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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nitric oxide synthase</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NO-Synthasen" title="NO-Synthasen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="NO-Synthasen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93xido_n%C3%ADtrico_sintasa" title="Óxido nítrico sintasa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Óxido nítrico sintasa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyde_nitrique_synthase" title="Oxyde nitrique synthase – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oxyde nitrique synthase" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%EC%A7%88%EC%86%8C_%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="산화 질소 생성효소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산화 질소 생성효소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossido_nitrico_sintasi" title="Ossido nitrico sintasi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ossido nitrico sintasi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%AA%92%E7%B4%A0%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E9%85%B5%E7%B4%A0" title="一酸化窒素合成酵素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="一酸化窒素合成酵素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaza_tlenku_azotu" title="Syntaza tlenku azotu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Syntaza tlenku azotu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93xido_n%C3%ADtrico_sintase" title="Óxido nítrico sintase – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Óxido nítrico sintase" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Синтаза оксида азота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синтаза оксида азота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azot-monoksid_sintaza" title="Azot-monoksid sintaza – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Azot-monoksid sintaza" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azot-monoksid_sintaza" title="Azot-monoksid sintaza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Azot-monoksid sintaza" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of enzymes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Nitric-oxide synthase</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1nsi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1nsi.png/220px-1nsi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1nsi.png/330px-1nsi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/1nsi.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="298" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Human inducible nitric oxide synthase. PDB <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/pdb/1nsi">1nsi</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC no.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enzyme-database.org/query.php?ec=1.14.13.39">1.14.13.39</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/CAS_registry_number" class="mw-redirect" title="CAS registry number">CAS no.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=125978-95-2&title=">125978-95-2 </a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Databases</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/IntEnz" title="IntEnz">IntEnz</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/intenz/query?cmd=SearchEC&ec=1.14.13.39">IntEnz view</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/BRENDA" title="BRENDA">BRENDA</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brenda-enzymes.org/enzyme.php?ecno=1.14.13.39">BRENDA entry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/ExPASy" class="mw-redirect" title="ExPASy">ExPASy</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.14.13.39">NiceZyme view</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?enzyme+1.14.13.39">KEGG entry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/MetaCyc" title="MetaCyc">MetaCyc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biocyc.org/META/substring-search?type=NIL&object=1.14.13.39">metabolic pathway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/PRIAM_enzyme-specific_profiles" title="PRIAM enzyme-specific profiles">PRIAM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://priam.prabi.fr/cgi-bin/PRIAM_profiles_CurrentRelease.pl?EC=1.14.13.39">profile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity.rcsb_ec_lineage.id:1.14.13.39">RCSB PDB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?ec_number:1.14.13.39">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/enzymes/GetPage.pl?ec_number=1.14.13.39">PDBsum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Ontology" title="Gene Ontology">Gene Ontology</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051767">AmiGO </a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0051767">QuickGO</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&term=1.14.13.39%5BEC/RN%20Number%5D%20AND%20pubmed%20pmc%20local%5Bsb%5D">articles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&term=1.14.13.39%5BEC/RN%20Number%5D">articles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein?term=1.14.13.39%5BEC/RN%20Number%5D">proteins</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Nitric oxide synthase, oxygenase domain</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitric_Oxide_Synthase.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nitric_Oxide_Synthase.png/220px-Nitric_Oxide_Synthase.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nitric_Oxide_Synthase.png/330px-Nitric_Oxide_Synthase.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nitric_Oxide_Synthase.png/440px-Nitric_Oxide_Synthase.png 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="759" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Structure of endothelial nitric oxide synthase heme domain.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21138269_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21138269-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">NO_synthase</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a></th><td class="infobox-data pfam" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/PF02898">PF02898</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR004030">IPR004030</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Classification of Proteins">SCOP2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scop2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/search?t=txt;q=1nos">1nos</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scop.berkeley.edu/pdb/code=1nos">SCOPe</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search_field=1nos">SUPFAM</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Available protein structures:</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a>  </th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF02898?tab=pdbBlock">structures</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prodata.swmed.edu/ecod/complete/search?kw=PF02898">ECOD</a>  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.annotation_id:PF02898%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.type:Pfam">RCSB PDB</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?pfam_accession:PF02898">PDBe</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdbj.org/search/pdb?other_db_select=PFam&other_db_field=PF02898">PDBj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PDBsum" title="PDBsum">PDBsum</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPfamStr.pl?pfam_id=PF02898">structure summary</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nitric oxide synthases</b> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.14.13.39">1.14.13.39</a>) (<b>NOSs</b>) are a family of <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a> catalyzing the production of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> (NO) from <a href="/wiki/L-arginine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-arginine">L-arginine</a>. NO is an important <a href="/wiki/Biological_functions_of_nitric_oxide" title="Biological functions of nitric oxide">cellular signaling</a> molecule. It helps modulate <a href="/wiki/Vascular_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular tone">vascular tone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> secretion, airway tone, and <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a>, and is involved in <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a> and neural development. It may function as a retrograde <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a>. Nitric oxide is mediated in mammals by the <a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">calcium</a>-<a href="/wiki/Calmodulin" title="Calmodulin">calmodulin</a> controlled <a href="/wiki/Isozyme" title="Isozyme">isoenzymes</a> eNOS (<a href="/wiki/Endothelial_NOS" title="Endothelial NOS">endothelial NOS</a>) and nNOS (neuronal NOS).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inducible isoform, iNOS, involved in immune response, binds <a href="/wiki/Calmodulin" title="Calmodulin">calmodulin</a> at physiologically relevant concentrations, and produces NO as an immune defense mechanism, as NO is a free radical with an unpaired electron. It is the <a href="/wiki/Proximate_and_ultimate_causation" title="Proximate and ultimate causation">proximate cause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Septic_shock" title="Septic shock">septic shock</a> and may function in <a href="/wiki/Autoimmunity" title="Autoimmunity">autoimmune</a> disease. </p><p>NOS catalyzes the reaction:<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7510950_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7510950-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>2 L-<a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a> + 3 <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate">NADPH</a> + 3 H<sup>+</sup> + 4 O<sub>2</sub> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1c37b981df851b9e54e489e017b1481e37d418f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }"></span> 2 <a href="/wiki/Citrulline" title="Citrulline">citrulline</a> +2 <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> + 4 H<sub>2</sub>O + 3 NADP<sup>+</sup></li></ul> <p>NOS isoforms catalyze other leak and side reactions, such as <a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxide</a> production at the expense of NADPH. As such, this stoichiometry is not generally observed, and reflects the three electrons supplied per NO by NADPH. </p><p>Eukaryotic NOS isozymes are catalytically self-sufficient. The electron flow is: <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a> → <a href="/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Flavin adenine dinucleotide">FAD</a> → <a href="/wiki/Flavin_mononucleotide" title="Flavin mononucleotide">FMN</a> → <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a> → <a href="/wiki/Dioxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxygen">O<sub>2</sub></a>. <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrobiopterin" title="Tetrahydrobiopterin">Tetrahydrobiopterin</a> provides an additional electron during the catalytic cycle which is replaced during turnover. <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a>, though not a cofactor, also participates but as a structural element.