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#a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}, {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a>}} for transliterated languages, and {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a>}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used. <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>. (December 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Mudburra, also spelt Mudbura, Mudbarra and other variants, and also known as Pinkangama, is an <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Aboriginal language</a> of Australia. <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #eba9ee;">Mudbura</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Victoria River to Barkly Tablelands</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mudbura" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbura">Mudbura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwarandji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwarandji">Kwarandji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">92 (2016 census)<a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Ngumpin%E2%80%93Yapa_languages" title="Ngumpin–Yapa languages">Ngumpin–Yapa</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ngumbin_languages" title="Ngumbin languages">Ngumbin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Mudbura</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mudbura_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbura Sign Language">Mudbura Sign Language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #eba9ee;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/dmw" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:dmw">dmw</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mudb1240">mudb1240</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">AIATSIS</a><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS-1">[1]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C25">C25</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2550">Mudburra</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> McConvell suspects <a href="/wiki/Karrangpurru_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karrangpurru language">Karrangpurru</a> was a dialect of Mudburra because people said it was similar. However, it is undocumented and thus formally unclassifiable.<a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS-1">[1]</a> The language Mudburra is native to the western area of <a href="/wiki/Barkly_Region" title="Barkly Region">Barkly Region</a>, southern area of <a href="/wiki/Sturt_Plateau" title="Sturt Plateau">Sturt Plateau</a> and eastern area of Victoria River District, in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Furthermore, the areas in which the Mudbura people live are Yingawunarri (Top Springs), Marlinja (Newcastle Waters Station), Kulumindini (Elliott) and Stuart Highway.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Information from the <a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_census" title="2016 Australian census">2016 Australian census</a> documented that there were 96 people speaking the Mudburra language, while other reports state that fewer than 10 people speak it fluently. It was also reported that children do not learn the traditional form of the language any more.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GlenHelenGorge_NorthernTerritory_Australia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/GlenHelenGorge_NorthernTerritory_Australia.JPG/260px-GlenHelenGorge_NorthernTerritory_Australia.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/GlenHelenGorge_NorthernTerritory_Australia.JPG/390px-GlenHelenGorge_NorthernTerritory_Australia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/GlenHelenGorge_NorthernTerritory_Australia.JPG/520px-GlenHelenGorge_NorthernTerritory_Australia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3525" data-file-height="1650"></a><figcaption>Northern Territory</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Classification">1 Classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Present">3 Present</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Connection_to_similar_dialects">4 Connection to similar dialects</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Phonology">5 Phonology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Consonants">5.1 Consonants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Vowels">5.2 Vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Alphabet">5.3 Alphabet</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Grammar">6 Grammar</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Verbs">6.1 Verbs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Coverbs">6.2 Coverbs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Demonstratives">6.3 Demonstratives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Pronouns">6.4 Pronouns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Quantity_endings">6.5 Quantity endings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Sentences">6.6 Sentences</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Vocabulary">7 Vocabulary</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Common_question_words%5B2%5D">7.1 Common question words[2]</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Indicating_direction%5B2%5D">7.2 Indicating direction[2]</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Numbers%5B2%5D">7.3 Numbers[2]</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Sign_language">8 Sign language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The Mudbura language is classified under the family Pama- Nyungan and the subgroup Ngumpin- Yapa. Mudbura is subdivided as Eastern Mudbura dialect (also called Kuwaarrangu) and Western Mudbura dialect (also called Kuwirrinji) by native speakers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> This separation occurred due to the communication with speakers of other languages or dialects that happened over time. Proximately associated languages are Gurindji, Bilinarra, and Ngarinyman.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> During the pre- European era, the Mudbura people practised seasonal migration.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> They resided around and south of the <a href="/wiki/Murranji_Track" title="Murranji Track">Murranji Track</a>, as well as the eastern side of Victoria River.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The Mudbura country was very arid and so the natives had to cover long distances to accommodate food search and other needs.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In the mid-1800s the Europeans arrived in the Barkly area and Victoria River and the first expedition of Victoria River occurred in 1855 by Augustus Charles Gregor's party.