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<li id="toc-Census_and_official_statistics,_1851–2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census_and_official_statistics,_1851–2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Census and official statistics, 1851–2020</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census_and_official_statistics,_1851–2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_by_ethnic_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_by_ethnic_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Religion by ethnic origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_by_ethnic_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholicism_as_a_state_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism_as_a_state_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Catholicism as a state religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism_as_a_state_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_Wars_of_Religion_(1562–1598)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Wars_of_Religion_(1562–1598)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Wars_of_Religion_(1562–1598)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–Edict_of_Nantes_(1598–1789)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Edict_of_Nantes_(1598–1789)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Post–Edict of Nantes (1598–1789)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Edict_of_Nantes_(1598–1789)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>French Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleon_and_concordat_with_the_Vatican" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleon_and_concordat_with_the_Vatican"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Napoleon and concordat with the Vatican</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleon_and_concordat_with_the_Vatican-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bourbon_Restoration_(1814-1830)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bourbon_Restoration_(1814-1830)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bourbon_Restoration_(1814-1830)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleon_III_(1848-1870)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleon_III_(1848-1870)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Napoleon III (1848-1870)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleon_III_(1848-1870)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Republic_(1870–1940)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Republic_(1870–1940)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Third Republic (1870–1940)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Republic_(1870–1940)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1905:_Separation_of_Church_and_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1905:_Separation_of_Church_and_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>1905: Separation of Church and State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1905:_Separation_of_Church_and_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Recent tensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Paganism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Controversies and incidents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies_and_incidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies and incidents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growth_of_Islam_and_conflict_with_laïcité" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_Islam_and_conflict_with_laïcité"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Growth of Islam and conflict with <i>laïcité</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_Islam_and_conflict_with_laïcité-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charlie_Hebdo_shooting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Charlie Hebdo</i> shooting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charlie_Hebdo_shooting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in France</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="الدين في فرنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدين في فرنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransada_din" title="Fransada din – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransada din" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD_ve_Francii" title="Náboženství ve Francii – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Náboženství ve Francii" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_en_Francia" title="Religión en Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión en Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlijioa_Frantzian" title="Erlijioa Frantzian – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erlijioa Frantzian" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_en_France" title="Religion en France – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion en France" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religija_u_Francuskoj" title="Religija u Francuskoj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Religija u Francuskoj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioni_in_Francia" title="Religioni in Francia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religioni in Francia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Религија во Франција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Религија во Франција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religie_in_Frankrijk" title="Religie in Frankrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Religie in Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_we_Francji" title="Religia we Francji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia we Francji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o_na_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Religião na França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Religião na França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_%C3%AEn_Fran%C8%9Ba" title="Religia în Franța – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Religia în Franța" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Религия во Франции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религия во Франции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja_n%C3%AB_Franc%C3%AB" title="Feja në Francë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feja në Francë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Дин дар Фаронса – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дин дар Фаронса" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa%27da_din" title="Fransa'da din – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransa'da din" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%83_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Релігія у Франції – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Релігія у Франції" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2664394#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="View the content page [c]" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_-_d%C3%A9tail.JPG/330px-Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_-_d%C3%A9tail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_-_d%C3%A9tail.JPG/440px-Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_-_d%C3%A9tail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a><figcaption>A sculpture depicting the final judgement of sinners by <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Religion in France</b> is diverse, with the largest religion group being <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. A very significant part of the population is <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">not religious</a>, and significant minorities profess <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and other religions. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a> are warranted by the legacy of the 1789 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>, and by the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">laïcité</a></i> (or "freedom of conscience") enforced by the 1880s <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry_laws" title="Jules Ferry laws">Jules Ferry laws</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a> was the major religion in the real of the <a href="/wiki/French_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="French monarchy">French monarchy</a> for more than a millennium, and it also held the role of <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the monarchy had such close ties to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman papacy">Roman papacy</a> that France was called the "eldest daughter of the Church" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i>fille aînée de l'Église</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census_and_official_statistics,_1851–2020"><span id="Census_and_official_statistics.2C_1851.E2.80.932020"></span>Census and official statistics, 1851–2020</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Census and official statistics, 1851–2020"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A series of censuses throughout the 19th century included a question on the religious affiliation of the respondents, with the results depicted in the table below. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="border:none;"> </th> <th colspan="6" style="text-align:center;">Census<sup id="cite_ref-Census-national-survey_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census-national-survey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">1851 </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">1861 </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">1866 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td>35,679,364</td> <td>99.7</td> <td>37,293,230</td> <td>99.8</td> <td>37,953,831</td> <td>99.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>—<a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></small></td> <td><small>34,931,032</small></td> <td><small>97.6</small></td> <td><small>36,490,891</small></td> <td><small>97.6</small></td> <td><small>37,107,212</small></td> <td><small>97.5</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>—Other Christianity</small></td> <td><small>748,332</small></td> <td><small>2.1</small></td> <td><small>802,339</small></td> <td><small>2.2</small></td> <td><small>846,619</small></td> <td><small>2.3</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>——<a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></small></td> <td><small>480,507</small></td> <td><small>1.3</small></td> <td><small>480,436</small></td> <td><small>1.3</small></td> <td><small>515,759</small></td> <td><small>1.4</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>——<a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></small></td> <td><small>267,525</small></td> <td><small>0.7</small></td> <td><small>281,642</small></td> <td><small>0.8</small></td> <td><small>286,506</small></td> <td><small>0.8</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>——Other <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> and Christians</small></td> <td><small>–</small></td> <td><small>–</small></td> <td><small>40,261</small></td> <td><small>0.1</small></td> <td><small>44,354</small></td> <td><small>0.1</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0E0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td> <td>73,965</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>79,964</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>89,047</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0E0F0;">Other religions</td> <td>26,348</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>1,295</td> <td>0.003</td> <td>1,400</td> <td>0.004 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a></td> <td>3,483</td> <td>0.01</td> <td>11,824</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>22,786</td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="2">35,783,170</th> <th colspan="2">37,386,313</th> <th colspan="2">38,067,064 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>More recently, there has been a series of sample surveys used to determine the religious composition of the population, with the most official ones carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>, the statistical agency of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and the government of France. A summary of the statistics is included in the table below. The most recent estimates show a growing percentage of people unaffiliated with an organized religion, particularly with the youngest demographics, while Christianity remains the most followed religion.<sup id="cite_ref-EB202122_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB202122-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gov_data_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov_data-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INSEE2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020-INSEE-methodology_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-INSEE-methodology-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>α<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a national ten-year survey of 2020 held by the <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques">National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies</a> (INSEE),<sup id="cite_ref-2020-INSEE-methodology_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-INSEE-methodology-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>α<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 34% of the French population between the age of 18 and 49 (and thus excluding the youngest and oldest demographics) adhered to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, of whom approximately 25% were Catholics and 9% other Christians (without further specification; it may include <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">nondenominational Christianity</a> as well as various branches of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, and other denominations of the religion); at the same time, 11% of the French population adhered to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, 0.5% to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, 0.5% to Judaism, and smaller negligible fractions to other religions (<a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, amongst others).<sup id="cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INSEE2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, 53% of the sample declared that they had no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INSEE2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2010 and 2020, the INSEE recorded a decline of Catholicism for the same demographics (between 18 and 49 years of age) from 43% to 25%, a growth of nondenominational and other denominations of Christianity from 2.5% to 9%, a growth of Islam from 8% to 11%, and of non-religious people from 45% to 53%, while the proportion of other religions remained stable.<sup id="cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INSEE2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border:none;"> <caption>Surveys on religious affiliation of the French population </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="border:none;"> </th> <th>Government data <p><sup id="cite_ref-gov_data_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov_data-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th>Eurobarometer <p><sup id="cite_ref-EB202122_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB202122-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th colspan="2">INSEE (ages 18-49) <p><sup id="cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INSEE2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Religion </th> <th>2021 </th> <th>2021 </th> <th>2009 </th> <th>2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> </td> <td>50 </td> <td>46 </td> <td>45.5 </td> <td>34.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>—<a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></small> </td> <td>47 </td> <td>42</td> <td><small>43.0</small></td> <td><small>25.0</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>—Protestantism</small> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td rowspan="2"><small>2.5</small> </td> <td rowspan="2"><small>9.0</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>—Other Christianity</small> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5</td> <td>8.0</td> <td>11.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0E0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>-</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0E0F0;">Other religions </td> <td>1 </td> <td>6</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> </td> <td>33 </td> <td>42</td> <td>45.0</td> <td>53.