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25180171_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25180171-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NOSs are unique in that they use five <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a> and are the only known <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> that binds <a href="/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Flavin adenine dinucleotide">flavin adenine dinucleotide</a> (FAD), <a href="/wiki/Flavin_mononucleotide" title="Flavin mononucleotide">flavin mononucleotide</a> (FMN), <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrobiopterin" title="Tetrahydrobiopterin">tetrahydrobiopterin</a> (BH<sub>4</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Calmodulin" title="Calmodulin">calmodulin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species_distribution">Species distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitric_oxide_synthase&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Species distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arginine-derived NO synthesis has been identified in mammals, fish, birds, invertebrates, and bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8782597_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8782597-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Best studied are mammals, where three distinct genes encode NOS <a href="/wiki/Isozyme" title="Isozyme">isozymes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Neuronal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuronal">neuronal</a> (nNOS or NOS-1), <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokine</a>-inducible (iNOS or NOS-2) and <a href="/wiki/Endothelial" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelial">endothelial</a> (eNOS or NOS-3).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7510950_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7510950-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iNOS and nNOS are soluble and found predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a>, while eNOS is membrane associated. Evidence has been found for NO signaling in plants, but plant genomes are devoid of homologs to the superfamily which generates NO in other kingdoms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitric_oxide_synthase&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mammals, the endothelial isoform is the primary signal generator in the control of vascular tone, insulin secretion, and <a href="/wiki/Airway_tone" title="Airway tone">airway tone</a>, is involved in regulation of cardiac function and angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels). NO produced by eNOS has been shown to be a vasodilator identical to the <a href="/wiki/Endothelium-derived_relaxing_factor" title="Endothelium-derived relaxing factor">endothelium-derived relaxing factor</a> produced in response to shear from increased blood flow in arteries. This dilates blood vessels by relaxing smooth muscle in their linings. eNOS is the primary controller of smooth muscle tone. NO activates <a href="/wiki/Guanylate_cyclase" title="Guanylate cyclase">guanylate cyclase</a>, which induces smooth muscle relaxation by: </p> <ul><li>Increased intracellular cGMP, which inhibits <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> entry into the cell, and decreases intracellular calcium concentrations</li> <li>Activation of K<sup>+</sup> channels, which leads to hyperpolarization and relaxation</li> <li>Stimulates a cGMP-dependent protein <a href="/wiki/Kinase" title="Kinase">kinase</a> that activates <a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">myosin</a> light chain phosphatase, the enzyme that dephosphorylates <a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">myosin</a> light chains, which leads to smooth muscle relaxation.</li></ul> <p>eNOS plays a critical role in embryonic heart development and morphogenesis of coronary arteries and cardiac valves.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22579300_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22579300-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The neuronal isoform is involved in the development of nervous system. It functions as a retrograde neurotransmitter important in long term potentiation and hence is likely to be important in memory and learning. nNOS has many other physiological functions, including regulation of cardiac function and peristalsis and sexual arousal in males and females. An alternatively spliced form of nNOS is a major muscle protein that produces signals in response to calcium release from the SR. nNOS in the heart protects against cardiac arrhythmia induced by myocardial infarction.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19770398_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19770398-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary receiver for NO produced by eNOS and nNOS is soluble guanylate cyclase, but many secondary targets have been identified. S-nitrosylation appears to be an important mode of action. </p><p>The inducible isoform iNOS produces large amounts of NO as a defense mechanism. It is synthesized by many cell types in response to cytokines and is an important factor in the response of the body to attack by parasites, bacterial infection, and tumor growth. It is also the cause of <a href="/wiki/Septic_shock" title="Septic shock">septic shock</a> and may play a role in many diseases with an autoimmune etiology. </p><p>NOS signaling is involved in development and in fertilization in vertebrates. It has been implicated in transitions between vegetative and reproductive states in invertebrates, and in differentiation leading to spore formation in slime molds. NO produced by bacterial NOS is protective against oxidative damage. </p><p>NOS activity has also been correlated with <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_episode" title="Major depressive episode">major depressive episodes</a> (MDEs) in the context of <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>, in a large case-control treatment study published in mid-2021. 460 patients with a current major depressive episode were compared to 895 healthy patients, and by measuring L-citrulline/L-arginine ratio before and after 3–6 months of antidepressant treatment, results indicate that patients in a major depressive episode have significantly lower NOS activity compared to healthy patients, whilst treatment with antidepressants significantly elevated NOS activity levels in patients in a major depressive episode.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitric_oxide_synthase&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different members of the NOS family are encoded by separate genes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9366709_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9366709-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three known isoforms in mammals, two are constitutive (cNOS) and the third is inducible (iNOS).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10320659_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10320659-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cloning of NOS enzymes indicates that cNOS include both brain constitutive (<a href="/wiki/NOS1" title="NOS1">NOS1</a>) and endothelial constitutive (<a href="/wiki/Endothelial_NOS" title="Endothelial NOS">NOS3</a>); the third is the inducible (<a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase_2_(inducible)" title="Nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible)">NOS2</a>) gene.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10320659_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10320659-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, NOS activity has been demonstrated in several bacterial species, including the notorious pathogens Bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus aureus.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18316370_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18316370-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The different forms of NO synthase have been classified as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Gene(s)</th> <th>Location</th> <th width="30%">Function </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">Neuronal</a> NOS</b> (nNOS or NOS1)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/NOS1" title="NOS1">NOS1</a> (Chromosome 12)</td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">nervous tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a> type II</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>multiple functions (see below)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Inducible NOS</b> (iNOS or NOS2) <p>Calcium insensitive </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase_2_(inducible)" title="Nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible)">NOS2</a> (Chromosome 17)</td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular system">cardiovascular system</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune">immune</a> defense against pathogens</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Endothelial_NOS" title="Endothelial NOS">Endothelial NOS</a></b> (eNOS or NOS3 or cNOS)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Endothelial_NOS" title="Endothelial NOS">NOS3</a> (Chromosome 7)</td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Bacterial NOS</b> (bNOS)</td> <td>multiple</td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria" title="Gram-positive bacteria">Gram-positive bacteria</a><br />(various)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>defense against <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune attack</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="nNOS">nNOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitric_oxide_synthase&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: nNOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">Neuronal</a> NOS (nNOS) produces NO in <a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">nervous tissue</a> in both the central and peripheral <a href="/wiki/Nervous_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervous systems">nervous systems</a>. Its functions include:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS)</li> <li>Smooth muscle relaxation</li> <li>Central regulation of blood pressure</li> <li>Vasodilatation via peripheral nitrergic nerves</li></ul> <p>Neuronal NOS also performs a role in cell communication and is associated with plasma membranes. nNOS action can be inhibited by NPA (<a href="/wiki/N-propyl-L-arginine" class="mw-redirect" title="N-propyl-L-arginine">N-propyl-L-arginine</a>). This form of the enzyme is specifically inhibited by <a href="/wiki/7-Nitroindazole" title="7-Nitroindazole">7-nitroindazole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8619882_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8619882-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subcellular localisation of nNOS in skeletal muscle is mediated by anchoring of nNOS to <a href="/wiki/Dystrophin" title="Dystrophin">dystrophin</a>. nNOS contains an additional N-terminal domain, the <a href="/wiki/PDZ_domain" title="PDZ domain">PDZ domain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7535955_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7535955-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gene coding for nNOS is located on Chromosome 12.