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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Circular roofed building in classical architecture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tholos_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tholos (disambiguation)">Tholos</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tholos_Olympie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tholos_Olympie.JPG/220px-Tholos_Olympie.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tholos_Olympie.JPG/330px-Tholos_Olympie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tholos_Olympie.JPG/440px-Tholos_Olympie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>tholos</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: tholoi; from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> θόλος, meaning "conical roof"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "dome"), in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><b>tholus</b></i> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <i>tholi</i>), is a form of building that was widely used in the classical world. It is a round structure with a circular wall and a roof, usually built upon a couple of steps (a podium), and often with a ring of columns supporting a conical or domed roof. </p><p>It differs from a <a href="/wiki/Monopteros" title="Monopteros">monopteros</a> (Ancient Greek:ὁ μονόπτερος from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Polytonic</a>: μόνος, <i>only, single, alone</i>, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τὸ πτερόν</span></span>, <i>wing</i>), a circular <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnade</a> supporting a roof but without any walls, which therefore does not have a <i><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a></i> (room inside).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both these types are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)" title="Rotunda (architecture)">rotundas</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tholos_temple_plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Tholos_temple_plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="164" /></a><figcaption>Structure of a tholos</figcaption></figure> <p>An increasingly large series of round buildings were constructed in the developing tradition of <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">classical architecture</a> until <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a>, which are covered here. Medieval round buildings are covered at <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)" title="Rotunda (architecture)">rotunda</a>. From the Renaissance onwards the classical tholos form had an enduring revival, now often topped by a dome, especially as an element in much larger buildings. </p><p>The tholos is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Beehive_tomb" title="Beehive tomb">beehive tomb</a>, or "tholos tomb" in modern terminology, a distinct form in Late <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Bronze Age Greece</a> and other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But many other round tombs and mausolea were built, especially for Roman emperors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_world">Classical world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tholos_(architecture)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classical world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delphi,_Greece_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Delphi%2C_Greece_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Delphi%2C_Greece_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Delphi%2C_Greece_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Delphi%2C_Greece_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Delphi%2C_Greece_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Delphi%2C_Greece_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tholos_of_Delphi" title="Tholos of Delphi">Tholos of Delphi</a> 370–360 BC</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tholos_(architecture)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek architecture</a>, the tholos form was used for a variety of buildings with different purposes. A few were round temples of Greek <a href="/wiki/Peripteros" title="Peripteros">peripteral</a> design completely encircled by a colonnade, but most served other functions, and some were architecturally innovative. According to <a href="/wiki/A._W._Lawrence" title="A. W. Lawrence">A. W. Lawrence</a>, by the 4th century BC, "their more or less secular functions gave partial exemption from the austere conventions that governed the design of temples".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No Greek tholos except the <a href="/wiki/Choragic_Monument_of_Lysicrates" title="Choragic Monument of Lysicrates">Choragic Monument of Lysicrates</a> remains anything like intact, with most known only by excavation of their distinctive circular foundations, and other parts found lying on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The large building known as "the tholos" (but also "the parasol")<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the centre of Athens, just off the <a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agora</a>, at the least served as the dining-hall for the executive group of the <i><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">boule</a></i>, a council of 500 citizens chosen by lot from ten "tribes" to run daily affairs of the city, since a kitchen leads off the main circular hall. It may also have functioned as their debating chamber or <a href="/wiki/Prytaneion" title="Prytaneion">prytaneion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was about 60 feet across, and built around 470 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inside six columns supported the original conical roof, which seems have been covered with <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> tiles round the lower parts, and perhaps bronze sheets higher up, leading to an <a href="/wiki/Acroterion" title="Acroterion">acroterion</a> at the apex, as seems to have been the case in the <a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a>. However this roof seems to have been destroyed by fire around 400 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was probably replaced by one using bronze sheets.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original building, from not long after the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_destruction_of_Athens" title="Achaemenid destruction of Athens">Persian sack of Athens in 489–479 BC</a> is "very plain",<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with no exterior columns, showing "utter economy [in] its construction".