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_by_ethnic_origins">Religion by ethnic origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religion by ethnic origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Religion by ethnic origins in France (in percentage), 2020 national survey<sup id="cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INSEE2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnic origins </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#E0F0FF;">Christianity </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#E0F0FF;"><small>Catholicism</small> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#E0F0FF;"><small>Other Christians</small> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#E0FFD0;">Islam </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#E0E0FF;">Judaism </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFC0;">Buddhism </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#F0E0F0;">Other religion </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;">No religion </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10" style="background:#C0C0C0;"> </th></tr> <tr> <td>French without immigrant origins</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">40</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>32</small></td> <td><small>8</small></td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">58 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" colspan="9">French with immigrant origins </th></tr> <tr> <td>First-generation immigrants</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">32</td> <td><small>15</small></td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>17</small></td> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">44</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>French-born with immigrant background</td> <td>27</td> <td><small>8</small></td> <td><small>19</small></td> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">32</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">39 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10" style="background:#C0C0C0;"> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas French</a> native origins </th></tr> <tr> <td>First-generation overseas French natives</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">56</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>38</small></td> <td><small>18</small></td> <td>10</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Overseas French native background</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">51</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>33</small></td> <td><small>18</small></td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">46 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> origins </th></tr> <tr> <td>First-generation Algerians</td> <td>0</td> <td><small>0</small></td> <td><small>0</small></td> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">89</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Algerian background</td> <td>4</td> <td><small>3</small></td> <td><small>1</small></td> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">64</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">32 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisian</a> origins </th></tr> <tr> <td>First-generation Moroccans and Tunisians</td> <td>0</td> <td><small>0</small></td> <td><small>0</small></td> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">89</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moroccan and Tunisian background</td> <td>5</td> <td><small>3</small></td> <td><small>2</small></td> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">65</td> <td>4</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">25 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelian</a> African origins </th></tr> <tr> <td>First-generation Sahelian Africans</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">10</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>7</small></td> <td><small>3</small></td> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">84</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sahelian African background</td> <td>8</td> <td><small>5</small></td> <td><small>3</small></td> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">77</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">14 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central African</a> origins </th></tr> <tr> <td>First-generation Gulf of Guinea and Central Africans</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">77</td> <td><small>34</small></td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>43</small></td> <td>9</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gulf of Guinea and Central African background</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">57</td> <td><small>14</small></td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>43</small></td> <td>14</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">29 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" colspan="9">Other African origins </th></tr> <tr> <td>First-generation other Africans</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">49</td> <td><small>20</small></td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>29</small></td> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">38</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other African background</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">35</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>20</small></td> <td><small>15</small></td> <td>31</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">33 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> origins </th></tr> <tr> <td>First-generation Turks and Middle Easterners</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">14</td> <td><small>5</small></td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>9</small></td> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">72</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkish and Middle Eastern background</td> <td>10</td> <td><small>4</small></td> <td><small>6</small></td> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">67</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">20 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> origins </th></tr> <tr> <td>First-generation Southeast Asians</td> <td>14</td> <td><small>11</small></td> <td><small>3</small></td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;">35</td> <td>2</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southeast Asian background</td> <td>8</td> <td><small>5</small></td> <td><small>3</small></td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;">23</td> <td>1</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">66 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> origins </th></tr> <tr> <td>First-generation Chinese or Chinese background*</td> <td>7</td> <td><small>2</small></td> <td><small>5</small></td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;">21</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">71 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" colspan="9">Other Asian origins </th></tr> <tr> <td>First-generation other Asians</td> <td>20</td> <td><small>12</small></td> <td><small>8</small></td> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;">26</td> <td>0</td> <td>13</td> <td>16</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other Asian background</td> <td>20</td> <td><small>8</small></td> <td><small>12</small></td> <td>19</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#F0E0F0;">23</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">38 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> origins </th></tr> <tr> <td>First-generation Portuguese</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">79</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>67</small></td> <td><small>12</small></td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portuguese background</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">56</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>40</small></td> <td><small>16</small></td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">43 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> origins </th></tr> <tr> <td>First-generation Spaniards and Italians</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">47</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>40</small></td> <td><small>7</small></td> <td>8</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spanish and Italian background</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">45</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>38</small></td> <td><small>7</small></td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">54 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;" colspan="9">Other European origins </th></tr> <tr> <td>First-generation other Europeans</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">58</td> <td><small>27</small></td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>31</small></td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other European background</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;">45</td> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><small>35</small></td> <td><small>10</small></td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td style="background:#FAEBD7;">53 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10" style="background:#C0C0C0;"> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Total French population**</th> <th style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;">38</th> <th style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><small>29</small></th> <th style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><small>9</small></th> <th style="text-align:left; background:#E0FFD0;">10</th> <th style="text-align:left; background:#E0E0FF;">0</th> <th style="text-align:left; background:#FFFFC0;">1</th> <th style="text-align:left; background:#F0E0F0;">1</th> <th style="text-align:left; background:#FAEBD7;">51 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><small>Highlights in each ethnic category (horizontal row) indicate the respective largest and second-largest religious category (vertical row).