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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-JAK-STAT_pathway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JAK-STAT_pathway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>JAK-STAT pathway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JAK-STAT_pathway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_signaling_pathways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_signaling_pathways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other signaling pathways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_signaling_pathways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Biological activity</span> </div> </a> <button 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id="toc-Activity_during_pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Therapeutic_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Therapeutic use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_use_in_immunotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_use_in_immunotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Potential use in immunotherapy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Potential_use_in_immunotherapy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Potential use in immunotherapy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Potential_use_in_immunotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cancer_immunotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer_immunotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Cancer immunotherapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer_immunotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_antitumor_immunity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_antitumor_immunity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Involvement in antitumor immunity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_antitumor_immunity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Barriers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Interactions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interactions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="إنترفيرون غاما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنترفيرون غاما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="اینترفرون قاما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینترفرون قاما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfer%C3%B3_gamma" title="Interferó gamma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Interferó gamma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_%CE%B3" title="Interferon γ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Interferon γ" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFNG" title="IFNG – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="IFNG" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon-%CE%B3" title="Interferon-γ – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Interferon-γ" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfer%C3%B3n_gamma" title="Interferón gamma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Interferón gamma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="اینترفرون گاما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اینترفرون گاما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interf%C3%A9ron_gamma" title="Interféron gamma – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Interféron gamma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfer%C3%B3n_gamma" title="Interferón gamma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Interferón gamma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%ED%8E%98%EB%A1%A0_%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88" title="인터페론 감마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인터페론 감마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferone_gamma" title="Interferone gamma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interferone gamma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_interferons" title="Gamma interferons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gamma interferons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%CE%B3" title="インターフェロンγ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インターフェロンγ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfer%C3%A3o-gama" title="Interferão-gama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Interferão-gama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Интерферон гамма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интерферон гамма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon-gama" title="Interferon-gama – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Interferon-gama" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon-gama" title="Interferon-gama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Interferon-gama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="தீநுண்ம எதிர்ப்பி காமா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தீநுண்ம எதிர்ப்பி காமா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nterferon_gama" title="İnterferon gama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnterferon gama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFNG" title="IFNG – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IFNG" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_gamma" title="Interferon gamma – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Interferon gamma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93-%E5%B9%B2%E6%89%B0%E7%B4%A0" title="Γ-干扰素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Γ-干扰素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">InterPro Family</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">IFNG</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IFN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/IFN.png/250px-IFN.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/IFN.png/375px-IFN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/IFN.png/500px-IFN.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Available structures</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#c3fdb8;width:43px"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee">Ortholog search: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=P01580%20or%20P01579">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:P01580,P01579">RCSB</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr style="background-color:#ddd;text-align:center"><th colspan="2">List of PDB id codes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1EKU">1EKU</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1FG9">1FG9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1FYH">1FYH</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1HIG">1HIG</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3BES">3BES</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/5438">IFNG</a></span>, IFG, IFI, interferon, gamma, interferon gamma, IMD69</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/147570">147570</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:107656">107656</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=55526">55526</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=IFNG">IFNG</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000111537">IFNG - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 12 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 12 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 12 (human)">Chromosome 12 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 12 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 12 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 145.02029444653px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for IFNG"><img alt="Genomic location for IFNG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 151px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for IFNG"><img alt="Genomic location for IFNG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">12q15</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">68,154,768 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">68,159,740 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 10 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 10 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 10 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 10 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 10 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 260.79145821919px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for IFNG"><img alt="Genomic location for IFNG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 266.8px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for IFNG"><img alt="Genomic location for IFNG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">10 D2|10 66.75 cM</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">118,276,951 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">118,281,797 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000111537">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">testicle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">granulocyte</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">lymph node</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">bone marrow cells</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">appendix</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">tibialis anterior muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">gallbladder</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">blood</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">spleen</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right lobe of liver</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000055170">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">embryo</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">granulocyte</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">ileum</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">jejunum</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">bone marrow</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">spleen</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">thymus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">duodenum</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">urinary bladder</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">thoracic segment of trunk</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000111537">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_IFNG_210354_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PBB_GE_IFNG_210354_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_IFNG_210354_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PBB_GE_IFNG_210354_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_IFNG_210354_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PBB_GE_IFNG_210354_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_IFNG_210354_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/gene/3458/">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005133">interferon-gamma receptor binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005125">cytokine activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515">protein binding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005576">extracellular region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009897">external side of plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043204">perikaryon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043005">neuron projection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005737">cytoplasm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005615">extracellular space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006915">apoptotic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045348">positive regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048662">negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071351">cellular response to interleukin-18</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019882">antigen processing and presentation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060550">positive regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006355">regulation of transcription, DNA-templated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:2000309">positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032735">positive regulation of interleukin-12 production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010508">positive regulation of autophagy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0034393">positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050796">regulation of insulin secretion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0097191">extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002026">regulation of the force of heart contraction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0098908">regulation of neuronal action potential</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045429">positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032224">positive regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009615">response to virus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051044">positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010634">positive regulation of epithelial cell migration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045672">positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051712">positive regulation of killing of cells of other organism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060559">positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033141">positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000122">negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060557">positive regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030593">neutrophil chemotaxis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010629">negative regulation of gene expression</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060552">positive regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045893">positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030968">endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007166">cell surface receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010628">positive regulation of gene expression</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060334">regulation of interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042742">defense response to bacterium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051607">defense response to virus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045666">positive regulation of neuron differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042102">positive regulation of T cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008284">positive regulation of cell population proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:2000345">regulation of hepatocyte proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006955">immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050776">regulation of immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032760">positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002302">CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001781">neutrophil apoptotic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050954">sensory perception of mechanical stimulus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0040008">regulation of growth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048304">positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1903543">positive regulation of exosomal secretion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032834">positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032700">negative regulation of interleukin-17 production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071222">cellular response to lipopolysaccharide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050852">T cell receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030857">negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031642">negative regulation of myelination</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006925">inflammatory cell apoptotic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032747">positive regulation of interleukin-23 production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045944">positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008285">negative