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_Delphi_Sanctuary_of_Athena_Pronaia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Plan_Delphi_Sanctuary_of_Athena_Pronaia.svg/220px-Plan_Delphi_Sanctuary_of_Athena_Pronaia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Plan_Delphi_Sanctuary_of_Athena_Pronaia.svg/330px-Plan_Delphi_Sanctuary_of_Athena_Pronaia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Plan_Delphi_Sanctuary_of_Athena_Pronaia.svg/440px-Plan_Delphi_Sanctuary_of_Athena_Pronaia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Pronaia" title="Temple of Athena Pronaia">Temple of Athena Pronaia</a> with tholos</figcaption></figure> <p>The famous <a href="/wiki/Tholos_of_Delphi" title="Tholos of Delphi">Tholos of Delphi</a> was nearly 13.5 metres across. It has been dated to 370–360 BC. Its role remains unclear. There were 20 <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric columns</a> around the exterior, and ten smaller <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian columns</a> around the inside of the wall, rising up from a low stone bench. The building had "a more decorative treatment than would then have been permissable in a temple". It is now partially reconstructed at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tholos_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tholos_reconstruction.jpg/300px-Tholos_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tholos_reconstruction.jpg/450px-Tholos_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tholos_reconstruction.jpg/600px-Tholos_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3213" data-file-height="2351" /></a><figcaption>One reconstruction of the Tholos of <a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidauros</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Next to the temple at the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Asclepius,_Epidaurus" title="Sanctuary of Asclepius, Epidaurus">Sanctuary of Asclepius, Epidaurus</a> was "the finest of all <i>tholoi</i> according to ancient opinion". This was designed by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Polykleitos_the_Younger" title="Polykleitos the Younger">Polykleitos the Younger</a> around 360 BC, and was 22 metres across. An inscription tells us the building was called the <i>thymela</i> or "place of sacrifice". It used the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian order</a>, still rather an innovation, for a ring of 14 columns inside, and the "extraordinary dainty" version of the capitals here was probably an influential model for later buildings. It may have introduced to the Corinthian the flower (or "rosette") touching the <a href="/wiki/Abacus_(architecture)" title="Abacus (architecture)">abacus</a> in the centre of each face. Unlike a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Greek temple</a>, it had at least two windows flanking the doorway, and perhaps more higher up.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Corinthian tholos was the small <a href="/wiki/Choragic_Monument_of_Lysicrates" title="Choragic Monument of Lysicrates">Choragic Monument of Lysicrates</a> in Athens, about 334 BC, the first surviving building to use the Corinthian order on the outside – there was no inside.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Altis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 335</span> BC) was a circular memorial in limestone and marble, the rather cramped interior containing <a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine_sculpture" title="Chryselephantine sculpture">chryselephantine</a> (ivory and gold) statues of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a>'s family; himself, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympias" title="Olympias">Olympias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_III_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas III of Macedon">Amyntas III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurydice_I_of_Macedon" title="Eurydice I of Macedon">Eurydice I</a>. Columns were <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a> around the outside, with engaged Corinthian half-columns inside.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest Greek tholos, of uncertain function, was built in the <a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a> in the 260s BC. It is often called the Arsinoeum (or Arsinoëion, Arsinoë Rotunda), as a dedication tablet for the Ptolomeic Queen <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a> of Egypt has survived. The sanctuary was a great <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> centre of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Greco-Roman mysteries</a>, by this date becoming crowded with buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tholos was 20 metres across (from the lowest step) and, as reconstructed, 12.65 m high, with the lower parts of the wall blank, but small columns high up, where any windows were also placed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the many reconstructions proposed by scholars was used as the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Arlington_Reservoir,_Massachusetts" title="Arlington Reservoir, Massachusetts">Arlington Reservoir, Massachusetts</a>, in the 1920s, functioning as a 2,000,000 gallon water tower.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Befreiungshalle" title="Befreiungshalle">Befreiungshalle</a> (1840s) near <a href="/wiki/Kelheim" title="Kelheim">Kelheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, is a victory memorial on the same theme. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstruction_of_section_of_tholos_of_Epidaurus._Wellcome_L0011572.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Another reconstruction of the Tholos of Epidauros[20]"><img alt="Another reconstruction of the Tholos of Epidauros[20]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Reconstruction_of_section_of_tholos_of_Epidaurus._Wellcome_L0011572.jpg/170px-Reconstruction_of_section_of_tholos_of_Epidaurus._Wellcome_L0011572.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Reconstruction_of_section_of_tholos_of_Epidaurus._Wellcome_L0011572.jpg/255px-Reconstruction_of_section_of_tholos_of_Epidaurus._Wellcome_L0011572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Reconstruction_of_section_of_tholos_of_Epidaurus._Wellcome_L0011572.jpg/340px-Reconstruction_of_section_of_tholos_of_Epidaurus._Wellcome_L0011572.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another reconstruction of the Tholos of <a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidauros</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%98%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82_1149.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of the Tholos of Athens"><img alt="Remains of the Tholos of Athens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%CE%98%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82_1149.jpg/170px-%CE%98%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82_1149.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%CE%98%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82_1149.jpg/255px-%CE%98%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82_1149.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%CE%98%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82_1149.jpg/340px-%CE%98%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82_1149.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4632" data-file-height="3464" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of the Tholos of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7_6122.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens, c. 334 BC"><img alt="Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens, c. 334 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7_6122.jpg/112px-%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7_6122.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7_6122.jpg/168px-%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7_6122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7_6122.jpg/224px-%CE%9C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7_6122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3464" data-file-height="4632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Choragic_Monument_of_Lysicrates" title="Choragic Monument of Lysicrates">Choragic Monument of Lysicrates</a>, Athens, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 334</span> BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samothraki_Arsinoe_rotunda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Foundation of the Arsinoeum at Samothrace, with the dedication slab at front"><img alt="Foundation of the Arsinoeum at Samothrace, with the dedication slab at front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Samothraki_Arsinoe_rotunda.jpg/170px-Samothraki_Arsinoe_rotunda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Samothraki_Arsinoe_rotunda.jpg/255px-Samothraki_Arsinoe_rotunda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Samothraki_Arsinoe_rotunda.jpg/340px-Samothraki_Arsinoe_rotunda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Foundation of the Arsinoeum at Samothrace, with the dedication slab at front</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arlington_Reservoir,_ArlingtonMA_-_IMG_2695.