME, supported by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, was opened in 2017 and allows for collaboration between scientists from various rival Middle Eastern countries.<a href="#cite_note-nytsrf-238">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jordan" title="Demographics of Jordan">Demographics of Jordan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Jordan" title="List of cities in Jordan">List of cities in Jordan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical populations</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">200,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1922 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">225,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.07%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1948 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">400,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.24%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1952 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">586,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.03%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">900,800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.89%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,133,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.91%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1994 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,139,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.52%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2004 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,100,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.11%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,531,712</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.85%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2018 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,171,480</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.19%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Department of Statistics<a href="#cite_note-census_report-239">[236]</a></td></tr></tbody></table>The 2015 census showed a population of 9,531,712 (female: 47%; males: 53%). Around 2.9 million (30%) were non-citizens, a figure including refugees and illegal immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-census-4">[4]</a> There were 1,977,534 households in 2015, with an average of 4.8 persons per household (compared to 6.7 persons per household for the census of 1979).<a href="#cite_note-census-4">[4]</a> The population of Amman was 65,754 in 1946, but exceeded 4 million by 2015. <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> make up about 98% of the population. The remaining 2% consist largely of peoples from the Caucasus including <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>, along with smaller minority groups.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_factbook-17">[14]</a> About 84.1% of the population live in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_factbook-17">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refugees,_immigrants_and_expatriates">Refugees, immigrants and expatriates</h3></div> Jordan was home to 2,175,491 Palestinian refugees as of December 2016; most of them had been granted Jordanian citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-wwwj-240">[237]</a> The first wave of Palestinian refugees arrived during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and peaked in the 1967 Six-Day War and the 1990 Gulf War. In the past, Jordan had given many Palestinian refugees citizenship, however recently citizenship is given only in rare cases. 370,000 of these Palestinians live in UNRWA refugee camps.<a href="#cite_note-wwwj-240">[237]</a> Following the capture of the West Bank by Israel in 1967, Jordan revoked the citizenship of thousands of Palestinians to thwart any attempt to permanently resettle from the West Bank to Jordan. West Bank Palestinians with family in Jordan or Jordanian citizenship were issued yellow cards guaranteeing them all the rights of citizenship if requested.<a href="#cite_note-revokecitizen-241">[238]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Aerial_View_of_the_Za%27atri_Refugee_Camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Za%27atri_Refugee_Camp.jpg/220px-An_Aerial_View_of_the_Za%27atri_Refugee_Camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Za%27atri_Refugee_Camp.jpg/330px-An_Aerial_View_of_the_Za%27atri_Refugee_Camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/An_Aerial_View_of_the_Za%27atri_Refugee_Camp.jpg/440px-An_Aerial_View_of_the_Za%27atri_Refugee_Camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4118" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Zaatari_refugee_camp" title="Zaatari refugee camp">Zaatari refugee camp</a> which contains a population of 80,000 <a href="/wiki/Syrians_in_Jordan" title="Syrians in Jordan">Syrian refugees</a>, the largest Syrian refugee camp in the world</figcaption></figure> Up to 1,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Iraqis_in_Jordan" title="Iraqis in Jordan">Iraqis</a> moved to Jordan following the Iraq War in 2003,<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> and most of them returned; by 2015 their number was 130,911. Many Iraqi Christians (the vast majority of whom being ethnic <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>) however settled temporarily or permanently in Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> Immigrants also include 15,000 Lebanese who arrived following the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> Since 2010, over 1.4 million <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Syrian refugees</a> have fled to Jordan to escape the violence in Syria,<a href="#cite_note-census-4">[4]</a> the largest population being in the <a href="/wiki/Zaatari_refugee_camp" title="Zaatari refugee camp">Zaatari refugee camp</a>. The kingdom has continued to demonstrate hospitality, despite the substantial strain the flux of Syrian refugees places on Jordanian communities, as the vast majority of Syrian refugees do not live in camps. The refugee crisis effects include competition for job opportunities, water resources and other state provided services, along with the strain on the national infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-13">[10]</a> In 2007 there were up to 150,000 <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian People">Assyrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>; most are <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Aramaic">Eastern Aramaic</a> speaking refugees from Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> number some 30,000, and like the Assyrians, many are refugees from Iraq, Iran and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-kurd-language-246">[243]</a> Descendants of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> that sought refuge in the Levant during the 1915 <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> number approximately 5,000 persons, mainly residing in Amman.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> A small number of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandeans</a> also reside in Jordan, again mainly refugees from Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> Around 12,000 <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Iraqi Christians</a> have sought refuge in Jordan after the Islamic State took the city of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> Several thousand Libyans, Yemenis and Sudanese have also sought asylum to escape instability and violence in their respective countries.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-13">[10]</a> The 2015 census recorded 1,265,000 Syrians, 636,270 Egyptians, 634,182 Palestinians, 130,911 Iraqis, 31,163 Yemenis, 22,700 Libyans and 197,385 from other nationalities residing in the country.<a href="#cite_note-census-4">[4]</a> There are around 1.2 million illegal and 500,000 legal migrant workers and expatriates in the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> Thousands of foreign women, mostly from the Middle East and Eastern Europe, work in nightclubs, hotels and bars across the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-N._Zaqqa_2006,_p._11-251">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-womendialogue1-252">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> American and European expatriate communities are concentrated in the capital, as the city is home to many international organisations and diplomatic missions.<a href="#cite_note-lpgw-210">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Religion in Jordan</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> is the dominant religion. Muslims make up about 95% of the population; in turn, 93% of those self-identify as Sunnis.<a href="#cite_note-pewforum-254">[251]</a> There are also a small number of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a> Muslims<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiites</a>. Many Shia are Iraqi and Lebanese refugees.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> Muslims who convert to another religion as well as missionaries from other religions face societal and legal discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Aqaba_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Aqaba_Mosque.jpg/200px-Aqaba_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Aqaba_Mosque.jpg/300px-Aqaba_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Aqaba_Mosque.jpg/400px-Aqaba_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Marsa_Zayed" title="Marsa Zayed">Marsa Zayed</a> mosque in <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthodox_church_in_Amman1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Orthodox_church_in_Amman1.jpg/200px-Orthodox_church_in_Amman1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Orthodox_church_in_Amman1.jpg/300px-Orthodox_church_in_Amman1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Orthodox_church_in_Amman1.jpg/400px-Orthodox_church_in_Amman1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="777" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">An eastern Orthodox church</a> during a snowstorm in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></div></div></div></div></div> Jordan contains some of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">oldest Christian communities</a> in the world, dating as early as the 1st century AD after the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> Christians today make up about 4% of the population,<a href="#cite_note-abouna-259">[256]</a> down from 20% in 1930, though their absolute number has grown.<a href="#cite_note-thenational.ae-260">[257]</a> This is due to high immigration rates of Muslims into Jordan, higher emigration rates of Christians to the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>, and higher birth rates for Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-lat-261">[258]</a> Christians number around 250,000, all of whom are Arabic-speaking, according to a 2014 estimate by the Orthodox Church, though the study excluded minority Christian groups and the thousands of Western, Iraqi and Syrian Christians residing in Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-abouna-259">[256]</a> Christians are well integrated in society and enjoy a high level of freedom.<a href="#cite_note-angilican-262">[259]</a> Christians are also influential in the media.<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> Smaller religious minorities include <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>. Most Druze live in Azraq, some villages on the Syrian border, and in Zarqa, while most Jordanian Baháʼís live in Adassiyeh bordering the Jordan Valley.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> It is estimated that 1,400 Mandaeans live in Amman; they came from Iraq after the 2003 invasion fleeing persecution.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> The official language is <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>, a literary language taught in the schools.<a href="#cite_note-lang-266">[263]</a> Most Jordanians natively speak one of the non-standard Arabic dialects known as <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian Arabic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_Sign_Language" title="Levantine Arabic Sign Language">Jordanian Sign Language</a> is the language of the deaf community. English, though without official status, is widely spoken throughout the country and is the de facto language of commerce and banking, as well as a co-official status in the education sector; almost all university-level classes are held in English, and almost all public schools teach English along with Standard Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-lang-266">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> are popular among their communities.<a href="#cite_note-John_A._Shoup_2007-267">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is offered as an elective in many schools, mainly in the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-lang-266">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> is an increasingly popular language; it has been introduced at a larger scale since the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/German_Jordanian_University" title="German Jordanian University">German Jordanian University</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_education">Health and education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Jordan" title="Health in Jordan">Health in Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Education in Jordan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_girls_reading_-_Government_primary_school_in_Amman,_Jordan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Young_girls_reading_-_Government_primary_school_in_Amman%2C_Jordan.jpg/220px-Young_girls_reading_-_Government_primary_school_in_Amman%2C_Jordan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Young_girls_reading_-_Government_primary_school_in_Amman%2C_Jordan.jpg/330px-Young_girls_reading_-_Government_primary_school_in_Amman%2C_Jordan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Young_girls_reading_-_Government_primary_school_in_Amman%2C_Jordan.jpg/440px-Young_girls_reading_-_Government_primary_school_in_Amman%2C_Jordan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2835" /></a><figcaption>Jordanian school girls pictured reading in a public school. Jordan's total youth female literacy rate (15 – 24 years) was 99.37% in 2015<a href="#cite_note-:0-269">[266]</a></figcaption></figure> Life expectancy was around 74.8 years in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_factbook-17">[14]</a> The leading cause of death is cardiovascular diseases, followed by cancer.<a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> Childhood immunisation rates have increased steadily over the past 15 years; by 2002 immunisations and <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a> reached more than 95% of children under five.<a href="#cite_note-cp-271">[268]</a> In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Jordan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Jordan">water and sanitation</a> was available to only 10% of the population; in 2015, it reached 98% of Jordanians.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> Health services are some of the best in the region.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-273">[270]</a> Qualified medics, a favourable investment climate, and economic stability have contributed to the success of this sector.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> The health care system is divided between public and private institutions. On 1 June 2007, <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Hospital" title="Jordan Hospital">Jordan Hospital</a> (as the biggest private hospital) was the first general specialty hospital to gain the international accreditation <a href="/wiki/Joint_Commission" title="Joint Commission">JCAHO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cp-271">[268]</a> The <a href="/wiki/King_Hussein_Cancer_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="King Hussein Cancer Center">King Hussein Cancer Centre</a> is a leading cancer treatment centre.<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> 66% of Jordanians have medical insurance.<a href="#cite_note-census-4">[4]</a> The educational system comprises 2 years of pre-school education, 10 years of compulsory basic education, and two years of secondary academic or vocational education, after which the students sit for the General Certificate of Secondary Education Exam (<a href="/wiki/Tawjihi" title="Tawjihi">Tawjihi</a>) exams.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> Primary education is free.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> Scholars may attend either private or public schools. According to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, the literacy rate in 2015 was 98.01% and is considered to be the highest in the Middle East and the Arab world, and one of the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:0-269">[266]</a> UNESCO ranked Jordan's educational system 18th out of 94 nations for providing gender equality in education.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> Jordan has the highest number of researchers in research and development per million people among all the 57 countries that are members of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>. There are 8,060 researchers per million people, while the world average is 2,532 per million.<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> Jordan has 10 public universities, 19 private universities and 54 community colleges, of which 14 are public, 24 private and others affiliated with the Jordanian Armed Forces, the Civil Defence Department, the Ministry of Health and UNRWA.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> There are over 200,000 students enrolled in universities each year. An additional 20,000 pursue higher education abroad primarily in the United States and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Webometrics_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Webometrics Ranking of World Universities">Webometrics Ranking of World Universities</a>, the top-ranking universities in the country are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jordan" title="University of Jordan">University of Jordan</a> (UJ) (1,220th worldwide), <a href="/wiki/Jordan_University_of_Science_%26_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan University of Science & Technology">Jordan University of Science & Technology</a> (JUST) (1,729th) and <a href="/wiki/Hashemite_University" title="Hashemite University">Hashemite University</a> (2,176th).<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> UJ and JUST occupy 8th and 10th between Arab universities.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Culture of Jordan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_museums">Art and museums</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipers_jordaniens_(Jerash)_(6949582694).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pipers_jordaniens_%28Jerash%29_%286949582694%29.jpg/220px-Pipers_jordaniens_%28Jerash%29_%286949582694%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pipers_jordaniens_%28Jerash%29_%286949582694%29.jpg/330px-Pipers_jordaniens_%28Jerash%29_%286949582694%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pipers_jordaniens_%28Jerash%29_%286949582694%29.jpg/440px-Pipers_jordaniens_%28Jerash%29_%286949582694%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Jordanian folklore band playing <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a></figcaption></figure> Many institutions aim to increase cultural awareness of <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_art" title="Jordanian art">Jordanian art</a> and to represent artistic movements in fields such as paintings, sculpture, graffiti and photography.<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> The art scene has been developing in the past few years,<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> and Jordan has been a haven for artists from surrounding countries.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> In January 2016, for the first time ever, a <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jordan" title="Cinema of Jordan">Jordanian film</a> called <a href="/wiki/Theeb" title="Theeb">Theeb</a> was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_88th_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" title="List of submissions to the 88th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> The largest museum is <a href="/wiki/The_Jordan_Museum" title="The Jordan Museum">The Jordan Museum</a>. It contains much of the valuable archaeological findings in the country, including some of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, the Neolithic limestone statues of <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">'Ain Ghazal</a> and a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Mesha_Stele" title="Mesha Stele">Mesha Stele</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> Most museums are located in Amman including <a href="/wiki/The_Children%27s_Museum_Jordan" title="The Children's Museum Jordan">The Children's Museum Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Martyr%27s_Memorial_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Martyr's Memorial and Museum">The Martyr's Memorial and Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Automobile_Museum" title="Royal Automobile Museum">Royal Automobile Museum</a>. Museums outside Amman include the <a href="/wiki/Aqaba_Archaeological_Museum" title="Aqaba Archaeological Museum">Aqaba Archaeological Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-289">[286]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jordan_National_Gallery_of_Fine_Arts" title="Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts">Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts</a> is a major contemporary art museum located in Amman.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-289">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Music in Jordan</a> is developing a lot of new bands and artists who are popular in the Middle East. Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Omar_Al-Abdallat" title="Omar Al-Abdallat">Omar Al-Abdallat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toni_Qattan" title="Toni Qattan">Toni Qattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Karazon" title="Diana Karazon">Diana Karazon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hani_Mitwasi" title="Hani Mitwasi">Hani Mitwasi</a> have increased the popularity of Jordanian music.<a href="#cite_note-jf-290">[287]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jerash_Festival" title="Jerash Festival">Jerash Festival</a> is an annual music event that features popular Arab singers.<a href="#cite_note-jf-290">[287]</a> Pianist and composer <a href="/wiki/Zade_Dirani" title="Zade Dirani">Zade Dirani</a> has gained wide international popularity.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> There is also an increasing growth of alternative <a href="/wiki/Arabic_rock" title="Arabic rock">Arabic rock</a> bands, who are dominating the scene in the Arab world, including: <a href="/wiki/El_Morabba3" title="El Morabba3">El Morabba3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autostrad" title="Autostrad">Autostrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/JadaL" title="JadaL">JadaL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akher_Zapheer" title="Akher Zapheer">Akher Zapheer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Maraka" title="Aziz Maraka">Aziz Maraka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> Jordan unveiled its first underwater military museum off the coast of Aqaba. Several military vehicles, including tanks, troop carriers and a helicopter are in the museum.