<sup id="cite_ref-Nitric_oxide_synthases_in_mammals_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nitric_oxide_synthases_in_mammals-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="iNOS">iNOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitric_oxide_synthase&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: iNOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As opposed to the critical calcium-dependent regulation of constitutive NOS enzymes (nNOS and eNOS), iNOS has been described as calcium-insensitive, likely due to its tight non-covalent interaction with calmodulin (CaM) and Ca<sup>2+</sup>. The gene coding for iNOS is located on Chromosome 17.<sup id="cite_ref-Nitric_oxide_synthases_in_mammals_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nitric_oxide_synthases_in_mammals-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While evidence for ‘baseline’ iNOS expression has been elusive, <a href="/wiki/IRF1" title="IRF1">IRF1</a> and <a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a>-dependent activation of the inducible NOS promoter supports an inflammation mediated stimulation of this transcript. iNOS produces large quantities of NO upon stimulation, such as by <a href="/wiki/Proinflammatory_cytokine" class="mw-redirect" title="Proinflammatory cytokine">proinflammatory cytokines</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1 family">Interleukin-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">Tumor necrosis factor alpha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma" title="Interferon gamma">Interferon gamma</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7537721_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7537721-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Induction of the high-output iNOS usually occurs in an oxidative environment, and thus high levels of NO have the opportunity to react with <a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxide</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Peroxynitrite" title="Peroxynitrite">peroxynitrite</a> formation and cell toxicity. These properties may define the roles of iNOS in host immunity, enabling its participation in anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities as part of the oxidative burst of macrophages.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12379825_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12379825-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that pathologic generation of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> through increased iNOS production may decrease <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">tubal</a> <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">ciliary</a> beats and smooth muscle contractions and thus affect embryo transport, which may consequently result in <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">ectopic pregnancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19482272_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19482272-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="eNOS">eNOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitric_oxide_synthase&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: eNOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Endothelial_NOS" title="Endothelial NOS">Endothelial NOS</a></div> <p>Endothelial NOS (eNOS), also known as nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3), generates NO in <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> and is involved with regulating vascular function. The gene coding for eNOS is located on Chromosome 7.<sup id="cite_ref-Nitric_oxide_synthases_in_mammals_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nitric_oxide_synthases_in_mammals-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A constitutive Ca<sup>2+</sup> dependent NOS provides a basal release of NO. eNOS localizes to caveolae, a plasma membrane domain primarily composed of the protein <a href="/wiki/Caveolin_1" title="Caveolin 1">caveolin 1</a>, and to the Golgi apparatus. These two eNOS populations are distinct, but are both necessary for proper NO production and cell health.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32152543_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32152543-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eNOS localization to endothelial membranes is mediated by cotranslational N-terminal <a href="/wiki/Myristoylation" title="Myristoylation">myristoylation</a> and post-translational <a href="/wiki/Palmitoylation" title="Palmitoylation">palmitoylation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9199168_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9199168-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an essential co-factor for nitric oxide synthase, <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrobiopterin" title="Tetrahydrobiopterin">tetrahydrobiopterin</a> (BH4) supplementation has shown beneficial results for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Endothelial_dysfunction" title="Endothelial dysfunction">endothelial dysfunction</a> in animal experiments and clinical trials, although the tendency of BH4 to become oxidized to BH2 remains a problem.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29596860_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29596860-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="bNOS">bNOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitric_oxide_synthase&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: bNOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bacterial NOS (bNOS) has been shown to protect bacteria against oxidative stress, diverse antibiotics, and host immune response. bNOS plays a key role in the transcription of <a href="/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase" title="Superoxide dismutase">superoxide dismutase</a> (SodA). Bacteria late in the log phase who do not possess bNOS fail to upregulate SodA, which disables the defenses against harmful oxidative stress. Initially, bNOS may have been present to prepare the cell for stressful conditions but now seems to help shield the bacteria against conventional antimicrobials. As a clinical application, a bNOS inhibitor could be produced to decrease the load of Gram positive bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16172391_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16172391-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19745150_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19745150-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_reaction">Chemical reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitric_oxide_synthase&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chemical reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NOSreaction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/NOSreaction.svg/606px-NOSreaction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="606" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/NOSreaction.svg/909px-NOSreaction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/NOSreaction.svg/1212px-NOSreaction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="169" /></a></span> </p><p>Nitric oxide synthases produce NO by catalysing a five-electron oxidation of a guanidino nitrogen of <small>L</small>-arginine (<small>L</small>-Arg). Oxidation of <small>L</small>-Arg to <small>L</small>-citrulline occurs via two successive monooxygenation reactions producing <i>N</i><sup>ω</sup>-hydroxy-<small>L</small>-arginine (NOHLA) as an intermediate. 2 mol of O<sub>2</sub> and 1.5 mol of NADPH are consumed per mole of NO formed.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7510950_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7510950-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitric_oxide_synthase&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The enzymes exist as homodimers. In eukaryotes, each monomer consisting of two major regions: an N-terminal <a href="/wiki/Oxygenase" title="Oxygenase">oxygenase</a> domain, which belongs to the class of heme-thiolate proteins, and a multi-domain C-terminal <a href="/wiki/Reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="Reductase">reductase</a>, which is homologous to NADPH:<a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_reductase" title="Cytochrome P450 reductase">cytochrome P450 reductase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.6.2.4">1.6.2.4</a>) and other flavoproteins. The FMN binding domain is homologous to flavodoxins, and the two domain fragment containing the FAD and NADPH binding sites is homologous to flavodoxin-NADPH reductases. The interdomain linker between the oxygenase and reductase domains contains a <a href="/wiki/Calmodulin" title="Calmodulin">calmodulin</a>-binding sequence. The oxygenase domain is a unique extended beta sheet cage with binding sites for heme and pterin. </p><p>NOSs can be <a href="/wiki/Protein_dimer" title="Protein dimer">dimeric</a>, calmodulin-dependent or calmodulin-containing <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_p450" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytochrome p450">cytochrome p450</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Hemoprotein" title="Hemoprotein">hemoprotein</a> that combines reductase and oxygenase catalytic domains in one dimer, bear both <a href="/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Flavin adenine dinucleotide">flavin adenine dinucleotide</a> (FAD) and <a href="/wiki/Flavin_mononucleotide" title="Flavin mononucleotide">flavin mononucleotide</a> (FMN), and carry out a 5`-electron oxidation of non-aromatic <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> arginine with the aid of tetrahydrobiopterin.