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Arlington Reservoir, Massachusetts, a 2,000,000 gallon water tower based on the Arsinoeum at Samothrace"><img alt="Arlington Reservoir, Massachusetts, a 2,000,000 gallon water tower based on the Arsinoeum at Samothrace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Arlington_Reservoir%2C_ArlingtonMA_-_IMG_2695.JPG/170px-Arlington_Reservoir%2C_ArlingtonMA_-_IMG_2695.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Arlington_Reservoir%2C_ArlingtonMA_-_IMG_2695.JPG/255px-Arlington_Reservoir%2C_ArlingtonMA_-_IMG_2695.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Arlington_Reservoir%2C_ArlingtonMA_-_IMG_2695.JPG/340px-Arlington_Reservoir%2C_ArlingtonMA_-_IMG_2695.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Reservoir,_Massachusetts" title="Arlington Reservoir, Massachusetts">Arlington Reservoir, Massachusetts</a>, a 2,000,000 gallon water tower based on the Arsinoeum at <a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_world">Roman world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tholos_(architecture)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantheon_Rom_1_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pantheon_Rom_1_cropped.jpg/220px-Pantheon_Rom_1_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pantheon_Rom_1_cropped.jpg/330px-Pantheon_Rom_1_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pantheon_Rom_1_cropped.jpg/440px-Pantheon_Rom_1_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4109" data-file-height="3034" /></a><figcaption>Facade of the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon, Rome</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By far the most famous roofed round Roman building is the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon, Rome</a>. However this sharply differs from other classical <i>tholoi</i> in that it is entered though a very large flat temple front with a projecting portico with three rows of columns, while the rest of the exterior is a blank wall without columns or windows, so the circular form is rather obscured from the front until the visitor enters, and sees the enormous circular space.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Temples of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a>, which were usually small, were typically circular, but not all round temples were dedicated to her. The three best-known survivals, in or near Rome, were named "Temple of Vesta" by post-classical writers, in two cases without any good evidence. One is now usually called the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hercules_Victor" title="Temple of Hercules Victor">Temple of Hercules Victor</a>, while the old name continues to be used for the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta,_Tivoli" title="Temple of Vesta, Tivoli">Temple of Vesta, Tivoli</a>, in the absence of any firm evidence for the actual dedication – perhaps to the <a href="/wiki/Tiburtine_Sibyl" title="Tiburtine Sibyl">Tiburtine Sibyl</a>. The identification of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta" title="Temple of Vesta">Temple of Vesta</a>, Rome, just next to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vestals" title="House of the Vestals">House of the Vestals</a>, is secure.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Roman cities a tholos could often be found in the centre of the <i><a href="/wiki/Macellum" title="Macellum">macellum</a></i> (market), where it might have been where fish were sold. Other uses for the central tholos have been suggested, such as the place where official weights and measures were held for reference or as shrines to the gods of the market place. Some <i>macella</i> had a water fountain or water feature in the centre of their courtyard instead of a tholos structure.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romans in effect developed a new form in the <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a>, of which the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> in Rome is the largest, best known and best preserved. These were mostly oval rather than round and, like the semi-circular <a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Roman theatres</a>, un-roofed, except for the <i><a href="/wiki/Velarium" title="Velarium">velarium</a></i>, a cloth <a href="/wiki/Awning" title="Awning">awning</a> over some parts.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome.Hercules_Victor.01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple of Hercules Victor, in the Forum Boarium in Rome"><img alt="Temple of Hercules Victor, in the Forum Boarium in Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rome.Hercules_Victor.01.JPG/170px-Rome.Hercules_Victor.01.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rome.Hercules_Victor.01.JPG/255px-Rome.Hercules_Victor.01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rome.Hercules_Victor.01.JPG/340px-Rome.Hercules_Victor.01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hercules_Victor" title="Temple of Hercules Victor">Temple of Hercules Victor</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Forum_Boarium" title="Forum Boarium">Forum Boarium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Vesta_(Rome).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple of Vesta, Rome, partly reconstructed"><img alt="Temple of Vesta, Rome, partly reconstructed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Temple_of_Vesta_%28Rome%29.jpg/128px-Temple_of_Vesta_%28Rome%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Temple_of_Vesta_%28Rome%29.jpg/192px-Temple_of_Vesta_%28Rome%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Temple_of_Vesta_%28Rome%29.jpg/257px-Temple_of_Vesta_%28Rome%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="2531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta" title="Temple of Vesta">Temple of Vesta</a>, Rome, partly reconstructed</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TivoliVillaGregorianaTempioDiVesta2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="So-called Temple of Vesta, Tivoli"><img alt="So-called Temple of Vesta, Tivoli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/TivoliVillaGregorianaTempioDiVesta2.JPG/170px-TivoliVillaGregorianaTempioDiVesta2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/TivoliVillaGregorianaTempioDiVesta2.JPG/255px-TivoliVillaGregorianaTempioDiVesta2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/TivoliVillaGregorianaTempioDiVesta2.JPG/340px-TivoliVillaGregorianaTempioDiVesta2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">So-called <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta,_Tivoli" title="Temple of Vesta, Tivoli">Temple of Vesta, Tivoli</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serapeum_(Pozzuoli)_-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The macellum at Pozzuoli. A tholos can be seen in the centre."><img alt="The macellum at Pozzuoli. A tholos can be seen in the centre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Serapeum_%28Pozzuoli%29_-2.jpg/170px-Serapeum_%28Pozzuoli%29_-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Serapeum_%28Pozzuoli%29_-2.jpg/255px-Serapeum_%28Pozzuoli%29_-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Serapeum_%28Pozzuoli%29_-2.jpg/340px-Serapeum_%28Pozzuoli%29_-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Macellum" title="Macellum">macellum</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a>. A tholos can be seen in the centre.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptis_Magna_-_Marktgeb%C3%A4ude_(macellum).