</small><br /><b>*</b><small>The surveyors were unable to distinguish first-generation Chinese immigrants and French people with Chinese background from past generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Census-national-survey_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census-national-survey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 41.">: p. 41. </span></sup></small><br /><b>**</b><small>The results from the total population in this table are different from those in the table above because the surveyors calculated them on slightly different age cohorts.<sup id="cite_ref-Census-national-survey_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census-national-survey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 48.">: p. 48. </span></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History of France</a></div> <p>France guarantees <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> as a constitutional right, and the government generally respects this right in practice. Because of a long history of anticlericalism, the state cut its institutional ties with the Catholic Church in 1905 and made a strong promise to keep the public sector free of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism_as_a_state_religion">Catholicism as a state religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Catholicism as a state religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catholicism is the largest religion in France. During the pre-1789 <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i>, France was traditionally considered the Church's eldest daughter, and the <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> always maintained close links to the Pope. However, the "<a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a>" policy meant that the king selected bishops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_Wars_of_Religion_(1562–1598)"><span id="French_Wars_of_Religion_.281562.E2.80.931598.29"></span>French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></div> <p>A strong Protestant population resided in France, primarily of <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> confession. The government usually opposed this but at times, tolerated more. This supppression continued throughout the 16th century, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a>, until the 1598 <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>. </p><p>For the first time, the state considered <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> something other than mere heretics. The Edict of Nantes thus opened a path for <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> and tolerance. In addition to offering general <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">freedom of conscience</a> to subjects, the edict offered many specific concessions to the Huguenots, including amnesty and the reinstatement of their <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, the right to work for the state or in any field, and to bring grievances directly to the king.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post–Edict_of_Nantes_(1598–1789)"><span id="Post.E2.80.93Edict_of_Nantes_.281598.E2.80.931789.29"></span>Post–Edict of Nantes (1598–1789)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post–Edict of Nantes (1598–1789)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protestant_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Protestant_France.svg/300px-Protestant_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Protestant_France.svg/450px-Protestant_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Protestant_France.svg/600px-Protestant_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Protestantism in 16th-century France. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800080; color:white;"> </span> Controlled by Huguenot nobility</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AA87DE; color:black;"> </span> Contested between Huguenots and Catholics</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B3B3B3; color:black;"> </span> Controlled by Catholic nobility</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:MediumSlateBlue; color:black;"> </span> Lutheran-majority area (part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">HRE</a>)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The 1598 Edict also granted the Protestants places of safety (<i>places de sûreté</i>), military strongholds such as <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a> (for which the king paid 180,000 écus a year), along with a further 150 emergency forts (<i>places de refuge</i>), to be maintained at the Huguenots' own expense. Such an innovative act of toleration stood virtually alone in a Europe (except for the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>) where standard practice forced the subjects of a ruler to follow whatever religion that the ruler formally adopted – the application of the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">cuius regio, eius religio</a></i>. </p><p>Religious conflicts resumed at the end of the 17th century, when <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>, the "Sun King," initiated the persecution of Huguenots by introducing the <i><a href="/wiki/Dragonnade" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragonnade">dragonnades</a></i> in 1681. This wave of violence intimidated the Protestants into converting to Catholicism. He made the policy official with the 1685 <a href="/wiki/Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Revocation of the Edict of Nantes">revocation of the Edict of Nantes</a>. As a result, a large number of Protestants—estimates range from 200,000 to 500,000—left France during the following two decades, seeking <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">asylum</a> in England, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a>, Denmark, the Protestant states of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a>, etc.), and in European colonies in <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">North America</a> and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revocation returned France to a state of affairs similar to that of virtually every other European country of the period, in which only the state religion was tolerated. Europe's experiment with religious tolerance was effectively over for the time being. In practice, the revocation caused France to suffer a <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a>, as it lost a large number of skilled craftsmen, including key designers such as <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Marot" title="Daniel Marot">Daniel Marot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Revolution">French Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: French Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution</a></div> <p>The French Revolution stripped the Catholic Church of most of its wealth, power, and influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Betros2010_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betros2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early revolutionaries sought to secularize all of French society, an effort inspired in part by the writings and philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1789, the new <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly" title="National Assembly">National Assembly</a> abolished <a href="/wiki/Tithes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tithes">tithes</a>, the mandatory 10% income tax which all Frenchmen (including non-Catholics) paid to the Catholic Church. In November 1789, they voted to expropriate the vast wealth of the Church in endowments, lands and buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Popkin_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popkin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1790, the Assembly abolished monastic religious orders. Statues and saints were rejected in a <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Iconoclasm during the French Revolution">burst of iconoclasm</a>, and most religious instruction ended.