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9493011_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9493011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All three <a href="/wiki/Isoform" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoform">isoforms</a> (each of which is presumed to function as a <a href="/wiki/Homodimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Homodimer">homodimer</a> during activation) share a carboxyl-terminal reductase domain homologous to the <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_reductase" title="Cytochrome P450 reductase">cytochrome P450 reductase</a>. They also share an amino-terminal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygenase_domain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxygenase domain (page does not exist)">oxygenase domain</a> containing a <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a> <a href="/wiki/Prosthetic_group" title="Prosthetic group">prosthetic group</a>, which is linked in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Calmodulin" title="Calmodulin">calmodulin</a>-binding domain. Binding of calmodulin appears to act as a "molecular switch" to enable <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> flow from flavin prosthetic groups in the reductase domain to heme. This facilitates the conversion of O<sub>2</sub> and <small>L</small>-arginine to <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">NO</a> and <small>L</small>-citrulline. The oxygenase domain of each NOS isoform also contains an BH<sub>4</sub> prosthetic group, which is required for the efficient generation of NO. Unlike other enzymes where BH<sub>4</sub> is used as a source of reducing equivalents and is recycled by <a href="/wiki/Dihydrobiopterin_reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydrobiopterin reductase">dihydrobiopterin reductase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.5.1.33">1.5.1.33</a>), BH<sub>4</sub> activates heme-bound O<sub>2</sub> by donating a single electron, which is then recaptured to enable nitric oxide release. </p><p>The first nitric oxide synthase to be identified was found in neuronal tissue (NOS1 or nNOS); the <a href="/wiki/Endothelial" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelial">endothelial</a> NOS (eNOS or NOS3) was the third to be identified. They were originally classified as "constitutively expressed" and "Ca<sup>2+</sup> sensitive" but it is now known that they are present in many different <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> types and that expression is regulated under specific physiological conditions. </p><p>In NOS1 and NOS3, physiological concentrations of Ca<sup>2+</sup> in cells regulate the binding of calmodulin to the "latch domains", thereby initiating electron transfer from the <a href="/wiki/Flavin_group" title="Flavin group">flavins</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a> moieties. In contrast, calmodulin remains tightly bound to the inducible and Ca<sup>2+</sup>-insensitive isoform (iNOS or NOS2) even at a low intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> activity, acting essentially as a subunit of this isoform. </p><p>Nitric oxide may itself regulate NOS expression and activity. Specifically, NO has been shown to play an important <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> regulatory role on NOS3, and therefore vascular endothelial cell function.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process, known formally as <i>S</i>-nitrosation (and referred to by many in the field as <i>S</i>-nitrosylation), has been shown to reversibly inhibit NOS3 activity in vascular endothelial cells. This process may be important because it is regulated by cellular redox conditions and may thereby provide a mechanism for the association between "oxidative stress" and endothelial dysfunction. In addition to NOS3, both NOS1 and NOS2 have been found to be <i>S</i>-nitrosated, but the evidence for dynamic regulation of those NOS isoforms by this process is less complete<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In addition, both NOS1 and NOS2 have been shown to form ferrous-nitrosyl complexes in their heme prosthetic groups that may act partially to self-inactivate these enzymes under certain conditions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The rate-limiting step for the production of nitric oxide may well be the availability of <small>L</small>-arginine in some cell types. This may be particularly important after the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_induction_and_inhibition" title="Enzyme induction and inhibition">induction</a> of NOS2. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inhibitors">Inhibitors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitric_oxide_synthase&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inhibitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronopterin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronopterin (page does not exist)">Ronopterin</a> (VAS-203), also known as 4-amino-tetrahydrobiopterin (4-ABH<sub>4</sub>), an <a href="/wiki/Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">analogue</a> of BH<sub>4</sub> (a cofactor of NOS), is an NOS inhibitor that is under development as a <a href="/wiki/Neuroprotective_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprotective agent">neuroprotective agent</a> for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800023224">[1]</a> Other NOS inhibitors that have been or are being researched for possible clinical use include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cindunistat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cindunistat (page does not exist)">cindunistat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A-84643&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-84643 (page does not exist)">A-84643</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-1714&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-1714 (page does not exist)">ONO-1714</a>, <a href="/wiki/L-NOARG" class="mw-redirect" title="L-NOARG">L-NOARG</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX-456&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX-456 (page does not exist)">NCX-456</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=VAS-2381&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VAS-2381 (page does not exist)">VAS-2381</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-273629&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-273629 (page does not exist)">GW-273629</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NXN-462&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NXN-462 (page does not exist)">NXN-462</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CKD-712&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CKD-712 (page does not exist)">CKD-712</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=KD-7040&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KD-7040 (page does not exist)">KD-7040</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanidinoethyldisulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanidinoethyldisulfide (page does not exist)">guanidinoethyldisulfide</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2733516">TFPI</a> among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitric_oxide_synthase&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_functions_of_nitric_oxide" title="Biological functions of nitric oxide">Biological functions of nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric-oxide_synthase_(NAD(P)H-dependent)" title="Nitric-oxide synthase (NAD(P)H-dependent)">Nitric-oxide synthase (NAD(P)H-dependent)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase_2_(inducible)" title="Nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible)">Nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitric_oxide_synthase&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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"Role of nitric oxide in growth of solid tumours: a balancing act". <i>Essays Biochem</i>. <b>32</b>: 61–72. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9493011">9493011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essays+Biochem.&rft.atitle=Role+of+nitric+oxide+in+growth+of+solid+tumours%3A+a+balancing+act&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=61-72&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9493011&rft.aulast=Chinje&rft.aufirst=EC&rft.au=Stratford%2C+IJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+oxide+synthase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopincováPúzserováBernátová2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kopincová, Jana; Púzserová, Angelika; Bernátová, Iveta (2011-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3131676">"Biochemical aspects of nitric oxide synthase feedback regulation by nitric oxide"</a>. <i>Interdisciplinary Toxicology</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 63–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10102-011-0012-z">10.2478/v10102-011-0012-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1337-9569">1337-9569</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3131676">3131676</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21753901">21753901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Biochemical+aspects+of+nitric+oxide+synthase+feedback+regulation+by+nitric+oxide&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63-8&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3131676%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1337-9569&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21753901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fv10102-011-0012-z&rft.aulast=Kopincov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Jana&rft.au=P%C3%BAzserov%C3%A1%2C+Angelika&rft.au=Bern%C3%A1tov%C3%A1%2C+Iveta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3131676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANitric+oxide+synthase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitric_oxide_synthase&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Nitric+oxide+synthase">Nitric+oxide+synthase</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1998/">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998</a></li> <li>University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212143027/http://homepages.ed.ac.uk/sd01/nospage.htm">NO