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A tholos in the macellum at Leptis Magna, Libya"><img alt="A tholos in the macellum at Leptis Magna, Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Leptis_Magna_-_Marktgeb%C3%A4ude_%28macellum%29.jpg/170px-Leptis_Magna_-_Marktgeb%C3%A4ude_%28macellum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Leptis_Magna_-_Marktgeb%C3%A4ude_%28macellum%29.jpg/255px-Leptis_Magna_-_Marktgeb%C3%A4ude_%28macellum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Leptis_Magna_-_Marktgeb%C3%A4ude_%28macellum%29.jpg/340px-Leptis_Magna_-_Marktgeb%C3%A4ude_%28macellum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3952" data-file-height="2799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A tholos in the <i>macellum</i> at <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Libya" title="Roman Libya">Libya</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tombs">Tombs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tholos_(architecture)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tombs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerveteri,_necropoli_della_banditaccia,_via_delle_serpi_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cerveteri%2C_necropoli_della_banditaccia%2C_via_delle_serpi_14.jpg/220px-Cerveteri%2C_necropoli_della_banditaccia%2C_via_delle_serpi_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cerveteri%2C_necropoli_della_banditaccia%2C_via_delle_serpi_14.jpg/330px-Cerveteri%2C_necropoli_della_banditaccia%2C_via_delle_serpi_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cerveteri%2C_necropoli_della_banditaccia%2C_via_delle_serpi_14.jpg/440px-Cerveteri%2C_necropoli_della_banditaccia%2C_via_delle_serpi_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Etruscan tomb at <a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a>, Necropolis of the Banditaccia</figcaption></figure> <p>The circular <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> was the most common form of early Greek tomb, often <a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">revetted</a> by a vertical or sloping stone wall round the base, a type still seen in abundance in <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture#Tombs_and_tumuli" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan necropoli</a> like the "Necropolis of the Banditaccia" at <a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a> near Rome. The top was a mound of earth, with (in the Greek world) one or more upright stones at the summit. The Etruscan burial chambers were below ground level and rather large, crowded with family <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">grave goods</a> (most surviving <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece#Black-figure_technique" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">painted Greek vases</a> come from Etruscan tombs).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local rulers around the edges of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Hellenic world</a> constructed some significant tumulus tombs. The largest was that made about 600 BC for King <a href="/wiki/Alyattes" title="Alyattes">Alyattes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> (in modern Turkey), the father of <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a>, which dominates the elite cemetery site now called <a href="/wiki/Bin_Tepe" title="Bin Tepe">Bin Tepe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> visited it and says that stones at the summit recorded that it was constructed by the market traders, craftsmen and prostitutes of the nearby capital <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, the prostitutes making the largest contribution. It was 900 feet high, and nearly a quarter of a mile in diameter. A large mound, now reduced and slumped at the sides, remains, as does the barrel-vaulted passage to the looted tomb chamber at the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausol%C3%A9e_Royale_de_Maur%C3%A9tanie_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mausol%C3%A9e_Royale_de_Maur%C3%A9tanie_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.jpg/220px-Mausol%C3%A9e_Royale_de_Maur%C3%A9tanie_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mausol%C3%A9e_Royale_de_Maur%C3%A9tanie_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.jpg/330px-Mausol%C3%A9e_Royale_de_Maur%C3%A9tanie_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mausol%C3%A9e_Royale_de_Maur%C3%A9tanie_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.jpg/440px-Mausol%C3%A9e_Royale_de_Maur%C3%A9tanie_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum_of_Mauretania" title="Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania">Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania</a>, 1st century AD, with Ionic columns</figcaption></figure> <p>The so-called "Tomb of Tantalus", of a similar date, was fully faced in stone, with a diameter of 33.55 metres, and a height about the same. There was a vertical wall at the base, then a conical roof, much of which survived until 1835, when excavations led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Texier" title="Charles Texier">Charles Texier</a> using labour from the French Navy collapsed it. The passage leading to the rectangular burial chamber at the centre was entirely filled in with stones. The chamber was <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">corbelled</a> to form a pointed arch shape between two straight end walls. This was also the largest monument in a cemetery, now on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Madghacen" title="Madghacen">Madghacen</a> (or "Medracen") is a royal mausoleum, perhaps of the 3rd century BC, of the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> <a href="/wiki/Numidians" title="Numidians">Numidian</a> kings in Numidia, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, with a similar shape. Though independent, the Numidian kingdom was increasingly involved in Mediterranean power politics, and an architect familiar with <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">classical architecture</a> has surrounded the vertical section of wall at the base with <a href="/wiki/Engaged_column" title="Engaged column">engaged columns</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric order</a>, "heavily proportioned and with smooth shafts, beneath a <a href="/wiki/Cavetto" title="Cavetto">cavetto</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a>". The whole exterior was, and very largely still is, covered with a stone facing, the straight <a href="/wiki/Cone" title="Cone">cone</a> of the upper part (except for a flat top) formed into steps, like the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramids of Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum_of_Mauretania" title="Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania">Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania</a>, long called the <i>Tombeau de la Chrétienne</i> ("Tomb of the Christian Woman"), is very similar, but a good deal larger and with Ionic columns around the base. It is the mausoleum of the thoroughly Romanized <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client king</a> <a href="/wiki/Juba_II" title="Juba II">Juba II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> (died 46 AD), and his queen <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" title="Cleopatra Selene II">Cleopatra Selene II</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>. However, the design "seems definitely Greek".