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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macellum_de_Pozzuoli" title="Macellum de Pozzuoli – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Macellum de Pozzuoli" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_de_S%C3%A9rapis_(Pouzzoles)" title="Temple de Sérapis (Pouzzoles) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Temple de Sérapis (Pouzzoles)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macellum_di_Pozzuoli" title="Macellum di Pozzuoli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Macellum di Pozzuoli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapeum_(Pozzuoli)" title="Serapeum (Pozzuoli) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Serapeum (Pozzuoli)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macelo_de_Pozzuoli" title="Macelo de Pozzuoli – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Macelo de Pozzuoli" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macellum_Pozzuoli" title="Macellum Pozzuoli – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Macellum Pozzuoli" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Macellum_of_Pozzuoli&params=40_49_34_N_14_07_14_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°49′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°07′14″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.82611°N 14.12056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.82611; 14.12056</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Market building of the Roman colony of Puteoli, now the city of Pozzuoli in southern Italy</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Lyell_-_Pillars_of_Pozzuoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Charles_Lyell_-_Pillars_of_Pozzuoli.jpg/220px-Charles_Lyell_-_Pillars_of_Pozzuoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Charles_Lyell_-_Pillars_of_Pozzuoli.jpg/330px-Charles_Lyell_-_Pillars_of_Pozzuoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Charles_Lyell_-_Pillars_of_Pozzuoli.jpg/440px-Charles_Lyell_-_Pillars_of_Pozzuoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Geology" title="Principles of Geology">Principles of Geology</a></i> of 1830, "carefully reduced from that given by the Canonico <a href="/wiki/Andrea_di_Jorio" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea di Jorio">Andrea de Jorio</a> in his <i>Ricerche sul Tempio di Serapide, in Puzzuoli.</i> Napoli, 1820,<sup id="cite_ref-Lyell_ii_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyell_ii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had been based on a drawing by <a href="/wiki/John_Izard_Middleton" title="John Izard Middleton">John Izard Middleton</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Macellum of Pozzuoli</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Macellum di Pozzuoli</i>) was the <a href="/wiki/Macellum" title="Macellum">macellum</a> or market building of the <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Roman colony</a> of Puteoli, now the city of <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. When first excavated in the 18th century, the discovery of a statue of <a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a> led to the building being misidentified as the city's <a href="/wiki/Serapeum" title="Serapeum">serapeum</a> or Temple of Serapis. </p><p>A band of borings or <i><a href="/wiki/Gastrochaenolites" title="Gastrochaenolites">Gastrochaenolites</a></i> left by marine <i><a href="/wiki/Lithophaga" title="Lithophaga">Lithophaga</a></i> bivalve molluscs on three standing marble columns indicated that these columns had remained upright over centuries while the site sank below sea level, then re-emerged. This puzzling feature was the subject of debate in <a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">early geology</a>, and eventually led to the identification of <a href="/wiki/Bradyseism" title="Bradyseism">bradyseism</a> in the area, showing that the Earth's crust could be subject to gradual movement without destructive <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_origins">Roman origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macellum_of_Pozzuoli&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Roman origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Dicaearchia, founded by Greek refugees escaping dictatorship on <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, was integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> as the city of Puteoli in 194 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Macellum" title="Macellum">macellum</a> or food market was built between the late first and early second century AD, and restored during the third century AD under the <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_the_site_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_site-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The building was in the form of an arcaded square courtyard, surrounded by two-storey buildings. Shops lined the marble floored colonnade forming an arcade with 34 grey granite columns. The main entrance and vestibule were positioned on a main axis, which lined up across a <a href="/wiki/Tholos_(Ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholos (Ancient Rome)">tholos</a> in the centre of the square to the <a href="/wiki/Exedra" title="Exedra">exedra</a> for worship which had a <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">portico</a> formed by four large <a href="/wiki/Cipollino_marble" title="Cipollino marble">cipollino marble</a> columns. The exedra had three <a href="/wiki/Niche_(architecture)" title="Niche (architecture)">niches</a> for statues of divinities giving protection to the market, including the sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a>. The tholos in the centre of the square was a circular building standing on a podium reached by four symmetrically placed access stairways, with sixteen African marble columns supporting a domed vault. Marine animals decorated friezes around the base of the tholos. The courtyard had four secondary entrances on its longer sides, with latrines in the corners of the colonnade and four (probable) <a href="/wiki/Taberna" title="Taberna">tabernae</a> with their own external entrances as well as access from the arcade.