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In 1861 <a href="/wiki/John_McDouall_Stuart" title="John McDouall Stuart">John McDouall Stuart</a> and his party explored for the first time the Barkly Tablelands in search for a path from south to north.<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> Stuart named the water source “Newcastle Water” after his Grace the Duke of Newcastle, Secretary for the Colonies.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> After examining it, it was apparent to him that this tributary was frequently occupied by the Mudbura people and neighboring communities as a water and food source.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> In 1883, Newcastle Waters Station and Wave Hill Station were established and stocked with livestock.<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> As a result, the Mudbura people were being driven off their grounds from both sides.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The livestock farming that begun taking place in these areas resulted in significant changes on their environment and resources that had been a part of their lives for more than 10000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Many Mudbura people moved to the stations in order to work as domestic or station workers to receive in return scarce quantities of food and to avoid violent encounters with Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The Stations, that were managed by Europeans, did not offer equal wages or satisfactory living conditions. At Newcastle Waters Station Mudbura was the major language spoken.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Mudbura people created a type of shelter known as ‘nanji’ that was composed of ‘kurrunyu’ (bark) from ‘karnawuna’, (lancewood; known also as <a href="/wiki/Acacia_shirleyi" title="Acacia shirleyi">Acacia shirleyi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> A nanji would have a short door opening and inside the height from the ground to the ceiling was enough for an adult to stand upright.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Inside it offered enough space for up to 6 people and had ‘liwiji’ (a silky browntop grass) or ‘liyiji’ (desert red grass), handcrafted beds made by Mudbura people.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Kriol was the language that resulted from a combination of Aboriginal languages and English that Aboriginal workers created in order to communicate with the Europeans in the 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> Kriol started spreading to Mudbura community through the years and has since remained as language in their community.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Present">Present</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Present" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Nowadays, most Mudbura people reside in <a href="/wiki/Elliott,_Northern_Territory" title="Elliott, Northern Territory">Elliott</a>, a small area that is located between Darwin and Alice Springs, or in Marlinja. According to the 2016 census, 339 people live in Elliott.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The Mudbura language is currently at risk of obliteration as nowadays speakers of Mudbura communities either speak Aboriginal English or Kriol with the exception of a few elders that can still communicate it.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elliott_population.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Elliott_population.png/556px-Elliott_population.png" decoding="async" width="556" height="329" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="469"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 556px;height: 329px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Elliott_population.png/556px-Elliott_population.png" data-width="556" data-height="329" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Elliott_population.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Population of Elliot statistics according to the 2016 census by the Australian Bureau of statistics (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018)</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Connection_to_similar_dialects">Connection to similar dialects</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Connection to similar dialects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Prior to the appearance of Europeans, Mudbura speakers were able to speak multiple Aboriginal languages that neighbored their land.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Such languages were <a href="/wiki/Gurindji_language" title="Gurindji language">Gurindji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jingulu_language" title="Jingulu language">Jingulu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Speakers of Eastern Mudbura dialect, that live near Elliott and Marlinja have always been in close proximity to speakers of Jingulu and as a result some features of both communities have assimilated into each other.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Apart from that, a massive borrowing of words occurs between the two languages.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Speakers of the Western Mudbura dialect have been close to the Gurindji community and are characterized with a few shared features, that are different to Eastern Mudbura.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Pensalfini<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> reported that: “The resulting mixing of Mudburra and Jingili people produced a cultural group who are referred to (by themselves in many cases, and by older Jingili) as ‘Kuwarrangu’, distinct from either Jingili or Mudburra”. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="IPA wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_consonant" title="Peripheral consonant">Peripheral</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">Laminal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apical</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> <a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> <a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The alphabet of Mudbura language is written identically to the English language but it is spoken differently.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Mudbura has 3 vowels: ⟨a, i, u⟩. <ul><li>⟨a⟩ is pronounced like the vowel in “father”, in English.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a></li> <li>⟨i⟩ is pronounced like the vowel in “bit”.</li> <li>⟨u⟩ is pronounced like the vowel in “put”, in English.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a></li></ul> Vowel combinations that produce different sounds are: ⟨aw, ay, iyi, uwu, uwa, uwi⟩.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The consonants that are pronounced sometimes differently than in English are: b, d, k, j and the rest sound similarly to the English consonants.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Consonant combinations include: ⟨rd, rn, rl, ng, ny, ly, rr⟩.