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Imperial Rome</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wide_angle_view_-_Santa_Costanza_-_Rome_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wide_angle_view_-_Santa_Costanza_-_Rome_2016.jpg/220px-Wide_angle_view_-_Santa_Costanza_-_Rome_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wide_angle_view_-_Santa_Costanza_-_Rome_2016.jpg/330px-Wide_angle_view_-_Santa_Costanza_-_Rome_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wide_angle_view_-_Santa_Costanza_-_Rome_2016.jpg/440px-Wide_angle_view_-_Santa_Costanza_-_Rome_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3048" data-file-height="2020" /></a><figcaption>Interior of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Costanza" title="Santa Costanza">Santa Costanza</a>, Rome, 4th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Juba and Cleopatra Selene were probably still living in polite captivity in Rome when construction of the circular <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a> began there around 28 BC. As (nearly) restored in the 21st century, there is an outer ring, then a space around the cylinder with the tomb-chamber, where the ashes of many of the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a> were interred. Stairs lead up to the roof.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large tombs of elite Roman families shared some of the characteristics of weekend cottages, with gardens, orchards, kitchens, and spacious apartments. Many liked to visit their family tomb on birthdays or anniversaries, for a family meal and day of reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mausoleum of Augustus measured 90 m (295 ft) in diameter by 42 m (137 ft) in height. The tomb was placed at the centre of a public park, long almost entirely built over, which included the <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a> and other altars. From ancient writers it is clear that there was greenery, probably trees, growing on top of the upper parts, of an artificial mound or dome, which fell in and has not been restored to date.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Casal_Rotondo" title="Casal Rotondo">Casal Rotondo</a>, of similar date with a diameter of 35 metres, is the largest tomb on the <a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a> outside Rome; who built it is now uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Caecilia_Metella" title="Tomb of Caecilia Metella">Tomb of Caecilia Metella</a>, daughter in law of the <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">triumvir Crassus</a>, is another large circular tomb. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleum_Interior_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mausoleum_Interior_01.jpg/220px-Mausoleum_Interior_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mausoleum_Interior_01.jpg/330px-Mausoleum_Interior_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mausoleum_Interior_01.jpg/440px-Mausoleum_Interior_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (died 312), part of <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Domnius" title="Cathedral of Saint Domnius">Split Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Augustus set the precedent for a number of circular imperial tombs over the following centuries; some either became, or were built into, Christian churches, which have generally survived more intact. The largest is the <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>, built as the mausoleum for <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (died 138), then converted into a castle. This had a garden on the flat roof. The <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Rotunda of Galerius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, begun about 310, was probably intended as his mausoleum, and was later a church, then a mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the underground parts of the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Maxentius" title="Mausoleum of Maxentius">Mausoleum of Maxentius</a> (died 312) outside Rome survive; in fact this was used for his son.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last of the series was the now vanished <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Honorius" title="Mausoleum of Honorius">Mausoleum of Honorius</a> (died 423), again containing the graves of many of his relatives. This was a circular brick building with a dome attached to <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a>, and demolished with it in 1519. It was typical of imperial mausolea after the empire converted to Christianity in being attached to a church or early Christian <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">funerary hall</a> (the origin of many of the largest basilica churches of Rome). <a href="/wiki/Santa_Costanza" title="Santa Costanza">Santa Costanza</a>, for daughters of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> is a surviving example, but unusual in still having much of its rich mosaic decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (died 312) was inside his massive <a href="/wiki/Diocletian%27s_Palace" title="Diocletian's Palace">Diocletian's Palace</a> at <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split, Croatia</a>, and was later adapted to form the central section of <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Domnius" title="Cathedral of Saint Domnius">Split Cathedral</a>. This is octagonal on the exterior,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but circular inside; the elaborate carving of the columns has survived well, but is surrounded by lavish later church fittings.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celio_-_s_Stefano_Rotondo_1040178-80.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Celio_-_s_Stefano_Rotondo_1040178-80.JPG/220px-Celio_-_s_Stefano_Rotondo_1040178-80.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Celio_-_s_Stefano_Rotondo_1040178-80.JPG/330px-Celio_-_s_Stefano_Rotondo_1040178-80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Celio_-_s_Stefano_Rotondo_1040178-80.JPG/440px-Celio_-_s_Stefano_Rotondo_1040178-80.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_al_Monte_Celio" title="Santo Stefano al Monte Celio">Santo Stefano Rotundo</a>, Rome, 5th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The church of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_al_Monte_Celio" title="Santo Stefano al Monte Celio">Santo Stefano al Monte Celio</a> or "Santo Stefano Rotundo" in Rome was, perhaps uniquely for its late 5th-century period, newly built as a circular church, apparently unconnected with any burial. It was long thought to have been built onto an earlier circular structure, but excavations have disproved this. The original construction, now much altered, had three concentric parts, all circular. Going from the centre outwards there was a 22-metre high central space, of the same diameter, surrounded by a much lower <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">ambulatory</a>, then an open-air space, except for four passageways, surrounded by another ambulatory.