Synthase</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Nitric_oxide_synthase/">Nitric Oxide Synthase in Proteopedia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a> involved in <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmission</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitter" title="Monoamine neurotransmitter">monoamine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a> → <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>anabolism:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histidine_decarboxylase" title="Histidine decarboxylase">Histidine decarboxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>catabolism:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_N-methyltransferase" title="Histamine N-methyltransferase">Histamine N-methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamine_oxidase" title="Diamine oxidase">Diamine oxidase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>anabolism:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_hydroxylase" title="Tyrosine hydroxylase">Tyrosine hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase" title="Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase">Aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_beta-hydroxylase" title="Dopamine beta-hydroxylase">Dopamine beta-hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethanolamine_N-methyltransferase" title="Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase">Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>catabolism:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechol-O-methyl_transferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechol-O-methyl transferase">Catechol-O-methyl transferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase" title="Monoamine oxidase">Monoamine oxidase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_A" title="Monoamine oxidase A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_B" title="Monoamine oxidase B">B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamate</a>→<a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>anabolism:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_decarboxylase" title="Glutamate decarboxylase">Glutamate decarboxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>catabolism:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-aminobutyrate_transaminase" title="4-aminobutyrate transaminase">4-aminobutyrate transaminase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a>→<a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>→<a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_hydroxylase" title="Tryptophan hydroxylase">Tryptophan hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase" title="Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase">Aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkylamine_N-acetyltransferase" title="Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase">Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylserotonin_O-methyltransferase" title="Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase">Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">NO</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nitric oxide synthase</a> (<a href="/wiki/NOS1" title="NOS1">NOS1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase_2_(inducible)" title="Nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible)">NOS2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endothelial_NOS" title="Endothelial NOS">NOS3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">choline</a>→<a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>anabolism:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choline_acetyltransferase" title="Choline acetyltransferase">Choline acetyltransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>catabolism:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholinesterase" title="Cholinesterase">Cholinesterase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase" title="Acetylcholinesterase">Acetylcholinesterase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butyrylcholinesterase" title="Butyrylcholinesterase">Butyrylcholinesterase</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oxidoreductases:_dioxygenases,_including_steroid_hydroxylases_(EC_1.14)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dioxygenases" title="Template:Dioxygenases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dioxygenases" title="Template talk:Dioxygenases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dioxygenases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dioxygenases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oxidoreductases:_dioxygenases,_including_steroid_hydroxylases_(EC_1.14)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oxidoreductase" title="Oxidoreductase">Oxidoreductases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxygenase" title="Oxygenase">dioxygenases</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Steroid_hydroxylases" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid hydroxylases">steroid hydroxylases</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> 1.14)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.11_With_2-oxoglutarate_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_each_of_oxygen_into_both_donors" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.14.11</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid">2-oxoglutarate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolyl_hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolyl hydroxylase">Prolyl hydroxylase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIF_prolyl-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="HIF prolyl-hydroxylase">HIF prolyl-hydroxylase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EGLN1" title="EGLN1">EGLN1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGLN2" title="EGLN2">EGLN2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGLN3" title="EGLN3">EGLN3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P4HTM" title="P4HTM">P4HTM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysyl_hydroxylase" title="Lysyl hydroxylase">Lysyl hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlkB" title="AlkB">AlkB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkb_homolog_1,_histone_h2a_dioxygenase" title="Alkb homolog 1, histone h2a dioxygenase">ALKBH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTO_gene" title="FTO gene">FTO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.13_With_NADH_or_NADPH_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.14.13</a>: <a href="/wiki/NADH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADH">NADH</a> or <a href="/wiki/NADPH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADPH">NADPH</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavin-containing_monooxygenase" title="Flavin-containing monooxygenase">Flavin-containing monooxygenase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FMO1" class="mw-redirect" title="FMO1">FMO1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMO2" title="FMO2">FMO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavin-containing_monooxygenase_3" title="Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3">FMO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMO4" title="FMO4">FMO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMO5" title="FMO5">FMO5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nitric oxide synthase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NOS1" title="NOS1">NOS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase_2_(inducible)" title="Nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible)">NOS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelial_NOS" title="Endothelial NOS">NOS3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_7_alpha-hydroxylase" title="Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase">Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane_monooxygenase" title="Methane monooxygenase">Methane monooxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">3A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14%CE%B1-demethylase" class="mw-redirect" title="14α-demethylase">14α-demethylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hydroxycholesterol_7alpha-hydroxylase" title="24-hydroxycholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase">24-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.14_With_reduced_flavin_or_flavoprotein_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.14.14</a>: reduced <a href="/wiki/Flavin_group" title="Flavin group">flavin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flavoprotein" title="Flavoprotein">flavoprotein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromatase" title="Aromatase">19A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">2D6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP2E1" title="CYP2E1">2E1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.15_With_reduced_iron–sulfur_protein_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.14.15</a>: reduced <a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_protein" title="Iron–sulfur protein">iron–sulfur protein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_11-beta-hydroxylase" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase">11B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone_synthase" title="Aldosterone synthase">11B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme" title="Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme">11A1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.16_With_reduced_pteridine_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.14.16</a>: reduced <a href="/wiki/Pteridine" title="Pteridine">pteridine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrobiopterin" title="Tetrahydrobiopterin">BH4 dependent</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase" title="Phenylalanine hydroxylase">Phenylalanine hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_hydroxylase" title="Tyrosine hydroxylase">Tyrosine hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_hydroxylase" title="Tryptophan hydroxylase">Tryptophan hydroxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.17_With_reduced_ascorbate_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.14.17</a>: reduced <a href="/wiki/Ascorbate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbate">ascorbate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_beta-hydroxylase" title="Dopamine beta-hydroxylase">Dopamine