<sup id="cite_ref-visit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Excavation_and_influence_on_geology">Excavation and influence on geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macellum_of_Pozzuoli&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Excavation and influence on geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serapeum_(Pozzuoli)_-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Serapeum_%28Pozzuoli%29_-2.jpg/220px-Serapeum_%28Pozzuoli%29_-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Serapeum_%28Pozzuoli%29_-2.jpg/330px-Serapeum_%28Pozzuoli%29_-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Serapeum_%28Pozzuoli%29_-2.jpg/440px-Serapeum_%28Pozzuoli%29_-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Macellum" title="Macellum">macellum</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> had excavations carried out between 1750 and 1756, exposing the three large cipollino marble columns which gave the site its name of the "three column vineyard".<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_the_site_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_site-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It attracted visits from antiquarians, among them <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(diplomat)" title="William Hamilton (diplomat)">William Hamilton</a> whose <i>Campi Phlegraei</i> of 1776 showed a distant view of the buildings dry above sea level,<sup id="cite_ref-Rudwick_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudwick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Soane" title="John Soane">John Soane</a> who "Went to the Temple of Jupiter Serapis" on 1 January 1779 and made rough sketches, as well as a plan of the complex, possibly copied from another drawing.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1798, <a href="/wiki/Scipione_Breislak" title="Scipione Breislak">Scipione Breislak</a> described his fieldwork at the site in his <i>Topografia fisica della Campania</i>, and theorised about changes in sea level around that coast. He argued that the evidence did not support the suggestion of falling sea levels worldwide, but thought <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismic explanations</a> were inadequate as <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> notoriously shook buildings until they collapsed, and the columns were still standing. He concluded that there must have been undetectable movement of the crust of the Earth, but recognised that this was unsatisfactory as the cause could not be seen.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudwick_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudwick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1802, <a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">John Playfair</a>, in his <i>Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth</i>, used Breislak's descriptions to support <a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a>'s ideas of slow changes, attributing the differing heights of water around the columns to "oscillations" in the level of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_05_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_05-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithophaga.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lithophaga.JPG/220px-Lithophaga.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lithophaga.JPG/330px-Lithophaga.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lithophaga.JPG/440px-Lithophaga.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Lithophaga" title="Lithophaga">Lithophaga</a></i> molluscs bore into rocks or corals, forming shallow holes called <i><a href="/wiki/Gastrochaenolites" title="Gastrochaenolites">gastrochaenolites</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozzuoli_2010-by-RaBoe-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pozzuoli_2010-by-RaBoe-15.jpg/220px-Pozzuoli_2010-by-RaBoe-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pozzuoli_2010-by-RaBoe-15.jpg/330px-Pozzuoli_2010-by-RaBoe-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pozzuoli_2010-by-RaBoe-15.jpg/440px-Pozzuoli_2010-by-RaBoe-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>View across the marketplace to two of the columns, showing the bands of mollusc holes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1806 and 1818 further excavations exposed the whole of the "Serapeum" or "Temple of Serapis".<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_the_site_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_site-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavations lost <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphic</a> information in the deposits which had buried the building, but the band of borings or <i><a href="/wiki/Gastrochaenolites" title="Gastrochaenolites">gastrochaenolites</a></i> left by marine <i><a href="/wiki/Lithophaga" title="Lithophaga">Lithophaga</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a> on the three standing marble columns provided a good record of relative sea level variation.<sup id="cite_ref-Liber_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liber-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The antiquarian <a href="/wiki/Andrea_di_Jorio" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea di Jorio">Andrea di Jorio</a> studied the ruins, and in 1817 published a guidebook to the <a href="/wiki/Phlegraean_Fields" title="Phlegraean Fields">Phlegraean Fields</a>, with a map of the area which had many hot springs and volcanic craters as well as antiquarian sites including the supposed Temple. By this time the pavement was flooded by the sea, indicating a slight lowering of the land level. In 1820, he published a study of his <i>Ricerche sul Tempio di Serapide, in Puzzuoli</i>, including an illustration based on a drawing by <a href="/wiki/John_Izard_Middleton" title="John Izard Middleton">John Izard Middleton</a> showing the three columns with the bands affected by molluscs.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyell_ii_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyell_ii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rudwick_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudwick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1819, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Brocchi" title="Giovanni Battista Brocchi">Giovanni Battista Brocchi</a> proposed that the columns below the bands had been protected from the molluscs by being buried in silt or volcanic ash. The first volume of <i>Veränderungen der Erdoberfläche</i> by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_Adolf_von_Hoff" title="Karl Ernst Adolf von Hoff">Karl Ernst Adolf von Hoff</a>, published in 1822, included an account of the ruins as demonstrating relative changes in land and sea level. Hoff's second volume of 1824 reviewed how earthquakes might have caused this, and mentioned Jorio's study. Hoff's account motivated <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> to publish his own idea, coined when he visited the site in 1787. In Goethe's 1823 <i>Architektonisch-naturhistorisches Problem</i>, he suggested that silt or ash had partially buried the columns and at the same time held back water forming a lagoon above sea level. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jameson" title="Robert Jameson">Robert Jameson</a> had this paper translated for his <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> journal, to oppose Playfair's views. Other naturalists thought this unlikely, as the fresh water lagoon would not have supported marine molluscs, and the sea was by then higher than at the time of Goethe's visit.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudwick_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudwick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1826 book <i>A Description of Active and Extinct Volcanoes</i>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Daubeny" title="Charles Daubeny">Charles Daubeny</a> dismissed the implied sinking of the land by 30 feet (9.1 m) followed by almost as great a rise as unlikely, since "it is probable that not a single pillar of the temple would now retain its erect posture to attest the reality of these convulsions". Daubeny also doubted changing sea levels, so concluded that the bands of holes bored by molluscs must be due to local damming of water around the buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_1991_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V02_D538_Fort_of_sindree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PSM_V02_D538_Fort_of_sindree.jpg/220px-PSM_V02_D538_Fort_of_sindree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PSM_V02_D538_Fort_of_sindree.jpg/330px-PSM_V02_D538_Fort_of_sindree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PSM_V02_D538_Fort_of_sindree.jpg/440px-PSM_V02_D538_Fort_of_sindree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="1015" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sindri_Fort" title="Sindri Fort">Fort of Sindree</a> before the earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Geology" title="Principles of Geology">Principles of Geology</a></i> of 1830 featured as its frontispiece a replication of di Jorio's illustration of the columns (shown above),<sup id="cite_ref-Lyell_ii_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyell_ii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a detailed section discussing their significance.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He strongly contested Daubeny's argument, and instead proposed slow and steady geological forces. Lyell wrote "That buildings should have been submerged, and afterwards upheaved, without being entirely reduced to a heap of ruins, will appear no anomaly, when we recollect that in the year 1819, when the delta of the Indus sank down, the houses within the <a href="/wiki/Sindri_Fort" title="Sindri Fort">fort of Sindree</a> subsided beneath the waves without being overthrown." In 1832 the young <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> used Lyell's methods at the first landfall of the <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle"><i>Beagle</i> survey voyage</a>, while considering evidence of land rising up at <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Cape_Verde" title="Santiago, Cape Verde">St. Jago</a>. In his journal, Darwin dismissed Daubeny's argument, and wrote that he felt "sure at St Jago in some places a town might have been raised without injuring a house."<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert_05_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_05-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> carried out a detailed survey of the ruins in 1828 and his <i>Observations on the Temple of Serapis at Pozzuoli, near Naples</i> were published in 1847. In some of the rooms of the macellum Babbage found a dark brownish encrustation of salts, and a thicker encrustation up to a height of about 9 feet (2.7 m) from floor level. These have been interpreted as showing that as the building lowered, a little lake formed and allowed water to enter the building without there being a direct connection to the sea, then at a later stage the land subsided to the point where sea water came in, and the <i>Lithophaga</i> started drilling holes in the masonry up to 19 feet (5.8 m) from floor level.<sup id="cite_ref-Liber_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liber-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The identification of the building as a <a href="/wiki/Macellum" title="Macellum">macellum</a> or marketplace rather than a temple was made by Charles Dubois, who published a detailed account of the ruins of Pozzuoli in his <i>Pouzzoles antiques. Histoire et topographie</i> of 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_the_site_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_site-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-j550521_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j550521-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_investigations">Modern investigations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macellum_of_Pozzuoli&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern investigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More recent investigations of the vertical movements have shown that the site is near the centre of the Campi Flegrei (<a href="/wiki/Phlegraean_Fields" title="Phlegraean Fields">Phlegraean Fields</a>) <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> and has been subject to repeated "slow earthquakes" or <a href="/wiki/Bradyseism" title="Bradyseism">bradyseism</a> of this shallow caldera resulting in relatively slow subsidence over long periods, drowning the ruin, punctuated by periods of relatively rapid uplift that caused it to re-emerge. After a long subsidence through Roman times, there was a period of uplift in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> around AD 700 to 800, then after more subsidence the land rose again from around 1500 up to the last eruption in 1538. The land again subsided gradually, then between 1969 and 1973 the land rose by about 1.7 metres (5.6 ft). Over the following decade there was a little subsidence, then between 1982 and 1994 there was uplift of almost 2 metres (6.6 ft). Concerns about risks of earthquake damage and possible eruption led to temporary evacuation of the city of <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a>. Detailed measurements