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Theodoric" title="Mausoleum of Theodoric">Mausoleum of Theodoric</a> in Ravenna, of 520, uses Roman construction techniques but is in an impressive but unclassical style, possibly borrowing from Syria; <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theoderic the Great</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoth</a> "barbarian" ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renaissance_to_modern">Renaissance to modern</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tholos_(architecture)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Renaissance to modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:009Tempietto-San-Pietro-in-Montorio-Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/009Tempietto-San-Pietro-in-Montorio-Rome.jpg/220px-009Tempietto-San-Pietro-in-Montorio-Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/009Tempietto-San-Pietro-in-Montorio-Rome.jpg/330px-009Tempietto-San-Pietro-in-Montorio-Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/009Tempietto-San-Pietro-in-Montorio-Rome.jpg/440px-009Tempietto-San-Pietro-in-Montorio-Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Montorio#The_Tempietto" title="San Pietro in Montorio">Tempietto</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Montorio" title="San Pietro in Montorio">San Pietro in Montorio</a>, Rome by <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1502</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The tholos was revived in one of the most influential buildings in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Montorio#The_Tempietto" title="San Pietro in Montorio">Tempietto</a></i> in a courtyard of the church of <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Montorio" title="San Pietro in Montorio">San Pietro in Montorio</a> in Rome. This was designed by <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a> around 1502. It is a small building whose innovation, as far as Western Europe was concerned, was to use the tholos form as the base for a dome above; this may have reflected a Byzantine structure in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> over the tomb of Christ. The Roman Temple of Vesta (which has no dome) was probably also an influence. This pairing of tholos, now called a "drum" or "<a href="/wiki/Tholobate" title="Tholobate">tholobate</a>", and dome became extremely popular raised high above main structures which were often based on the <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Roman temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the proposals for rebuilding <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, the first by Bramante in 1506, included this combination of elements, at least on the exterior; as at St Peter's, false domes often gave a different interior view. The pairing of drum and dome was initially mostly used for churches, as at <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a> in Paris (1676) and <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> in London (1697), but later other buildings, and continued until the 20th century at least.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">US Capitol</a> is one of a number of buildings where a tholos is above the dome, serving as a base for the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a>, as well as two much larger colonnaded ones below; versions of the formula have also been used in several (arguably most) American <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_territorial_capitols_in_the_United_States" title="List of state and territorial capitols in the United States">state capitols</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> is also topped by a tholos below a dome.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleum,_Castle_Howard,_UK,_17112017,_JCW1967_(5)_(37805843414).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mausoleum%2C_Castle_Howard%2C_UK%2C_17112017%2C_JCW1967_%285%29_%2837805843414%29.jpg/220px-Mausoleum%2C_Castle_Howard%2C_UK%2C_17112017%2C_JCW1967_%285%29_%2837805843414%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mausoleum%2C_Castle_Howard%2C_UK%2C_17112017%2C_JCW1967_%285%29_%2837805843414%29.jpg/330px-Mausoleum%2C_Castle_Howard%2C_UK%2C_17112017%2C_JCW1967_%285%29_%2837805843414%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mausoleum%2C_Castle_Howard%2C_UK%2C_17112017%2C_JCW1967_%285%29_%2837805843414%29.jpg/440px-Mausoleum%2C_Castle_Howard%2C_UK%2C_17112017%2C_JCW1967_%285%29_%2837805843414%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4064" data-file-height="2704" /></a><figcaption>The Mausoleum at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Howard" title="Castle Howard">Castle Howard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hawksmoor" title="Nicholas Hawksmoor">Nicholas Hawksmoor</a>, 1742</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Camera" title="Radcliffe Camera">Radcliffe Camera</a>, built as a library for <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford University</a> in 1737, is one of relatively few large buildings after the Renaissance to use a purely circular plan, with little emphasis on the entrance, in a classical style that is full of complexities and looks back to Italian <a href="/wiki/Mannerist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannerist architecture">Mannerist architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mausoleum in the park at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Howard" title="Castle Howard">Castle Howard</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hawksmoor" title="Nicholas Hawksmoor">Nicholas Hawksmoor</a> (completed 1742), gives a "tragic" interpretation of the theme by making the columns large and close together and the dome low.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most preferred the Pantheon-style rotunda, with a pronounced temple front, or often several. The famous <a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Rotonda" title="Villa La Rotonda">Villa La Rotonda</a> (or "Villa Capra") by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a> (begun 1567) took the Pantheon theme, but adding a columnaded temple front on four sides, to make a sort of <a href="/wiki/Greek_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek cross">Greek cross</a>. There is a high and circular central hall with a large domed roof, but the building behind the porticos is actually square. This formula was often copied for country houses, as at <a href="/wiki/Chiswick_House" title="Chiswick House">Chiswick House</a> (1725), designed by its owner <a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_3rd_Earl_of_Burlington" title="Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington">Lord Burlington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mereworth_Castle" title="Mereworth Castle">Mereworth Castle</a> (1723) by <a href="/wiki/Colen_Campbell" title="Colen Campbell">Colen Campbell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/The_Rotunda_(University_of_Virginia)" title="The Rotunda (University of Virginia)">Rotunda</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1826) was much closer to the Pantheon, which was acknowledged as its model, and the tradition was still in use in the 1930s, when <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Central_Library" title="Manchester Central Library">Manchester Central Library</a> was designed and built by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harris" title="Vincent Harris">Vincent Harris</a>, who often used an updated classical style. At its opening, one critic wrote, "This is the sort of thing which persuades one to believe in the perennial applicability of the Classical canon."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersdom_von_Engelsburg_gesehen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Peter's Basilica, Rome"><img alt="St. Peter's Basilica, Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Petersdom_von_Engelsburg_gesehen.jpg/170px-Petersdom_von_Engelsburg_gesehen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Petersdom_von_Engelsburg_gesehen.jpg/255px-Petersdom_von_Engelsburg_gesehen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Petersdom_von_Engelsburg_gesehen.jpg/340px-Petersdom_von_Engelsburg_gesehen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, Rome</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Pauls_aerial_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Paul's Cathedral, London (1697)"><img alt="St Paul's Cathedral, London (1697)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/St_Pauls_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-St_Pauls_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/St_Pauls_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-St_Pauls_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/St_Pauls_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-St_Pauls_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1833" data-file-height="1259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, London (1697)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dome_of_Panth%C3%A9on_de_Paris_-_2012-05-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panthéon in Paris"><img alt="Panthéon in Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dome_of_Panth%C3%A9on_de_Paris_-_2012-05-28.jpg/101px-Dome_of_Panth%C3%A9on_de_Paris_-_2012-05-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dome_of_Panth%C3%A9on_de_Paris_-_2012-05-28.jpg/151px-Dome_of_Panth%C3%A9on_de_Paris_-_2012-05-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dome_of_Panth%C3%A9on_de_Paris_-_2012-05-28.jpg/202px-Dome_of_Panth%C3%A9on_de_Paris_-_2012-05-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="4206" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panthéon in Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tholos_(27583224585).