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A9paration_du_mansaf-Jordanie_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pr%C3%A9paration_du_mansaf-Jordanie_%288%29.jpg/220px-Pr%C3%A9paration_du_mansaf-Jordanie_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pr%C3%A9paration_du_mansaf-Jordanie_%288%29.jpg/330px-Pr%C3%A9paration_du_mansaf-Jordanie_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pr%C3%A9paration_du_mansaf-Jordanie_%288%29.jpg/440px-Pr%C3%A9paration_du_mansaf-Jordanie_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mansaf" title="Mansaf">Mansaf</a>, the traditional dish of Jordan, originates from Bedouin life and is a symbol of Jordanian hospitality.</figcaption></figure> As the eighth-largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a> in the world, <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> is the main cooking oil in Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> A common appetizer is <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a>, which is a puree of <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a> blended with <a href="/wiki/Tahini" title="Tahini">tahini</a>, lemon, and garlic. <a href="/wiki/Ful_medames" title="Ful medames">Ful medames</a> is another well-known appetiser. A typical worker's meal, it has since made its way to the tables of the upper class. A typical <a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">meze</a> often contains <a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">koubba maqliya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strained_yogurt" title="Strained yogurt">labaneh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baba_ghanoush" title="Baba ghanoush">baba ghanoush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabbouleh" title="Tabbouleh">tabbouleh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pickled_cucumber" title="Pickled cucumber">pickles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mansaf-295">[292]</a> Meze is generally accompanied by the Levantine alcoholic drink <a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">arak</a>, which is made from grapes and aniseed and is similar to <a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">ouzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">rakı</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">pastis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_wine" title="Jordanian wine">Jordanian wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Jordan" title="Beer in Jordan">beer</a> are also sometimes used. The same dishes, served without alcoholic drinks, can also be termed "muqabbilat" (starters) in Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-lpgw-210">[207]</a> The most distinctive dish is <a href="/wiki/Mansaf" title="Mansaf">mansaf</a>, the national dish of Jordan. The dish is a symbol for hospitality and is influenced by the Bedouin culture. Mansaf is eaten on different occasions such as funerals, weddings and on religious holidays. It consists of a plate of rice with meat that was boiled in thick yogurt, sprinkled with pine nuts and sometimes herbs. As an old tradition, the dish is eaten using one's hands, but the tradition is not always used.<a href="#cite_note-Mansaf-295">[292]</a> Simple fresh fruit is often served towards the end of a meal, but there is also dessert, such as <a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">baklava</a>, hareeseh, <a href="/wiki/Knafeh" title="Knafeh">knafeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">halva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatayef" title="Qatayef">qatayef</a>, a dish made specially for <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>. Drinking coffee and tea flavoured with <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">na'na</a> or <a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">meramiyyeh</a> is commonplace.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Jordan" title="Sport in Jordan">Sport in Jordan</a></div> While both team and individual sports are widely played, the kingdom has enjoyed its biggest international achievements in <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a>. The highlight came at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Rio Olympic Games</a> when <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Abughaush" title="Ahmad Abughaush">Ahmad Abughaush</a> won Jordan's first ever medal<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> of any colour at the games by taking gold in the −67 kg weight.<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> Medals have continued to be won at world and Asian level in the sport since to establish taekwondo as the kingdom's favourite sport alongside <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a><a href="#cite_note-lpgw-210">[207]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> Football is the most popular sport.<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jordan_national_football_team" title="Jordan national football team">national football team</a> came within a play-off of reaching the <a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA World Cup">2014 FIFA World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> but lost the <a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(inter-confederation_play-offs)" title="2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (inter-confederation play-offs)">two-legged tie</a> against <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_national_football_team" title="Uruguay national football team">Uruguay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> They previously reached the quarter-finals of the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" title="AFC Asian Cup">AFC Asian Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/2004_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2004 AFC Asian Cup">2004</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2011 AFC Asian Cup">2011</a>, and lost in the <a href="/wiki/2023_AFC_Asian_Cup_final" title="2023 AFC Asian Cup final">final</a> against <a href="/wiki/Qatar_national_football_team" title="Qatar national football team">Qatar</a> in <a href="/wiki/2023_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2023 AFC Asian Cup">2023</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a> Jordan has a strong policy for inclusive sport and invests heavily in encouraging girls and women to participate in all sports. The <a href="/wiki/Jordan_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Jordan women's national football team">women's football team</a> gaining reputation,<a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> and in March 2016 ranked 58th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> In 2016, Jordan hosted the <a href="/wiki/2016_FIFA_U-17_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2016 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup">FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup</a>, with 16 teams representing six continents. The tournament was held in four stadiums in the three Jordanian cities of Amman, Zarqa and Irbid. It was the first women's sports tournament in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> Basketball is another sport that Jordan continues to excel in, having qualified to the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIBA_World_Championship" title="2010 FIBA World Championship">FIBA 2010 World Basketball Cup</a> and more recently reaching the <a href="/wiki/2019_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup" title="2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup">2019 World Cup in China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> Jordan came within a point of reaching the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Olympics</a> after losing the final of the 2010 Asian Cup to China, 70–69, and settling for silver instead. The <a href="/wiki/Jordan_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Jordan men's national basketball team">national basketball team</a> participates in various international and Middle Eastern tournaments. Local basketball teams include: Al-Orthodoxi Club, Al-Riyadi, Zain, Al-Hussein and Al-Jazeera.<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">kickboxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">ju-jitsu</a> are also popular. Less common sports are also gaining popularity. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby</a> is increasing in popularity, a rugby union is recognised by the Jordan Olympic Committee which supervises three national teams.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a> is not widespread, the sport is developing as a lifestyle and a new way to travel especially among the youth.<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> In 2014, a NGO <a href="/wiki/Make_Life_Skate_Life" title="Make Life Skate Life">Make Life Skate Life</a> completed construction of the <a href="/wiki/7Hills_Skatepark" title="7Hills Skatepark">7Hills Skatepark</a>, the first skatepark in the country located in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Amman" title="Downtown Amman">Downtown Amman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jordan-related_articles" title="Index of Jordan-related articles">Index of Jordan-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jordan" title="Outline of Jordan">Outline of Jordan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الأردن, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Urdun <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[al.ʔʊr.dʊn]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hāshimiyya </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> The country became officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in Arabic; however, it continued to be referred to as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan in English until 1949. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTemperman2010" class="citation book cs1">Temperman, Jeroen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&pg=PA87">State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance</a>. Brill. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18148-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18148-9"><bdi>978-90-04-18148-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012033444/https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&pg=PA87">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State-Religion+Relationships+and+Human+Rights+Law%3A+Towards+a+Right+to+Religiously+Neutral+Governance&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18148-9&rft.aulast=Temperman&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKhag6tbsIn4C%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cco.gov.jo/en-us/Jordanian-Constitutional">"Jordanian Constitution"</a>. Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Constitutional Court. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812035024/http://www.cco.gov.jo/en-us/Jordanian-Constitutional">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hashemite+Kingdom+of+Jordan+Constitutional+Court&rft.atitle=Jordanian+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cco.gov.jo%2Fen-us%2FJordanian-Constitutional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/">"Population clock"</a>. Jordan Department of Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818112822/http://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jordan+Department+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Population+clock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdosweb.dos.gov.jo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_4-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhazal2016" class="citation web cs1">Ghazal, Mohammad (22 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/population-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests">"Population stands at around 9.5 million, including 2.9 million guests"</a>. The Jordan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208092804/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/population-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Population+stands+at+around+9.5+million%2C+including+2.9+million+guests&rft.date=2016-01-22&rft.aulast=Ghazal&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fpopulation-stands-around-95-million-including-29-million-guests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.JO-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.JO_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.JO_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.JO_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.JO_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.JO_5-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=439,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Jordan)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030165711/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=439,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Jordan%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D439%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI">"Gini index"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Gini+index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-7"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merip.org/2010/09/the-politics-of-aid-to-iraqi-refugees-in-jordan/">"The Politics of Aid to Iraqi Refugees in Jordan"</a>. MERIP. 20 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308051727/https://merip.org/2010/09/the-politics-of-aid-to-iraqi-refugees-in-jordan/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MERIP&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Aid+to+Iraqi+Refugees+in+Jordan&rft.date=2010-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmerip.org%2F2010%2F09%2Fthe-politics-of-aid-to-iraqi-refugees-in-jordan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrelick2006" class="citation journal cs1">Frelick, Bill (27 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2006/11/27/silent-treatment/fleeing-iraq-surviving-jordan">""The Silent Treatment": Fleeing Iraq, Surviving in Jordan"</a>. Human Rights Watch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405163411/https://www.hrw.org/report/2006/11/27/silent-treatment/fleeing-iraq-surviving-jordan">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=%22The+Silent+Treatment%22%3A+Fleeing+Iraq%2C+Surviving+in+Jordan&rft.date=2006-11-27&rft.aulast=Frelick&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freport%2F2006%2F11%2F27%2Fsilent-treatment%2Ffleeing-iraq-surviving-jordan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHCR-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCR_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCR_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCR_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141002061205/http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486566.html">"2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Jordan"</a>. UNHCR. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486566.html">the original</a> on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNHCR&rft.atitle=2015+UNHCR+country+operations+profile+%E2%80%93+Jordan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fpages%2F49e486566.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-skwf-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skwf_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-skwf_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-SaidBecker2013" class="citation book cs1">El-Said, Hamed; Becker, Kip (11 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IYosBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">Management and International Business Issues in Jordan</a>. Routledge. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136396366" title="Special:BookSources/9781136396366"><bdi>9781136396366</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128083534/https://books.google.com/books?id=IYosBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Management+and+International+Business+Issues+in+Jordan&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.isbn=9781136396366&rft.aulast=El-Said&rft.aufirst=Hamed&rft.au=Becker%2C+Kip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIYosBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tourists-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tourists_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tourists_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312061219/http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang=2&NewsID=242529&CatID=13&Type=Home&GType=1">"Jordan second top Arab destination to German tourists"</a>. Petra. Jordan News. 11 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang=2&NewsID=242529&CatID=13&Type=Home&GType=1">the original</a> on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jordan+second+top+Arab+destination+to+German+tourists&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.petra.gov.jo%2FPublic_News%2FNws_NewsDetails.aspx%3FSite_Id%3D1%26lang%3D2%26NewsID%3D242529%26CatID%3D13%26Type%3DHome%26GType%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-washington-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-washington_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-washington_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/jordans-economy-surprises">"Jordan's Economy Surprises"</a>. Washington Institute. 29 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010122524/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/jordans-economy-surprises">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Institute&rft.atitle=Jordan%27s+Economy+Surprises&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fview%2Fjordans-economy-surprises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_factbook-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_factbook_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_factbook_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_factbook_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_factbook_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_factbook_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_factbook_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_factbook_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_factbook_17-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_factbook_17-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_factbook_17-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_factbook_17-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jordan/">"The World Fact book – Jordan"</a>. CIA World Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227115821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jordan/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=The+World+Fact+book+%E2%80%93+Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fjordan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-etm1-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etm1_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-etm1_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-etm1_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillsBullard1990" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC">Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</a>. Mercer University Press. pp. 466–467, 928. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865543737" title="Special:BookSources/9780865543737"><bdi>9780865543737</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018095243/https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. 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Watt for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lest/page/52">52</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005052930/http://www.archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lest">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Under+the+Moslems%3A+A+Description+of+Syria+and+the+Holy+Land+from+A.+D.+650+To+1500&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Alexander+P.+Watt+for+the+Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Le+Strange&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestineundermo00lest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle2008" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (1 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nx4TAQAAIAAJ">Crusader Warfare: Muslims, Mongols and the struggle against the Crusades</a>. Hambledon Continuum. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847251466" title="Special:BookSources/9781847251466"><bdi>9781847251466</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044106/https://books.google.com/books?id=nx4TAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusader+Warfare%3A+Muslims%2C+Mongols+and+the+struggle+against+the+Crusades&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft.isbn=9781847251466&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnx4TAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KOJ-21"><a href="#cite_ref-KOJ_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatai2015" class="citation book cs1">Patai, Raphael (8 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-jfWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">Kingdom of Jordan</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 23, 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400877997" title="Special:BookSources/9781400877997"><bdi>9781400877997</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018095624/https://books.google.com/books?id=-jfWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdom+of+Jordan&rft.pages=23%2C+32&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015-12-08&rft.isbn=9781400877997&rft.aulast=Patai&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-jfWCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chap-paleolithic-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chap-paleolithic_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chap-paleolithic_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Nahar2014" class="citation book cs1">al-Nahar, Maysoun (11 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4877">"The First Traces of Man. The Palaeolithic Period (<1.5 million – ca 20,000 years ago)"</a>. In Ababsa, Myriam (ed.). Atlas of Jordan. Contemporain publications. Presses de l'Ifpo. pp. 94–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782351594384" title="Special:BookSources/9782351594384"><bdi>9782351594384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214900/http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4877">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+Traces+of+Man.+The+Palaeolithic+Period+%28%3C1.5+million+%E2%80%93+ca+20%2C000+years+ago%29&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Jordan&rft.series=Contemporain+publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%27Ifpo&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=9782351594384&rft.aulast=al-Nahar&rft.aufirst=Maysoun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F4877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abu-JaberEtAl2020PPP-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Abu-JaberEtAl2020PPP_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-JaberAl_KhasawnehAlqudahHamarneh2020" class="citation journal cs1">Abu-Jaber, Nizar; Al Khasawneh, Sahar; Alqudah, Mohammad; Hamarneh, Catreena; Al-Rawabdeh, Abdulla; Murray, Andrew (1 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018220303497">"Lake Elji and a geological perspective on the evolution of Petra, Jordan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a>. 557: 109904. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PPP...55709904A">2020PPP...55709904A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2020.109904">10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109904</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0182">0031-0182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225003090">225003090</a>. Retrieved 6 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Lake+Elji+and+a+geological+perspective+on+the+evolution+of+Petra%2C+Jordan&rft.volume=557&rft.pages=109904&rft.date=2020-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2020.109904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225003090%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0031-0182&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PPP...55709904A&rft.aulast=Abu-Jaber&rft.aufirst=Nizar&rft.au=Al+Khasawneh%2C+Sahar&rft.au=Alqudah%2C+Mohammad&rft.au=Hamarneh%2C+Catreena&rft.au=Al-Rawabdeh%2C+Abdulla&rft.au=Murray%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018220303497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44846874">"Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread"</a>. BBC. 17 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716234918/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44846874">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+bake-off%3A+Scientists+discover+oldest+evidence+of+bread&rft.date=2018-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-44846874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Nahar2014" class="citation book cs1">al-Nahar, Maysoun (11 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4879">"The Refining of Tools. The Epipalaeolithic Period (c 23,000 – 11,600 years ago)"</a>. In Ababsa, Myriam (ed.). Atlas of Jordan. Contemporain publications. Presses de l’Ifpo. pp. 100–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782351594384" title="Special:BookSources/9782351594384"><bdi>9782351594384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616134508/http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4879">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Refining+of+Tools.+The+Epipalaeolithic+Period+%28c+23%2C000+%E2%80%93+11%2C600+years+ago%29&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Jordan&rft.series=Contemporain+publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%E2%80%99Ifpo&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=9782351594384&rft.aulast=al-Nahar&rft.aufirst=Maysoun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F4879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts2014" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Alison (March 2014). "The Southern Levant (Transjordan) During the Neolithic Period". The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199212972.013.012">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.013.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199212972" title="Special:BookSources/9780199212972"><bdi>9780199212972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Levant+%28Transjordan%29+During+the+Neolithic+Period&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Archaeology+of+the+Levant&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199212972.013.012&rft.isbn=9780199212972&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aingazal-27"><a href="#cite_ref-aingazal_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018143147/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/l/lime_plaster_statues.aspx">"Lime Plaster statues"</a>. British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/l/lime_plaster_statues.aspx">the original</a> on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2018. <q>Dating to the end of the eighth millennium BC, they are among the earliest large-scale representations of the human form.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=Lime+Plaster+statues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fme%2Fl%2Flime_plaster_statues.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Nahar2014" class="citation book cs1">al-Nahar, Maysoun (11 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4885">"The Copper Age. The Chalcolithic period (4500–3600 BC)"</a>. In Ababsa, Myriam (ed.). Atlas of Jordan. Contemporain publications. Presses de l'Ifpo. pp. 114–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782351594384" title="Special:BookSources/9782351594384"><bdi>9782351594384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617214759/http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4885">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Copper+Age.+The+Chalcolithic+period+%284500%E2%80%933600+BC%29&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Jordan&rft.series=Contemporain+publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%27Ifpo&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=9782351594384&rft.aulast=al-Nahar&rft.aufirst=Maysoun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F4885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2014" class="citation news cs1">McCoy, Terrence (3 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/11/03/the-giant-stone-circles-in-the-middle-east-no-one-can-explain/">"The giant stone circles in the Middle East no one can explain"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710225346/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/11/03/the-giant-stone-circles-in-the-middle-east-no-one-can-explain/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+giant+stone+circles+in+the+Middle+East+no+one+can+explain&rft.date=2014-11-03&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmorning-mix%2Fwp%2F2014%2F11%2F03%2Fthe-giant-stone-circles-in-the-middle-east-no-one-can-explain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlas11-30"><a href="#cite_ref-atlas11_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Nahar2014" class="citation book cs1">al-Nahar, Maysoun (11 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4885">"The First Cities in Early Bronze Age (3600–2000 BC)"</a>. In Ababsa, Myriam (ed.). Atlas of Jordan. Contemporain publications. Presses de l'Ifpo. pp. 117–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782351594384" title="Special:BookSources/9782351594384"><bdi>9782351594384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617214759/http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4885">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+Cities+in+Early+Bronze+Age+%283600%E2%80%932000+BC%29&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Jordan&rft.series=Contemporain+publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%27Ifpo&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=9782351594384&rft.aulast=al-Nahar&rft.aufirst=Maysoun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F4885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924194946/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/798584/158410_1_En_8_Chapter_ProofPDF">"Human activity in the ancient metal-smelting and farming complex in the Wadi Faynan, SW Jordan, at the desert margin in the Middle East"</a>. Queen's University Belfast. 2010. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/798584/158410_1_En_8_Chapter_ProofPDF%5b1%5d.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2018. <q>It was a key Middle Eastern industrial centre from the early 3rd millennium BC to the Byzantine period</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+activity+in+the+ancient+metal-smelting+and+farming+complex+in+the+Wadi+Faynan%2C+SW+Jordan%2C+at+the+desert+margin+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University+Belfast&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.qub.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F798584%2F158410_1_En_8_Chapter_ProofPDF%5B1%5D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlas12-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atlas12_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atlas12_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Nahar2014" class="citation book cs1">al-Nahar, Maysoun (11 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4890">"The Period of Small Cities. The Middle Bronze Age (ca 2000–1500 BC)"</a>. In Ababsa, Myriam (ed.). Atlas of Jordan. Contemporain publications. Presses de l'Ifpo. pp. 122–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782351594384" title="Special:BookSources/9782351594384"><bdi>9782351594384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704025517/https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4890">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Period+of+Small+Cities.+The+Middle+Bronze+Age+%28ca+2000%E2%80%931500+BC%29&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Jordan&rft.series=Contemporain+publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%27Ifpo&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=9782351594384&rft.aulast=al-Nahar&rft.aufirst=Maysoun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F4890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlas13-33"><a href="#cite_ref-atlas13_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Nahar2014" class="citation book cs1">al-Nahar, Maysoun (11 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4892">"The Influence of Egypt. The Late Bronze Age (1500–1200 BC)"</a>. In Ababsa, Myriam (ed.). Atlas of Jordan. Contemporain publications. Presses de l'Ifpo. pp. 124–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782351594384" title="Special:BookSources/9782351594384"><bdi>9782351594384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704060354/https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4892">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Egypt.+The+Late+Bronze+Age+%281500%E2%80%931200+BC%29&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Jordan&rft.series=Contemporain+publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%27Ifpo&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=9782351594384&rft.aulast=al-Nahar&rft.aufirst=Maysoun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F4892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEM-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AEM_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEM_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEM_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEM_34-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaBiancaYounker1995" class="citation conference cs1">LaBianca, Oystein S.; Younker, Randall W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/744029">"The kingdoms of Ammon, Moab, and Edom: The Archaeology of Society in Late Bronze/Iron Age Transjordan (ca. 1400–500 BCE)"</a>. In Thomas Levy (ed.). The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. Leicester University Press. p. 114. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809031715/https://www.academia.edu/744029">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+kingdoms+of+Ammon%2C+Moab%2C+and+Edom%3A+The+Archaeology+of+Society+in+Late+Bronze%2FIron+Age+Transjordan+%28ca.+1400%E2%80%93500+BCE%29&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Society+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=LaBianca&rft.aufirst=Oystein+S.&rft.au=Younker%2C+Randall+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F744029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinLipschitsKoch2012" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Lipschits, Oded; Koch, Ido (2012). "The Biblical Gilead: Observations on Identifications, Geographic Divisions and Territorial History.". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1101929531">Ugarit-Forschungen; Band 43 (2011)</a>. [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86835-086-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86835-086-9"><bdi>978-3-86835-086-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1101929531">1101929531</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044250/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1101929531">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Biblical+Gilead%3A+Observations+on+Identifications%2C+Geographic+Divisions+and+Territorial+History.&rft.btitle=Ugarit-Forschungen%3B+Band+43+%282011%29&rft.place=%5BErscheinungsort+nicht+ermittelbar%5D&rft.pages=151&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1101929531&rft.isbn=978-3-86835-086-9&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Lipschits%2C+Oded&rft.au=Koch%2C+Ido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1101929531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-harrison-36"><a href="#cite_ref-harrison_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2009" class="citation cs2">Harrison, Timothy P. (2009), "'The land of Medeba' and Early Iron Age Mādabā", in Bienkowski, Piotr (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.utoronto.ca/tmap/Harrison.2009.pdf">Studies on Iron Age Moab and Neighbouring Areas: In Honour of Michèle Daviau</a> (PDF), Leuven: Peeters, pp. 27–45, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516215108/http://sites.utoronto.ca/tmap/Harrison.2009.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2018, retrieved 16 June 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27The+land+of+Medeba%27+and+Early+Iron+Age+M%C4%81dab%C4%81&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Iron+Age+Moab+and+Neighbouring+Areas%3A+In+Honour+of+Mich%C3%A8le+Daviau&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Timothy+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.utoronto.ca%2Ftmap%2FHarrison.2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rollston-37"><a href="#cite_ref-rollston_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollston2010" class="citation book cs1">Rollston, Chris A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kx9Uke_IfloC&pg=PA54">Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age</a>. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589831070" title="Special:BookSources/9781589831070"><bdi>9781589831070</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018095638/https://books.google.com/books?id=kx9Uke_IfloC&pg=PA54">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+and+Literacy+in+the+World+of+Ancient+Israel%3A+Epigraphic+Evidence+from+the+Iron+Age&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Lit&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781589831070&rft.aulast=Rollston&rft.aufirst=Chris+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkx9Uke_IfloC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mesha-louvre-38"><a href="#cite_ref-mesha-louvre_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103247/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mesha-stele">"The Mesha Stele"</a>. Department of Near Eastern Antiquities: Levant. Louvre Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/mesha-stele">the original</a> on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018. <q>The stele of King Mesha constitutes one of the most important direct accounts of the history of the world that is related in the Bible. The inscription pays tribute to the sovereign, celebrating his great building works and victories over the kingdom of Israel during the reign of Ahab, son of Omri. The mention of 'Israel' is its earliest known written occurrence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Near+Eastern+Antiquities%3A+Levant&rft.atitle=The+Mesha+Stele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.louvre.fr%2Fen%2Foeuvre-notices%2Fmesha-stele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNa'aman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Na'aman, Nadav (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27931518">"Rezin of Damascus and the Land of Gilead"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_des_Deutschen_Pal%C3%A4stina-Vereins" title="Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins">Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins</a>. 111 (2): 105–117. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-1169">0012-1169</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27931518">27931518</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208201429/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27931518">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Deutschen+Pal%C3%A4stina-Vereins&rft.atitle=Rezin+of+Damascus+and+the+Land+of+Gilead&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27931518%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-1169&rft.aulast=Na%27aman&rft.aufirst=Nadav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27931518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/967957191">In search for Aram and Israel : politics, culture, and identity</a>. Omer Sergi, Manfred Oeming, Izaak J. de Hulster. 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Religions. 11 (10): 487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11100487">10.3390/rel11100487</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=The+Religion+of+Idumea+and+Its+Relationship+to+Early+Judaism&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=487&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel11100487&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Yigal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel11100487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199810-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199810_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199810_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199810_43-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200151-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200151_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2001">Taylor 2001</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200130-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200130_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2001">Taylor 2001</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200170-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200170_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2001">Taylor 2001</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-petra-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-petra_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-petra_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-petra_47-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210210/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2016/01-02/petra/">"Petra Lost and Found"</a>. 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Dumbarton Oaks. p. 573. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884022985" title="Special:BookSources/9780884022985"><bdi>9780884022985</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044112/https://books.google.com/books?id=PVZfx3Y6o5IC&pg=PA573">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. 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Presses de l’Ifpo. pp. 155–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782351594384" title="Special:BookSources/9782351594384"><bdi>9782351594384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704034841/https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4903">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+Arabia&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Jordan&rft.series=Contemporain+publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%E2%80%99Ifpo&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=9782351594384&rft.aulast=al-Nahar&rft.aufirst=Maysoun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F4903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2013" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Charles (15 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=--x-3W2R_QwC&pg=PA393">Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome</a>. Routledge. pp. 392–393. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134676620" title="Special:BookSources/9781134676620"><bdi>9781134676620</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128062152/https://books.google.com/books?id=--x-3W2R_QwC&pg=PA393">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Cities%3A+The+Archaeology+of+Urban+Life+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+and+Egypt%2C+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E392-%3C%2Fspan%3E393&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.isbn=9781134676620&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D--x-3W2R_QwC%26pg%3DPA393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-byzantine-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-byzantine_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-byzantine_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemoineStrickland2001" class="citation book cs1">Lemoine, Florence; Strickland, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vSwi2TYabS4C&pg=PA43">Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573561532" title="Special:BookSources/9781573561532"><bdi>9781573561532</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044112/https://books.google.com/books?id=vSwi2TYabS4C&pg=PA43">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+Leaders%2C+Military+Rulers%2C+and+Political+Activists&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781573561532&rft.aulast=Lemoine&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft.au=Strickland%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvSwi2TYabS4C%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199814-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199814_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-purpose-built-church">"First purpose-built church"</a>. Guinness World Records. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617193456/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-purpose-built-church">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=First+purpose-built+church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2Ffirst-purpose-built-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1093">"Um er-Rasas (Kastrom Mefa'a)"</a>. UNESCO. 1 January 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704001404/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1093">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Um+er-Rasas+%28Kastrom+Mefa%27a%29&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvni2014" class="citation book cs1">Avni, Gideon (30 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2aTFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA302">The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191507342" title="Special:BookSources/9780191507342"><bdi>9780191507342</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018100348/https://books.google.com/books?id=2aTFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA302">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine-Islamic+Transition+in+Palestine%3A+An+Archaeological+Approach&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft.isbn=9780191507342&rft.aulast=Avni&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2aTFAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowersock-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowersock_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowersock_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowersockBrownGrabar1999" class="citation book cs1">Bowersock, G. W.; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c788wWR_bLwC&pg=PA468">Late Antiquity: A guide to the Postclassical World</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 468–469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674511736" title="Special:BookSources/9780674511736"><bdi>9780674511736</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410045102/https://books.google.com/books?id=c788wWR_bLwC&pg=PA468">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Antiquity%3A+A+guide+to+the+Postclassical+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E468-%3C%2Fspan%3E469&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780674511736&rft.aulast=Bowersock&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Peter&rft.au=Grabar%2C+Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc788wWR_bLwC%26pg%3DPA468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mus-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mus_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mus_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mus_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mus_57-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Steen2014" class="citation book cs1">van der Steen, Eveline (14 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-_OBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54">Near Eastern Tribal Societies During the Nineteenth Century: Economy, Society and Politics Between Tent and Town</a>. Routledge. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317543473" title="Special:BookSources/9781317543473"><bdi>9781317543473</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044112/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-_OBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Near+Eastern+Tribal+Societies+During+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+Economy%2C+Society+and+Politics+Between+Tent+and+Town&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft.isbn=9781317543473&rft.aulast=van+der+Steen&rft.aufirst=Eveline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-_OBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlas-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atlas_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atlas_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Nahar2014" class="citation book cs1">al-Nahar, Maysoun (11 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4913">"The Abbasid Caliphate"</a>. In Ababsa, Myriam (ed.). Atlas of Jordan. Contemporain publications. Presses de l’Ifpo. pp. 178–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782351594384" title="Special:BookSources/9782351594384"><bdi>9782351594384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180601200841/http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4913">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Abbasid+Caliphate&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Jordan&rft.series=Contemporain+publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%E2%80%99Ifpo&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=9782351594384&rft.aulast=al-Nahar&rft.aufirst=Maysoun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F4913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199821-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199821_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199822-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199822_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Pringle" title="Denys Pringle">Pringle, D.</a> (11 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC">Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521460101" title="Special:BookSources/9780521460101"><bdi>9780521460101</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204034437/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secular+Buildings+in+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem%3A+An+Archaeological+Gazetteer&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997-12-11&rft.isbn=9780521460101&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-_NbE5obqRMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199823-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199823_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199823_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-atlas1-63"><a href="#cite_ref-atlas1_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Nahar2014" class="citation book cs1">al-Nahar, Maysoun (11 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4998">"Ayyubid and Mamluk Jordan"</a>. In Ababsa, Myriam (ed.). Atlas of Jordan. Contemporain publications. Presses de l’Ifpo. pp. 184–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782351594384" title="Special:BookSources/9782351594384"><bdi>9782351594384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619051706/http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4998">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ayyubid+and+Mamluk+Jordan&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Jordan&rft.series=Contemporain+publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%E2%80%99Ifpo&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=9782351594384&rft.aulast=al-Nahar&rft.aufirst=Maysoun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F4998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199825-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199825_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmanFigg2013" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, John; Figg, Kristen (4 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC&pg=PA11">Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia</a>. Routledge. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135590949" title="Special:BookSources/9781135590949"><bdi>9781135590949</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044155/https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade%2C+Travel%2C+and+Exploration+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.isbn=9781135590949&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Figg%2C+Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-OmCfNI_SxAC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199826-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199826_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-VSS-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VSS_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VSS_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoganTell1994" class="citation book cs1">Rogan, Eugene; Tell, Tariq (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lh1_ernmsnwC">Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of Modern Jordan</a>. British Academic Press. pp. 37, 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850438298" title="Special:BookSources/9781850438298"><bdi>9781850438298</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128110615/https://books.google.com/books?id=lh1_ernmsnwC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Village%2C+Steppe+and+State%3A+The+Social+Origins+of+Modern+Jordan&rft.pages=37%2C+47&rft.pub=British+Academic+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781850438298&rft.aulast=Rogan&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Tell%2C+Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlh1_ernmsnwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlas10-68"><a href="#cite_ref-atlas10_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Nahar2014" class="citation book cs1">al-Nahar, Maysoun (11 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5002">"The Abbasid Caliphate"</a>. In Ababsa, Myriam (ed.). The Impact of Ottoman Reforms. Contemporain publications. Presses de l’Ifpo. pp. 198–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782351594384" title="Special:BookSources/9782351594384"><bdi>9782351594384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929035405/https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5002">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Abbasid+Caliphate&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Ottoman+Reforms&rft.series=Contemporain+publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%E2%80%99Ifpo&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=9782351594384&rft.aulast=al-Nahar&rft.aufirst=Maysoun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F5002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199826,_27-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199826,_27_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, pp. 26, 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199827-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199827_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199830-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199830_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199831-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199831_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-cup-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cup_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cup_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cup_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cup_73-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogan2002" class="citation book cs1">Rogan, Eugene (11 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AMAbXGQDmDYC&pg=PA31">Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521892230" title="Special:BookSources/9780521892230"><bdi>9780521892230</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128110537/https://books.google.com/books?id=AMAbXGQDmDYC&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+the+State+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Empire%3A+Transjordan%2C+1850%E2%80%931921&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-04-11&rft.isbn=9780521892230&rft.aulast=Rogan&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAMAbXGQDmDYC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199837-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199837_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199837_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-leg-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leg_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leg_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leg_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leg_75-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leg_75-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton-EdwardsHinchcliffe2009" class="citation book cs1">Milton-Edwards, Beverley; Hinchcliffe, Peter (5 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14">Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy</a>. Routledge. p. 14−15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134105465" title="Special:BookSources/9781134105465"><bdi>9781134105465</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128072708/https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jordan%3A+A+Hashemite+Legacy&rft.pages=14%E2%88%9215&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-06-05&rft.isbn=9781134105465&rft.aulast=Milton-Edwards&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rft.au=Hinchcliffe%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHRV9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199838-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199838_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199841-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199841_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199841_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199840-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199840_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-revolt-79"><a href="#cite_ref-revolt_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2005" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA117">World War I: Encyclopedia, Volume 1</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851094202" title="Special:BookSources/9781851094202"><bdi>9781851094202</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044152/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA117">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781851094202&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YqjfHLyyj8C%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYapp2014" class="citation book cs1">Yapp, Malcolm (9 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6I7FBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT396">The Making of the Modern Near East 1792–1923</a>. Routledge. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317871064" title="Special:BookSources/9781317871064"><bdi>9781317871064</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044140/https://books.google.com/books?id=6I7FBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT396">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Modern+Near+East+1792%E2%80%931923&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.isbn=9781317871064&rft.aulast=Yapp&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6I7FBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199834-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199834_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199871-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199871_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTell2013" class="citation book cs1">Tell, Tariq Moraiwed (7 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XR56Jup9hwwC&pg=PT55">The Social and Economic Origins of Monarchy in Jordan</a>. Springer. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137015655">10.1057/9781137015655</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-29089-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-29089-5"><bdi>978-1-349-29089-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044118/https://books.google.com/books?id=XR56Jup9hwwC&pg=PT55">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+and+Economic+Origins+of+Monarchy+in+Jordan&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013-01-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137015655&rft.isbn=978-1-349-29089-5&rft.aulast=Tell&rft.aufirst=Tariq+Moraiwed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXR56Jup9hwwC%26pg%3DPT55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tj-84"><a href="#cite_ref-tj_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2009" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Betty S. (15 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HXNnEkLRtSoC&pg=PA35">Nationalist Voices in Jordan: The Street and the State</a>. University of Texas Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292783959" title="Special:BookSources/9780292783959"><bdi>9780292783959</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044141/https://books.google.com/books?id=HXNnEkLRtSoC&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalist+Voices+in+Jordan%3A+The+Street+and+the+State&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2009-09-15&rft.isbn=9780292783959&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Betty+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHXNnEkLRtSoC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199882-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199882_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199891-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199891_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi1998100-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi1998100_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi1998101-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi1998101_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199896-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199896_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199893-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199893_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2010" class="citation web cs1">Browne, O'Brien (10 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/creating-chaos-lawrence-of-arabia-and-the-1916-arab-revolt.htm">"Creating Chaos: Lawrence of Arabia and the 1916 Arab Revolt"</a>. HistoryNet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151013070030/http://www.historynet.com/creating-chaos-lawrence-of-arabia-and-the-1916-arab-revolt.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creating+Chaos%3A+Lawrence+of+Arabia+and+the+1916+Arab+Revolt&rft.pub=HistoryNet&rft.date=2010-08-10&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=O%27Brien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fcreating-chaos-lawrence-of-arabia-and-the-1916-arab-revolt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> League of Nations Official Journal, Nov. 1922, pp. 1188–1189, 1390–1391. </li> <li id="cite_note-protectorate-93"><a href="#cite_ref-protectorate_93-0">^</a> Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International Law, vol. 1, U.S. State Department (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963) pp 636, 650–652 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199810,_30,_31,_49,_104-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199810,_30,_31,_49,_104_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199810,_30,_31,_49,_104_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199810,_30,_31,_49,_104_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199810,_30,_31,_49,_104_94-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199810,_30,_31,_49,_104_94-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalibi1998">Salibi 1998</a>, pp. 10, 30, 31, 49, 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FRUS1946-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FRUS1946_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1946v07">Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. The Near East and Africa, Vol. 7</a>. United States Department of State. 1946. pp. 794–800. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044151/https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AQO5OANDMOMTCX8N">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+relations+of+the+United+States%2C+1946.+The+Near+East+and+Africa%2C+Vol.+7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E794-%3C%2Fspan%3E800&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=1946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.wisc.edu%2F1711.dl%2FFRUS.FRUS1946v07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qistas.com/legislations/pal/view/MjE2MDEwODU=">"The Jordanian Constitution of 1947"</a>. The Government of Jordan. 1 January 1947. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044107/https://qistas.com/legislations/pal/view/MjE2MDEwODU=">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Government+of+Jordan&rft.atitle=The+Jordanian+Constitution+of+1947&rft.date=1947-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqistas.com%2Flegislations%2Fpal%2Fview%2FMjE2MDEwODU%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAruri1972" class="citation book cs1">Aruri, N.H. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&pg=PA90">Jordan: a study in political development (1921–1965)</a>. Springer Netherlands. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1217-5"><bdi>978-90-247-1217-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311153453/https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jordan%3A+a+study+in+political+development+%281921%E2%80%931965%29&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-90-247-1217-5&rft.aulast=Aruri&rft.aufirst=N.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGVaG4WGKj9MC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris2015" class="citation news cs1">Chris, Leadbeater (28 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/middle-east/jordan/articles/things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-jordan/">"10 curious facts about Jordan, home to the Red Sea resort you've never heard of"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508184521/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/middle-east/jordan/articles/things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-jordan/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=10+curious+facts+about+Jordan%2C+home+to+the+Red+Sea+resort+you%27ve+never+heard+of&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft.aulast=Chris&rft.aufirst=Leadbeater&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Fmiddle-east%2Fjordan%2Farticles%2Fthings-you-probably-didnt-know-about-jordan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HKJ-99"><a href="#cite_ref-HKJ_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalil1962" class="citation book cs1">Khalil, Muhammad (1962). The Arab States and the Arab League: a Documentary Record. Beirut: Khayats. pp. 53–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+States+and+the+Arab+League%3A+a+Documentary+Record&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Khayats&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Khalil&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2008" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC">A History of the First Arab-Israeli War</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 214, 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300145243" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300145243"><bdi>978-0300145243</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018103047/https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+First+Arab-Israeli+War&rft.pages=214%2C+215&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0300145243&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCC7381HrLqcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAruri1972" class="citation book cs1">Aruri, Naseer Hasan (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&pg=PA90">Jordan: a study in political development (1921–1965)</a>. Springer. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1217-5"><bdi>978-90-247-1217-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311153453/https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jordan%3A+a+study+in+political+development+%281921%E2%80%931965%29&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-90-247-1217-5&rft.aulast=Aruri&rft.aufirst=Naseer+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGVaG4WGKj9MC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSicker2001" class="citation book cs1">Sicker, Martin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gHfw0Mv_uFUC&pg=PA187">The Middle East in the Twentieth Century</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96893-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96893-9"><bdi>978-0-275-96893-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315081606/https://books.google.com/books?id=gHfw0Mv_uFUC&pg=PA187">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96893-9&rft.aulast=Sicker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgHfw0Mv_uFUC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Hasan2010" class="citation book cs1">El-Hasan, Hasan Afif (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CjuzDY-WBr8C&pg=PA64">Israel Or Palestine? Is the Two-state Solution Already Dead?: A Political and Military History of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict</a>. Algora Publishing. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-793-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-793-9"><bdi>978-0-87586-793-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312181041/https://books.google.com/books?id=CjuzDY-WBr8C&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+Or+Palestine%3F+Is+the+Two-state+Solution+Already+Dead%3F%3A+A+Political+and+Military+History+of+the+Palestinian-Israeli+Conflict&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-793-9&rft.aulast=El-Hasan&rft.aufirst=Hasan+Afif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCjuzDY-WBr8C%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaiofh-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaiofh_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaiofh_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1951/jul/21/fromthearchive">"Assassination of King Abdullah"</a>. The Guardian. 21 July 1951. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223003730/http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1951/jul/21/fromthearchive">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Assassination+of+King+Abdullah&rft.date=1951-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F1951%2Fjul%2F21%2Ffromthearchive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kojt-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kojt_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kojt_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-remembers-king-talal">"Jordan remembers King Talal"</a>. The Jordan Times. 6 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803133637/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-remembers-king-talal">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Jordan+remembers+King+Talal&rft.date=2014-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fjordan-remembers-king-talal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-poinjk-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-poinjk_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-poinjk_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAikman2009" class="citation book cs1">Aikman, David (14 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RI0o-bfRAvIC&pg=PA90">The Mirage of Peace: Understanding the Never-Ending Conflict in the Middle East</a>. Gospel Light Publications. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830746057" title="Special:BookSources/9780830746057"><bdi>9780830746057</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018103427/https://books.google.com/books?id=RI0o-bfRAvIC&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mirage+of+Peace%3A+Understanding+the+Never-Ending+Conflict+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Gospel+Light+Publications&rft.date=2009-08-14&rft.isbn=9780830746057&rft.aulast=Aikman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRI0o-bfRAvIC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakdisiElbadawi2011" class="citation book cs1">Makdisi, Samir; Elbadawi, Ibrahim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UhJBhHhpcBUC&pg=PA91">Democracy in the Arab World: Explaining the Deficit</a>. IDRC. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415779999" title="Special:BookSources/9780415779999"><bdi>9780415779999</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128075112/https://books.google.com/books?id=UhJBhHhpcBUC&pg=PA91">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+the+Arab+World%3A+Explaining+the+Deficit&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=IDRC&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780415779999&rft.aulast=Makdisi&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft.au=Elbadawi%2C+Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUhJBhHhpcBUC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jejok-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jejok_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jejok_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddy-Weitzman1990" class="citation book cs1">Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (3 January 1990). "Jordan and Iraq: Efforts at Intra-Hashimite Unity". Middle Eastern Studies. Vol. 26. Taylor & Francis. pp. 65–75. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283349">4283349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jordan+and+Iraq%3A+Efforts+at+Intra-Hashimite+Unity&rft.btitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1990-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4283349%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Maddy-Weitzman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jowars-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jowars_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jowars_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jowars_109-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweet2008" class="citation book cs1">Sweet, Kathleen (23 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-bXMBQAAQBAJ">Aviation and Airport Security: Terrorism and Safety Concerns, Second Edition</a>. CRC Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439894736" title="Special:BookSources/9781439894736"><bdi>9781439894736</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128095216/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bXMBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aviation+and+Airport+Security%3A+Terrorism+and+Safety+Concerns%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008-12-23&rft.isbn=9781439894736&rft.aulast=Sweet&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-bXMBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani_110-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani_110-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani_110-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani_110-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani_110-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani_110-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani_110-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani_110-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani_110-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muzaffar_Husain_Syed,_Syed_Saud_Akhtar,_B_D_Usmani_110-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyedAkhtarUsmani2011" class="citation book cs1">Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B D (24 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eACqCQAAQBAJ">Concise History of Islam</a>. Vij Books India. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789382573470" title="Special:BookSources/9789382573470"><bdi>9789382573470</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617211200/https://books.google.com/books?id=eACqCQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+History+of+Islam&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India&rft.date=2011-09-24&rft.isbn=9789382573470&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar+Husain&rft.au=Akhtar%2C+Syed+Saud&rft.au=Usmani%2C+B+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeACqCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/pages/view/id/148.html">"His majesty King Abdullah II ibn Al-Hussein"</a>. King Abdullah II Official Website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603162828/http://kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/pages/view/id/148.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=King+Abdullah+II+Official+Website&rft.atitle=His+majesty+King+Abdullah+II+ibn+Al-Hussein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingabdullah.jo%2Findex.php%2Fen_US%2Fpages%2Fview%2Fid%2F148.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFjohk-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFjohk_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFjohk_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFjohk_112-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2006/112806.htm">"Jordan—Concluding Statement for the 2006 Article IV Consultation and Fourth Post-Program Monitoring Discussions"</a>. Imf. International Monetary Fund. 28 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408031341/http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2006/112806.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imf&rft.atitle=Jordan%E2%80%94Concluding+Statement+for+the+2006+Article+IV+Consultation+and+Fourth+Post-Program+Monitoring+Discussions&rft.date=2006-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Fms%2F2006%2F112806.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-instability1-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-instability1_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-instability1_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-instability1_113-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2016" class="citation web cs1">Sowell, Kirk (18 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=86063&lang=en">"Jordan is Sliding Toward Insolvency"</a>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321092157/http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=63061">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jordan+is+Sliding+Toward+Insolvency&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fsada%2F%3Ffa%3D86063%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-acbsya-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acbsya_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acbsya_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acbsya_114-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordesman2006" class="citation book cs1">Cordesman, Anthony (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3eZK7cm6pjoC&pg=PA228">Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275991869" title="Special:BookSources/9780275991869"><bdi>9780275991869</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128095212/https://books.google.com/books?id=3eZK7cm6pjoC&pg=PA228">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab-Israeli+Military+Forces+in+an+Era+of+Asymmetric+Wars&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=9780275991869&rft.aulast=Cordesman&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3eZK7cm6pjoC%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagid2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Magid, Aaron (17 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/jordan/2016-02-17/isis-meets-its-match">"ISIS Meets Its Match? How Jordan Has Prevented Large-Scale Attacks"</a>. Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222044928/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/jordan/2016-02-17/isis-meets-its-match">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=ISIS+Meets+Its+Match%3F+How+Jordan+Has+Prevented+Large-Scale+Attacks&rft.date=2016-02-17&rft.aulast=Magid&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fjordan%2F2016-02-17%2Fisis-meets-its-match&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahbbnyt-116"><a href="#cite_ref-ahbbnyt_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFattahSlackmannov2005" class="citation web cs1">Fattah, Hassan; Slackmannov, Michael (10 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/10/world/middleeast/3-hotels-bombed-in-jordan-at-least-57-die.html">"3 Hotels Bombed in Jordan; At Least 57 Die"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819230258/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/10/world/middleeast/3-hotels-bombed-in-jordan-at-least-57-die.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=3+Hotels+Bombed+in+Jordan%3B+At+Least+57+Die&rft.date=2005-11-10&rft.aulast=Fattah&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft.au=Slackmannov%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F11%2F10%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F3-hotels-bombed-in-jordan-at-least-57-die.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jkfchh-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jkfchh_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jkfchh_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jkfchh_117-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-02-02-jordan-cabinet_N.htm">"Jordan's king fires Cabinet amid protests"</a>. USA Today. The Associated Press. 2 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314070559/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-02-02-jordan-cabinet_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Jordan%27s+king+fires+Cabinet+amid+protests&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2011-02-02-jordan-cabinet_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hhjdrp-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hhjdrp_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hhjdrp_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/new-elections-bill-sheds-one-vote-system">"New elections bill sheds one-vote system"</a>. The Jordan Times. 31 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423030020/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/new-elections-bill-sheds-one-vote-system">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=New+elections+bill+sheds+one-vote+system&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fnew-elections-bill-sheds-one-vote-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mattel-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mattel_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mattel_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeller2002" class="citation book cs1">Teller, Matthew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tI9L9gepYAUC">Jordan</a>. Rough Guides. pp. 173, 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781858287409" title="Special:BookSources/9781858287409"><bdi>9781858287409</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530225119/https://books.google.com/books?id=tI9L9gepYAUC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jordan&rft.pages=173%2C+408&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781858287409&rft.aulast=Teller&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtI9L9gepYAUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-geo-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geo_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geo_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geo_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geo_120-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geo_120-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geo_120-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2003" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVIRAQAAMAAJ">Geo-data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia</a>. Gale Research Company. pp. 281–283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787655815" title="Special:BookSources/9780787655815"><bdi>9780787655815</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128060211/https://books.google.com/books/about/Geo_data.html?id=tVIRAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. 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Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780792375272" title="Special:BookSources/9780792375272"><bdi>9780792375272</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128093649/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Hw_XY6VPm0C&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. 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Infobase Publishing. p. 498. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816072293" title="Special:BookSources/9780816072293"><bdi>9780816072293</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128074233/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA498">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Geography&rft.pages=498&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.isbn=9780816072293&rft.aulast=McColl&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJgnebGbAB8C%26pg%3DPA498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jordan-chm-123"><a href="#cite_ref-jordan-chm_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312063256/http://www.jeis.gov.jo/chm/menu_11.html">"The Main Jordanian Ecosystems"</a>. Jordanian Clearinghouse Mechanism. Jordanian Ministry of Environment. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412113834/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/sep/04/jordan-nature-parks-eco-tourism">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jordan%27s+green+crusade&rft.date=2010-09-04&rft.aulast=Bowes&rft.aufirst=Gemma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2010%2Fsep%2F04%2Fjordan-nature-parks-eco-tourism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-majocw-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-majocw_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-majocw_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-majocw_125-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackMithen2011" class="citation book cs1">Black, Emily; Mithen, Steven (21 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbdAnZft2F4C&pg=PA404">Water, Life and Civilisation: Climate, Environment and Society in the Jordan Valley</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139496674" title="Special:BookSources/9781139496674"><bdi>9781139496674</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128080255/https://books.google.com/books?id=LbdAnZft2F4C&pg=PA404">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water%2C+Life+and+Civilisation%3A+Climate%2C+Environment+and+Society+in+the+Jordan+Valley&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-04-21&rft.isbn=9781139496674&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Mithen%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbdAnZft2F4C%26pg%3DPA404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-obgjo-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obgjo_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-obgjo_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lmPVOL9_r7MC&pg=PA11">The Report: Jordan 2011</a>. Oxford. 2011. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907065439" title="Special:BookSources/9781907065439"><bdi>9781907065439</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018104458/https://books.google.com/books?id=lmPVOL9_r7MC&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Jordan+2011&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781907065439&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlmPVOL9_r7MC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordova2007" class="citation book cs1">Cordova, Carlos E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&pg=PA47">Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan: Geoarchaeology and Cultural Ecology</a>. University of Arizona Press. pp. 47–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2554-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2554-6"><bdi>978-0-8165-2554-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128061113/https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millennial+Landscape+Change+in+Jordan%3A+Geoarchaeology+and+Cultural+Ecology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2554-6&rft.aulast=Cordova&rft.aufirst=Carlos+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1eWaveyEIlcC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallonKingswood2001" class="citation book cs1">Mallon, David P.; Kingswood, Steven Charles (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA103">Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia</a>. IUCN. pp. 103–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0594-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0594-1"><bdi>978-2-8317-0594-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128091212/https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA103">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antelopes%3A+North+Africa%2C+the+Middle+East%2C+and+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0594-1&rft.aulast=Mallon&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft.au=Kingswood%2C+Steven+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuFo03Nd2oj8C%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamrouqa2016" class="citation news cs1">Namrouqa, Hana (10 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/green-cover-increases-15000-dunums-three-years#sthash.lGaoiX1k.aMrxTrjE.dpuf">"Green cover increases by 15,000 dunums in three years"</a>. The Jordan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111131522/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/green-cover-increases-15000-dunums-three-years#sthash.lGaoiX1k.aMrxTrjE.dpuf">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Green+cover+increases+by+15%2C000+dunums+in+three+years&rft.date=2016-01-10&rft.aulast=Namrouqa&rft.aufirst=Hana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fgreen-cover-increases-15000-dunums-three-years%23sthash.lGaoiX1k.aMrxTrjE.dpuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordova2007" class="citation book cs1">Cordova, Carlos E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&pg=PA47">Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan: Geoarchaeology and Cultural Ecology</a>. University of Arizona Press. pp. 47–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2554-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2554-6"><bdi>978-0-8165-2554-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128061113/https://books.google.com/books?id=1eWaveyEIlcC&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millennial+Landscape+Change+in+Jordan%3A+Geoarchaeology+and+Cultural+Ecology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2554-6&rft.aulast=Cordova&rft.aufirst=Carlos+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1eWaveyEIlcC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/geo_env2.html">"Wildlife and vegetation"</a>. Jordan: Geography and Environment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020095858/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/geo_env2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jordan%3A+Geography+and+Environment&rft.atitle=Wildlife+and+vegetation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kinghussein.gov.jo%2Fgeo_env2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223038/http://www.jtb.com.jo/brochures/eco_shumari.html">"Shaumari Wildlife Reserve"</a>. Jordan Tourism Board. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jtb.com.jo/brochures/eco_shumari.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shaumari+Wildlife+Reserve&rft.pub=Jordan+Tourism+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jtb.com.jo%2Fbrochures%2Feco_shumari.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallonKingswood2001" class="citation book cs1">Mallon, David P.; Kingswood, Steven Charles (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA103">Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia</a>. IUCN. pp. 103–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0594-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0594-1"><bdi>978-2-8317-0594-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128091212/https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA103">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antelopes%3A+North+Africa%2C+the+Middle+East%2C+and+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0594-1&rft.aulast=Mallon&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft.au=Kingswood%2C+Steven+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuFo03Nd2oj8C%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qumsiyeh-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Qumsiyeh_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQumsiyeh1996" class="citation book cs1">Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Amr2oLxnR10C&pg=PA332">Mammals of the Holy Land</a>. Texas Tech University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89672-364-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89672-364-1"><bdi>978-0-89672-364-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018104828/https://books.google.com/books?id=Amr2oLxnR10C&pg=PA332">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+the+Holy+Land&rft.pub=Texas+Tech+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-89672-364-1&rft.aulast=Qumsiyeh&rft.aufirst=Mazin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAmr2oLxnR10C%26pg%3DPA332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rscn.org.jo/content/mujib-biosphere-reserve-1">"Mujib Biosphere Reserve"</a>. Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020155345/http://www.rscn.org.jo/content/mujib-biosphere-reserve-1">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mujib+Biosphere+Reserve&rft.pub=Royal+Society+for+the+Conservation+of+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rscn.org.jo%2Fcontent%2Fmujib-biosphere-reserve-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-136"><a href="#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"</a>. BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E534-%3C%2Fspan%3E545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-const-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-const_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-const_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-const_137-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-const_137-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitutionnet.org/country/constitutional-history-jordan">"Constitutional history of Jordan"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jordan%3A+Year+in+Review+2012&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2012-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbusinessgroup.com%2Feconomic_updates%2Fjordan-year-review-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalkawi2016" class="citation news cs1">Malkawi, Khetam (6 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/syrian-refugees-cost-kingdom-25-billion-year-%E2%80%94-report">"Syrian refugees cost Kingdom $2.5 billion a year — report"</a>. The Jordan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160612040635/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/syrian-refugees-cost-kingdom-25-billion-year-%E2%80%94-report">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Syrian+refugees+cost+Kingdom+%242.5+billion+a+year+%E2%80%94+report&rft.date=2016-02-06&rft.aulast=Malkawi&rft.aufirst=Khetam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fsyrian-refugees-cost-kingdom-25-billion-year-%25E2%2580%2594-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/gov%E2%80%99t-readying-refugee-donor-conference">"Gov't readying for refugee donor conference"</a>. The Jordan Times. 5 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106061021/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/gov%E2%80%99t-readying-refugee-donor-conference">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Gov%27t+readying+for+refugee+donor+conference&rft.date=2015-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fgov%25E2%2580%2599t-readying-refugee-donor-conference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObeidat2016" class="citation web cs1">Obeidat, Omar (21 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/imf-programme-yield-budget-surplus-2019%E2%80%99">"IMF programme to yield budget surplus in 2019"</a>. The Jordan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170111022238/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/imf-programme-yield-budget-surplus-2019%E2%80%99">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=IMF+programme+to+yield+budget+surplus+in+2019&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft.aulast=Obeidat&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fimf-programme-yield-budget-surplus-2019%25E2%2580%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2018/03/slowing-jordans-slide-into-debt?lang=en">"Slowing Jordan's Slide Into Debt"</a>. Kirk Sowell. Carnegie. 