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> of 1790 put the Catholic Church under state control. It upended the traditional authority of the Church by required priests and bishops to be elected by their parishioners. The Republic legalized divorce and transferred birth, death, and marriage registrations to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Popkin_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popkin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic clergy was persecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Commune (French Revolution)">Paris Commune</a> of 1792 to 1795 and by some of the <a href="/wiki/Repr%C3%A9sentant_en_mission" title="Représentant en mission">Représentants en mission</a>. Most notably, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Carrier" title="Jean-Baptiste Carrier">Jean-Baptiste Carrier</a> conducted large-scale drownings of priests and nuns in the river <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1793, the government established a secular <a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Calendar">Republican Calendar</a>. Church tradition had set aside every Sunday, together with many saint's days and other religious holidays, as days for celebration and relaxation but the government tried to end all that and to increase the total number of working days. It instituted a 10-day week, allowing one day in 10 for relaxation. Workers and peasants felt cheated and overworked. The new system disrupted daily routines and ended cherished celebrations. When the reformers were overthrown or executed, their radical new calendar was quickly abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_Eglise_Ivry-la-Bataille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Inscription_Eglise_Ivry-la-Bataille.jpg/220px-Inscription_Eglise_Ivry-la-Bataille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Inscription_Eglise_Ivry-la-Bataille.jpg/330px-Inscription_Eglise_Ivry-la-Bataille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Inscription_Eglise_Ivry-la-Bataille.jpg/440px-Inscription_Eglise_Ivry-la-Bataille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Many Catholic churches were turned into <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temples of Reason</a> during the Revolution, as recalled by this inscription on a church in <a href="/wiki/Ivry-la-Bataille" title="Ivry-la-Bataille">Ivry-la-Bataille</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_peuple_fran%C3%A7ais_reconna%C3%AEt_l%27%C3%AAtre_supr%C3%AAme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Le_peuple_fran%C3%A7ais_reconna%C3%AEt_l%27%C3%AAtre_supr%C3%AAme.jpg/220px-Le_peuple_fran%C3%A7ais_reconna%C3%AEt_l%27%C3%AAtre_supr%C3%AAme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Le_peuple_fran%C3%A7ais_reconna%C3%AEt_l%27%C3%AAtre_supr%C3%AAme.jpg/330px-Le_peuple_fran%C3%A7ais_reconna%C3%AEt_l%27%C3%AAtre_supr%C3%AAme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Le_peuple_fran%C3%A7ais_reconna%C3%AEt_l%27%C3%AAtre_supr%C3%AAme.jpg/440px-Le_peuple_fran%C3%A7ais_reconna%C3%AEt_l%27%C3%AAtre_supr%C3%AAme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7426" data-file-height="5479" /></a><figcaption>Standard of the <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a>, one of the proposed <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religions</a> to replace Christianity in revolutionary France.</figcaption></figure> <p>Religious minorities—Protestants and Jews—were granted full civil and political rights, which represented a shift towards a more secular government to some, and an attack on the Catholic Church to others.<sup id="cite_ref-Popkin_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popkin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New religions and philosophies were allowed to compete with Catholicism. The introduction of the prominent cults during the revolutionary period – the <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a> – responded to the belief that religion and politics should be seamlessly fused together. This is a shift from the original <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> ideals of the Revolution that advocated for a secular government with tolerance for various religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a> favored a religious foundation to the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a>, he maintained a hard stance against Catholicism because of its association with corruption and the <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counterrevolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Popkin_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popkin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cults sought to erase the old ways of religion by closing churches, confiscating church bells, and implementing a new Republican Calendar that excluded any days for religious practice. Many churches were converted into <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temples of Reason</a>. The Cult of Reason was first to de-emphasize the existence of God, and instead focus on deism, featuring not the sacred, divine, nor eternal, but the natural, earthy, and temporal existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To tie the church and the state together, the cults transformed traditional religious ideology into politics. The Cult of the Supreme Being used religion as political leverage. Robespierre accused political opponents of hiding behind God and using religion to justify their oppositional stance against the Revolution. It was a shift in ideology that allowed for the cult to use the new deistic beliefs for political momentum.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> the persecutions of Catholic clergy ceased and the role of new cults practically ended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleon_and_concordat_with_the_Vatican">Napoleon and concordat with the Vatican</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Napoleon and concordat with the Vatican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a></div> <p>The Catholic Church was badly hurt by the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Betros2010_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betros2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1800 it was poor, dilapidated and disorganized, with a depleted and aging clergy. The younger generation had received little religious instruction, and was unfamiliar with traditional worship. However, in response to the external pressures of foreign wars, religious fervor was strong, especially among women.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, who took control in a <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">coup</a> by 1800, decided that religious divisiveness had to be minimized to unite France. The <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a> was an agreement between Napoleon and Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius VII">Pius VII</a>, signed in July 1801 that remained in effect until 1905. It sought national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics and solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France, with most of its civil status restored. The hostility of devout Catholics against the state had then largely been resolved. It did not restore the vast church lands and endowments that had been seized upon during the revolution and sold off. Catholic clergy returned from exile, or from hiding, and resumed their traditional positions in their traditional churches. Very few parishes continued to employ the priests who had accepted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy of the Revolutionary regime. While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy, the balance of church-state relations tilted firmly in Napoleon's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bourbon_Restoration_(1814-1830)"><span id="Bourbon_Restoration_.281814-1830.29"></span>Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> made the Catholic Church again the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of France. Other religions were tolerated, but Catholicism was favored both financially and politically. Its lands and financial endowments were not returned, but the government now paid salaries and maintenance costs for church activities. The bishops had regained control of Catholic affairs and of education. While the aristocracy before the Revolution did not place a high priority on religious doctrine or practice, the decades of exile created an alliance of throne and altar. The royalists who returned were much more devout, and much more aware of their need for a close alliance with the Church. They had discarded skepticism and now promoted the wave of Catholic religiosity that was sweeping Europe, with a new regard to the Virgin Mary, the Saints, and popular religious rituals such as saying the rosary. Devotionalism was far stronger in rural areas, and much less noticeable in Paris and the other cities. The population of 32 million included about 680,000 Protestants, and 60,000 Jews. They were tolerated. Anti-clericalism of the sort promoted by the Enlightenment and writers such as Voltaire had not disappeared, but it was in recession and repressed by the ultra-conservative Bourbon government.