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mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Thomas Hyde, see <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hyde_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Thomas Hyde (disambiguation)">Thomas Hyde (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Thomas Hyde</b> (29 June 1636 – 18 February 1703) was an English <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian">librarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical studies">classicist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">orientalist</a>. His chief work was the 1700 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Vetere Religione Persarum</i></span> [<i>On the Ancient Religion of the Persians</i>], the first attempt to use Arab and Persian sources to correct the errors of <a href="/wiki/Greek_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek historians">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman historians">Roman historians</a> in their descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and the other beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persians">ancient Persians</a>, in addition to producing translations of some <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_literature" title="Zoroastrian literature">Zoroastrian texts</a>. </p><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Thomas Hyde</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas-Hyde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Thomas-Hyde.jpg/220px-Thomas-Hyde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Thomas-Hyde.jpg/330px-Thomas-Hyde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Thomas-Hyde.jpg/440px-Thomas-Hyde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="800"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Line engraving by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Perry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Perry (page does not exist)">Francis Perry</a>, 1767</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1636-06-29</span>)</span>29 June 1636</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 February 1703<span style="display:none">(1703-02-18)</span> (aged 66)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data">University of Oxford</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-discipline</th><td class="infobox-data">Hebrew studies</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hyde&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>He was born at <a href="/wiki/Billingsley,_Shropshire" title="Billingsley, Shropshire">Billingsley</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Bridgnorth" title="Bridgnorth">Bridgnorth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, on 29 June 1636. He inherited his taste for linguistic studies, and received his first lessons in some of the Eastern tongues, from his father, who was <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a> of the parish.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hyde was educated at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>, and in his sixteenth year entered <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, under <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Wheelock" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Wheelock">Abraham Wheelock</a>, professor of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, he made rapid progress in Oriental languages, so that, after only one year of residence, he was invited to London to assist <a href="/wiki/Brian_Walton_(bishop)" title="Brian Walton (bishop)">Brian Walton</a> in his edition of the <a href="/wiki/Polyglot_(book)" title="Polyglot (book)">Polyglott Bible</a>. Besides correcting the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> texts for that work, Hyde transcribed into Persic characters the Persian translation of the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a>, which had been printed in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew letters">Hebrew letters</a> at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 1546. To this work, which <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Ussher" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Ussher">Archbishop Ussher</a> had thought well-nigh impossible even for a native of Persia, Hyde appended the Latin version which accompanies it in the Polyglott.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1658 he was chosen Hebrew reader at <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_College,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's College, Oxford">Queen's College, Oxford</a>, and in 1659, in consideration of his erudition in Oriental tongues, he was admitted to the degree of M.A.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year he was appointed under-keeper of the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>, and in 1665 librarian-in-chief. Next year he was collated to a <a href="/wiki/Prebend" class="mw-redirect" title="Prebend">prebend</a> at <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>, and in 1673 to the <a href="/wiki/Archdeaconry_of_Gloucester" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdeaconry of Gloucester">archdeaconry of Gloucester</a>, receiving the degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">D.D.</a> shortly afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As librarian, Hyde was responsible for the publication of the <i>Catalogus impressorum Librorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae</i> (1674) [Catalog of the Printed Books in the Bodleian Library], the third published catalogue of the Bodleian collections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1691 the death of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pococke" title="Edward Pococke">Edward Pococke</a> opened up to Hyde the <a href="/wiki/Laudian_Professor_of_Arabic" title="Laudian Professor of Arabic">Laudian professorship of Arabic</a>; and in 1697, on the deprivation of <a href="/wiki/Roger_Altham" title="Roger Altham">Roger Altham</a>, he succeeded to the <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Hebrew_(Oxford)" title="Regius Professor of Hebrew (Oxford)">Regius chair of Hebrew</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Canonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonry">canonry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a>, Hyde discharged the duties of Eastern <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpreter_to_the_court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interpreter to the court (page does not exist)">interpreter to the court</a>. He resigned his librarianship in 1701,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving as a reason, "my feet being left weak by the gout, I am weary of the toil and drudgery of daily attendance all times and weathers."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died at Oxford on 18 February 1703, aged 66. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hyde&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Hyde was an assiduous classical scholar and linguist who helped popularize <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a> and the study of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">Asian history</a> in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He learned <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesuits_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuits in China">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shen_Fu-Tsung" title="Michael Shen Fu-Tsung">Michael Shen</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wrote in and translated <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His chief work was the 1700 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Vetere Religione Persarum</i></span> [<i>On the Ancient Religion of the Persians</i>], the first attempt to use Arab and Persian sources to correct the errors of <a href="/wiki/Greek_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek historians">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman historians">Roman historians</a> in their descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and the other beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persians">ancient Persians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He identified <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> as a religious reformer.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Kaempfer" title="Engelbert Kaempfer">Engelbert Kaempfer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he is sometimes mistakenly<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> credited with coining the word "<a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is similarly sometimes credited with coining "<a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">dualism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His writings and translations include: </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6EaIv_FppQkC/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Tabulae Long. ac Lat. Stellarum Fixarum ex Observatione Ulugh Beighi, Tamerlanis Magni Nepotis...</i></a> [<i>Tables of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the Fixed Stars from the Observatory of Ulugh Beg, Grandson of Timur the Great...</i>] (in Latin), Oxford: Henry Hall, 1665</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tabulae+Long.+ac+Lat.+Stellarum+Fixarum+ex+Observatione+Ulugh+Beighi%2C+Tamerlanis+Magni+Nepotis...&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Henry+Hall&rft.date=1665&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_6EaIv_FppQkC%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hyde" class="Z3988"></span>, a translation of the c. 1438 <i><a href="/wiki/Zij-i_Sultani" title="Zij-i Sultani">Zij-i Sultani</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1677" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qyDu6BEfmkC&pg=PP5"><i>Jang Ampat Evangelia derri Tuan Kita Jesu Christi, daan Berboatan derri Jang Apostoli Bersacti, Bersalin dallam Bassa Malayo, That Is, The Four Gospels of Our Lord Jesus Christ, and the Acts of the Holy Apostles, Translated into the Malayan Tongue</i></a> (in English and Malay), Oxford: Sheldonian Theater, 1677</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jang+Ampat+Evangelia+derri+Tuan+Kita+Jesu+Christi%2C+daan+Berboatan+derri+Jang+Apostoli+Bersacti%2C+Bersalin+dallam+Bassa+Malayo%2C+That+Is%2C+The+Four+Gospels+of+Our+Lord+Jesus+Christ%2C+and+the+Acts+of+the+Holy+Apostles%2C+Translated+into+the+Malayan+Tongue&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Sheldonian+Theater&rft.date=1677&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qyDu6BEfmkC%26pg%3DPP5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hyde" class="Z3988"></span>, a combination of the separate translations of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Colonial Empire">Dutchmen</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Cornelius_Ruyl" title="Albert Cornelius Ruyl">A.C. Ruyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justus_Van_Heurn" class="mw-redirect" title="Justus Van Heurn">J. Van Heurn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Van_Hasel" title="Jan Van Hasel">J. Van Hasel</a> with an English foreword by Hyde introducing the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_orthography" title="Malay orthography">its orthography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">its grammar</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1688" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"De Mensuribus et Ponderibus Sinensium Epistola [Letter on Chinese Weights and Measures]", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000633733"><i>De Mensuris et Ponderibus Antiquis Libri Tres</i></a> [<i>Three Books on Ancient Weights and Measures</i>] (in Latin), Oxford: Sheldonian Theater, 1688, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064485306&view=1up&seq=334">312-349</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+Mensuribus+et+Ponderibus+Sinensium+Epistola+%5BLetter+on+Chinese+Weights+and+Measures%5D&rft.btitle=De+Mensuris+et+Ponderibus+Antiquis+Libri+Tres&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=312-349&rft.pub=Sheldonian+Theater&rft.date=1688&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F000633733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hyde" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarissol1691" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_oBqOAecJ4vcC/page/n1/mode/2up"><i><span></span></i>אגרת אורחות שלם<i> Id Est, Itinera Mundi, Sic Dicta Nempe Cosmographia...</i></a> [<i>The Letter on the Paths of the World, That Is, The Paths of the World, Thus Certainly Called the Cosmography...</i>] (in Latin), Oxford: Sheldonian Theater, 1691</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%AA+%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9D+Id+Est%2C+Itinera+Mundi%2C+Sic+Dicta+Nempe+Cosmographia...&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Sheldonian+Theater&rft.date=1691&rft.aulast=Farissol&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_oBqOAecJ4vcC%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hyde" class="Z3988"></span>, a translation of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Farissol" title="Abraham Farissol">Abraham Farissol</a>'s 1524 <i><a href="/wiki/Iggeret_Or%E1%B8%A5ot_%27Olam" class="mw-redirect" title="Iggeret Orḥot 'Olam">Iggeret Orḥot 'Olam</a></i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1694" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>De Ludis Orientalibus Libri Duo...</i> [<i>Two Books on Eastern Games...</i>] (in Latin), vol. I & II], Oxford: Sheldonian Theater, 1694</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Ludis+Orientalibus+Libri+Duo...&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Sheldonian+Theater&rft.date=1694&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hyde" class="Z3988"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1700" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PcLW_2q7GwkC/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Historia Religionis Veterum Persarum, Eorumque Magorum...</i></a> [<i>History of the Religion of the Ancient Persians and That of the Magi</i>] (in Latin), Oxford: Sheldonian Theater, 1700</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Religionis+Veterum+Persarum%2C+Eorumque+Magorum...