indicated that the caldera deformation formed a nearly circular lens centred near Pozzuoli. Various models have been produced to find mechanisms explaining this pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Natale_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Natale-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Roman_market_place_and_Serapis_temple_panorama_-_Pozzuoli_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_11th_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of the macellum"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ancient_Roman_market_place_and_Serapis_temple_panorama_-_Pozzuoli_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_11th_2013.jpg/500px-Ancient_Roman_market_place_and_Serapis_temple_panorama_-_Pozzuoli_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_11th_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ancient_Roman_market_place_and_Serapis_temple_panorama_-_Pozzuoli_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_11th_2013.jpg/750px-Ancient_Roman_market_place_and_Serapis_temple_panorama_-_Pozzuoli_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_11th_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ancient_Roman_market_place_and_Serapis_temple_panorama_-_Pozzuoli_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_11th_2013.jpg/1000px-Ancient_Roman_market_place_and_Serapis_temple_panorama_-_Pozzuoli_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_11th_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15372" data-file-height="6103" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Roman_market_place_and_Serapis_temple_panorama_-_Pozzuoli_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_11th_2013.jpg" title="File:Ancient Roman market place and Serapis temple panorama - Pozzuoli - Campania - Italy - July 11th 2013.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of the macellum</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macellum_of_Pozzuoli&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lyell_ii-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lyell_ii_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyell_ii_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyell_ii_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyell1830">Lyell 1830</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A505.1&pageseq=4">ii</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A505.1&pageseq=16">xiv</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.initalytoday.com/campania/pozzuoli/">"Pozzuoli"</a>, <i>Campania</i>, In Italy today</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pozzuoli&rft.btitle=Campania&rft.pub=In+Italy+today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.initalytoday.com%2Fcampania%2Fpozzuoli%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacellum+of+Pozzuoli" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_the_site-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_the_site_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cultura+Campania&rft.atitle=Temple+of+Serapis+--+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturacampania.rai.it%2Fsite%2Fen-GB%2FCultural_Heritage%2FArchaelogical_areas_and_Nature_parks%2FScheda%2Fpozzuoli_serapide.html%3Flink%3Dstoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacellum+of+Pozzuoli" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-visit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-visit_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturacampania.rai.it/site/en-GB/Cultural_Heritage/Archaelogical_areas_and_Nature_parks/Scheda/pozzuoli_serapide.html?link=percorsi">"Temple of Serapis -- Percorsi"</a>. <i>Cultura Campania</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cultura+Campania&rft.atitle=Temple+of+Serapis+--+Percorsi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturacampania.rai.it%2Fsite%2Fen-GB%2FCultural_Heritage%2FArchaelogical_areas_and_Nature_parks%2FScheda%2Fpozzuoli_serapide.html%3Flink%3Dpercorsi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacellum+of+Pozzuoli" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudwick-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rudwick_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudwick_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudwick_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudwick_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudwick2010" class="citation book cs1">Rudwick, MJS (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uQNX5jhoLPsC&q=%22Scipione+Breislak%22+serapis&pg=PT134"><i>Worlds before Adam: the reconstruction of geohistory in the age of reform</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 106–13, 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73129-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73129-2"><bdi>978-0-226-73129-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+before+Adam%3A+the+reconstruction+of+geohistory+in+the+age+of+reform&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=106-13%2C+117&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73129-2&rft.aulast=Rudwick&rft.aufirst=MJS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuQNX5jhoLPsC%26q%3D%2522Scipione%2BBreislak%2522%2Bserapis%26pg%3DPT134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacellum+of+Pozzuoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326193916/http://www.soane.org.uk/drawings/index.cfm?display_scheme=70&scheme_parent=153&object_id=116">"Soane Drawings — Copy of a measured drawing"</a>. UK: Soane. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soane.org.uk/drawings/index.cfm?display_scheme=70&scheme_parent=153&object_id=116">the original</a> on 26 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soane+Drawings+%E2%80%94+Copy+of+a+measured+drawing&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Soane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soane.org.uk%2Fdrawings%2Findex.cfm%3Fdisplay_scheme%3D70%26scheme_parent%3D153%26object_id%3D116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacellum+of+Pozzuoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbert_05-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_05_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_05_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerbert2005">Herbert 2005</a>, pp. 152–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liber-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liber_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liber_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiberPaola_PetrosinoValentina_Armiero2010" class="citation