22 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180525102243/http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/75865">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kirk+Sowell&rft.atitle=Slowing+Jordan%27s+Slide+Into+Debt&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fsada%2F2018%2F03%2Fslowing-jordans-slide-into-debt%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Al-Assaf, G. and Al-Malki, A., (2014), "Modelling the Macroeconomic Determinants of Workers' Remittances: The Case of Jordan", International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Vol. 4, issue 3, p. 514–526. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalkawi2016" class="citation news cs1">Malkawi, Khetam (11 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-ranks-fourth-region-recipient-remittances#sthash.F8OBJNnd.dpuf">"Jordan ranks fourth in the region in recipient remittances"</a>. The Jordan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111104952/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-ranks-fourth-region-recipient-remittances#sthash.F8OBJNnd.dpuf">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Jordan+ranks+fourth+in+the+region+in+recipient+remittances&rft.date=2016-01-11&rft.aulast=Malkawi&rft.aufirst=Khetam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fjordan-ranks-fourth-region-recipient-remittances%23sthash.F8OBJNnd.dpuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www3.weforum.org-199"><a href="#cite_ref-www3.weforum.org_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf">"The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011"</a> (PDF). World Economic Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206104835/http://www3.weforum.org//docs//WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Competitiveness+Report+2010%E2%80%932011&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/moving-forward-well-developed-road-and-air-networks-compensate-weak-rail-system">"Moving forward: Well-developed road and air networks compensate for a weak rail system"</a>. Oxford Business Group. 1 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313115524/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/moving-forward-well-developed-road-and-air-networks-compensate-weak-rail-system">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moving+forward%3A+Well-developed+road+and+air+networks+compensate+for+a+weak+rail+system&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbusinessgroup.com%2Foverview%2Fmoving-forward-well-developed-road-and-air-networks-compensate-weak-rail-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/queen-alia-airport-launches-second-phase-expansion-project">"Queen Alia airport launches second phase of expansion project"</a>. The Jordan Times. 20 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808224831/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/queen-alia-airport-launches-second-phase-expansion-project">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Queen+Alia+airport+launches+second+phase+of+expansion+project&rft.date=2014-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fqueen-alia-airport-launches-second-phase-expansion-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhazal2016" class="citation news cs1">Ghazal, Mohammad (1 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/qaia-maintains-ranking-best-airport-middle-east">"QAIA maintains ranking as best airport in Middle East"</a>. The Jordan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302053618/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/qaia-maintains-ranking-best-airport-middle-east">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=QAIA+maintains+ranking+as+best+airport+in+Middle+East&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft.aulast=Ghazal&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fqaia-maintains-ranking-best-airport-middle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabiansupplychain.com/article-76-top-10-middle-east-ports/4/#.UNdNYLRVjR0">"Top 10 Middle East Ports"</a>. Arabian Supply Chain. 31 October 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118011505/http://www.arabiansupplychain.com/article-76-top-10-middle-east-ports/4/#.UNdNYLRVjR0">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Supply+Chain&rft.atitle=Top+10+Middle+East+Ports&rft.date=2006-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabiansupplychain.com%2Farticle-76-top-10-middle-east-ports%2F4%2F%23.UNdNYLRVjR0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan_in_transition-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_in_transition_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Joffé2002" class="citation book cs1">H. Joffé, E. George (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VRmR7vr9SboC&pg=PA212">Jordan in Transition</a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 212, 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850654889" title="Special:BookSources/9781850654889"><bdi>9781850654889</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128060645/https://books.google.com/books?id=VRmR7vr9SboC&pg=PA212">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jordan+in+Transition&rft.pages=212%2C+308&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781850654889&rft.aulast=H.+Joff%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=E.+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVRmR7vr9SboC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tourism_AJ-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tourism_AJ_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tourism_AJ_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tourism_AJ_205-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPizzi2015" class="citation news cs1">Pizzi, Michael (11 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/6/11/surrounded-by-fire-jordans-tourists-scared-away.html">"Surrounded by fire, Jordan's tourists scared away"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406123859/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/6/11/surrounded-by-fire-jordans-tourists-scared-away.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Surrounded+by+fire%2C+Jordan%27s+tourists+scared+away&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.aulast=Pizzi&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerica.aljazeera.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F6%2F11%2Fsurrounded-by-fire-jordans-tourists-scared-away.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-home-more-100000-archaeological-tourist-sites%E2%80%99">"Jordan home to more than 100,000 archaeological, tourist sites"</a>. The Jordan Times. Petra. 4 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423044235/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-home-more-100000-archaeological-tourist-sites%E2%80%99">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Jordan+home+to+more+than+100%2C000+archaeological%2C+tourist+sites&rft.date=2014-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fjordan-home-more-100000-archaeological-tourist-sites%25E2%2580%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanely2013" class="citation web cs1">Stanely, Paul (3 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianpost.com/news/jordans-historical-and-christian-sites-are-worth-a-middle-eastern-journey-106409/">"Jordan's Historical and Christian Sites Are Worth a Middle Eastern Journey"</a>. The Christian Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424214335/http://www.christianpost.com/news/jordans-historical-and-christian-sites-are-worth-a-middle-eastern-journey-106409/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Post&rft.atitle=Jordan%27s+Historical+and+Christian+Sites+Are+Worth+a+Middle+Eastern+Journey&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft.aulast=Stanely&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianpost.com%2Fnews%2Fjordans-historical-and-christian-sites-are-worth-a-middle-eastern-journey-106409%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/over-30000-people-visited-shrines-prophet%E2%80%99s-companions-2014%E2%80%99#sthash.QOJpiypQ.dpuf">"'Over 30,000 people visited shrines of Prophet's companions in 2014'"</a>. The Jordan Times. Petra. 4 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424100225/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/over-30000-people-visited-shrines-prophet%E2%80%99s-companions-2014%E2%80%99#sthash.QOJpiypQ.dpuf">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=%27Over+30%2C000+people+visited+shrines+of+Prophet%27s+companions+in+2014%27&rft.date=2015-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fover-30000-people-visited-shrines-prophet%25E2%2580%2599s-companions-2014%25E2%2580%2599%23sthash.QOJpiypQ.dpuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatib2010" class="citation news cs1">Khatib, Ahmad (24 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7306813/Amman-develops-serious-nightlife.html">"Amman develops serious nightlife"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. AFP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416145439/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7306813/Amman-develops-serious-nightlife.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Amman+develops+serious+nightlife&rft.date=2010-02-24&rft.aulast=Khatib&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fexpat%2Fexpatnews%2F7306813%2FAmman-develops-serious-nightlife.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lpgw-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lpgw_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lpgw_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lpgw_210-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lpgw_210-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamGreenway2003" class="citation book cs1">Ham, Anthony; Greenway, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5x2pJuvWeOQC&pg=PA77">Jordan</a>. 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Retrieved 13 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jordan&rft.pages=26%2C+76&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781740591652&rft.aulast=Ham&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Greenway%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5x2pJuvWeOQC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JT1-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JT1_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JT1_211-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/registration-jordan-trail%E2%80%99s-thru-hike-opens">"Registration for Jordan Trail's Thru-Hike opens"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Registration+for+Jordan+Trail%27s+Thru-Hike+opens&rft.date=2018-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fregistration-jordan-trail%25E2%2580%2599s-thru-hike-opens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/aqaba-dead-sea-hotels-fully-booked-eid%E2%80%99">"Aqaba, Dead Sea hotels fully booked for Eid"</a>. The Jordan Times. 2 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104040314/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/aqaba-dead-sea-hotels-fully-booked-eid%E2%80%99">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Aqaba%2C+Dead+Sea+hotels+fully+booked+for+Eid&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Faqaba-dead-sea-hotels-fully-booked-eid%25E2%2580%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ha'aretz_medical-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Ha'aretz_medical_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/jordan-launches-medical-tourism-advertising-campaign-in-u-s-1.279922">"Jordan launches medical tourism advertising campaign in U.S."</a> Ha'aretz. 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Retrieved 16 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ha%27aretz&rft.atitle=Jordan+launches+medical+tourism+advertising+campaign+in+U.S.&rft.date=2009-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fjordan-launches-medical-tourism-advertising-campaign-in-u-s-1.279922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Emam2015" class="citation web cs1">Al Emam, Dana (15 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/bill-treating-yemeni-patients-reaches-jd15-million">"Bill for treating Yemeni patients reaches JD15 million"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Bill+for+treating+Yemeni+patients+reaches+JD15+million&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft.aulast=Al+Emam&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fbill-treating-yemeni-patients-reaches-jd15-million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkschNissenBremgartnerUrquhart2005" class="citation journal cs1">Proksch, Ehrhardt; Nissen, Hans-Peter; Bremgartner, Markus; Urquhart, Colin (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15689218/">"Bathing in a magnesium-rich Dead Sea salt solution improves skin barrier function, enhances skin hydration, and reduces inflammation in atopic dry skin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Dermatology" title="International Journal of Dermatology">International Journal of Dermatology</a>. 44 (2): 151–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-4632.2005.02079.x">10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02079.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15689218">15689218</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10985045">10985045</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214001436/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15689218/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Bathing+in+a+magnesium-rich+Dead+Sea+salt+solution+improves+skin+barrier+function%2C+enhances+skin+hydration%2C+and+reduces+inflammation+in+atopic+dry+skin&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10985045%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15689218&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-4632.2005.02079.x&rft.aulast=Proksch&rft.aufirst=Ehrhardt&rft.au=Nissen%2C+Hans-Peter&rft.au=Bremgartner%2C+Markus&rft.au=Urquhart%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F15689218%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelhem2013" class="citation news cs1">Melhem, Ahmad (9 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005070255/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/israel-jordan-palestine-absence-bahrain-canal-project.html">"Canal project from Dead Sea to Red Sea makes waves"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Canal+project+from+Dead+Sea+to+Red+Sea+makes+waves&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft.aulast=Melhem&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2015%2F03%2Fisrael-jordan-palestine-absence-bahrain-canal-project.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_217-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2020" class="citation journal cs1">Barnes, Jessica (Fall 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merip.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MERIP-Primer-on-Water-in-the-Middle-East.pdf">"Water in the Middle East: A Primer"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 14 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Jordan+world%27s+second+water-poorest+country&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.aulast=Namrouqa&rft.aufirst=Hana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fjordan-world%25E2%2580%2599s-second-water-poorest-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jordan-water-219"><a href="#cite_ref-jordan-water_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaladin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Haladin, Nidal (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjpas.net/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/9/1/12-Nidal-7040%20POK%20Dec%2031%20F.pdf">"Dams in Jordan Current and Future Perspective"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Flaming+rocks&rft.date=2014-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F21605928-second-shale-revolution-may-be-coming-squeezing-out-yet-more-oil-flaming-rocks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jordantimes.com/news/local/all-set-building-oil-shale-fired-power-plant">"All set for building oil shale-fired power plant"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Four+refugee+families+living+in+Jordan+share+their+stories+with+Mid-East+delegation&rft.pub=United+Church+of+Christ&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft.aulast=Moujaes&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.org%2Fnews_middle_east_delegation_refugee_families_04292015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abouna-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abouna_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abouna_259-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKildani2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kildani, Hanna (8 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005230434/http://www.abouna.org/holylands/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8-%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-368-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83">"الأب د. حنا كلداني: نسبة الأردنيين المسيحيين المقيمين 3.68%"</a> [Father Hanna Kildani: the percentage of Christians residing in Jordan is 3.68%] (in Arabic). Abouna.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abouna.org/holylands/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8-%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-368-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83">the original</a> on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8+%D8%AF.+%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7+%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%3A+%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86+3.68%25&rft.pub=Abouna.org&rft.date=2015-07-08&rft.aulast=Kildani&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abouna.org%2Fholylands%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25AD%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2583%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A-%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25AD%25D9%258A%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-368-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D9%2583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thenational.ae-260"><a href="#cite_ref-thenational.ae_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVela2015" class="citation news cs1">Vela, Justin (14 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/jordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil#full">"Jordan: The safe haven for Christians fleeing ISIL"</a>. The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930153700/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/jordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil#full">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Jordan%3A+The+safe+haven+for+Christians+fleeing+ISIL&rft.date=2015-02-14&rft.aulast=Vela&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fjordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil%23full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lat-261"><a href="#cite_ref-lat_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleishman2009" class="citation news cs1">Fleishman, Jeffrey (10 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-tribal-catholic10-2009may10-story.html">"For Christian enclave in Jordan, tribal lands are sacred"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184643/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/may/10/world/fg-tribal-catholic10">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=For+Christian+enclave+in+Jordan%2C+tribal+lands+are+sacred&rft.date=2009-05-10&rft.aulast=Fleishman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fla-fg-tribal-catholic10-2009may10-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-angilican-262"><a href="#cite_ref-angilican_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Duane Alexander (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1482555">"The Episcopal Church in Jordan: Identity, Liturgy, and Mission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Anglican_Studies" title="Journal of Anglican Studies">Journal of Anglican Studies</a>. 9 (2): 134–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1740355309990271">10.1017/S1740355309990271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144069423">144069423</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713085729/https://www.academia.edu/1482555">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anglican+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Episcopal+Church+in+Jordan%3A+Identity%2C+Liturgy%2C+and+Mission&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1740355309990271&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144069423%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Duane+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1482555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/07/world/jordan-s-christian-arabs-a-small-minority-play-a-major-role.html">"Jordan's Christian Arabs, A Small Minority, Play A Major Role"</a>. The New York Times. 7 January 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526214650/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/07/world/jordan-s-christian-arabs-a-small-minority-play-a-major-role.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jordan%27s+Christian+Arabs%2C+A+Small+Minority%2C+Play+A+Major+Role&rft.date=1987-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F01%2F07%2Fworld%2Fjordan-s-christian-arabs-a-small-minority-play-a-major-role.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastellinoCavanaugh2013" class="citation book cs1">Castellino, Joshua; Cavanaugh, Kathleen A. (25 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5mRxprCL9MC&pg=PA135">Minority Rights in the Middle East</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199679492" title="Special:BookSources/9780199679492"><bdi>9780199679492</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516201435/https://books.google.com/books?id=S5mRxprCL9MC&pg=PA135">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minority+Rights+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.isbn=9780199679492&rft.aulast=Castellino&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Cavanaugh%2C+Kathleen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5mRxprCL9MC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/jordan-s-mandaean-minority-fear-returning-to-post-isis-iraq-1.738337">"Jordan's Mandaean minority fear returning to post-ISIS Iraq"</a>. The National. 9 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142228/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/jordan-s-mandaean-minority-fear-returning-to-post-isis-iraq-1.738337">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Jordan%27s+Mandaean+minority+fear+returning+to+post-ISIS+Iraq&rft.date=2018-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fworld%2Fmena%2Fjordan-s-mandaean-minority-fear-returning-to-post-isis-iraq-1.738337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lang-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lang_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang_266-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang_266-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Gruyter2006" class="citation book cs1">de Gruyter, Walter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA1921">Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society</a>. Ulrich Ammon. p. 1921. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110184181" title="Special:BookSources/9783110184181"><bdi>9783110184181</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128110448/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA1921">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistics%3A+An+International+Handbook+of+the+Science+of+Language+and+Society&rft.pages=1921&rft.pub=Ulrich+Ammon&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783110184181&rft.aulast=de+Gruyter&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLMZm0w0k1c4C%26pg%3DPA1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_A._Shoup_2007-267"><a href="#cite_ref-John_A._Shoup_2007_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoup2007" class="citation book cs1">Shoup, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dm7Ups_zsbcC&pg=PA45">Culture and Customs of Jordan</a>. 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Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Jordan&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780313336713&rft.aulast=Shoup&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddm7Ups_zsbcC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuebbe2015" class="citation web cs1">Luebbe, Sascha (12 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/german-language-becoming-opportunity-professional-development%E2%80%99">"German language becoming opportunity for professional development"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=German+language+becoming+opportunity+for+professional+development&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft.aulast=Luebbe&rft.aufirst=Sascha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fgerman-language-becoming-opportunity-professional-development%25E2%2580%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_269-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLearning2017" class="citation news cs1">Learning, UNESCO Institute for Lifelong (8 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litbase.uil.unesco.org/?menu=12&country=JO&programme=162">"Country Profile: Jordan"</a>. litbase.uil.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727021307/http://litbase.uil.unesco.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=litbase.uil.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Country+Profile%3A+Jordan&rft.date=2017-09-08&rft.aulast=Learning&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+Institute+for+Lifelong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitbase.uil.unesco.org%2F%3Fmenu%3D12%26country%3DJO%26programme%3D162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalkawi2015" class="citation news cs1">Malkawi, Khetam (14 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/cancer-second-most-common-cause-death-jordan%E2%80%99">"Cancer second most common cause of death in Jordan"</a>. The Jordan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522185351/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/cancer-second-most-common-cause-death-jordan%E2%80%99">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Cancer+second+most+common+cause+of+death+in+Jordan&rft.date=2015-03-14&rft.aulast=Malkawi&rft.aufirst=Khetam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fcancer-second-most-common-cause-death-jordan%25E2%2580%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cp-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cp_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp_271-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Jordan.pdf">"Jordan country profile"</a> (PDF). US Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616000931/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Jordan.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Jordan+country+profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FJordan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930232903/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller">"Jordan: estimates on the use of water sources and sanitation facilities (1980–2015)"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jordan%3A+estimates+on+the+use+of+water+sources+and+sanitation+facilities+%281980%E2%80%932015%29&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wssinfo.org%2Fdocuments%2F%3Ftx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D%3Dcountry_files&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-273"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14631981">"Jordan profile – Overview"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jordan+profile+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2012-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-14631981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalkawi2015" class="citation news cs1">Malkawi, Khetam (30 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/sector-leaders-highlight-potential-further-growth-medical-tourism#sthash.yz9kdu6B.dpuf">"Sector leaders highlight potential for further growth in medical tourism"</a>. The Jordan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313030324/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/sector-leaders-highlight-potential-further-growth-medical-tourism#sthash.yz9kdu6B.dpuf">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Sector+leaders+highlight+potential+for+further+growth+in+medical+tourism&rft.date=2015-05-30&rft.aulast=Malkawi&rft.aufirst=Khetam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fsector-leaders-highlight-potential-further-growth-medical-tourism%23sthash.yz9kdu6B.dpuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColditz2015" class="citation book cs1">Colditz, Graham (11 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIiECgAAQBAJ">The SAGE Encyclopedia of Cancer and Society</a>. SAGE Publications. p. 640. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781506316635" title="Special:BookSources/9781506316635"><bdi>9781506316635</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128080327/https://books.google.com/books?id=eIiECgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culture.gov.jo/new/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A">the original</a> on 15 July 2014. 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Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Jordan+a+%27haven%27+for+regional+artists&rft.date=2015-05-24&rft.aulast=Boarini&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Finpictures%2F2015%2F04%2Fjordan-haven-regional-artists-150429061445164.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/theeb%E2%80%99-becomes-first-jordanian-film-receive-oscar-nod">"'Theeb' becomes first Jordanian film to receive Oscar nod"</a>. The Jordan Times. Agencies. 14 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417080114/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/theeb%E2%80%99-becomes-first-jordanian-film-receive-oscar-nod">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=%27Theeb%27+becomes+first+Jordanian+film+to+receive+Oscar+nod&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Ftheeb%25E2%2580%2599-becomes-first-jordanian-film-receive-oscar-nod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/scrolling-through-the-millennia-at-the-new-jordan-museum-in-amman">"Scrolling through the millennia at the new Jordan Museum in Amman"</a>. The National. 13 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926083840/http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/scrolling-through-the-millennia-at-the-new-jordan-museum-in-amman">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Scrolling+through+the+millennia+at+the+new+Jordan+Museum+in+Amman&rft.date=2014-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Farts-culture%2Fscrolling-through-the-millennia-at-the-new-jordan-museum-in-amman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradt-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_289-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2012" class="citation book cs1">French, Carole (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KcGcDdi20SwC&pg=PA122">Jordan</a>. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 122, 35, 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841623986" title="Special:BookSources/9781841623986"><bdi>9781841623986</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603014622/https://books.google.com/books?id=KcGcDdi20SwC&pg=PA122">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jordan&rft.pages=122%2C+35%2C+81&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781841623986&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKcGcDdi20SwC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jf-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jf_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jf_290-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/stars-come-out-jordans-jerash-festival-720188">"The stars come out for Jordan's Jerash Festival"</a>. Al Bawaba. 16 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504115943/http://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/stars-come-out-jordans-jerash-festival-720188">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Bawaba&rft.atitle=The+stars+come+out+for+Jordan%27s+Jerash+Festival&rft.date=2016-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albawaba.com%2Fentertainment%2Fstars-come-out-jordans-jerash-festival-720188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2010/06/19/pianist-finds-positano-enchanting/">"Pianist finds Positano enchanting"</a>. Chicago Tribune. 19 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809081917/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-06-19/travel/sc-trav-0615-celeb-20100615_1_favorite-weekend-getaways-positano-amalfi-coast">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Pianist+finds+Positano+enchanting&rft.date=2010-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2010%2F06%2F19%2Fpianist-finds-positano-enchanting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2015" class="citation news cs1">Edwards, Madeline (13 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/culture/the-promise-of-ammans-independent-music-scene_32052">"The promise of Amman's independent music scene"</a>. Your Middle East. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923055934/http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/culture/the-promise-of-ammans-independent-music-scene_32052">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Your+Middle+East&rft.atitle=The+promise+of+Amman%27s+independent+music+scene&rft.date=2015-05-13&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Madeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourmiddleeast.com%2Fculture%2Fthe-promise-of-ammans-independent-music-scene_32052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49102824">"Jordan unveils underwater military museum"</a>. 24 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726120812/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49102824">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jordan+unveils+underwater+military+museum&rft.date=2019-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-49102824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-among-world%E2%80%99s-top-10-producers-olive-olive-oil%E2%80%99">"Jordan among world's top 10 producers of olive, olive oil"</a>. The Jordan Times. 21 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421035637/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-among-world%E2%80%99s-top-10-producers-olive-olive-oil%E2%80%99">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Jordan+among+world%27s+top+10+producers+of+olive%2C+olive+oil&rft.date=2015-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fjordan-among-world%25E2%2580%2599s-top-10-producers-olive-olive-oil%25E2%2580%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mansaf-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mansaf_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansaf_295-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbala2012" class="citation book cs1">Albala, Ken (25 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1H75z0EYYC&pg=PA269">Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 269, 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313376276" title="Special:BookSources/9780313376276"><bdi>9780313376276</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603021656/https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1H75z0EYYC&pg=PA269">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Cultures+of+the+World+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=269%2C+273&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft.isbn=9780313376276&rft.aulast=Albala&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzG1H75z0EYYC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alghad.com/articles/879262-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1">"الحلويات في رمضان.. متعة ما بعد الإفطار"</a> [Sweets in Ramadan .. what fun after breakfast]. Al-Ghad (in Arabic). 30 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026183115/http://www.alghad.com/articles/879262-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Ghad&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86..+%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%A7+%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alghad.com%2Farticles%2F879262-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D8%25B6%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D9%2581%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympic.org/news/jordan-s-first-ever-olympic-champion-ahmad-abughaush-looks-forward-to-tokyo-2020">"Jordan's first ever Olympic champion Ahmad Abughaush looks forward to Tokyo 2020 – Olympic News"</a>. International Olympic Committee. 8 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603231445/https://www.olympic.org/news/jordan-s-first-ever-olympic-champion-ahmad-abughaush-looks-forward-to-tokyo-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Olympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Jordan%27s+first+ever+Olympic+champion+Ahmad+Abughaush+looks+forward+to+Tokyo+2020+%E2%80%93+Olympic+News&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fnews%2Fjordan-s-first-ever-olympic-champion-ahmad-abughaush-looks-forward-to-tokyo-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beinsports.com/ar/other-sports/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88-2016-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A/320133">"ريو 2016 – تايكواندو: الأردني أحمد أبوغوش يحرز الميدالية الذهبية في وزن 68 كغ"</a>. beIN SPORTS (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709183815/http://www.beinsports.com/ar/other-sports/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88-2016-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A/320133">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=beIN+SPORTS&rft.atitle=%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88+2016+%E2%80%93+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%3A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B4+%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86+68+%D9%83%D8%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beinsports.com%2Far%2Fother-sports%2F%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%2F%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2588-2016-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%2F320133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joc.jo/en/federations/jordan-basketball-federation/">"Jordan Basketball Federation"</a>. Jordan Olympic Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603231458/https://www.joc.jo/en/federations/jordan-basketball-federation/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jordan+Olympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Jordan+Basketball+Federation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joc.jo%2Fen%2Ffederations%2Fjordan-basketball-federation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/jordan.htm">"Sport in Jordan"</a>. Topend Sports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603231447/https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/jordan.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Topend+Sports&rft.atitle=Sport+in+Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topendsports.com%2Fworld%2Fcountries%2Fjordan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/25027589">"World Cup 2014: Uruguay clinch final spot with Jordan win"</a>. 21 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603231445/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/25027589">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Cup+2014%3A+Uruguay+clinch+final+spot+with+Jordan+win&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2F25027589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBannayan2016" class="citation news cs1">Bannayan, Aline (5 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/sports/jordan-remains-82nd-spot-fifa-world-rankings#sthash.jQnvTJE1.dpuf">"Jordan remains in 82nd spot in FIFA World Rankings"</a>. The Jordan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313111319/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/sports/jordan-remains-82nd-spot-fifa-world-rankings#sthash.jQnvTJE1.dpuf">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Jordan+remains+in+82nd+spot+in+FIFA+World+Rankings&rft.date=2016-03-05&rft.aulast=Bannayan&rft.aufirst=Aline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Fsports%2Fjordan-remains-82nd-spot-fifa-world-rankings%23sthash.jQnvTJE1.dpuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_asian_cup/news/afif_stars_as_qatar_defeat_jordan_to_retain_title.html">"Afif stars as Qatar defeat Jordan to retain title"</a>. Asian Football Confederation. 10 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219062450/https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_asian_cup/news/afif_stars_as_qatar_defeat_jordan_to_retain_title.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Afif+stars+as+Qatar+defeat+Jordan+to+retain+title&rft.date=2024-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-afc.com%2Fen%2Fnational%2Fafc_asian_cup%2Fnews%2Fafif_stars_as_qatar_defeat_jordan_to_retain_title.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Shamayleh2015" class="citation news cs1">El-Shamayleh, Nisreen (23 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/jordan-giant-strides-women-football-150623122130302.html">"Jordan taking giant strides in women's football"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312003804/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/jordan-giant-strides-women-football-150623122130302.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Jordan+taking+giant+strides+in+women%27s+football&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft.aulast=El-Shamayleh&rft.aufirst=Nisreen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F06%2Fjordan-giant-strides-women-football-150623122130302.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/women">"Fifa world ranking for women"</a>. FIFA. 1 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063018/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/women/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fifa+world+ranking+for+women&rft.pub=FIFA&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Ffifa-world-ranking%2Fwomen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmari2014" class="citation news cs1">Omari, Raed (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/sports/2014/04/21/Women-s-football-increasingly-popular-in-Jordan.html">"Women's football increasingly popular in Jordan"</a>. Al Arabiya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309015004/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/sports/2014/04/21/Women-s-football-increasingly-popular-in-Jordan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya&rft.atitle=Women%27s+football+increasingly+popular+in+Jordan&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.aulast=Omari&rft.aufirst=Raed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Fsports%2F2014%2F04%2F21%2FWomen-s-football-increasingly-popular-in-Jordan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Transmission Strategy of the Competition -2017 FIBA 3X3 U18 Basketball World Cup". 2017 4th International Conference on Literature, Linguistics and Arts (ICLLA 2017). Francis Academic Press. 2017. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25236%2Ficlla.2017.43">10.25236/iclla.2017.43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781912407064" title="Special:BookSources/9781912407064"><bdi>9781912407064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transmission+Strategy+of+the+Competition+-2017+FIBA+3X3+U18+Basketball+World+Cup&rft.btitle=2017+4th+International+Conference+on+Literature%2C+Linguistics+and+Arts+%28ICLLA+2017%29&rft.pub=Francis+Academic+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25236%2Ficlla.2017.43&rft.isbn=9781912407064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBannayan2015" class="citation news cs1">Bannayan, Aline (14 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/sports/jordan-counts-down-asian-basketball-tourney">"Jordan counts down to Asian basketball tourney"</a>. The Jordan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118011504/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/sports/jordan-counts-down-asian-basketball-tourney">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Jordan+counts+down+to+Asian+basketball+tourney&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft.aulast=Bannayan&rft.aufirst=Aline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Fsports%2Fjordan-counts-down-asian-basketball-tourney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastwood2014" class="citation news cs1">Eastwood, Jack (4 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albawaba.com/sport/jordan-rugby-dubai-sevens-619023">"Against all odds, Jordan's rugby greats are set to storm the Dubai Sevens"</a>. Al Bawaba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151026154217/http://www.albawaba.com/sport/jordan-rugby-dubai-sevens-619023">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Bawaba&rft.atitle=Against+all+odds%2C+Jordan%27s+rugby+greats+are+set+to+storm+the+Dubai+Sevens&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft.aulast=Eastwood&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albawaba.com%2Fsport%2Fjordan-rugby-dubai-sevens-619023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alghad.com/articles/575226-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87">"مشروع "بسكليتات المدينة الرياضية" يجمع هواة الدراجات لممارسة الرياضة والترفيه"</a> ["Project" Bisklitat Sports City "brings together amateur cycling for exercise and recreation]. Al-Ghad (in Arabic). 30 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520050951/http://www.alghad.com/articles/575226-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Ghad&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9+%22%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9%22+%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9+%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alghad.com%2Farticles%2F575226-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B9-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B3%25D9%2583%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B6%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%258A%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9-%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B6%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D9%2587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustefaReznick2015" class="citation news cs1">Mustefa, Zab; Reznick, Alisa (12 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/02/volunteers-open-jordan-skate-park-150206102827914.html">"Volunteers open Jordan's first skate park"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001071615/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/02/volunteers-open-jordan-skate-park-150206102827914.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Volunteers+open+Jordan%27s+first+skate+park&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft.aulast=Mustefa&rft.aufirst=Zab&rft.au=Reznick%2C+Alisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Finpictures%2F2015%2F02%2Fvolunteers-open-jordan-skate-park-150206102827914.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalibi1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi" title="Kamal Salibi">Salibi, Kamal S. .</a> (1998). The Modern History of Jordan. London: I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860643316" title="Special:BookSources/978-1860643316"><bdi>978-1860643316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+History+of+Jordan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1860643316&rft.aulast=Salibi&rft.aufirst=Kamal+S.