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="US Capitol tholos"><img alt="US Capitol tholos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tholos_%2827583224585%29.jpg/88px-Tholos_%2827583224585%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tholos_%2827583224585%29.jpg/132px-Tholos_%2827583224585%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tholos_%2827583224585%29.jpg/177px-Tholos_%2827583224585%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">US Capitol</a> tholos</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radcliffe_Camera,_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Radcliffe Camera, begun 1737, James Gibbs"><img alt="Radcliffe Camera, begun 1737, James Gibbs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Radcliffe_Camera%2C_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg/95px-Radcliffe_Camera%2C_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Radcliffe_Camera%2C_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg/143px-Radcliffe_Camera%2C_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Radcliffe_Camera%2C_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg/191px-Radcliffe_Camera%2C_Oxford_-_Oct_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3137" data-file-height="4605" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Camera" title="Radcliffe Camera">Radcliffe Camera</a>, begun 1737, <a href="/wiki/James_Gibbs" title="James Gibbs">James Gibbs</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:At_Manchester_2018_073.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manchester Central Library, 1934"><img alt="Manchester Central Library, 1934" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/At_Manchester_2018_073.jpg/170px-At_Manchester_2018_073.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/At_Manchester_2018_073.jpg/255px-At_Manchester_2018_073.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/At_Manchester_2018_073.jpg/340px-At_Manchester_2018_073.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Central_Library" title="Manchester Central Library">Manchester Central Library</a>, 1934 </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Others">Others</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tholos_(architecture)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ad-Deir_(Monastery)_Petra_Jordan1461.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An engaged tholos in the Ad Deir tomb, Petra, Jordan"><img alt="An engaged tholos in the Ad Deir tomb, Petra, Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ad-Deir_%28Monastery%29_Petra_Jordan1461.jpg/90px-Ad-Deir_%28Monastery%29_Petra_Jordan1461.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ad-Deir_%28Monastery%29_Petra_Jordan1461.jpg/135px-Ad-Deir_%28Monastery%29_Petra_Jordan1461.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ad-Deir_%28Monastery%29_Petra_Jordan1461.jpg/180px-Ad-Deir_%28Monastery%29_Petra_Jordan1461.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An engaged tholos in the <a href="/wiki/Ad_Deir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Deir">Ad Deir</a> tomb, <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>, Jordan </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tholos_(architecture)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curl, James Stevens (2006). <i>Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture</i>, 2nd ed., OUP, Oxford and New York, p. 500. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860678-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860678-9">978-0-19-860678-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yarwood, 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, 187; Yarwood, 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Thompson for a detailed excavation report.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, 147–151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, 185; Thompson, 128; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/artifact?name=Athens%2C+Tholos&object=Building">Perseus database page</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, 129, 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, 69–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, 183–185 (185 quoted); Yarwood, 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, 186–187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samothrace.emory.edu/3d-walkthroughs/">Short video walk-through from Emory University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samothrace.emory.edu/rotunda-of-arsinoe-ii/">"Rotunda of Arsinoe II"</a>, Emory University website; Lawrence, 187–188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/85002676">NRHP listing</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, 186, posits a second conical roof over the flat roof shown.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yarwood, 47, 50, plan at 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yarwood, 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2010" class="citation book cs1">Dyson, Stephen L. (1 August 2010). <i>Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City</i>. JHU Press. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421401010" title="Special:BookSources/9781421401010"><bdi>9781421401010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%3A+A+Living+Portrait+of+an+Ancient+City&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft.isbn=9781421401010&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATholos+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolleran2012" class="citation book cs1">Holleran, Claire (26 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oO7NwmbyxwAC&q=tholos+macellum"><i>Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199698219" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199698219"><bdi>978-0199698219</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shopping+in+Ancient+Rome%3A+The+Retail+Trade+in+the+Late+Republic+and+the+Principate&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-04-26&rft.isbn=978-0199698219&rft.aulast=Holleran&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoO7NwmbyxwAC%26q%3Dtholos%2Bmacellum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATholos+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yarwood, 55–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, 183; Yarwood, 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perrot, Georges and Chipiez, Charles, <a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:History_of_Art_in_Phrygia,_Lydia,_Caria_and_Lycia.djvu/62"><i>History of Art in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria and Lycia</i>, 45–49</a>, 1892, Chapman and Hall (translation from the French); Lawrence, 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, 189; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icomos.org/risk/world_report/2006-2007/pdf/H@R_2006-2007_04_National_Report_Algeria.pdf">"Algeria Mausoleum of Medracen in Danger"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ICOMOS</i>. 