journal cs1">Liber, Lucio; Paola Petrosino; Valentina Armiero (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=24025811">"Il Serapeo ed i Granai Imperiali di Pozzuoli = The Serapis Temple and the Imperial Granaries of Pozzuoli"</a>. <i>Italian Journal of Geosciences</i>. <b>129</b> (2): 237–50<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italian+Journal+of+Geosciences&rft.atitle=Il+Serapeo+ed+i+Granai+Imperiali+di+Pozzuoli+%3D+The+Serapis+Temple+and+the+Imperial+Granaries+of+Pozzuoli&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-50&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Liber&rft.aufirst=Lucio&rft.au=Paola+Petrosino&rft.au=Valentina+Armiero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.inist.fr%2F%3FaModele%3DafficheN%26cpsidt%3D24025811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacellum+of+Pozzuoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbert_1991-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_1991_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerbert1991">Herbert 1991</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A342&pageseq=11">169–71</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_2/March_1873/Earthquake-Phenomena">"Popular Science Monthly, Earthquake Phenomena, Volume 02, March 1873"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popular+Science+Monthly%2C+Earthquake+Phenomena%2C+Volume+02%2C+March+1873&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FPopular_Science_Monthly%2FVolume_2%2FMarch_1873%2FEarthquake-Phenomena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacellum+of+Pozzuoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyell1830">Lyell 1830</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A505.1&pageseq=473">449–60</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j550521-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j550521_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Short Notices". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>26</b> (102). Oxford University Press: 410–32. Apr 1911. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/550521">550521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Short+Notices&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=102&rft.pages=410-32&rft.date=1911-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F550521%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacellum+of+Pozzuoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Natale-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-De_Natale_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_NataleTroisePingueMastrolorenzo_G2006" class="citation book cs1">De Natale, G; Troise, C; Pingue, F; Mastrolorenzo G; Pappalardo L; Battaglia M; Boschi E (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mk4Kvm3i4oEC&q=bradyseism+earthquake+swarm&pg=PA42">"The Campi Flegrei caldera: unrest mechanisms and hazards"</a>. In Troise C, De Natale G & Kilburn CRJ (ed.). <i>Mechanisms of activity and unrest at large calderas</i>. Special Publications. Vol. 269. London: Geological Society. pp. 26–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-211-3"><bdi>978-1-86239-211-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Campi+Flegrei+caldera%3A+unrest+mechanisms+and+hazards&rft.btitle=Mechanisms+of+activity+and+unrest+at+large+calderas&rft.place=London&rft.series=Special+Publications&rft.pages=26-7&rft.pub=Geological+Society&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86239-211-3&rft.aulast=De+Natale&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Troise%2C+C&rft.au=Pingue%2C+F&rft.au=Mastrolorenzo+G&rft.au=Pappalardo+L&rft.au=Battaglia+M&rft.au=Boschi+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmk4Kvm3i4oEC%26q%3Dbradyseism%2Bearthquake%2Bswarm%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacellum+of+Pozzuoli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macellum_of_Pozzuoli&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1991" class="citation cs2">Herbert, Sandra (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A342&pageseq=1">"Charles Darwin as a Prospective Geological Author"</a>, <i>The British Journal for the History of Science</i>, vol. 24, no. 2, Cambridge University Press, The British Society for the History of Science, pp. 159–192, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0007087400027060">10.1017/s0007087400027060</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4027165">4027165</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin+as+a+Prospective+Geological+Author&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-192&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0007087400027060&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4027165%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DA342%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacellum+of+Pozzuoli" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert2005" class="citation cs2">Herbert, Sandra (2005), <i>Charles Darwin, Geologist</i>, Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-4348-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-4348-2"><bdi>0-8014-4348-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%2C+Geologist&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8014-4348-2&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacellum+of+Pozzuoli" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyell1830" class="citation cs2">Lyell, Charles (1830), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A505.1&pageseq=1"><i>Principles of Geology</i></a>, vol. 1, London: John Murray<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Geology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Lyell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DA505.1%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacellum+of+Pozzuoli" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Macellum_of_Pozzuoli&params=40_49_34_N_14_07_14_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°49′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°07′14″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.82611°N 14.12056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.82611; 14.12056</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" title="Template:Archaeological sites in Campania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" title="Template talk:Archaeological sites in Campania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological sites in Campania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Archaeological sites in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Avellino" title="Province of Avellino">Province