regulation of cell population proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042832">defense response to protozoan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045785">positive regulation of cell adhesion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0072125">negative regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048147">negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060251">regulation of glial cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043065">positive regulation of apoptotic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001934">positive regulation of protein phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002250">adaptive immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006959">humoral immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010835">regulation of protein ADP-ribosylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031334">positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042531">positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045892">negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050691">regulation of defense response to virus by host</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060333">interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071902">positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0090312">positive regulation of protein deacetylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1904798">positive regulation of core promoter binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035722">interleukin-12-mediated signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045589">regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1903078">positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010469">regulation of signaling receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042307">positive regulation of protein import into nucleus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001774">microglial cell activation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1904783">positive regulation of NMDA glutamate receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007259">receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045821">positive regulation of glycolytic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048143">astrocyte activation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050766">positive regulation of phagocytosis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050769">positive regulation of neurogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051173">positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051770">positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0150076">neuroinflammatory response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1900222">negative regulation of amyloid-beta clearance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1901216">positive regulation of neuron death</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1901857">positive regulation of cellular respiration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1902004">positive regulation of amyloid-beta formation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1902948">negative regulation of tau-protein kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1904440">positive regulation of iron ion import across plasma membrane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=3458&rn=1">3458</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=15978&rn=1">15978</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000111537;db=core">ENSG00000111537</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000055170;db=core">ENSMUSG00000055170</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01579">P01579</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01580">P01580</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_000619">NM_000619</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_008337">NM_008337</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_000610">NP_000610</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_032363">NP_032363</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr12:68154768-68159740">Chr 12: 68.15 – 68.16 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr10:118276951-118281797">Chr 10: 118.28 – 118.28 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18027639" class="extiw" title="d:Q18027639">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18251435" class="extiw" title="d:Q18251435">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Interferon gamma</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1eku_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PDB_1eku_EBI.jpg/220px-PDB_1eku_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PDB_1eku_EBI.jpg/330px-PDB_1eku_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PDB_1eku_EBI.jpg/440px-PDB_1eku_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Crystal structure of a biologically active single chain mutant of human interferon gamma</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">IFN gamma</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a></th><td class="infobox-data pfam" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/PF00714">PF00714</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a> clan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/set/pfam/CL0053/">CL0053</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR002069">IPR002069</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Classification of Proteins">SCOP2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scop2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/search?t=txt;q=1rfb">1rfb</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scop.berkeley.edu/pdb/code=1rfb">SCOPe</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search_field=1rfb">SUPFAM</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Available protein structures:</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a>  </th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF00714?tab=pdbBlock">structures</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prodata.swmed.edu/ecod/complete/search?kw=PF00714">ECOD</a>  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.annotation_id:PF00714%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.type:Pfam">RCSB PDB</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?pfam_accession:PF00714">PDBe</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdbj.org/search/pdb?other_db_select=PFam&other_db_field=PF00714">PDBj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PDBsum" title="PDBsum">PDBsum</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPfamStr.pl?pfam_id=PF00714">structure summary</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Interferon gamma">Interferon gamma</span></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Actimmune</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/interferon-gamma.html">Monograph</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="medlineplus.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601152.html">a601152</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L03" title="ATC code L03">L03AB03</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=L03AB03">WHO</a></span>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">Human interferon gamma-1b</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=98059-61-1">98059-61-1</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00033">DB00033</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>none</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/21K6M2I7AG">21K6M2I7AG</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00747">D00747</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL1201564">ChEMBL1201564</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>761</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>1206</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>214</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>225</sub><span title="Sulfur">S</span><sub>6</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004171456500000000♠"></span>17<span style="margin-left:.25em;">145</span>.65</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">(what is this?)</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=458270952&page2=Interferon+gamma">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Interferon gamma</b> (<b>IFNG</b> or IFN-γ) is a <a href="/wiki/Protein_dimer" title="Protein dimer">dimerized</a> soluble <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokine</a> that is the only member of the <b>type II</b> class of <a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">interferons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6180322_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6180322-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of this interferon, which early in its history was known as immune interferon, was described by E. F. Wheelock as a product of human <a href="/wiki/Leukocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocyte">leukocytes</a> stimulated with <a href="/wiki/Phytohemagglutinin" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytohemagglutinin">phytohemagglutinin</a>, and by others as a product of antigen-stimulated <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytes">lymphocytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17838106_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17838106-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also shown to be produced in human lymphocytes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Tuberculin" title="Tuberculin">tuberculin</a>-sensitized mouse <a href="/wiki/Peritoneal" class="mw-redirect" title="Peritoneal">peritoneal</a> lymphocytes<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> challenged with <a href="/wiki/Mantoux_test" title="Mantoux test">Mantoux test</a> (PPD); the resulting <a href="/wiki/Supernatant" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernatant">supernatants</a> were shown to inhibit growth of <a href="/wiki/Vesicular_stomatitis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicular stomatitis virus">vesicular stomatitis virus</a>. Those reports also contained the basic observation underlying the now widely employed <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma_release_assay" title="Interferon gamma release assay">interferon gamma release assay</a> used to test for <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. In humans, the IFNG protein is encoded by the <i>IFNG</i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6403645_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6403645-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-entrez_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrez-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through cell signaling, interferon gamma plays a role in regulating the immune response of its target cell.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key signaling pathway that is activated by type II IFN is the <a href="/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway" title="JAK-STAT signaling pathway">JAK-STAT signaling pathway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IFNG plays an important role in both <a href="/wiki/Innate_immune_system" title="Innate immune system">innate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive</a> immunity. Type II IFN is primarily secreted by CD4<sup>+</sup> <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">T helper</a> 1 (Th1) cells, <a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">natural killer</a> (NK) cells, and CD8<sup>+</sup> <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell" title="Cytotoxic T cell">cytotoxic T cells</a>. The expression of type II IFN is upregulated and downregulated by cytokines.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By activating signaling pathways in cells such as <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a>, <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell" title="Cytotoxic T cell">CD8<sup>+</sup> cytotoxic T cells</a>, it is able to promote inflammation, antiviral or antibacterial activity, and cell <a href="/wiki/Cell_proliferation" title="Cell proliferation">proliferation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Type II IFN is serologically different from <a href="/wiki/Interferon_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon type 1">interferon type 1</a>, binds to different receptors, and is encoded by a separate chromosomal locus.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Type II IFN has played a role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy" title="Cancer immunotherapy">cancer immunotherapy</a> treatments due to its ability to prevent tumor growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IFNG, or type II interferon, is a cytokine that is critical for <a href="/wiki/Innate_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Innate immunity">innate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive immunity">adaptive immunity</a> against <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">bacterial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protozoan_infection" title="Protozoan infection">protozoan infections</a>. IFNG is an important activator of <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> and inducer of <a href="/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex_class_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Major histocompatibility complex class II">major histocompatibility complex class II</a> molecule expression. Aberrant IFNG expression is associated with a number of <a href="/wiki/Autoinflammatory_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoinflammatory disease">autoinflammatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a>. The importance of IFNG in the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> stems in part from its ability to inhibit <a href="/wiki/Viral_replication" title="Viral replication">viral replication</a> directly, and most importantly from its <a href="/wiki/Immunostimulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunostimulator">immunostimulatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">immunomodulatory</a> effects. IFNG is produced predominantly by <a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">natural killer cells</a> (NK) and <a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_T_cell" title="Natural killer T cell">natural killer T cells</a> (NKT) as part of the innate immune response, and by <a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a> Th1 and <a href="/wiki/CD8" title="CD8">CD8</a> cytotoxic T lymphocyte (<a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell" title="Cytotoxic T cell">CTL</a>) effector T cells once <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a>-specific immunity develops<sup id="cite_ref-entrez2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrez2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17981204_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17981204-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of the adaptive immune response. IFNG is also produced by non-cytotoxic <a href="/wiki/Innate_lymphoid_cell" title="Innate lymphoid cell">innate lymphoid cells</a> (ILC), a family of immune cells first discovered in the early 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary cells that secrete type II IFN are CD4<sup>+</sup> <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">T helper</a> 1 (Th1) cells, <a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">natural killer</a> (NK) cells, and CD8<sup>+</sup> <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell" title="Cytotoxic T cell">cytotoxic T cells</a>. It can also be secreted by antigen presenting cells (<a href="/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell" title="Antigen-presenting cell">APCs</a>) such as dendritic cells (<a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">DCs</a>), macrophages (<a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">MΦs</a>), and <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a> to a lesser degree. Type II IFN expression is upregulated by the production of <a href="/wiki/Interleukin" title="Interleukin">interleukin</a> cytokines, such as <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">IL-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_15" title="Interleukin 15">IL-15</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_18" title="Interleukin 18">IL-18</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Interferon_type_I" title="Interferon type I">type I interferons</a> (IFN-α and IFN-β).