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the elite level, the intellectual climate changed dramatically from the intellectually oriented classicism to emotionally based <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>. A book by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a> entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Genius_of_Christianity" title="The Genius of Christianity">Génie du christianisme</a></i> ("The Genius of Christianity") (1802) had an enormous influence in reshaping French literature and intellectual life. It emphasized the power of religion in creating European high culture. Chateaubriand's book did more than any other single work to restore the credibility and prestige of Christianity in intellectual circles and launched a fashionable rediscovery of the Middle Ages and their Christian civilisation. The revival was by no means confined to an intellectual elite, however, but was evident in the real, if uneven, rechristianisation of the French countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleon_III_(1848-1870)"><span id="Napoleon_III_.281848-1870.29"></span>Napoleon III (1848-1870)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Napoleon III (1848-1870)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> strongly supported Catholic interests, financing the church and supporting Catholic missionaries in the emerging French Empire. His primary goal was the conciliation of religious and anti-religious interests in France to avoid the conflicts that took place during the revolution and that reappeared after he lost power.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of foreign policy, the French army stopped the anti-clerical Kingdom of Italy from taking full control of Rome after it was formed in 1860 and took over parts of the papal states. In Paris, the conservative Gallican bishops helped the Emperor control the French people, while liberal Catholic intellectuals wanted to use the Church as an instrument of reform. A problem arose with Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a>, who reigned from 1846 to 1878. He started out as a liberal but suddenly, in the 1860s, became the leading champion of reactionary politics in Europe, in opposition to all forms of modern liberalism. He demanded complete control for the church over its religious and educational affairs and had the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a> (1869–70) decree <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a>. Napoleon III's foreign policy was too tightly tied to Rome's support for him to break with the Pope, but his close relationship with the Pope considerably weakened him domestically. In 1870 he had to bring his army home when he declared war on Prussia, and the kingdom of Italy promptly swallowed up the papal states, and the Pope's secular power shrunk to just the Vatican. The Vatican upset both liberal and conservative Catholics in France when it spoke out against progress, industrialization, capitalism, socialism, and almost every new idea. It also energized secular liberals, including many professionals, and the anti-clerical socialist movement. They stepped up their attacks on church control of schools.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Republic_(1870–1940)"><span id="Third_Republic_.281870.E2.80.931940.29"></span>Third Republic (1870–1940)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Third Republic (1870–1940)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a></div> <p>Throughout its lifetime, the Third Republic (1870–1940) saw battles over the status of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church in France</a> between the republicans and the monarchists and other authoritarians (such as the Napoleonists). The French Catholic clergy and bishops were closely associated with the monarchists, and its higher hierarchy was largely drawn from noble families. The republicans' power base was the <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clerical</a> middle class, which saw the Church's alliance with the monarchists as both a political threat to the republic and a threat to the modern spirit of progress. The republicans detested the Church for its political and class affiliations; for them, the Church represented the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>, a time in French history most republicans hoped was long behind them. The Republicans were strengthened by Protestant and Jewish support. Numerous laws successively weakened the Catholic Church. In 1879, priests were excluded from the administrative committees of hospitals and boards of charity; in 1880, new measures were directed against the religious congregations; from 1880 to 1890, lay women replaced nuns in many hospitals; and in 1882, the <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry_laws" title="Jules Ferry laws">Ferry school laws</a> were passed. <a href="/wiki/1801_Concordat" class="mw-redirect" title="1801 Concordat">Napoleon's Concordat of 1801</a> continued to ensure state funding of the church, but in 1881, the government cut off salaries to priests, which it disliked.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Republicans feared that religious orders in control of schools—especially the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assumptionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumptionist">Assumptionists</a>—indoctrinated anti-republicanism into children. Determined to root this out, republicans insisted the state needed control of the schools for France to achieve economic and militaristic progress. (Republicans felt one of the primary reasons for the German victory in 1870 was their superior education system.) </p><p>The early anti-Catholic laws were largely the work of republican <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a> in 1882. Religious instruction was pushed out of all schools, and religious orders were forbidden to teach in them. Funds were appropriated from religious schools to build more state schools. Later in the century, other laws passed by Ferry's successors further weakened the Church's position in French society. Civil marriage became the only legal one, divorce was introduced, and chaplains were removed from the army.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a> became pope in 1878, he tried to calm Church-State relations. In 1884, he told French bishops not to act in a hostile manner toward the State ('Nobilissima Gallorum Gens'<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In 1892, he issued an <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> advising French Catholics to rally to the Republic and defend the Church by participating in republican politics ('Au milieu des sollicitudes'<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). This attempt at improving the relationship failed. Deep-rooted suspicions remained on both sides and were inflamed by the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a> (1894–1906). Catholics were for the most part anti-Dreyfusard. The Assumptionists published anti-Semitic and anti-republican articles in their journal <a href="/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a>. This infuriated republican politicians, who were eager to take revenge. Often they worked in alliance with <a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Masonic lodges</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Waldeck-Rousseau" title="Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau">Waldeck-Rousseau Ministry</a> (1899–1902) and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Combes" title="Émile Combes">Combes Ministry (1902–05)</a> fought with the Vatican over the appointment of bishops. Chaplains were removed from naval and military hospitals in the years 1903 and 1904, and soldiers were ordered not to frequent Catholic clubs in 1904. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emile_Combes" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Combes">Emile Combes</a>, when elected Prime Minister in 1902, was determined to defeat Catholicism thoroughly. Shortly after taking office, he closed down all <a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">parochial schools</a> in France. Then he had parliament reject authorisation of all religious orders. This meant that all fifty-four orders in France were dissolved and about 20,000 members immediately left France, many for Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Combes government worked with Masonic lodges to create a secret surveillance of all army officers to make sure that devout Catholics would not be promoted. Exposed as the <a href="/wiki/Affaire_Des_Fiches" class="mw-redirect" title="Affaire Des Fiches">Affaire Des Fiches</a>, the scandal undermined support for the Combes government, and he resigned. It also undermined morale in the army, as officers realized that hostile spies examining their private lives were more important to their careers than their own professional accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1905:_Separation_of_Church_and_State">1905: Separation of Church and State</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1905: Separation of Church and State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State</a></div> <p>Radicals (as they called themselves) achieved their main goals in 1905: they repealed Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/1801_Concordat" class="mw-redirect" title="1801 Concordat">1801 Concordat</a>. Church and State were finally separated. All Church property was confiscated. Religious personnel were no longer paid by the State. Public worship was given over to associations of Catholic laymen who controlled access to churches. However, in practice, masses and rituals continued to be performed.