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The sound ⟨rd⟩ is unique in the way that it resembles the sound of rolling the r combined with d.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Verbs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Mudbura language there are verbs and coverbs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Verbs have “<a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>” endings depending on the role of a verb in a sentence.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The four inflections are: Imperative verbs, past tense verbs, present tense verbs and potential verbs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> There are 5 different conjugations that these inflecting verbs fall under, and each comes with different groups of endings.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Example of conjugations<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Past </th> <th>Present </th> <th>Potential </th></tr> <tr> <th>Group 1A </th> <td>wanjarra leave it! </td> <td>wanjana left it </td> <td>wanjanini leaves it </td> <td>wanjarru will leave it </td></tr> <tr> <th>Group 1B </th> <td>warnda get it! </td> <td>warndana got it </td> <td>warndanini gets it </td> <td>warndu will get it </td></tr> <tr> <th>Group 2A </th> <td>yinba sing it! </td> <td>yinbarna sang it </td> <td>yinbarnini sings it </td> <td>yinba will sing it </td></tr> <tr> <th>Group 2B </th> <td>janki burn it! </td> <td>jankiyina burnt it </td> <td>jankiyini burns it </td> <td>janki will burn it </td></tr> <tr> <th>Group 3<a href="#cite_note-:02-13">[13]</a> </th> <td>ngardangka abandon it! </td> <td>ngardangana abandoned it </td> <td>ngardanganini abandons it </td> <td>ngardangangku will abandon it </td></tr> <tr> <th>Group 4 </th> <td>nganja eat it! </td> <td>ngarnana ate it </td> <td>ngarnini eats it </td> <td>ngalu will eat it </td></tr> <tr> <th>Group 5 </th> <td>yanda go! </td> <td>yanana went </td> <td>yanini goes </td> <td>yandu will go </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coverbs">Coverbs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Coverbs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Mudbura, coverbs accompany inflecting verbs to indicate that the action is continuous.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Some of these have specific inflecting verbs with which they are exclusively combined.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Coverbs may be combined with different endings that change their meaning or their role in a sentence.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstratives">Demonstratives</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demonstratives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Mudbura language definite and indefinite articles are not necessary before nouns, only demonstratives such as nginya and yali.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The four demonstratives of Mudbura are used in any order in a sentence and they are: <ol><li>nginya (or minya) "this"</li> <li>yali "that one close up"</li> <li>kadi "that one close up"</li> <li>kuwala "like this"<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a></li></ol> Demonstratives can have different endings that are similar to the Mudbura grammatical case endings.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Demonstratives can also take endings that indicate quantity like -rra for "many" and -kujarra for "two".<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugations of demonstratives<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>nginya </th> <th>kadi </th> <th>yali </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a> </th> <td>nginya, minya this (one) </td> <td>kadi that (one) close up </td> <td>yali that (one) long way away </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a> </th> <td>nginyali, minyali this (one) did it </td> <td>kadili that (one) did it </td> <td>yalili that (one) did it </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a> </th> <td>nginyawu, minyawu for this (one) </td> <td>kadiwu for that (one) </td> <td>yaliwu for that (one) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> </th> <td>nginyangka, minyangka here </td> <td>kadingka there </td> <td>yalingka there </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a> </th> <td>nginyangkurra, mingyangkurra to here </td> <td>kadingkurra to there </td> <td>yalingkurra to there </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a> </th> <td>nginyangurlu, minyangurlu from here </td> <td>kadingurlu from there </td> <td>yalingurlu from there </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pronouns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Mudbura pronouns are divided to three groups, the bound pronouns, the free pronouns and the indefinite pronouns.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Bound pronouns can be found free in a sentence or accompanying a noun or a free pronoun and usually they are combined at the end of the word “ba”.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> They vary depending on the quantity of people and whether these are the subject or the object of the sentence, however there are no third person bound pronouns.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> There are singular, dual and plural forms of bound pronouns.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Free pronouns are used to highlight a person and they also have possessive types that indicate ownership.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pronouns<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Free pronouns </th> <th>Possessive pronouns </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>ngayu, ngayi I, me </td> <td>ngayinya my, mine </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>nyundu you </td> <td>nyununya your, yours </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>nyana he or him, she or her </td> <td>nyanunya his, her, hers </td></tr></tbody></table> When referring to many people the quantity endings that are stated in the Demonstratives section are added.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Indefinite pronouns are used to refer to unidentified objects or people.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> They are:<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <dl><dd>nyamba, something</dd> <dd>ngana, someone</dd> <dd>nganali, someone did it</dd> <dd>nyangurla, sometime</dd> <dd>ngadjanga, some amount</dd> <dd>wanjuwarra, somewhere</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantity_endings">Quantity endings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Quantity endings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Quantity and numbers are indicated with endings that are added to words. Such are -kujarra for "two", -darra or -walija for "many".