beta-hydroxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.18_With_another_compound_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.14.18</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.19_With_oxidation_of_a_pair_of_donors_resulting_in_the_reduction_of_molecular_oxygen_to_two_molecules_of_water" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">19</a>: other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosinase" title="Tyrosinase">Tyrosinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stearoyl-CoA_desaturase-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1">Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.99_Miscellaneous" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">1.14.99</a> - miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase" title="Cyclooxygenase">Cyclooxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heme_oxygenase" title="Heme oxygenase">Heme oxygenase</a> (<a href="/wiki/HMOX1" title="HMOX1">HMOX1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squalene_monooxygenase" title="Squalene monooxygenase">Squalene monooxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYP17A1" title="CYP17A1">17A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Hydroxylase" title="21-Hydroxylase">21A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdysone_20-monooxygenase" title="Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase">Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyhypusine_monooxygenase" title="Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase">Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enzymes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Enzymes" title="Template:Enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Enzymes" title="Template talk:Enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enzymes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">Active site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_site" title="Binding site">Binding site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_triad" title="Catalytic triad">Catalytic triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyanion_hole" title="Oxyanion hole">Oxyanion hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_promiscuity" title="Enzyme promiscuity">Enzyme promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion-limited_enzyme" title="Diffusion-limited enzyme">Diffusion-limited enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis" title="Enzyme catalysis">Enzyme catalysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allosteric_regulation" title="Allosteric regulation">Allosteric regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperativity" title="Cooperativity">Cooperativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Enzyme inhibitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_activator" title="Enzyme activator">Enzyme activator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_superfamily" title="Protein superfamily">Enzyme superfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_family" title="Protein family">Enzyme family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_enzymes" title="List of enzymes">List of enzymes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kinetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics" title="Enzyme kinetics">Enzyme kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadie%E2%80%93Hofstee_diagram" title="Eadie–Hofstee diagram">Eadie–Hofstee diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanes%E2%80%93Woolf_plot" title="Hanes–Woolf plot">Hanes–Woolf plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineweaver%E2%80%93Burk_plot" title="Lineweaver–Burk plot">Lineweaver–Burk plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michaelis%E2%80%93Menten_kinetics" title="Michaelis–Menten kinetics">Michaelis–Menten kinetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>EC1 <a href="/wiki/Oxidoreductase" title="Oxidoreductase">Oxidoreductases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC2 <a href="/wiki/Transferase" title="Transferase">Transferases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 2)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC3 <a href="/wiki/Hydrolase" title="Hydrolase">Hydrolases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC4 <a href="/wiki/Lyase" title="Lyase">Lyases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 4)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC5 <a href="/wiki/Isomerase" title="Isomerase">Isomerases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 5)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC6 <a href="/wiki/Ligase" title="Ligase">Ligases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 6)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC7 <a href="/wiki/Translocase" title="Translocase">Translocases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 7)">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nitric_oxide_signaling_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nitric_oxide_signaling_modulators" title="Template:Nitric oxide signaling modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nitric_oxide_signaling_modulators" title="Template talk:Nitric oxide signaling modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nitric_oxide_signaling_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nitric oxide signaling modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nitric_oxide_signaling_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">signaling</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl anion (NO<sup>−</sup>; oxonitrate(1-), hyponitrite anion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide (NO<sup>⋅</sup>; nitrogen monoxide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosonium" title="Nitrosonium">Nitrosonium (NO<sup>+</sup>; nitrosyl cation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">Targets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="sGC" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Soluble_guanylate_cyclase" class="mw-redirect" title="Soluble guanylate cyclase">sGC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Activators/stimulators:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataciguat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ataciguat (page does not exist)">Ataciguat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAY_41-2272&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAY 41-2272 (page does not exist)">BAY 41-2272</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAY_41-8543&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAY 41-8543 (page does not exist)">BAY 41-8543</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAY_60-4552&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAY 60-4552 (page does not exist)">BAY 60-4552</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BI-703704&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BI-703704 (page does not exist)">BI-703704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinaciguat" title="Cinaciguat">Cinaciguat (BAY 58-2667)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-2181236A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-2181236A (page does not exist)">GSK-2181236A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praliciguat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praliciguat (page does not exist)">Praliciguat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riociguat" title="Riociguat">Riociguat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vericiguat" title="Vericiguat">Vericiguat</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=1H-(1,2,4)Oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1H-(1,2,4)Oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one (page does not exist)">ODQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/NO_donor" class="mw-redirect" title="NO donor">NO donors</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrugs</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Nitrates</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Diethylene_glycol_dinitrate" title="Diethylene glycol dinitrate">Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythritol_tetranitrate" title="Erythritol tetranitrate">Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol_dinitrate" title="Ethylene glycol dinitrate">Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN; nitroglycol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isosorbide_mononitrate" title="Isosorbide mononitrate">Isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isosorbide_dinitrate" title="Isosorbide dinitrate">Isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itramin_tosilate" title="Itramin tosilate">Itramin tosilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannitol_hexanitrate" title="Mannitol hexanitrate">Mannitol hexanitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxcinod" title="Naproxcinod">Naproxcinod (nitronaproxen; AZD-3582, HCT-3012)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX-466&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX-466 (page does not exist)">NCX-466</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX-2216&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX-2216 (page does not exist)">NCX-2216</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX-4016&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX-4016 (page does not exist)">NCX-4016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX_4040&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX 4040 (page does not exist)">NCX 4040</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX-4215&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX-4215 (page does not exist)">NCX-4215</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicorandil" title="Nicorandil">Nicorandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipradilol" title="Nipradilol">Nipradilol (K-351)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Nitrate (NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroatorvastatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroatorvastatin (page does not exist)">Nitroatorvastatin (NCX-6560)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroflurbiprofen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroflurbiprofen (page does not exist)">Nitroflurbiprofen (HCT-1026)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrofluvastatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrofluvastatin (page does not exist)">Nitrofluvastatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitroglycerin (drug)">Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate (GTN))</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitropravastatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitropravastatin (page does not exist)">Nitropravastatin (NCX-6550)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaerithrityl_tetranitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaerithrityl tetranitrate">Pentaerithrityl tetranitrate (PETN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propatylnitrate" title="Propatylnitrate">Propatylnitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol_dinitrate" title="Propylene glycol dinitrate">Propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_trioxodinitrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium trioxodinitrate (page does not exist)">Sodium trioxodinitrate (Angeli's salt)</a></li> <li>Tenitramine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolnitrate" title="Trolnitrate">Trolnitrate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitroso_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitroso compound">Nitroso compounds</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrites</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">Nitrite (NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>)</a>; <i>O-Nitroso compounds (<a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrite" title="Alkyl nitrite">alkyl nitrites</a>):</i> <a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">Amyl nitrite (isoamyl nitrite, isopentyl nitrite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexyl_nitrite" title="Cyclohexyl nitrite">Cyclohexyl nitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_nitrite" title="Ethyl nitrite">Ethyl nitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexyl_nitrite" title="Hexyl nitrite">Hexyl nitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobutyl_nitrite" title="Isobutyl nitrite">Isobutyl nitrite (2-methylpropyl nitrite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_nitrite" title="Isopropyl nitrite">Isopropyl nitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_nitrite" title="Methyl nitrite">Methyl nitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyl_nitrite" title="Butyl nitrite"><i>n</i>-Butyl nitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentyl_nitrite" title="Pentyl nitrite">Pentyl nitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert-Butyl_nitrite" title="Tert-Butyl nitrite"><i>tert</i>-Butyl nitrite</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/S-Nitrosothiol" title="S-Nitrosothiol">S-Nitroso compounds</a> (thionitrites):</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=LA810&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LA810 (page does not exist)">LA810</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitrosoalbumin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitrosoalbumin (page does not exist)">S-Nitrosoalbumin (SNALB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitrosated_AR545C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitrosated AR545C (page does not exist)">S-Nitrosated AR545C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (page does not exist)">S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine" title="S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine">S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitroso-N-valerylpenicillamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitroso-N-valerylpenicillamine (page does not exist)">S-Nitroso-N-valerylpenicillamine (SNVP)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitrosocaptopril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitrosocaptopril (page does not exist)">S-Nitrosocaptopril (SNO-Cap)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitrosocysteine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitrosocysteine (page does not exist)">S-Nitrosocysteine (SNC, CysNO, SNO-Cys)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitrosodiclofenac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitrosodiclofenac (page does not exist)">S-Nitrosodiclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Nitrosoglutathione" title="S-Nitrosoglutathione">S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO, SNOG)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitrosated_tissue-type_plasminogen_activator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitrosated tissue-type plasminogen activator (page does not exist)">SNO-t-PA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitrosated_von_Willebrand_factor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitrosated von Willebrand factor (page does not exist)">SNO-vWF</a>; <i>N-Nitroso compounds (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">nitrosamines</a>):</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=SIN-1A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SIN-1A (page does not exist)">SIN-1A</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Nitrosyl compounds:</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Metal_nitrosyl_complex" title="Metal nitrosyl complex">Metal nitrosyl complexes</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Roussin%27s_black_salt" title="Roussin's black salt">Roussin's black salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roussin%27s_red_salt" title="Roussin's red salt">Roussin's red salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitroprusside" title="Sodium nitroprusside">Sodium nitroprusside (SNP)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NONOate" title="NONOate">NONOates</a> (diazeniumdiolates):</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylamine/NO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diethylamine/NO (page does not exist)">Diethylamine/NO (DEA/NO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylenetriamine/NO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diethylenetriamine/NO (page does not exist)">Diethylenetriamine/NO (DETA/NO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLO/NO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GLO/NO (page does not exist)">GLO/NO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JS-K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JS-K (page does not exist)">JS-K</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylamine_hexamethylene_methylamine/NO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylamine hexamethylene methylamine/NO (page does not exist)">Methylamine hexamethylene methylamine/NO (MAHMA/NO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PROLI/NO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PROLI/NO (page does not exist)">PROLI/NO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spermine/NO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spermine/NO (page does not exist)">Spermine/NO (SPER/NO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V-PYRRO/NO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V-PYRRO/NO (page does not exist)">V-PYRRO/NO</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Heterocyclic compounds:</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Furoxan" title="Furoxan">Furoxans</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Furoxan" title="Furoxan">Furoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=REC15/2739&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="REC15/2739 (page does not exist)">REC15/2739</a>; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydnonimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sydnonimine (page does not exist)">Sydnonimines</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Feprosidnine" title="Feprosidnine">Feprosidnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsidomine" title="Linsidomine">Linsidomine (SIN-1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molsidomine" title="Molsidomine">Molsidomine (SIN-10)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydnonimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sydnonimine (page does not exist)">Sydnonimine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cimlanod" title="Cimlanod">Cimlanod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FK-409&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FK-409 (page does not exist)">FK-409</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FR144220&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FR144220 (page does not exist)">FR144220</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FR146881&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FR146881 (page does not exist)">FR146881</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Acetyl-N-acetoxy-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Acetyl-N-acetoxy-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (page does not exist)">N-Acetyl-N-acetoxy-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibitors</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/NOS1" title="NOS1">nNOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole (page does not exist)">3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Chloroindazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Chloroindazole (page does not exist)">3-Chloroindazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Chloro-5-nitroindazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Chloro-5-nitroindazole (page does not exist)">3-Chloro-5-nitroindazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Nitroindazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Nitroindazole (page does not exist)">5-Nitroindazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6-Nitroindazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6-Nitroindazole (page does not exist)">6-Nitroindazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Nitroindazole" title="7-Nitroindazole">7-Nitroindazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-84643&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-84643 (page does not exist)">A-84643</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoguanidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminoguanidine">Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARL-17477&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARL-17477 (page does not exist)">ARL-17477</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indazole" title="Indazole">Indazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (page does not exist)">N<sup>5</sup>-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (<small>L</small>-NIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%CF%89-Methyl-L-arginine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nω-Methyl-L-arginine (page does not exist)">N<sup>ω</sup>-Methyl-<small>L</small>-arginine (<small>L</small>-NMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%CF%89-Propyl-L-arginine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nω-Propyl-L-arginine (page does not exist)">N<sup>ω</sup>-Propyl-<small>L</small>-arginine (<small>L</small>-NPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroarginine" title="Nitroarginine">Nitroarginine (NNA, NOARG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamidine_isethionate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamidine isethionate">Pentamidine isethionate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1-(2-Trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1-(2-Trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole (page does not exist)">TRIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase_2_(inducible)" title="Nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible)">iNOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1-Amino-2-hydroxyguanidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1-Amino-2-hydroxyguanidine (page does not exist)">1-Amino-2-hydroxyguanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Ethylaminoguanidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Ethylaminoguanidine (page does not exist)">2-Ethylaminoguanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Iminopiperidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Iminopiperidine (page does not exist)">2-Iminopiperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1400W&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1400W (page does not exist)">1400W</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-aminoethylisothiourea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-aminoethylisothiourea (page does not exist)">AEITU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoguanidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminoguanidine">Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-thiazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-thiazine (page does not exist)">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_102222&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 102222 (page does not exist)">AR-C 102222</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BYK-191023&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BYK-191023 (page does not exist)">BYK-191023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canavanine" title="Canavanine">Canavanine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cindunistat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cindunistat (page does not exist)">Cindunistat (SD-6010)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Ethylisothiourea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Ethylisothiourea (page does not exist)">EITU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Isopropylisothiourea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Isopropylisothiourea (page does not exist)">IPTU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Methylisothiourea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Methylisothiourea (page does not exist)">MITU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (page does not exist)">N<sup>5</sup>-(1-Iminoethyl)-<small>L</small>-ornithine (<small>L</small>-NIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N6-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-lysine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N6-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-lysine (page does not exist)">N<sup>6</sup>-(1-Iminoethyl)-<small>L</small>-lysine (<small>L</small>-NIL)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%CF%89-Methyl-L-arginine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nω-Methyl-L-arginine (page does not exist)">N<sup>ω</sup>-Methyl-<small>L</small>-arginine (<small>L</small>-NMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronopterin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronopterin (page does not exist)">Ronopterin (VAS-203)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1-(2-Trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1-(2-Trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole (page does not exist)">TRIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Endothelial_NOS" title="Endothelial NOS">eNOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminoguanidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminoguanidine">Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (page does not exist)">N<sup>5</sup>-(1-Iminoethyl)-<small>L</small>-ornithine (<small>L</small>-NIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%CF%89-Methyl-L-arginine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nω-Methyl-L-arginine (page does not exist)">N<sup>ω</sup>-Methyl-<small>L</small>-arginine (<small>L</small>-NMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroarginine" title="Nitroarginine">Nitroarginine (NNA, NOARG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_dimethylarginine" title="Asymmetric dimethylarginine">Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CKD-712&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CKD-712 (page does not exist)">CKD-712</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanidinoethyldisulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanidinoethyldisulfide (page does not exist)">Guanidinoethyldisulfide (GED)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-273629&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-273629 (page does not exist)">GW-273629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indospicine" title="Indospicine">Indospicine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KD-7040&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KD-7040 (page does not exist)">KD-7040</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroarginine_methyl_ester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroarginine methyl ester (page does not exist)">Nitroarginine methyl ester (NAME)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX-456&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX-456 (page does not exist)">NCX-456</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NXN-462&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NXN-462 (page does not exist)">NXN-462</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-1714&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-1714 (page does not exist)">ONO-1714</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAS-2381&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VAS-2381 (page does not exist)">VAS-2381</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arginase" title="Arginase">Arginase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2S-Amino-6-boronohexonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2S-Amino-6-boronohexonic acid (page does not exist)">ABH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%CF%89-Hydroxy-L-arginine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nω-Hydroxy-L-arginine (page does not exist)">N<sup>ω</sup>-Hydroxy-<small>L</small>-arginine (NOHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorogenic_acid" title="Chlorogenic acid">chlorogenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithine" title="Ornithine">ornithine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norvaline" title="Norvaline">norvaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha_aminoacids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha aminoacids (page does not exist)">alpha aminoacids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/CAMK" title="CAMK">CAMK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmidazolium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calmidazolium (page does not exist)">Calmidazolium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W-7_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W-7 (drug) (page does not exist)">W-7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Precursors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine"><small>L</small>-Arginine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%CF%89-Hydroxy-L-arginine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nω-Hydroxy-L-arginine (page does not exist)">N<sup>ω</sup>-Hydroxy-<small>L</small>-arginine (NOHA)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Cofactors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate">NADPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Flavin adenine dinucleotide">FAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavin_mononucleotide" title="Flavin mononucleotide">FMN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">Heme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrobiopterin" title="Tetrahydrobiopterin">BH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmodulin" title="Calmodulin">CaM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca<sup>2+</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Indirect/downstream NO modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a>/<a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">AT-II receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Captopril" title="Captopril">captopril</a>, <a href="/wiki/Losartan" title="Losartan">losartan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor_antagonist" title="Endothelin receptor antagonist">ET<sub>B</sub> receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bosentan" title="Bosentan">bosentan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Type_calcium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Type calcium channel">L-Type calcium channel</a> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dihydropyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydropyridine">dihydropyridines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nifedipine" title="Nifedipine">nifedipine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebivolol" title="Nebivolol">Nebivolol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blocker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDE5_inhibitor" title="PDE5 inhibitor">PDE5 inhibitors</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sildenafil" title="Sildenafil">sildenafil</a>)</li> <li>non-selective PDE inhibitors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>)</li> <li>PDE9 inhibitors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Paraxanthine" title="Paraxanthine">paraxanthine</a>)</li> <li>cGMP preferring PDE inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil, paraxanthine, tadalafil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">Statins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Simvastatin" title="Simvastatin">simvastatin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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