&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Sheldonian+Theater&rft.date=1700&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_PcLW_2q7GwkC%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hyde" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <p>In parts of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Ludis Orientalibus</i></span>, he relates his understanding of various Chinese games as explained to him by Michael Shen. These include <i><a href="/wiki/Coan_ki" title="Coan ki">coan ki</a></i> and a confused account of <i><a href="/wiki/Weiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Weiqi">weiqi</a></i> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">go</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes the first Latin mention of the game's concept of "eyes". The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia Religionis Veterum Persarum</i></span> was republished by Hunt and Costard in 1760. The other works—including some previously unpublished manuscripts—were collected, edited, and published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Sharpe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Sharpe (page does not exist)">Gregory Sharpe</a> in 1767 under the title <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Syntagma Dissertationem quas Olim Thomas Hyde Separatim Edidit</i></span>. Sharpe also provided a biography of Hyde in his work.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hyde&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_historians" title="List of chess historians">List of chess historians</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hyde&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hyde,_Thomas" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hyde, Thomas">Hyde, Thomas</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hyde%2C+Thomas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=30&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hyde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADHD652T" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=HD652T&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Hyde, Thomas (HD652T)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hyde%2C+Thomas+%28HD652T%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DHD652T%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hyde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1888–1892" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Foster_(genealogist)" title="Joseph Foster (genealogist)">Foster, Joseph</a> (1888–1892). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714/Hyde, Thomas (8)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1500-1714/Hyde,_Thomas_(8)">"Hyde, Thomas (8)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1500%E2%80%931714" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500–1714">Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500–1714</a></i>. Oxford: Parker and Co – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hyde%2C+Thomas+%288%29&rft.btitle=Alumni+Oxonienses%3A+the+Members+of+the+University+of+Oxford%2C+1500%E2%80%931714&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Parker+and+Co&rft.date=1888%2F1892&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hyde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_D._Macray" class="mw-redirect" title="William D. Macray">William D. Macray</a>, <i>Annals of the Bodleian Library</i> (1868) p. 121-122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaverick1952" class="citation cs2">Maverick, Lewis A. (February 1952), "Review of <i>A Cycle of Cathay: The Chinese Vogue in England during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries</i> by William W. Appleton", <i>Far Eastern Quarterly</i>, vol. 11, pp. 246–247</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Review+of+A+Cycle+of+Cathay%3A+The+Chinese+Vogue+in+England+during+the+Seventeenth+and+Eighteenth+Centuries+by+William+W.+Appleton&rft.btitle=Far+Eastern+Quarterly&rft.pages=246-247&rft.date=1952-02&rft.aulast=Maverick&rft.aufirst=Lewis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hyde" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ballaster, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx4HeKibb9AC&pg=PA262">p. 262</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416193911/http://www.iranica.com/">"Zoroaster as Perceived in Western Europe after Antiquity"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/"><i>Iranica</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922161615/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp9/ot_zoreur_20050829.html">the original</a> on 16 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zoroaster+as+Perceived+in+Western+Europe+after+Antiquity&rft.btitle=Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070922161615%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranica.com%2Fnewsite%2Farticles%2Fot_grp9%2Fot_zoreur_20050829.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hyde" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/cuneiform">"cuneiform"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com"><i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cuneiform&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fcuneiform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hyde" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/45849">"cuneiform, <i>n.</i> and <i>adj.</i>"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cuneiform%2C+n.+and+adj.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F45849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hyde" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, <i>HRVP</i> (1700), p. 526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeade1974" class="citation cs2">Meade, Carroll Wade (1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuAUAAAAIAAJ"><i>Road to Babylon: Development of U.S. Assyriology</i></a>, Leiden: E.J. Brill, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuAUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004038582" title="Special:BookSources/9004038582"><bdi>9004038582</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Road+to+Babylon%3A+Development+of+U.S.+Assyriology&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9004038582&rft.aulast=Meade&rft.aufirst=Carroll+Wade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuAUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hyde" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2010" class="citation book cs1">Webb, H. S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71802-6_856">"Dualism"</a>. In Leeming, D. A.; Madden, K.; Marlan, S. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion</i>. Springer. pp. 259–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-71802-6_856">10.1007/978-0-387-71802-6_856</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-71802-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-71802-6"><bdi>978-0-387-71802-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242249340">242249340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dualism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Religion&rft.pages=259-261&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242249340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-71802-6_856&rft.isbn=978-0-387-71802-6&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-71802-6_856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hyde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>De Ludis Orientalibus</i>, Vol. II (1694), pp. 195–201.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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