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">IL-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10" title="Interleukin 10">IL-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor-beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Transforming growth factor-beta">transforming growth factor-beta</a> (TGF-β) and <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoids</a> are known to downregulate type II IFN expression.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Type II IFN is a cytokine, meaning it functions by signaling to other cells in the immune system and influencing their immune response. There are many immune cells type II IFN acts on. Some of its main functions are to induce <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">IgG</a> <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_class_switching" title="Immunoglobulin class switching">isotype switching</a> in <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a>; upregulate <a href="/wiki/MHC_class_II" title="MHC class II">major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II</a> expression on <a href="/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell" title="Antigen-presenting cell">APCs</a>; induce CD8<sup>+</sup> cytotoxic T cell differentiation, activation, and proliferation; and activate <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a>. In macrophages, type II IFN stimulates <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">IL-12</a> expression. IL-12 in turn promotes the secretion of IFNG by NK cells and Th1 cells, and it signals <a href="/wiki/Naive_T_cell" title="Naive T cell">naive T helper cells</a> (Th0) to differentiate into Th1 cells.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IFNG <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomer</a> consists of a core of six α-helices and an extended unfolded sequence in the C-terminal region.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1902591_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1902591-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PDB_1FG9_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDB_1FG9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is shown in the structural models below. The α-helices in the core of the structure are numbered 1 to 6. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IFN2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/IFN2.jpeg/350px-IFN2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="350" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/IFN2.jpeg/525px-IFN2.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/IFN2.jpeg/700px-IFN2.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Figure 1.</b></span> Line and cartoon representation of an IFN-γ monomer.<sup id="cite_ref-PDB_1FG9_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDB_1FG9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The biologically active dimer is formed by anti-parallel inter-locking of the two monomers as shown below. In the cartoon model, one monomer is shown in red, the other in blue. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IFN3.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/IFN3.jpeg/350px-IFN3.jpeg" decoding="async" width="350" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/IFN3.jpeg/525px-IFN3.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/IFN3.jpeg/700px-IFN3.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Figure 2.</b></span> Line and cartoon representation of an IFN-γ dimer.<sup id="cite_ref-PDB_1FG9_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDB_1FG9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Receptor_binding">Receptor binding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Receptor binding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IFN_with_recep.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/IFN_with_recep.jpeg/250px-IFN_with_recep.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/IFN_with_recep.jpeg/375px-IFN_with_recep.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/IFN_with_recep.jpeg/500px-IFN_with_recep.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Figure 3.</b></span> IFN dimer interacting with two <a href="/wiki/IFNGR1" class="mw-redirect" title="IFNGR1">IFNGR1</a> receptor molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-PDB_1FG9_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDB_1FG9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Interferon-gamma_receptor" title="Interferon-gamma receptor">Interferon-gamma receptor</a></div><p>Cellular responses to IFNG are activated through its interaction with a heterodimeric receptor consisting of <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma_receptor_1" title="Interferon gamma receptor 1">Interferon gamma receptor 1</a> (IFNGR1) and <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma_receptor_2" title="Interferon gamma receptor 2">Interferon gamma receptor 2</a> (IFNGR2). IFN-γ binding to the receptor activates the <a href="/wiki/JAK-STAT_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK-STAT pathway">JAK-STAT pathway</a>. Activation of the JAK-STAT pathway induces upregulation of <a href="/wiki/Interferon-stimulated_gene" title="Interferon-stimulated gene">interferon-stimulated genes</a> (ISGs), including MHC II.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IFNG also binds to the <a href="/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan" title="Glycosaminoglycan">glycosaminoglycan</a> <a href="/wiki/Heparan_sulfate" title="Heparan sulfate">heparan sulfate</a> (HS) at the cell surface. However, in contrast to many other heparan sulfate binding proteins, where binding promotes <a href="/wiki/Biological_activity" title="Biological activity">biological activity</a>, the binding of IFNG to HS inhibits its biological activity.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9556569_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9556569-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The structural models shown in figures 1-3 for IFNG<sup id="cite_ref-PDB_1FG9_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDB_1FG9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are all shortened at their C-termini by 17 amino acids. Full length IFNG is 143 amino acids long, the models are 126 amino acids long. Affinity for heparan sulfate resides solely within the deleted sequence of 17 amino acids.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15270718_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15270718-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this sequence of 17 amino acids lie two clusters of basic amino acids termed D1 and D2, respectively. Heparan sulfate interacts with both of these clusters.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1901275_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1901275-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the absence of heparan sulfate the presence of the D1 sequence increases the rate at which IFNG-receptor complexes form.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9556569_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9556569-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interactions between the D1 cluster of amino acids and the receptor may be the first step in complex formation. By binding to D1 HS may compete with the receptor and prevent active receptor complexes from forming.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The biological significance of heparan sulfates interaction with IFNG is unclear; however, binding of the D1 cluster to HS may protect it from <a href="/wiki/Proteolytic_cleavage" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteolytic cleavage">proteolytic cleavage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1901275_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1901275-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signaling">Signaling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Signaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IFNG binds to the type II cell-surface receptor, also known as the IFN gamma receptor (IFNGR) which is part of the class II cytokine receptor family. The IFNGR is composed of two subunits: the <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma_receptor_1" title="Interferon gamma receptor 1">IFNGR1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma_receptor_2" title="Interferon gamma receptor 2">IFNGR2</a>. IFNGR1 is associated with <a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase_1" title="Janus kinase 1">JAK1</a> and IFNGR2 is associated with <a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase_2" title="Janus kinase 2">JAK2</a>. Upon IFNG binding the receptor, IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 undergo conformational changes that result in the autophosphorylation and activation of JAK1 and JAK2. This leads to a signaling cascade and eventual transcription of target genes.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression of 236 different genes has been linked to type II IFN-mediated signaling. The proteins expressed by type II IFN-mediated signaling are primarily involved in promoting inflammatory immune responses and regulating other cell-mediated immune responses, such as <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>, intracellular <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">IgG</a> trafficking, <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokine</a> signaling and production, <a href="/wiki/Haematopoiesis" title="Haematopoiesis">hematopoiesis</a>, and cell <a href="/wiki/Cell_proliferation" title="Cell proliferation">proliferation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JAK-STAT_pathway">JAK-STAT pathway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: JAK-STAT pathway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One key pathway triggered by IFNG binding IFNGRs is the Janus Kinase and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription pathway, more commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway" title="JAK-STAT signaling pathway">JAK-STAT pathway</a>. In the JAK-STAT pathway, activated JAK1 and JAK2 proteins regulate the phosphorylation of tyrosine in <a href="/wiki/STAT1" title="STAT1">STAT1</a> transcription factors. The tyrosines are phosphorylated at a very specific location, allowing activated STAT1 proteins to interact with each other come together to form STAT1-STAT1 <a href="/wiki/Protein_dimer" title="Protein dimer">homodimers</a>. The STAT1-STAT1 homodimers can then enter the cell nucleus. They then initiate transcription by binding to gamma interferon activation site (GAS) elements,<sup id="cite_ref-:03_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are located in the promoter region of <a href="/wiki/Interferon-stimulated_gene" title="Interferon-stimulated gene">Interferon-stimulated genes</a> (ISGs) that express for antiviral effector proteins, as well as positive and negative regulators of type II IFN signaling pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_II_IFN_JAK-STAT_Pathway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Type_II_IFN_JAK-STAT_Pathway.jpg/220px-Type_II_IFN_JAK-STAT_Pathway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Type_II_IFN_JAK-STAT_Pathway.jpg/330px-Type_II_IFN_JAK-STAT_Pathway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Type_II_IFN_JAK-STAT_Pathway.jpg/440px-Type_II_IFN_JAK-STAT_Pathway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1934" /></a><figcaption>JAK-STAT signaling pathway activated by type II IFN.</figcaption></figure> <p>The JAK proteins also lead to the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (<a href="/wiki/Phosphoinositide_3-kinase" title="Phosphoinositide 3-kinase">PI3K</a>). PI3K leads to the activation of protein kinase C delta type (<a href="/wiki/PRKCD" title="PRKCD">PKC-δ</a>) which phosphorylates the amino acid serine in STAT1 transcription factors. The phosphorylation of the serine in STAT1-STAT1 homodimers are essential for the full transcription process to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_signaling_pathways">Other signaling pathways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other signaling pathways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other signaling pathways that are triggered by IFNG are the <a href="/wiki/PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway" title="PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway">mTOR signaling pathway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MAPK/ERK_pathway" title="MAPK/ERK pathway">MAPK signaling pathway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway" title="PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway">PI3K/AKT signaling pathway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_activity">Biological activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biological activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IFNG is secreted by <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">T helper cells</a> (specifically, T<sub>h</sub>1 cells), <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell" title="Cytotoxic T cell">cytotoxic T cells</a> (T<sub>C</sub> cells), macrophages, mucosal epithelial cells and <a href="/wiki/NK_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="NK cells">NK cells</a>. IFNG is both an important autocrine signal for professional <a href="/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell" title="Antigen-presenting cell">APCs</a> in early innate immune response, and an important paracrine signal in adaptive immune response. The expression of IFNG is induced by the cytokines IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and type I IFN.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IFNG is the only Type II <a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">interferon</a> and it is <a href="/wiki/Serology" title="Serology">serologically</a> distinct from Type I interferons; it is acid-labile, while the type I variants are acid-stable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>IFNG has antiviral, immunoregulatory, and anti-tumor properties.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14525967_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14525967-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It alters transcription in up to 30 genes producing a variety of physiological and cellular responses. Among the effects are: </p> <ul><li>Promotes <a href="/wiki/NK_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="NK cell">NK cell</a> activity<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increases antigen presentation and <a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">lysosome</a> activity of <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a>.</li> <li>Activates inducible <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase" title="Nitric oxide synthase">nitric oxide synthase</a> (iNOS)</li> <li>Induces the production of <a href="/wiki/IgG2" class="mw-redirect" title="IgG2">IgG2a</a> and <a href="/wiki/IgG3" class="mw-redirect" title="IgG3">IgG3</a> from activated plasma <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a></li> <li>Causes normal cells to increase expression of <a href="/wiki/Class_I_MHC" class="mw-redirect" title="Class I MHC">class I MHC</a> molecules as well as <a href="/wiki/Class_II_MHC" class="mw-redirect" title="Class II MHC">class II MHC</a> on antigen-presenting cells—to be specific, through induction of <a href="/wiki/Antigen_processing" title="Antigen processing">antigen processing</a> genes, including subunits of the <a href="/wiki/Immunoproteasome" title="Immunoproteasome">immunoproteasome</a> (MECL1, LMP2, LMP7), as well as <a href="/wiki/Transporter_associated_with_antigen_processing" title="Transporter associated with antigen processing">TAP</a> and <a href="/wiki/ARTS-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ARTS-1">ERAAP</a> in addition possibly to the direct upregulation of MHC heavy chains and B2-microglobulin itself</li> <li>Promotes adhesion and binding required for <a href="/wiki/Leukocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocyte">leukocyte</a> migration</li> <li>Induces the expression of intrinsic defense factors—for example, with respect to <a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">retroviruses</a>, relevant genes include <a href="/wiki/TRIM5alpha" title="TRIM5alpha">TRIM5alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/APOBEC" title="APOBEC">APOBEC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tetherin" title="Tetherin">Tetherin</a>, representing directly antiviral effects</li> <li>Primes alveolar <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> against secondary bacterial infections.