<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sentences">Sentences</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sentences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The structure of sentences in Mudbura language does not follow specific rules, the subject can go in any order throughout a sentence and noun phrases may come apart if needed under the condition that all words of the phrase follow the same grammatical case.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Sentences can be intransitive meaning they do not include an object, transitive in which they include an object and a subject, semi-transitive in which they include a subject and an indirect object, and ditransitive in which they include a subject, an object and an indirect object.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Showing possession in a sentence can be expressed with bound or free pronouns in the case the speaker is referring to a part of their body, or with possessive pronouns in the case the speaker is referring to something they own.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Negative sentences are formed with the word kula combined with the verb in the associated tense.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> This indicates that something "is not", "was not" or "will not" and in terms of structure kula is found at the beginning of the sentence or right after the first word.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Other words and endings such as -mulu (don't), wakurni (no or nothing) and -wangka (without) can be used to express negativity.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Linking words or additional endings may be used in more complex sentences when these include more than 1 <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Examples are: <ul><li>-baa and -maa that mean "when, if, which, who"</li> <li>abala that means "when, that, while, which, then"</li> <li>amba that means "so that, that, which, while"<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a></li></ul> The word "and" does not exist in the Mudbura language as words are either expressed consecutively without any linking words or some of the linking words stated above may be used.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_question_words[2]">Common question words<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a></h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Common question words[2]" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>nyamba, what?</li> <li>nyambawu, why?</li> <li>ngana, who?</li> <li>nganawu, whose?</li> <li>wanji, which?</li> <li>wanjuwarra, where?</li> <li>ngadjanga, how much? or how many?</li> <li>nyangurla, when?</li> <li>ngadarra, how?</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indicating_direction[2]">Indicating direction<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a></h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indicating direction[2]" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>kankulu, up, above, on top of</li> <li>kanju, down, under, on the bottom, underneath, in</li> <li>kirrawarra, north</li> <li>kurlarra, south</li> <li>karlarra, west</li> <li>karrawarra, east</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers[2]">Numbers<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a></h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Numbers[2]" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>nyangarlu, one</li> <li>kujarra, two</li> <li>murrkuna, three</li> <li>dardudardu, more, many, a whole lot</li></ul> Note: Numbers 1, 2 and 3 are the only ones that have words in the Mudbura language. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Sign_language">Sign language</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sign language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian Aboriginal sign languages</a></div> The Mudbura has (or had) a well-developed <a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">signed form</a> of their language.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> “Marnamarnda” is the name of the Mudbura sign language, which can be incorporated with speech or used by itself.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Mudburra people use it when hunting or to accommodate long-distance communication.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_1-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C25">C25</a> Mudbura at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-43">ar</a> 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMeakins2021" class="citation book cs1">Meakins, Felicity (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1255228353">Mudburra to English Dictionary</a>. Chicago: Aboriginal Studies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925302-59-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925302-59-2"><bdi>978-1-925302-59-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1255228353">1255228353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mudburra+to+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Aboriginal+Studies+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1255228353&rft.isbn=978-1-925302-59-2&rft.aulast=Meakins&rft.aufirst=Felicity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1255228353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudburra+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Office of the Aboriginal Land Commissioner [Toohey, John]. (1980). Yingawunarri (Old Top Springs) Mudbura land claim: Report by the Aboriginal Land Commissioner, Mr. Justice Toohey, to the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs and to the Minister for Home Affairs. Canberra: Australian Government Public Service. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell,_Alan,_1936-2015" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Alan, 1936- (2015). Far Country: A Short History of the Northern Territory. UniprintNT, Charles Darwin University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925167-10-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925167-10-8"><bdi>978-1-925167-10-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905215176">905215176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far+Country%3A+A+Short+History+of+the+Northern+Territory&rft.pub=UniprintNT%2C+Charles+Darwin+University&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905215176&rft.isbn=978-1-925167-10-8&rft.au=Powell%2C+Alan%2C+1936-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudburra+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(Darrell)2011" class="citation book cs1">(Darrell), Lewis, D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/759165399">The Murranji Track : ghost road of the drovers</a>. Boolarong Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921920-23-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921920-23-3"><bdi>978-1-921920-23-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/759165399">759165399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Murranji+Track+%3A+ghost+road+of+the+drovers&rft.pub=Boolarong+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F759165399&rft.isbn=978-1-921920-23-3&rft.aulast=%28Darrell%29&rft.aufirst=Lewis%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F759165399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudburra+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1">b</a> Stuart, J.M. (1865). Fifth expedition, from November, 1860, to September, 1861. From the journals of John McDouall Stuart during the years 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, & 1862. From <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921124509/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/stuart/">[1]</a> john_mcdouall/journals/complete.html </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/890773949">The Languages and Linguistics of Australia A Comprehensive Guide</a>. Harold Koch, Rachel Nordlinger. Berlin/Boston. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-039512-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-039512-9"><bdi>978-3-11-039512-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/890773949">890773949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Australia+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin%2FBoston&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F890773949&rft.isbn=978-3-11-039512-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F890773949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudburra+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2018, 13 December). 2016 Census QuickStats: Elliott. From: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_">http://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_</a> services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/UCL722014 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2007" class="citation journal cs1">Black, Paul (1 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/07268600601172959">"Lexicostatistics with Massive Borrowing: The Case of Jingulu and Mudburra"</a>. Australian Journal of Linguistics. 27 (1): 63–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07268600601172959">10.1080/07268600601172959</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0726-8602">0726-8602</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145770425">145770425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Lexicostatistics+with+Massive+Borrowing%3A+The+Case+of+Jingulu+and+Mudburra&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-71&rft.date=2007-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145770425%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0726-8602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07268600601172959&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F07268600601172959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudburra+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeakinsPensalfiniZipfHamilton-Hollaway2020" class="citation journal cs1">Meakins, Felicity; Pensalfini, Rob; Zipf, Caitlin; Hamilton-Hollaway, Amanda (2 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2020.1804830">"Lend me your verbs: Verb borrowing between Jingulu and Mudburra"</a>. Australian Journal of Linguistics. 40 (3): 296–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07268602.2020.1804830">10.1080/07268602.2020.1804830</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0726-8602">0726-8602</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225289078">225289078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Lend+me+your+verbs%3A+Verb+borrowing+between+Jingulu+and+Mudburra&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=296-318&rft.date=2020-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225289078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0726-8602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07268602.2020.1804830&rft.aulast=Meakins&rft.aufirst=Felicity&rft.au=Pensalfini%2C+Rob&rft.au=Zipf%2C+Caitlin&rft.au=Hamilton-Hollaway%2C+Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F07268602.2020.1804830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudburra+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Pensalfini, Robert (2001). On the Typological and Genetic Affiliation of Jingulu. Forty Years on: Ken Hale and Australian languages. Edited by Simpson, Jane, Nash, David, Laughren, Mary, Austin, Peter, and Alpher, Barry. Australian National University, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.385-399. </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNashMcConvellCapellHale" class="citation book cs1">Nash, David; McConvell, Patrick; Capell, Arthur; Hale, Ken; Sutton, Peter; Rose, Deborah Bird; Wafer, Jim. Mudburra wordlist.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mudburra+wordlist&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=McConvell%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Capell%2C+Arthur&rft.au=Hale%2C+Ken&rft.au=Sutton%2C+Peter&rft.au=Rose%2C+Deborah+Bird&rft.au=Wafer%2C+Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudburra+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-13"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeakins2021" class="citation book cs1">Meakins, Felicity (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1255228353">Mudburra to English Dictionary</a>. Chicago: Aboriginal Studies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925302-59-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925302-59-2"><bdi>978-1-925302-59-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1255228353">1255228353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mudburra+to+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Aboriginal+Studies+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1255228353&rft.isbn=978-1-925302-59-2&rft.aulast=Meakins&rft.aufirst=Felicity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1255228353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudburra+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kendon" title="Adam Kendon">Kendon, A.</a> (1988) Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press </li> </ol></div></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&oldid=1245621551">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&oldid=1245621551</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Mudburra_language&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 14 September 2024, at 02:32 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimudburra" title="Kimudburra – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimudburra" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_mudbura" title="Lenga mudbura – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga mudbura" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudbura" title="Mudbura – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mudbura" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; 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