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 law</a> instituted the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Church_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of Church and State">separation of Church and State</a> and prohibited the government from recognising, salarying, or subsidising any religion. The 1926 <a href="/wiki/Briand-Ceretti_Agreement" title="Briand-Ceretti Agreement">Briand-Ceretti Agreement</a> subsequently restored for a while a formal role for the state in the appointment of Catholic bishops, but evidence for its exercise is not easily obtained. Prior to 1905, the 1801–1808 <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat</a> compelled the State to support the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calvinist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist Church">Calvinist Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish religion</a>, and to fund public religious education in those established religions. </p><p>For historical reasons, this situation is still current in <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Moselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Moselle">Alsace-Moselle</a>, which was a German region in 1905 and only joined France again in 1918. Alsace-Moselle maintains a <a href="/wiki/Local_law_in_Alsace-Moselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Local law in Alsace-Moselle">local law</a> of pre-1918 statutes which include the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_in_Alsace-Moselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordat in Alsace-Moselle">Concordat</a>: the national government pays, as state civil servants, the clergy of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Metz" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Metz">diocese of Metz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Strasbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Strasbourg">of Strasbourg</a>, of the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_Augsburg_Confession_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine">Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformed_Church_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine">Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine</a>, and of the three regional <a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Judaism)" title="Consistory (Judaism)">Israelite consistories</a>, and it provides for now non-compulsory religious education in those religions in public schools and universities. Also for historical reasons, Catholic priests in <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> are civil servants of the local government. </p><p>Religious buildings built prior to 1905 at taxpayers' expense are retained by the local or national government, and may be used at no expense by religious organisations. As a consequence, most Catholic churches, Protestant temples, and Jewish synagogues are owned and maintained by the government but are assigned by the government to their respective religious communities for "legal, exclusive, free, perpetual use."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government, since 1905, has been prohibited from funding any post-1905 religious edifice, and thus religions must build and support all new religious buildings at their own expense. Some local governments <i>de facto</i> subsidise prayer rooms as part of greater "cultural associations". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_tensions">Recent tensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Recent tensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2005_civil_unrest_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 civil unrest in France">2005 civil unrest in France</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009_French_riots" title="2009 French riots">2009 French riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toulouse_and_Montauban_shootings" title="Toulouse and Montauban shootings">Toulouse and Montauban shootings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" title="Charlie Hebdo shooting">Charlie Hebdo shooting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">November 2015 Paris attacks</a></div> <p>An ongoing topic of controversy is whether the separation of Church and State should be weakened so that the government would be able to subsidise Muslim prayer rooms and the training of <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imams</a>. Advocates of such measures, such as <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> at times, declare that they would encourage the Muslim population to better integrate into the fabric of French society. Opponents contend that the state should not fund religions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/French_law_on_secularity_and_conspicuous_religious_symbols_in_schools" title="French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools">state ban</a> on wearing conspicuous religious symbols, such as the Islamic female <a href="/wiki/Headscarf" title="Headscarf">headscarf</a>, in public schools has alienated some French Muslims, provoked minor street protests and drawn some international criticism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the late 1950s after the end of the Algerian war, hundreds of thousands of Muslims, including some who had supported France (<a href="/wiki/Harkis" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkis">Harkis</a>), settled permanently to France. They went to the larger cities where they lived in subsidized public housing, and suffered very high unemployment rates.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2005, the predominantly Arab-immigrant suburbs of Paris, Lyon, Lille, and other French cities erupted in rioting by socially alienated young people, many of them second- or third-generation immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American University professor C. Schneider says: </p> <blockquote><p>For the next three convulsive weeks, riots spread from suburb to suburb, affecting more than three hundred towns....Nine thousand vehicles were torched, hundreds of public and commercial buildings destroyed, four thousand rioters arrested, and 125 police officers wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Traditional interpretations say the riots were spurred by radical Muslims or unemployed youth. Another view states that the riots reflected broader problem of racism and police violence in France.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2012, a Muslim radical named <a href="/wiki/Toulouse_and_Montauban_shootings" title="Toulouse and Montauban shootings">Mohammed Merah</a> shot three French soldiers and four Jewish citizens, including children in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montauban" title="Montauban">Montauban</a>. </p><p>In January 2015, the satirical newspaper <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo" title="Charlie Hebdo">Charlie Hebdo</a>, that had ridiculed Muhammad, and a Jewish grocery store <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" title="Charlie Hebdo shooting">came under attack</a> from radicalized Muslims who had been born and raised in the Paris region. World leaders rallied to Paris to show their support for free speech. Analysts agree that the episode had a profound impact on France. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> summarized the ongoing debate: </p> <blockquote><p>So as France grieves, it is also faced with profound questions about its future: How large is the radicalized part of the country's Muslim population, the largest in Europe? How deep is the rift between France's values of secularism, of individual, sexual and religious freedom, of freedom of the press and the freedom to shock, and a growing Muslim conservatism that rejects many of these values in the name of religion?