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>IFNG is the primary <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokine</a> that defines T<sub>h</sub>1 cells: T<sub>h</sub>1 cells secrete IFNG, which in turn causes more undifferentiated CD4<sup>+</sup> cells (Th0 cells) to differentiate into T<sub>h</sub>1 cells, <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing a <a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive feedback loop">positive feedback loop</a>—while suppressing T<sub>h</sub>2 cell differentiation. (Equivalent defining cytokines for other cells include <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">IL-4</a> for T<sub>h</sub>2 cells and <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_17" title="Interleukin 17">IL-17</a> for <a href="/wiki/T_helper_17_cell" title="T helper 17 cell">Th17 cells</a>.) </p><p><a href="/wiki/NK_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="NK cell">NK cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD8%2B_cytotoxic_T_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="CD8+ cytotoxic T cell">CD8+ cytotoxic T cells</a> also produce IFNG. IFNG suppresses <a href="/wiki/Osteoclast" title="Osteoclast">osteoclast</a> formation by rapidly degrading the <a href="/wiki/RANK" title="RANK">RANK</a> adaptor protein <a href="/wiki/TRAF6" title="TRAF6">TRAF6</a> in the <a href="/wiki/RANK" title="RANK">RANK</a>-<a href="/wiki/RANKL" title="RANKL">RANKL</a> signaling pathway, which otherwise stimulates the production of <a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activity_in_granuloma_formation">Activity in granuloma formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Activity in granuloma formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Granuloma" title="Granuloma">granuloma</a> is the body's way of dealing with a substance it cannot remove or sterilize. Infectious causes of granulomas (infections are typically the most common cause of granulomas) include <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">histoplasmosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptococcosis" title="Cryptococcosis">cryptococcosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">coccidioidomycosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blastomycosis" title="Blastomycosis">blastomycosis</a>, and toxoplasmosis. Examples of non-infectious granulomatous diseases are <a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoidosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berylliosis" title="Berylliosis">berylliosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant-cell_arteritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant-cell arteritis">giant-cell arteritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Granulomatosis with polyangiitis">granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis">eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a>, pulmonary <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_nodule" title="Rheumatoid nodule">rheumatoid nodules</a>, and aspiration of food and other particulate material into the lung.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infectious pathophysiology of granulomas is discussed primarily here.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The key association between IFNG and granulomas is that IFNG activates macrophages so that they become more powerful in killing intracellular organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activation of macrophages by IFNG from T<sub>h</sub>1 helper cells in <a href="/wiki/Mycobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacteria">mycobacterial</a> infections allows the macrophages to overcome the inhibition of <a href="/wiki/Phagolysosome" title="Phagolysosome">phagolysosome</a> maturation caused by mycobacteria (to stay alive inside macrophages).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first steps in IFNG-induced granuloma formation are activation of T<sub>h</sub>1 helper cells by macrophages releasing <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1">IL-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">IL-12</a> in the presence of intracellular pathogens, and presentation of antigens from those pathogens. Next the T<sub>h</sub>1 helper cells aggregate around the macrophages and release IFNG, which activates the macrophages. Further activation of macrophages causes a cycle of further killing of intracellular bacteria, and further presentation of antigens to T<sub>h</sub>1 helper cells with further release of IFNG. Finally, macrophages surround the T<sub>h</sub>1 helper cells and become fibroblast-like cells walling off the infection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activity_during_pregnancy">Activity during pregnancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Activity during pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Uterine_natural_killer_cells" title="Uterine natural killer cells">Uterine natural killer cells</a> (NKs) secrete high levels of <a href="/wiki/Chemoattractant" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoattractant">chemoattractants</a>, such as IFNG in mice. IFNG dilates and thins the walls of maternal spiral arteries to enhance blood flow to the <a href="/wiki/Implantation_(embryology)" title="Implantation (embryology)">implantation site</a>. This remodeling aids in the development of the placenta as it invades the uterus in its quest for nutrients. IFNG knockout mice fail to initiate normal pregnancy-induced modification of <a href="/wiki/Decidual" class="mw-redirect" title="Decidual">decidual</a> arteries. These models display abnormally low amounts of cells or <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a> of decidua.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10899912_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10899912-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In humans, elevated levels of IFN gamma have been associated with increased risk of miscarriage. Correlation studies have observed high IFNG levels in women with a history of spontaneous miscarriage, when compared to women with no history of spontaneous miscarriage.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, low-IFNG levels are associated with women who successfully carry to term. It is possible that IFNG is cytotoxic to <a href="/wiki/Trophoblast" title="Trophoblast">trophoblasts</a>, which leads to miscarriage.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, causal research on the relationship between IFNG and miscarriage has not been performed due to <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">ethical constraints</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recombinant human IFNG, as an expensive biopharmaceutical, has been expressed in different expression systems including prokaryotic, protozoan, fungal (yeasts), plant, insect and mammalian cells. Human IFNG is commonly expressed in <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>, marketed as ACTIMMUNE®, however, the resulting product of the prokaryotic expression system is not glycosylated with a short half-life in the bloodstream after injection; the purification process from bacterial expression system is also very costly. Other expression systems like <i><a href="/wiki/Pichia_pastoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Pichia pastoris">Pichia pastoris</a></i> did not show satisfactory results in terms of yields.<sup id="cite_ref-Razaghi_A_2016_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Razaghi_A_2016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Therapeutic_use">Therapeutic use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Therapeutic use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interferon gamma 1b is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat <a href="/wiki/Chronic_granulomatous_disease" title="Chronic granulomatous disease">chronic granulomatous disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid1372855_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1372855-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (CGD) and <a href="/wiki/Osteopetrosis" title="Osteopetrosis">osteopetrosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1320672_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1320672-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mechanism by which IFNG benefits CGD is via enhancing the efficacy of neutrophils against catalase-positive bacteria by correcting patients' oxidative metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not approved to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In 2002, the manufacturer InterMune issued a press release saying that phase III data demonstrated survival benefit in IPF and reduced mortality by 70% in patients with mild to moderate disease. The U.S. Department of Justice charged that the release contained false and misleading statements. InterMune's chief executive, Scott Harkonen, was accused of manipulating the trial data, was convicted in 2009 of wire fraud, and was sentenced to fines and community service. Harkonen appealed his conviction to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, and lost.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman_2013_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman_2013-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harkonen was granted a full pardon on January 20, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Preliminary research on the role of IFNG in treating <a href="/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a> (FA) conducted by <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_of_Philadelphia" title="Children's Hospital of Philadelphia">Children's Hospital of Philadelphia</a> has found no beneficial effects in short-term (< 6-months) treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, researchers in Turkey have discovered significant improvements in patients' gait and stance after 6 months of treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although not officially approved, Interferon gamma has also been shown to be effective in treating patients with moderate to severe <a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">atopic dermatitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, recombinant IFNG therapy has shown promise in patients with lowered IFNG expression, such as those with predisposition to herpes simplex virus, and pediatric patients.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_use_in_immunotherapy">Potential use in immunotherapy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Potential use in immunotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IFNG increases an anti-proliferative state in cancer cells, while upregulating MHC I and MHC II expression, which increases immunorecognition and removal of pathogenic cells.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IFNG also reduces metastasis in tumors by upregulating <a href="/wiki/Fibronectin" title="Fibronectin">fibronectin</a>, which negatively impacts tumor architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased IFNG mRNA levels in tumors at diagnosis has been associated to better responses to immunotherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer_immunotherapy">Cancer immunotherapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cancer immunotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The goal of <a href="/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy" title="Cancer immunotherapy">cancer immunotherapy</a> is to trigger an immune response by the patient's immune cells to attack and kill malignant (cancer-causing) tumor cells. Type II IFN deficiency has been linked to several types of cancer, including B-cell lymphoma and lung cancer. Furthermore, it has been found that in patients receiving the drug <a href="/wiki/Durvalumab" title="Durvalumab">durvalumab</a> to treat <a href="/wiki/Non-small-cell_lung_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-small-cell lung carcinoma">non-small cell lung carcinoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transitional_cell_carcinoma" title="Transitional cell carcinoma">transitional cell carcinoma</a> had higher response rates to the drug, and the drug stunted the progression of both types of cancer for a longer duration of time. Thus, promoting the upregulation of type II IFN has been proven to be a crucial part in creating effective cancer immunotherapy treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IFNG is not approved yet for the treatment in any <a href="/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy" title="Cancer immunotherapy">cancer immunotherapy</a>. However, improved survival was observed when IFNG was administered to patients with <a href="/wiki/Bladder_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladder carcinoma">bladder carcinoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a> cancers. The most promising result was achieved in patients with stage 2 and 3 of <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovarian carcinoma">ovarian carcinoma</a>. On the contrary, it was stressed: "Interferon-γ secreted by CD8-positive lymphocytes upregulates PD-L1 on ovarian cancer cells and promotes tumour growth."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i> study of IFNG in cancer cells is more extensive and results indicate anti-proliferative activity of IFNG leading to the growth inhibition or cell death, generally induced by <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> but sometimes by <a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">autophagy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Razaghi_A_2016_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Razaghi_A_2016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, it has been reported that mammalian <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">glycosylation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombinant protein">recombinant</a> human IFNG, expressed in <a href="/wiki/HEK_293_cells" title="HEK 293 cells">HEK293</a>, improves its therapeutic efficacy compared to the unglycosylated form that is expressed in <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involvement_in_antitumor_immunity">Involvement in antitumor immunity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Involvement in antitumor immunity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Type II IFN enhances Th1 cell, cytotoxic T cell, and APC activities, which results in an enhanced immune response against the malignant tumor cells, leading to tumor cell <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">necroptosis</a> (cell death). Furthermore, Type II IFN suppresses the activity of <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_T_cell" title="Regulatory T cell">regulatory T cells</a>, which are responsible for silencing immune responses against pathogens, preventing the deactivation of the immune cells involved in the killing of the tumor cells. Type II IFN prevents tumor cell division by directly acting on the tumor cells, which results in increased expression of proteins that inhibit the tumor cells from continuing through the cell cycle (i.e., cell cycle arrest). Type II IFN can also prevent tumor growth by indirectly acting on <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelial cells</a> lining the blood vessels close to the site of the tumor, cutting off blood flow to the tumor cells and thus the supply of necessary resources for tumor cell survival and proliferation.