+.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jane (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcAoBq4_EnEC">Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans</a>. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-508-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-508-2"><bdi>978-1-86064-508-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petra+and+the+Lost+Kingdom+of+the+Nabataeans&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-508-2&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFcAoBq4_EnEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ashton, Nigel (2008). King Hussein of Jordan: A Political Life. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Hussein+of+Jordan%3A+A+Political+Life&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/King-Hussein-Jordan-Political-Life-ebook/dp/B001IDZMA6/ref=sr_1_1?Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.x=0&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.y=0&qid=1585749018&refinements=p_28%3AKing+Hussein+of+Jordan%3A+A+Political+Life&s=books&sr=1-1&unfiltered=1">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308203913/https://www.amazon.com/King-Hussein-Jordan-Political-Life-ebook/dp/B001IDZMA6/ref=sr_1_1?Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.x=0&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.y=0&qid=1585749018&refinements=p_28%3AKing+Hussein+of+Jordan%3A+A+Political+Life&s=books&sr=1-1&unfiltered=1">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">El-Anis, Imad H. (2011). Jordan and the United States : the political economy of trade and economic reform in the Middle East. London: Tauris Academic Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848854710" title="Special:BookSources/9781848854710"><bdi>9781848854710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jordan+and+the+United+States+%3A+the+political+economy+of+trade+and+economic+reform+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tauris+Academic+Studies&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781848854710&rft.aulast=El-Anis&rft.aufirst=Imad+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> case studies of trade in textiles, pharmaceuticals, and financial services.</li> <li>Goichon, Amélie-Marie. Jordanie réelle. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer (1967–1972). 2 vol., ill.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Robins, Philip (2004). A history of Jordan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521598958" title="Special:BookSources/9780521598958"><bdi>9780521598958</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Jordan&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521598958&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Curtis R. (2002). Jordan in transition : from Hussein to Abdullah. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588261038" title="Special:BookSources/9781588261038"><bdi>9781588261038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jordan+in+transition+%3A+from+Hussein+to+Abdullah&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781588261038&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Curtis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Teller, Matthew (1998). The Rough Guide to Jordan. London: Rough Guides.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Jordan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Teller&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan" class="Z3988"> Sixth edition 2016.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Jordan <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Jordan">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Jordan&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=JO">Key Development Forecasts for Jordan</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jordan.gov.jo">Jordan Portal</a> – gateway to government sites</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kingabdullah.jo/en">King Abdullah II</a> – official website of the king of Jordan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pm.gov.jo">Prime Minister</a> – official website of the prime minister of Jordan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dosweb.dos.gov.jo">Statistics</a> – official website of Department of Statistics</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html">"History"</a> – Jordanian History at the website of King Hussein</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_2">Tourism</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visitjordan.com">Visit Jordan</a> – Jordan's official tourism portal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Jordan" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Jordan">Wikimedia Atlas of Jordan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/184818">Jordan</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jordan_articles597" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jordan_topics" title="Template:Jordan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jordan_topics" title="Template talk:Jordan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jordan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jordan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jordan_articles597" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jordan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jordan-related_articles" title="Index of Jordan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Emirate of Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_raids_on_Transjordan" title="Ikhwan raids on Transjordan">Ikhwan raids on Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests" title="2011–2012 Jordanian protests">2011–12 protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jordan" title="Geography of Jordan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Jordan" title="Template:Borders of Jordan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Jordan" title="List of cities in Jordan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Jordan" title="List of extreme points of Jordan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Jordan" title="Governorates of Jordan">Governorates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahias_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahias of Jordan">Nahias</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserves_in_Jordan" title="Nature reserves in Jordan">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Jordan" title="Wildlife of Jordan">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%CA%BFAra%27is_Pond" title="Al-ʿAra'is Pond">Al-ʿAra'is Pond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jordan" title="Politics of Jordan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hashemite_Court" title="Royal Hashemite Court">Royal Hashemite Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jordan" title="Cabinet of Jordan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jordan" title="Constitution of Jordan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Jordan" title="Corruption in Jordan">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jordan" title="Elections in Jordan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Jordan" title="Foreign relations of Jordan">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan" title="Human rights in Jordan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Jordan">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Jordan" title="Women in Jordan">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Jordan" title="Law enforcement in Jordan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jordan" title="Parliament of Jordan">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_(Jordan)" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Jordan)">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Jordan" title="List of political parties in Jordan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jordan" title="Prime Minister of Jordan">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Jordan" title="List of prime ministers of Jordan">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Jordan" title="Agriculture in Jordan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Jordan" title="Central Bank of Jordan">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Design_and_Development_Bureau" title="Jordan Design and Development Bureau">Defense industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Jordan" title="Energy in Jordan">Energy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_Jordan" title="Oil shale in Jordan">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jordan" title="Telecommunications in Jordan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Jordan" title="Tourism in Jordan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jordan" title="Transport in Jordan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Jordan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Jordan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Jordan" title="Category:Society of Jordan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jordan" title="Demographics of Jordan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Jordan" title="List of universities in Jordan">universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_and_Scientific_Research_(Jordan)" title="Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (Jordan)">Ministry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Jordan" title="Health in Jordan">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Jordan" title="List of hospitals in Jordan">hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical education in Jordan">medical education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Hospitals_Association_(Jordan)" title="Private Hospitals Association (Jordan)">Private Hospitals Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Jordan" title="Public holidays in Jordan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan" title="Islam in Jordan">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Jordan" title="Freedom of religion in Jordan">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_art" title="Jordanian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jordan" title="Cinema of Jordan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jordanian_wine" title="Jordanian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Jordan">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Radio_and_Television_Corporation" title="Jordan Radio and Television Corporation">JRTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro%27ya_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ro'ya TV">Ro'ya TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Jordan" title="List of newspapers in Jordan">newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_sites_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage sites in Jordan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Jordan" title="Sport in Jordan">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jordanians" title="List of Jordanians">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">King Abdullah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_of_Jordan" title="Talal of Jordan">King Talal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">King Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Rania_of_Jordan" title="Queen Rania of Jordan">Queen Rania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hassan_bin_Talal" title="Prince Hassan bin Talal">Prince Hassan bin Talal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Jordan" title="List of airports in Jordan">List of airports in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Jordan" title="List of banks in Jordan">List of banks in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Jordan" title="List of castles in Jordan">List of castles in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Jordan" title="List of cities in Jordan">List of cities in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">List of kings of Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Jordan" title="List of prime ministers of Jordan">List of prime ministers of Jordan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jordan" title="Outline of Jordan">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jordan-related_articles" title="Index of Jordan-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jordan" title="Category:Jordan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jordan" title="Portal:Jordan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Jordan93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Jordan93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Jordan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East" title="Template talk:Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_East150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_plate74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Template:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Template talk:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_plate74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and regions in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_plate" title="Arabian plate">Arabian plate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Denkalya_subregion" title="Southern Denkalya subregion">Southern Denkalya subregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai Governorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea35" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea35" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.3em 0; line-height:2.2em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jordan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Syria and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Syria and OIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations195" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary748" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Jordan" title="Portal:Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/21px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/32px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/42px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1402" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Middle East">Middle East</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/21px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/32px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/42px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Jordan at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" class="extiw" title="c:الأردن">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Jordan" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Jordan">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jordan" class="extiw" title="q:Jordan">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Jordan" class="extiw" title="voy:Jordan">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2799" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2799" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406441982">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125091880">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205669/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgMCMwpB3Qrd9t7MBYHG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4028750-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79072819">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574344">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35254169">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129494&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450661">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90923652">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000071053&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcfd3lk1493jr7">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/29317">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564339305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/2e40127e-0b8a-3a01-bfbc-58c7fcdba532">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/cc503b55-5764-4e9c-a933-c72d73316522">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/X71nTbns">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003414">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035706">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12992">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jordan&params=31.24_N_36.51_E_">31°14′N 36°31′E / 31.24°N 36.51°E / 31.24; 36.51</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan&oldid=1275625656">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan&oldid=1275625656</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jordan" 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id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 253 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-74b99f876-lb6wp","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.318","walltime":"3.890","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26640,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":857673,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":80631,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":66,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1190067,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3331.738 1 -total"," 43.16% 1438.008 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.12% 503.756 127 Template:Cite_web"," 14.60% 486.299 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 13.70% 456.487 82 Template:Cite_book"," 6.83% 227.391 61 Template:Cite_news"," 6.72% 223.953 36 Template:Sfn"," 5.72% 190.736 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.24% 141.373 4 Template:Navbox"," 4.08% 135.941 1 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[\"CITEREFBowes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowne2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCantini2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastellinoCavanaugh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChris2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColditz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordesman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordova2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCuthbert2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEastwood2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-Hasan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-SaidBecker2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-Shamayleh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaraj2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFattahSlackmannov2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelsteinLipschitsKoch2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleishman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrelick2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedmanFigg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGates2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhazal2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhazal2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGhazal2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._Joffé2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaddadin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaladin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamGreenway2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHourani2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusseini\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Monetary_Fund._Fiscal_Affairs_Dept\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIreland2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKayaoglu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalil1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhatib2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKildani2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurshid\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaBiancaYounker1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Strange1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLearning2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemoineStrickland2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeyne2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuebbe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddy-Weitzman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagid2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakdisiElbadawi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalkawi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalkawi2015\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMalkawi2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMallonKingswood2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcColl2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelhem2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillsBullard1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilton-EdwardsHinchcliffe2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoujaes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustefaReznick2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNa\u0026#039;aman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNamrouqa2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNamrouqa2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicky2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolle2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObeidat2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObeidat2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObeidat2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmari2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmari2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverbye2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkerBetlyon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatai2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattison2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPizzi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPringle1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProkschNissenBremgartnerUrquhart2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQumsiyeh1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawashdeh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReznick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivlin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoganTell1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRollston2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalibi1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoup2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSicker2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSowell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanely2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrickland2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwaidanNica2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweet2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyedAkhtarUsmani2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTemperman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVela2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYapp2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaqqa2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Nahar2014\"] = 11,\n [\"CITEREFde_Gruyter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Steen2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Arab League\"] = 1,\n [\"Arabian Plate\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 82,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 127,\n [\"Convert\"] = 15,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries bordering the Red Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Jordan Labelled Map\"] = 1,\n [\"Jordan topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 21,\n [\"Middle East\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 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projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-01T23:43:56Z","dateModified":"2025-02-14T02:57:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c0\/Flag_of_Jordan.svg","headline":"country in the Middle East"}</script> </body> </html>