2006–2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICOMOS&rft.atitle=Algeria+Mausoleum+of+Medracen+in+Danger&rft.date=2006%2F2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icomos.org%2Frisk%2Fworld_report%2F2006-2007%2Fpdf%2FH%40R_2006-2007_04_National_Report_Algeria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATholos+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/03/02/walk-through-the-2000-year-old-mausoleum-of-augustus-romes-first-emperor">"Walk through the 2,000-year-old Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome's first emperor"</a>. <i>The Art Newspaper – International art news and events</i>. 2021-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Newspaper+%E2%80%93+International+art+news+and+events&rft.atitle=Walk+through+the+2%2C000-year-old+Mausoleum+of+Augustus%2C+Rome%27s+first+emperor&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2F2021%2F03%2F02%2Fwalk-through-the-2000-year-old-mausoleum-of-augustus-romes-first-emperor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATholos+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, 31–32, 35–36, 41–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, 40–41; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roman-gardens.github.io/province/italia/rome/regio_ix_circus_flaminius/mausoleum_augusti/">"Mausoleum Augusti"</a>, <i>Gardens of the Roman Empire</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuilici,_L.S._Quilici_Gigli,_DARMCR._Talbert,_S._GilliesT._Elliott,_J._Becker2017" class="citation web cs1">Quilici, L.; S. Quilici Gigli, DARMC; R. Talbert, S. Gillies; T. Elliott, J. Becker (2017-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/422869">"Places: 422869 (Casal Rotondo)"</a>. Pleiades<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Places%3A+422869+%28Casal+Rotondo%29&rft.pub=Pleiades&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft.au=Quilici%2C+L.&rft.au=S.+Quilici+Gigli%2C+DARMC&rft.au=R.+Talbert%2C+S.+Gillies&rft.au=T.+Elliott%2C+J.+Becker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpleiades.stoa.org%2Fplaces%2F422869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATholos+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yarwood, 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/30878">"Mausoleum of Romulus reopens after 20 years"</a>. <i>The History Blog</i>. 9 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+Blog&rft.atitle=Mausoleum+of+Romulus+reopens+after+20+years&rft.date=2014-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistoryblog.com%2Farchives%2F30878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATholos+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yarwood, 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As is the so-called <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Romulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Romulus">Temple of Romulus</a> in Rome, perhaps also an imperial mausoleum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yarwood, 60–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaridge,_Amanda.1998" class="citation book cs1">Claridge, Amanda. (1998). Cunliffe, Barry (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romeoxfordarchae00aman/page/308"><i>Rome : an Oxford archaeological guide to Rome</i></a></span>. Toms, Judith., Cubberley, Tony. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romeoxfordarchae00aman/page/308">308</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192880031" title="Special:BookSources/9780192880031"><bdi>9780192880031</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37878669">37878669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+%3A+an+Oxford+archaeological+guide+to+Rome&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37878669&rft.isbn=9780192880031&rft.au=Claridge%2C+Amanda.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromeoxfordarchae00aman%2Fpage%2F308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATholos+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/document/154274">UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST Ravenna No 788, p. 60</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freiburg, Jack, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacredarchitecture.org/articles/temple_tabernacle_and_sepulchre_the_legacy_of_bramantes_tempietto">"Temple, Tabernacle, and Sepulchre: The Legacy of Bramante’s Tempietto"</a>, <i>Sacred Architecture Journal</i>, Vol 39, 2021; Summerson, 41–42; Loth</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 41–42; Loth</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loth</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolder2007" class="citation book cs1">Holder, Julian (2007). "Emanuel Vincent Harris and the survival of classicism in inter-war Manchester". In Hartwell, Clare; Wyke, Terry (eds.). <i>Making Manchester</i>. Lancashire & Cheshire Antiquarian Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900942-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900942-01-3"><bdi>978-0-900942-01-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emanuel+Vincent+Harris+and+the+survival+of+classicism+in+inter-war+Manchester&rft.btitle=Making+Manchester&rft.pub=Lancashire+%26+Cheshire+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-900942-01-3&rft.aulast=Holder&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATholos+%28architecture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tholos_(architecture)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Campbell, Virginia L., "Stopping to Smell the Roses: Garden Tombs in Roman Italy", 2008, <i>Arctos</i>, Vol. XLII, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/730743/Stopping_to_Smell_the_Roses_Garden_Tombs_in_Roman_Italy">Academia.edu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._W._Lawrence" title="A. W. Lawrence">Lawrence, A. W.</a>, <i>Greek Architecture</i>, 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art</li> <li>Loth, Calder, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicist.org/articles/classical-comments-the-tempietto-grandfather-of-domes/">"The Tempietto, Grandfather of Domes"</a>, Institute of Classical Architecture & Art</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Onians" title="John Onians">Onians, John</a>, <i>Art and Thought in the Hellenistic Age: Greek World View, 350–5 BC</i>, 1979, Thames & Hudson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500272646" title="Special:BookSources/0500272646">0500272646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Summerson" title="John Summerson">Summerson, John</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Classical_Language_of_Architecture" title="The Classical Language of Architecture">The Classical Language of Architecture</a></i>, 1980 edition, <a href="/wiki/Thames_and_Hudson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames and Hudson">Thames and Hudson</a> <i>World of Art</i> series, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500201773" title="Special:BookSources/0500201773">0500201773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Thompson" title="Homer Thompson">Thompson, Homer</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/oa_ebooks/oa_hesperia_supplements/HS4.pdf"><i>The Tholos of Athens and its Predecessors</i> (PDF)</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hesperia_(journal)" title="Hesperia (journal)">Hesperia</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Classical_Studies_at_Athens" title="American School of Classical Studies at Athens">American School of Classical Studies at Athens</a>, 1940</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Yarwood" title="Doreen Yarwood">Yarwood, Doreen</a>, <i>The Architecture of Europe</i>, 1987 (first edn. 1974), Spring Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0600554309" title="Special:BookSources/0600554309">0600554309</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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