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barriers">Barriers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Barriers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The importance of type II IFN in cancer immunotherapy has been acknowledged; current research is studying the effects of type II IFN on cancer, both as a solo form of treatment and as a form of treatment to be administered alongside other anticancer drugs. But type II IFN has not been approved by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</a> to treat cancer, except for malignant <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>. This is most likely due to the fact that while type II IFN is involved in antitumor immunity, some of its functions may enhance the progression of a cancer. When type II IFN acts on tumor cells, it may induce the expression of a transmembrane protein known as programmed death-ligand 1 (<a href="/wiki/PD-L1" title="PD-L1">PDL1</a>), which allows the tumor cells to evade an attack from immune cells. Type II IFN-mediated signaling may also promote <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a> (formation of new blood vessels to the tumor site) and tumor cell proliferation.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interferon gamma has been shown to <a href="/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein-protein interaction">interact</a> with <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma_receptor_1" title="Interferon gamma receptor 1">Interferon gamma receptor 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma_receptor_2" title="Interferon gamma receptor 2">Interferon gamma receptor 2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10986460_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10986460-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7673114_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7673114-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interferon gamma has been shown to be a crucial player in the immune response against some intracellular pathogens, including that of <a href="/wiki/Chagas_disease" title="Chagas disease">Chagas disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been identified as having a role in seborrheic dermatitis.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IFNG has a significant anti-viral effect in <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">herpes simplex virus</a> I (HSV) infection. IFNG compromises the <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubules</a> that HSV relies upon for transport into an infected cell's nucleus, inhibiting the ability of HSV to replicate.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies in mice on <a href="/wiki/Acyclovir" class="mw-redirect" title="Acyclovir">acyclovir</a> resistant herpes have shown that IFNG treatment can significantly reduce herpes viral load. The mechanism by which IFNG inhibits herpes reproduction is independent of T-cells, which means that IFNG may be an effective treatment in individuals with low T-cells.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chlamydia" title="Chlamydia">Chlamydia</a> infection is impacted by IFNG in host cells. In human epithelial cells, IFNG upregulates expression of <a href="/wiki/Indoleamine_2,3-dioxygenase" title="Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase">indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase</a>, which in turn depletes tryptophan in hosts and impedes chlamydia's reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, in rodent epithelial cells, IFNG upregulates a <a href="/wiki/GTPase" title="GTPase">GTPase</a> that inhibits chlamydial proliferation.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both the human and rodent systems, chlamydia has evolved mechanisms to circumvent the negative effects of host cell behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence that interferon-gamma expression is regulated by a <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma_5%27_UTR_regulatory_element" title="Interferon gamma 5' UTR regulatory element">pseudoknotted element in its 5' UTR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence that interferon-gamma is regulated either directly or indirectly by the <a href="/wiki/MicroRNAs" class="mw-redirect" title="MicroRNAs">microRNAs</a>: miR-29.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18061676_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18061676-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, there is evidence that interferon-gamma expression is regulated via GAPDH in T-cells. This interaction takes place in the 3'UTR, where binding of GAPDH prevents the translation of the mRNA sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23746840_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23746840-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span 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(June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804311">"Posttranscriptional control of T cell effector function by aerobic glycolysis"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>153</b> (6): 1239–1251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2013.05.016">10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804311">3804311</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23746840">23746840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Posttranscriptional+control+of+T+cell+effector+function+by+aerobic+glycolysis&rft.volume=153&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1239-1251&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3804311%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23746840&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2013.05.016&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=CH&rft.au=Curtis%2C+JD&rft.au=Maggi%2C+LB&rft.au=Faubert%2C+B&rft.au=Villarino%2C+AV&rft.au=O%27Sullivan%2C+D&rft.au=Huang%2C+SC&rft.au=van+der+Windt%2C+GJ&rft.au=Blagih%2C+J&rft.au=Qiu%2C+J&rft.au=Weber%2C+JD&rft.au=Pearce%2C+EJ&rft.au=Jones%2C+RG&rft.au=Pearce%2C+EL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3804311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterferon+gamma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1997" class="citation book cs1">Hall SK (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commotioninblood00hall"><i>A commotion in the blood: life, death, and the immune system</i></a></span>. New York: Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5841-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5841-3"><bdi>978-0-8050-5841-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+commotion+in+the+blood%3A+life%2C+death%2C+and+the+immune+system&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-5841-3&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=SK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommotioninblood00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterferon+gamma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkedaOldSchreiber2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ikeda H, Old LJ, Schreiber RD (April 2002). "The roles of IFN gamma in protection against tumor development and cancer immunoediting". <i>Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 95–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6101%2801%2900038-7">10.1016/S1359-6101(01)00038-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11900986">11900986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cytokine+%26+Growth+Factor+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+roles+of+IFN+gamma+in+protection+against+tumor+development+and+cancer+immunoediting&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-109&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1359-6101%2801%2900038-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11900986&rft.aulast=Ikeda&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Old%2C+LJ&rft.au=Schreiber%2C+RD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterferon+gamma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheslerReiss2002" class="citation journal cs1">Chesler DA, Reiss CS (December 2002). "The role of IFN-gamma in immune responses to viral infections of the central nervous system". <i>Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews</i>. <b>13</b> (6): 441–454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6101%2802%2900044-8">10.1016/S1359-6101(02)00044-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12401479">12401479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cytokine+%26+Growth+Factor+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+role+of+IFN-gamma+in+immune+responses+to+viral+infections+of+the+central+nervous+system&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=441-454&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1359-6101%2802%2900044-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12401479&rft.aulast=Chesler&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Reiss%2C+CS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterferon+gamma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesseinKouribaEboumbouDessein2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dessein A, Kouriba B, Eboumbou C, Dessein H, Argiro L, Marquet S, et al. (October 2004). "Interleukin-13 in the skin and interferon-gamma in the liver are key players in immune protection in human schistosomiasis". <i>Immunological Reviews</i>. <b>201</b>: 180–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0105-2896.2004.00195.x">10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00195.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15361241">15361241</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25378236">25378236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Immunological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Interleukin-13+in+the+skin+and+interferon-gamma+in+the+liver+are+key+players+in+immune+protection+in+human+schistosomiasis&rft.volume=201&rft.pages=180-190&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25378236%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15361241&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0105-2896.2004.00195.x&rft.aulast=Dessein&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Kouriba%2C+B&rft.au=Eboumbou%2C+C&rft.au=Dessein%2C+H&rft.au=Argiro%2C+L&rft.au=Marquet%2C+S&rft.au=Elwali%2C+NE&rft.au=Rodrigues%2C+V&rft.au=Li%2C+Y&rft.au=Doumbo%2C+O&rft.au=Chevillard%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterferon+gamma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephKumarMitra2005" class="citation journal cs1">Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D (January 2005). "Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection". <i>Current HIV Research</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 87–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1570162052773013">10.2174/1570162052773013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15638726">15638726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+HIV+Research&rft.atitle=Nef%3A+%22necessary+and+enforcing+factor%22+in+HIV+infection&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-94&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1570162052773013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15638726&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.au=Kumar%2C+M&rft.au=Mitra%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterferon+gamma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopeland2005" class="citation journal cs1">Copeland KF (December 2005). "Modulation of HIV-1 transcription by cytokines and chemokines". <i>Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry</i>. <b>5</b> (12): 1093–1101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F138955705774933383">10.2174/138955705774933383</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16375755">16375755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mini+Reviews+in+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Modulation+of+HIV-1+transcription+by+cytokines+and+chemokines&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1093-1101&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F138955705774933383&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16375755&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=KF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterferon+gamma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChibaKojimaOsanaiSawada2006" class="citation journal cs1">Chiba H, Kojima T, Osanai M, Sawada N (January 2006). "The significance of interferon-gamma-triggered internalization of tight-junction proteins in inflammatory bowel disease". <i>Science's STKE</i>. <b>2006</b> (316): pe1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fstke.3162006pe1">10.1126/stke.3162006pe1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16391178">16391178</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85320208">85320208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science%27s+STKE&rft.atitle=The+significance+of+interferon-gamma-triggered+internalization+of+tight-junction+proteins+in+inflammatory+bowel+disease&rft.volume=2006&rft.issue=316&rft.pages=pe1&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85320208%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16391178&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fstke.3162006pe1&rft.aulast=Chiba&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Kojima%2C+T&rft.au=Osanai%2C+M&rft.au=Sawada%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterferon+gamma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTellidesPober2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tellides G, Pober JS (March 2007). "Interferon-gamma axis in graft arteriosclerosis". <i>Circulation Research</i>. <b>100</b> (5): 622–632. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.495.2743">10.1.1.495.2743</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.RES.0000258861.72279.29">10.1161/01.RES.0000258861.72279.29</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17363708">17363708</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254247">254247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation+Research&rft.atitle=Interferon-gamma+axis+in+graft+arteriosclerosis&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=622-632&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.495.2743%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254247%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17363708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.RES.0000258861.72279.29&rft.aulast=Tellides&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Pober%2C+JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterferon+gamma" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_gamma&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Overview of all the structural information available in the <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> for <a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/pdbe-kb/proteins/P01579">P01579</a></i> (Interferon gamma) at the <a href="/wiki/PDBe-KB" title="PDBe-KB">PDBe-KB</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Interferon+Type+II">Interferon+Type+II</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/ifnepitope2/">IFNepitope2</a> Prediction of IFN-gamma inducing peptides</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/interferon%20type%20ii">"Interferon type II"</a>. <i>Drug Information Portal</i>. U.S. National Library of Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drug+Information+Portal&rft.atitle=Interferon+type+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdruginfo.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdrugportal%2Fname%2Finterferon%2520type%2520ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterferon+gamma" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PDB_1eku_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1eku_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PDB_1eku_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1eku_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1eku</b>: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SINGLE CHAIN MUTANT OF HUMAN IFN-GAMMA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1fg9_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1fg9: 3:1 COMPLEX OF INTERFERON-GAMMA RECEPTOR WITH INTERFERON-GAMMA DIMER"><img alt="1fg9: 3:1 COMPLEX OF INTERFERON-GAMMA RECEPTOR WITH INTERFERON-GAMMA DIMER" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/PDB_1fg9_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1fg9_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/PDB_1fg9_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1fg9_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/PDB_1fg9_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1fg9_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1fg9</b>: 3:1 COMPLEX OF INTERFERON-GAMMA RECEPTOR WITH INTERFERON-GAMMA DIMER</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1fyh_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1fyh: 1:1 COMPLEX BETWEEN AN INTERFERON GAMMA SINGLE-CHAIN VARIANT AND ITS RECEPTOR"><img alt="1fyh: 1:1 COMPLEX BETWEEN AN INTERFERON GAMMA SINGLE-CHAIN VARIANT AND ITS RECEPTOR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PDB_1fyh_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1fyh_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PDB_1fyh_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1fyh_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PDB_1fyh_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1fyh_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1fyh</b>: 1:1 COMPLEX BETWEEN AN INTERFERON GAMMA SINGLE-CHAIN VARIANT AND ITS RECEPTOR</div> </li> </ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="DNA_virus_antivirals_(primarily_J05,_also_S01AD_and_D06BB)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DNA_antivirals" title="Template:DNA antivirals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DNA_antivirals" title="Template talk:DNA antivirals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DNA_antivirals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DNA antivirals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="DNA_virus_antivirals_(primarily_J05,_also_S01AD_and_D06BB)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">antivirals</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J05" title="ATC code J05">J05</a>, also <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S01#S01AD" title="ATC code S01">S01AD</a> and <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D06#D06BB" title="ATC code D06">D06BB</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_classification" title="Baltimore classification">Baltimore I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesvirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DNA-synthesis<br />inhibitor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thymidine_kinase_from_herpesvirus" title="Thymidine kinase from herpesvirus">TK</a> activated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Purine_analogue" title="Purine analogue">Purine analogue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Aciclovir" title="Aciclovir">Aciclovir</a><sup>#</sup>/<a href="/wiki/Valaciclovir" title="Valaciclovir">Valaciclovir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganciclovir" title="Ganciclovir">Ganciclovir</a>/<a href="/wiki/Valganciclovir" title="Valganciclovir">Valganciclovir</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penciclovir" title="Penciclovir">Penciclovir</a>/<a href="/wiki/Famciclovir" title="Famciclovir">Famciclovir</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Vidarabine" title="Vidarabine">Vidarabine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_analogue" title="Pyrimidine analogue">Pyrimidine analogue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uridine" title="Uridine">uridine</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Idoxuridine" title="Idoxuridine">Idoxuridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluridine" title="Trifluridine">Trifluridine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trifluridine/tipiracil" title="Trifluridine/tipiracil">+tipiracil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edoxudine" title="Edoxudine">Edoxudine</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">thymine</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brivudine" title="Brivudine">Brivudine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FV-100" title="FV-100">FV-100</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorivudine" title="Sorivudine">Sorivudine</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cytarabine" title="Cytarabine">Cytarabine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not TK activated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foscarnet" title="Foscarnet">Foscarnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenamevir" title="Amenamevir">Amenamevir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docosanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Docosanol">Docosanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letermovir" title="Letermovir">Letermovir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maribavir" title="Maribavir">Maribavir</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_protein" title="Early protein">early protein</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Fomivirsen" title="Fomivirsen">Fomivirsen</a><sup>‡</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromantadine" title="Tromantadine">Tromantadine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">HPV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum" title="Molluscum contagiosum">MC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imiquimod" title="Imiquimod">Imiquimod</a>/<a href="/wiki/Resiquimod" title="Resiquimod">Resiquimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podophyllotoxin" title="Podophyllotoxin">Podophyllotoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vaccinia" title="Vaccinia">Vaccinia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug#Assembly" title="Antiviral drug">assembly</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Rifampicin" title="Rifampicin">Rifampicin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae">Poxviridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methisazone" class="mw-redirect" title="Methisazone">Methisazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecovirimat" title="Tecovirimat">Tecovirimat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">Hepatitis B</a> (VII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nucleoside_analogue" title="Nucleoside analogue">Nucleoside analogues</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reverse-transcriptase_inhibitor#Nucleoside_analog_reverse_transcriptase_inhibitors_.28NARTIs_or_NRTIs.29" title="Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor">NARTIs</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Entecavir" title="Entecavir">Entecavir</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamivudine" title="Lamivudine">Lamivudine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobucavir" title="Lobucavir">Lobucavir</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telbivudine" title="Telbivudine">Telbivudine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clevudine" title="Clevudine">Clevudine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotide analogue">Nucleotide analogues</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reverse-transcriptase_inhibitor#Nucleotide_analog_reverse_transcriptase_inhibitors_.28NtARTIs_or_NtRTIs.29" title="Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor">NtRTIs</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adefovir" title="Adefovir">Adefovir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenofovir_disoproxil" title="Tenofovir disoproxil">Tenofovir disoproxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenofovir_alafenamide" title="Tenofovir alafenamide">Tenofovir alafenamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple/general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nucleic acid inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cidofovir" title="Cidofovir">Cidofovir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brincidofovir" title="Brincidofovir">Brincidofovir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">Interferon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa_2b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alfa 2b">Interferon alfa 2b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peginterferon_alfa-2a" title="Peginterferon alfa-2a">Peginterferon alfa-2a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple/unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filociclovir" title="Filociclovir">Filociclovir</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribavirin" title="Ribavirin">Ribavirin</a><sup>#</sup>/<a href="/wiki/Taribavirin" title="Taribavirin">Taribavirin</a><sup><b>†</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroxydine" title="Moroxydine">Moroxydine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immunostimulants_(L03)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immunostimulants" title="Template:Immunostimulants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immunostimulants" title="Template talk:Immunostimulants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immunostimulants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immunostimulants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immunostimulants_(L03)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immunostimulant" title="Immunostimulant">Immunostimulants</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L03" title="ATC code L03">L03</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Endogenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">Cytokines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colony-stimulating_factor" title="Colony-stimulating factor">Colony-stimulating factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor" title="Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor">G-CSF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efbemalenograstim_alfa" title="Efbemalenograstim alfa">Efbemalenograstim alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eflapegrastim" title="Eflapegrastim">Eflapegrastim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filgrastim" title="Filgrastim">Filgrastim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lipegfilgrastim" title="Lipegfilgrastim">Lipegfilgrastim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pegfilgrastim" title="Pegfilgrastim">Pegfilgrastim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenograstim" title="Lenograstim">Lenograstim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor">GM-CSF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molgramostim" title="Molgramostim">Molgramostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargramostim" title="Sargramostim">Sargramostim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_factor" title="Stem cell factor">SCF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestim" title="Ancestim">Ancestim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">Interferons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>alpha</i>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albinterferon" title="Albinterferon">Albinterferon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa" title="Interferon alfa">Interferon alfa</a> natural</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa_2a" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alfa 2a">Interferon alfa 2a</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peginterferon_alfa-2a" title="Peginterferon alfa-2a">Peginterferon alfa-2a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa_2b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alfa 2b">Interferon alfa 2b</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peginterferon_alfa-2b" title="Peginterferon alfa-2b">Peginterferon alfa-2b</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ropeginterferon_alfa-2b" title="Ropeginterferon alfa-2b">Ropeginterferon alfa-2b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_alfa_n1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interferon alfa n1 (page does not exist)">Interferon alfa n1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfacon-1" title="Interferon alfacon-1">Interferon alfacon-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha-n3" title="Interferon alpha-n3">Interferon alpha-n3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recombinant_feline_interferon_omega" title="Recombinant feline interferon omega">feline "omega"</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>beta</i>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta">Interferon beta</a> natural</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta_1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta 1a">Interferon beta 1a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta_1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta 1b">Interferon beta 1b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interferon gamma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin" title="Interleukin">Interleukins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">Aldesleukin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprelvekin" title="Oprelvekin">Oprelvekin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other protein / peptide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">Growth hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunocyanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunocyanin">Immunocyanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegademase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegademase">Pegademase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">Prolactin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasonermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasonermin">Tasonermin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_sex_steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Female sex steroids">Female sex steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_dihydrochloride" title="Histamine dihydrochloride">Histamine dihydrochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_ICLC" title="Poly ICLC">Poly ICLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exogenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">beta-glucan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lentinan" title="Lentinan">Lentinan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound" title="Heterocyclic compound">heterocyclic compound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plerixafor" title="Plerixafor">Plerixafor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Hydroxyquinoline" title="8-Hydroxyquinoline">hydroxyquinoline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roquinimex" class="mw-redirect" title="Roquinimex">Roquinimex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifamurtide" title="Mifamurtide">Mifamurtide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligopeptide" title="Oligopeptide">oligopeptides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glatiramer_acetate" title="Glatiramer acetate">Glatiramer acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymopentin" title="Thymopentin">Thymopentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymosin_%CE%B11" title="Thymosin α1">Thymosin α1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymulin" title="Thymulin">Thymulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyribonucleotide" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyribonucleotide">polyribonucleotide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyinosinic:polycytidylic_acid" title="Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid">Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiazolidine" title="Thiazolidine">thiazolidine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pidotimod" title="Pidotimod">Pidotimod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine_pranobex" title="Inosine pranobex">Inosine pranobex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_Calmette%E2%80%93Gu%C3%A9rin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacillus Calmette–Guérin">Bacillus Calmette–Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoma_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanoma vaccine">Melanoma vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipuleucel-T" title="Sipuleucel-T">Sipuleucel-T</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cell_signaling:_cytokines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cytokines" title="Template:Cytokines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cytokines" title="Template