of Avellino</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aeclanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aequum_Tuticum" title="Aequum Tuticum">Aequum Tuticum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compsa" title="Compsa">Compsa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg/80px-Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg/120px-Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg/160px-Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="2303" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg/80px-Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg/120px-Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg/160px-Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg/80px-Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg/120px-Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg/160px-Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/80px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/120px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/160px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Benevento" title="Province of Benevento">Province of Benevento</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Trajan_(Benevento)" title="Arch of Trajan (Benevento)">Arch of Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Theatre,_Benevento" title="Roman Theatre, Benevento">Roman Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudium" title="Caudium">Caudium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures_Baebiani" title="Ligures Baebiani">Ligures Baebiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saticula" title="Saticula">Saticula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caserta" title="Province of Caserta">Province of Caserta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allifae" title="Allifae">Allifae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausona_(ancient_city)" title="Ausona (ancient city)">Ausona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calatia" title="Calatia">Calatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cales" title="Cales">Cales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Capua_Vetere" title="Santa Maria Capua Vetere">Santa Maria Capua Vetere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Hadrian_(Capua)" title="Arch of Hadrian (Capua)">Arch of Hadrian (Capua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Capua" title="Amphitheatre of Capua">Amphitheatre of Capua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casilinum" title="Casilinum">Casilinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Angelo_in_Formis" title="Sant'Angelo in Formis">Sant'Angelo in Formis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinuessa" title="Sinuessa">Sinuessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebula_Balliensis" title="Trebula Balliensis">Trebula Balliensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vescia" title="Vescia">Vescia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Naples" title="Province of Naples">Province of Naples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atella" title="Atella">Atella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiae" title="Baiae">Baiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotta_di_Cocceio" title="Grotta di Cocceio">Grotta di Cocceio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liternum" title="Liternum">Liternum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miseno" title="Miseno">Miseno</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piscina_Mirabilis" title="Piscina Mirabilis">Piscina Mirabilis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Augusta_(Naples)" title="Aqua Augusta (Naples)">Aqua Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Tunnel" title="Bourbon Tunnel">Bourbon Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Gaudioso" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacombs of San Gaudioso">Catacombs of San Gaudioso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Gennaro" title="Catacombs of San Gennaro">Catacombs of San Gennaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypta_Neapolitana" title="Crypta Neapolitana">Crypta Neapolitana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil%27s_tomb" title="Virgil's tomb">Virgil's tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Naples" title="Macellum of Naples">Macellum of Naples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_a_Mare" title="Palazzo a Mare">Palazzo a Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_Amphitheater_(Pozzuoli)" title="Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli)">Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucrinus_Lacus" title="Lucrinus Lacus">Lucrinus Lacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Lake Avernus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macellum of Pozzuoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus_Julius" title="Portus Julius">Portus Julius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suessula" title="Suessula">Suessula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Barbarossa" title="Castello Barbarossa">Castello Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Jovis" title="Villa Jovis">Villa Jovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Boscoreale" title="Villa Boscoreale">Villa Boscoreale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Salerno" title="Province of Salerno">Province of Salerno</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Pruno" title="Monte Pruno">Monte Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraion_at_the_mouth_of_the_Sele" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraion at the mouth of the Sele">Heraion at the mouth of the Sele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_(Paestum)" title="Temple of Athena (Paestum)">Temple of Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_of_Hera_(Paestum)" title="Second Temple of Hera (Paestum)">Second Temple of Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Diver" title="Tomb of the Diver">Tomb of the Diver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertosa_Caves" title="Pertosa Caves">Pertosa Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Velia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana,_Minori" title="Villa Romana, Minori">Villa Romana of Minori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954158#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954158#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954158#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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