talk:Cytokines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cytokines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cytokines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_signaling:_cytokines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemokine" title="Chemokine">Chemokine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CCL</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCL1" title="CCL1">CCL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL2" title="CCL2">CCL2</a>/MCP1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL3" title="CCL3">CCL3</a>/MIP1α</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL4" title="CCL4">CCL4</a>/MIP1β</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL5" title="CCL5">CCL5</a>/RANTES</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL6" title="CCL6">CCL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL7" title="CCL7">CCL7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL8" title="CCL8">CCL8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL9" title="CCL9">CCL9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL11" title="CCL11">CCL11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL12" title="CCL12">CCL12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL13" title="CCL13">CCL13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL14" title="CCL14">CCL14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL15" title="CCL15">CCL15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL16" title="CCL16">CCL16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL17" title="CCL17">CCL17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL18" title="CCL18">CCL18</a>/PARC/DCCK1/AMAC1/MIP4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL19" title="CCL19">CCL19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL20" title="CCL20">CCL20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL21" title="CCL21">CCL21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL22" title="CCL22">CCL22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL23" title="CCL23">CCL23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL24" title="CCL24">CCL24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL25" title="CCL25">CCL25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL26" title="CCL26">CCL26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-C_motif_chemokine_ligand_27" title="C-C motif chemokine ligand 27">CCL27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL28" title="CCL28">CCL28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CXCL</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CXCL1" title="CXCL1">CXCL1</a>/KC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL2" title="CXCL2">CXCL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL3" title="CXCL3">CXCL3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet_factor_4" title="Platelet factor 4">CXCL4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL5" title="CXCL5">CXCL5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL6" title="CXCL6">CXCL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL7" title="CXCL7">CXCL7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8" title="Interleukin 8">CXCL8/IL8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL9" title="CXCL9">CXCL9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL10" title="CXCL10">CXCL10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL11" title="CXCL11">CXCL11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDF-1_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="SDF-1 (biology)">CXCL12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL13" title="CXCL13">CXCL13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL14" title="CXCL14">CXCL14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL15" title="CXCL15">CXCL15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL16" title="CXCL16">CXCL16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL17" title="CXCL17">CXCL17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CX3CL</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CX3CL1" title="CX3CL1">CX3CL1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">XCL</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XCL1" title="XCL1">XCL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCL2" title="XCL2">XCL2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factors">TNF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">TNFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotoxin" title="Lymphotoxin">Lymphotoxin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotoxin_alpha" title="Lymphotoxin alpha">TNFB/LTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotoxin_beta" title="Lymphotoxin beta">TNFC/LTB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OX40L" class="mw-redirect" title="OX40L">TNFSF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD154" title="CD154">TNFSF5/CD40LG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_ligand" title="Fas ligand">TNFSF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD70" title="CD70">TNFSF7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD153" title="CD153">TNFSF8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-1BB_ligand" class="mw-redirect" title="4-1BB ligand">TNFSF9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAIL" title="TRAIL">TNFSF10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RANKL" title="RANKL">TNFSF11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_proliferation-inducing_ligand" class="mw-redirect" title="A proliferation-inducing ligand">TNFSF13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-cell_activating_factor" title="B-cell activating factor">TNFSF13B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDA_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="EDA (gene)">EDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin" title="Interleukin">Interleukin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_I_cytokine_receptor" title="Type I cytokine receptor">Type I</a><br />(grouped by<br />receptor<br />subunit)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_gamma_chain" title="Common gamma chain">γ chain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">IL2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_15" title="Interleukin 15">IL15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">IL4</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_7" title="Interleukin 7">IL7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_9" title="Interleukin 9">IL9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_21" title="Interleukin 21">IL21</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CSF2RB" title="CSF2RB">β chain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_3" title="Interleukin 3">IL3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">IL5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor">GMCSF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IL6 like/<a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein_130" title="Glycoprotein 130">gp130</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_11" title="Interleukin 11">IL11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_27" title="Interleukin 27">IL27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_30" title="Interleukin 30">IL30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_31" title="Interleukin 31">IL31</a> <ul><li>+non IL <a href="/wiki/Oncostatin_M" title="Oncostatin M">OSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukemia_inhibitory_factor" title="Leukemia inhibitory factor">LIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_neurotrophic_factor" title="Ciliary neurotrophic factor">CNTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotrophin_1" title="Cardiotrophin 1">CTF1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IL12_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IL12 family (page does not exist)">IL12 family</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12_receptor,_beta_1_subunit" title="Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 1 subunit">IL12RB1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">IL12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_23" title="Interleukin 23">IL23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_27" title="Interleukin 27">IL27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_35" title="Interleukin 35">IL35</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-taxilin" title="Alpha-taxilin">IL14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_16" title="Interleukin 16">IL16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_32" title="Interleukin 32">IL32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_34" title="Interleukin 34">IL34</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_II_cytokine_receptor" title="Type II cytokine receptor">Type II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IL10_family" class="mw-redirect" title="IL10 family">IL10 family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10" title="Interleukin 10">IL10</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_22" title="Interleukin 22">IL22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_19" title="Interleukin 19">IL19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_20" title="Interleukin 20">IL20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_24" title="Interleukin 24">IL24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_26" title="Interleukin 26">IL26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_type_III" title="Interferon type III">Interferon type III</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_28" title="Interleukin 28">IL28/IFNL2+3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_29" title="Interleukin 29">IL29/IFNL1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">Interferon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interferon_type_I" title="Interferon type I">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alpha 1">IFNA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA2" title="IFNA2">IFNA2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA4" title="IFNA4">IFNA4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA5" title="IFNA5">IFNA5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA6" title="IFNA6">IFNA6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA7" title="IFNA7">IFNA7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA8" title="IFNA8">IFNA8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA10" title="IFNA10">IFNA10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA13" title="IFNA13">IFNA13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA14" title="IFNA14">IFNA14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA16" title="IFNA16">IFNA16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA17" title="IFNA17">IFNA17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA21" title="IFNA21">IFNA21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNB1" title="IFNB1">IFNB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNK" title="IFNK">IFNK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNW1" title="IFNW1">IFNW1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interferon_type_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon type II">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IFNG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_superfamily" title="Immunoglobulin superfamily">Ig superfamily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1 family">IL1 family</a>: <a href="/wiki/IL1A" class="mw-redirect" title="IL1A">IL1A/IL1F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_beta" title="Interleukin 1 beta">IL1B/IL1F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist">1Ra/IL1F3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL1F5" class="mw-redirect" title="IL1F5">IL1F5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL36A" title="IL36A">IL1F6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL1F7" class="mw-redirect" title="IL1F7">IL1F7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL36B" title="IL36B">IL1F8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL1F9" class="mw-redirect" title="IL1F9">IL1F9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL1F10" title="IL1F10">IL1F10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_33" title="Interleukin 33">33/IL1F11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_18" title="Interleukin 18">18/IL1G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IL17_family" class="mw-redirect" title="IL17 family">IL17 family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_17" title="Interleukin 17">IL17</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_25" title="Interleukin 25">IL25</a> (<a href="/wiki/IL17A" class="mw-redirect" title="IL17A">IL17A</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematopoietic">Hematopoietic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_factor" title="Stem cell factor">KITLG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony-stimulating_factor" title="Colony-stimulating factor">Colony-stimulating factor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopontin" title="Osteopontin">SPP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophage_migration_inhibitory_factor" title="Macrophage migration inhibitory factor">MIF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By function/<br />cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proinflammatory_cytokine" class="mw-redirect" title="Proinflammatory cytokine">proinflammatory cytokine</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1">IL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">TNFA</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monokine" title="Monokine">Monokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphokine" title="Lymphokine">Lymphokine</a> <ul><li><i>T<sub>h</sub>1</i> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IFNγ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor beta">TNFβ</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>T<sub>h</sub>2</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">IL4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">IL5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10" title="Interleukin 10">IL10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL13</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cytokine_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cytokine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Cytokine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cytokine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Cytokine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cytokine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cytokine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cytokine_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cytokine_receptor" title="Cytokine receptor">Cytokine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chemokine_receptor" title="Chemokine receptor">Chemokine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Chemokine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Chemokine receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony-stimulating factor receptor">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin_receptor" title="Erythropoietin receptor">Erythropoietin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARA-290&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARA-290 (page does not exist)">ARA-290</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asialo_erythropoietin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asialo erythropoietin (page does not exist)">Asialo erythropoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbamylated_erythropoietin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbamylated erythropoietin (page does not exist)">Carbamylated erythropoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CNTO-530&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CNTO-530 (page does not exist)">CNTO-530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darbepoetin_alfa" title="Darbepoetin alfa">Darbepoetin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoetin_alfa" title="Epoetin alfa">Epoetin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoetin_beta" title="Epoetin beta">Epoetin beta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_delta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin delta (page does not exist)">Epoetin delta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_epsilon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin epsilon (page does not exist)">Epoetin epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_gamma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin gamma (page does not exist)">Epoetin gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_kappa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin kappa (page does not exist)">Epoetin kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_omega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin omega (page does not exist)">Epoetin omega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoetin_theta" title="Epoetin theta">Epoetin theta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoetin_zeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoetin zeta">Epoetin zeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">Erythropoietin (EPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erythropoietin-Fc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erythropoietin-Fc (page does not exist)">Erythropoietin-Fc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy_polyethylene_glycol-epoetin_beta" title="Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta">Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA/Mircera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peginesatide" title="Peginesatide">Peginesatide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegol_sihematide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegol sihematide (page does not exist)">Pegol sihematide (EPO-018B)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" title="Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor">G-CSF (CSF3)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Filgrastim" title="Filgrastim">Filgrastim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor" title="Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor">Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenograstim" title="Lenograstim">Lenograstim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leridistim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leridistim (page does not exist)">Leridistim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipegfilgrastim" title="Lipegfilgrastim">Lipegfilgrastim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nartograstim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nartograstim (page does not exist)">Nartograstim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegfilgrastim" title="Pegfilgrastim">Pegfilgrastim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegnartograstim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegnartograstim (page does not exist)">Pegnartograstim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor">GM-CSF (CSF2)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecogramostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecogramostim (page does not exist)">Ecogramostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor">Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milodistim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milodistim (page does not exist)">Milodistim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molgramostim" title="Molgramostim">Molgramostim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regramostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regramostim (page does not exist)">Regramostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargramostim" title="Sargramostim">Sargramostim</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Mavrilimumab" title="Mavrilimumab">Mavrilimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namilumab" title="Namilumab">Namilumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otilimab" title="Otilimab">Otilimab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor">M-CSF (CSF1)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilmostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cilmostim (page does not exist)">Cilmostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-34" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-34">Interleukin-34</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanimostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanimostim (page does not exist)">Lanimostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor" title="Macrophage colony-stimulating factor">Macrophage colony-stimulating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirimostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirimostim (page does not exist)">Mirimostim</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agerafenib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agerafenib (page does not exist)">Agerafenib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/CD117" class="mw-redirect" title="CD117">SCF (c-Kit)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Growth_factor_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Growth factor receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thrombopoietin_receptor" title="Thrombopoietin receptor">Thrombopoietin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Eltrombopag" title="Eltrombopag">Eltrombopag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegacaristim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegacaristim (page does not exist)">Pegacaristim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegapoietin" title="Promegapoietin">Promegapoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romiplostim" title="Romiplostim">Romiplostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombopoietin" title="Thrombopoietin">Thrombopoietin (THPO, MGDF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon receptor">Interferon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon-alpha/beta_receptor" title="Interferon-alpha/beta receptor">IFNAR (α/β, I)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Albinterferon" title="Albinterferon">Albinterferon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alpha">Interferon alpha (interferon alfa, IFN-α)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa" title="Interferon alfa">Interferon alfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alpha 1">IFNA1</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA2" title="IFNA2">IFNA2</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA4" title="IFNA4">IFNA4</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA5" title="IFNA5">IFNA5</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA6" title="IFNA6">IFNA6</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA7" title="IFNA7">IFNA7</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA8" title="IFNA8">IFNA8</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA10" title="IFNA10">IFNA10</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA13" title="IFNA13">IFNA13</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA14" title="IFNA14">IFNA14</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA16" title="IFNA16">IFNA16</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA17" title="IFNA17">IFNA17</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA21" title="IFNA21">IFNA21</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa_2a" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alfa 2a">Interferon alfa 2a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa_2b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alfa 2b">Interferon alfa 2b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_alfa_n1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interferon alfa n1 (page does not exist)">Interferon alfa n1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfacon-1" title="Interferon alfacon-1">Interferon alfacon-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha-n3" title="Interferon alpha-n3">Interferon alpha-n3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta">Interferon beta (IFN-β)</a> (<a href="/wiki/IFNB1" title="IFNB1">IFNB1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=IFNB3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IFNB3 (page does not exist)">IFNB3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta_1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta 1a">Interferon beta 1a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta_1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta 1b">Interferon beta 1b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_kappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon kappa">Interferon kappa (IFN-ε/κ/τ/ζ, IFNK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_omega" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon omega">Interferon omega (IFN-ω, IFNW1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peginterferon_alfa-2a" title="Peginterferon alfa-2a">Peginterferon alfa-2a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peginterferon_alfa-2b" title="Peginterferon alfa-2b">Peginterferon alfa-2b</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anifrolumab" title="Anifrolumab">Anifrolumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faralimomab" title="Faralimomab">Faralimomab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MEDI-545&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MEDI-545 (page does not exist)">MEDI-545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rontalizumab" title="Rontalizumab">Rontalizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sifalimumab" title="Sifalimumab">Sifalimumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Decoy receptors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifarcept&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifarcept (page does not exist)">Bifarcept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon-gamma_receptor" title="Interferon-gamma receptor">IFNGR (γ, II)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma_1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon gamma 1b">Interferon gamma 1b</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Emapalumab" title="Emapalumab">Emapalumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontolizumab" title="Fontolizumab">Fontolizumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon-lambda_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon-lambda receptor">IFNLR (λ, III)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See IL-28R (IFNLR) <a href="/wiki/Template:Interleukin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Interleukin receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_receptor" title="Interleukin receptor">Interleukin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Interleukin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Interleukin receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor">TGFβ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor receptor">TNF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:TNF_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template:TNF receptor superfamily modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase" title="Janus kinase">JAK</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase_inhibitor" title="Janus kinase inhibitor">inhibitors</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/JAK1" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK1">JAK1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrocitinib" title="Abrocitinib">Abrocitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuruxolitinib" title="Deuruxolitinib">Deuruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filgotinib" title="Filgotinib">Filgotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momelotinib" title="Momelotinib">Momelotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oclacitinib" title="Oclacitinib">Oclacitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peficitinib" title="Peficitinib">Peficitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruxolitinib" title="Ruxolitinib">Ruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofacitinib" title="Tofacitinib">Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadacitinib" title="Upadacitinib">Upadacitinib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/JAK2" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK2">JAK2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atiprimod" title="Atiprimod">Atiprimod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-1480&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-1480 (page does not exist)">AZD-1480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHZ868" title="CHZ868">CHZ868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitacin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucurbitacin I">Cucurbitacin I (elatericin B, JSI-124)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYT387" class="mw-redirect" title="CYT387">CYT387</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuruxolitinib" title="Deuruxolitinib">Deuruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestaurtinib" title="Lestaurtinib">Lestaurtinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NSC-7908&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NSC-7908 (page does not exist)">NSC-7908</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NSC-33994&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NSC-33994 (page does not exist)">NSC-33994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacritinib" title="Pacritinib">Pacritinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peficitinib" title="Peficitinib">Peficitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruxolitinib" title="Ruxolitinib">Ruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SD-1008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SD-1008 (page does not exist)">SD-1008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofacitinib" title="Tofacitinib">Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/JAK3" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK3">JAK3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cercosporamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cercosporamide (page does not exist)">Cercosporamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decernotinib" title="Decernotinib">Decernotinib (VX-509)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peficitinib" title="Peficitinib">Peficitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritlecitinib" title="Ritlecitinib">Ritlecitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCS-21311&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCS-21311 (page does not exist)">TCS-21311</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofacitinib" title="Tofacitinib">Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHI-P_154&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WHI-P 154 (page does not exist)">WHI-P 154</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZM-39923&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZM-39923 (page does not exist)">ZM-39923</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZM-449829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZM-449829 (page does not exist)">ZM-449829</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase_2" title="Tyrosine kinase 2">TYK2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deucravacitinib" title="Deucravacitinib">Deucravacitinib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Additional cytokines:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cardiotrophin_1" title="Cardiotrophin 1">Cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMS-like_tyrosine_kinase_3_ligand" title="FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand">FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukemia_inhibitory_factor" title="Leukemia inhibitory factor">Leukemia/leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncostatin_M" title="Oncostatin M">Oncostatin M (OSM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymic_stromal_lymphopoietin" title="Thymic stromal lymphopoietin">Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Additional cytokine receptor modulators:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emfilermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emfilermin (page does not exist)">Emfilermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestaurtinib" title="Lestaurtinib">Lestaurtinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midostaurin" title="Midostaurin">Midostaurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quizartinib" title="Quizartinib">Quizartinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorafenib" title="Sorafenib">Sorafenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunitinib" title="Sunitinib">Sunitinib</a></li></ul> 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