<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:723px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique,_18h50,_une_foule_silencieuse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="On 11 January 2015, over 1 million demonstrators, plus dozens of foreign leaders, gather at the Place de la Republique to pledge solidarity to liberal French values, after the Charlie Hebdo shooting"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique%2C_18h50%2C_une_foule_silencieuse.jpg/715px-Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique%2C_18h50%2C_une_foule_silencieuse.jpg" decoding="async" width="715" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique%2C_18h50%2C_une_foule_silencieuse.jpg/1073px-Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique%2C_18h50%2C_une_foule_silencieuse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique%2C_18h50%2C_une_foule_silencieuse.jpg/1430px-Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique%2C_18h50%2C_une_foule_silencieuse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="822" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique,_18h50,_une_foule_silencieuse.jpg" title="File:Place de la République, 18h50, une foule silencieuse.jpg"> </a></div>On 11 January 2015, over 1 million demonstrators, plus dozens of foreign leaders, gather at the Place de la Republique to pledge solidarity to liberal French values, after the Charlie Hebdo shooting</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religions">Religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_France" title="Christianity in France">Christianity in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PA00078776-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Reims_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PA00078776-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Reims_5.jpg/220px-PA00078776-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Reims_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PA00078776-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Reims_5.jpg/330px-PA00078776-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Reims_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PA00078776-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Reims_5.jpg/440px-PA00078776-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Reims_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4568" data-file-height="3426" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>, built on the site where <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> was baptised by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a>, functioned as the site for the <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kings of France</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Christianity is the largest group of religions of France, but has recently stopped being a majority of the overall population. According to a survey held by <a href="/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27opinion_publique" title="Institut français d'opinion publique">Institut français d'opinion publique</a> (Ifop) for the centre-right <a href="/wiki/Institut_Montaigne" title="Institut Montaigne">Institut Montaigne</a> think-tank, 51.1% of the total population of France was Christian in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-2016Montaigne-IFOP_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016Montaigne-IFOP-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, a survey by <a href="/wiki/Ipsos" title="Ipsos">Ipsos</a> focused on Protestants and based on 31,155 interviews found that 57.5% of the total population of France declared to be Catholic and 3.1% declared to be Protestant.<sup id="cite_ref-reforme2017_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reforme2017-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, <i>Ipsos Global Trends</i>, a multi-nation survey held by Ipsos and based on approximately 1,000 interviews, found that Christianity is the religion of 45% of the working-age, internet connected population of France; 42% stated they were Catholic, 2% stated that they were Protestants, and 1% declared to belong to any Orthodox church.<sup id="cite_ref-Ipsos2017_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ipsos2017-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a>, a survey funded by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, found that Christianity was the religion of 47% of the French, with Catholicism being the main denomination with 41%, followed by Orthodox Christian, Protestants and other Christians with 2% each one.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France is home to a number of Marian shrines, notably the Cathedrale Notre-Dame de Chartres in <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>, Notre Dame de la Salette in La Salette, <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes</a>. It is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Taiz%C3%A9_Community" title="Taizé Community">Taizé Community</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical">ecumenical</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Fraternity" title="Fraternity">fraternity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taiz%C3%A9,_Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Taizé, Saône-et-Loire">Taizé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Saône-et-Loire">Saône-et-Loire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>. All are important pilgrimage sites. The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes appeals to a broader demographic, with 6 million people a year (before the pandemic) visiting Lourdes.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a focus on youth, Taize Community, on the other hand, has become one of the world's most important sites of Christian <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> with over 100,000 young people from around the world converging each year for prayer, <a href="/wiki/Bible_study_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible study (Christian)">Bible study</a>, sharing, and communal work.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (July 2021)">undue weight?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Religion_in_France#undue" title="Talk:Religion in France">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">Islam in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_@_Paris_(23577206030).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_%40_Paris_%2823577206030%29.jpg/220px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_%40_Paris_%2823577206030%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_%40_Paris_%2823577206030%29.jpg/330px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_%40_Paris_%2823577206030%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_%40_Paris_%2823577206030%29.jpg/440px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_%40_Paris_%2823577206030%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Paris" title="Grand Mosque of Paris">Grand Mosque of Paris</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A 2016 survey held by Institut Montaigne and Ifop found that 5.6% of the French population had an Islamic background, while 5.3% declared they were Muslims by faith. According to the same survey 84.9% of surveyed people who had at least one Muslim parent said were Muslims, 3.4% were Christians, 10.0% were not religious and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-2016Montaigne-IFOP_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016Montaigne-IFOP-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Pew Research, in 2050 France will be 12.7% Muslim in the zero migration scenario (no migration to or from Europe), 17.4% in the medium migration scenario (regular migration continues and refugee flows cease), or 18% in the high migration scenario (2014 to mid-2016 refugee inflow patterns continue as well as regular migration).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">History of the Jews in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thann_(Haut-Rhin)_la_synagogue_47.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Thann_%28Haut-Rhin%29_la_synagogue_47.jpg/220px-Thann_%28Haut-Rhin%29_la_synagogue_47.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Thann_%28Haut-Rhin%29_la_synagogue_47.jpg/330px-Thann_%28Haut-Rhin%29_la_synagogue_47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Thann_%28Haut-Rhin%29_la_synagogue_47.jpg/440px-Thann_%28Haut-Rhin%29_la_synagogue_47.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4217" data-file-height="2811" /></a><figcaption>Synagogue of <a href="/wiki/Thann,_Haut-Rhin" title="Thann, Haut-Rhin">Thann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2016, 0.8% of the total population of France, or about 535,000 people, were religious Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-2016Montaigne-IFOP_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016Montaigne-IFOP-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, France has the largest Jewish population in Europe and the third-largest Jewish population in the world (after Israel and the United States).<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish presence in France is documented since the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early Middle Ages</a>. France was a center of Jewish learning in the Middle Ages, but <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">persecution</a> increased as the Middle Ages wore on, including multiple expulsions and returns. During the late 18th-century <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, France was the first country in Europe to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">emancipate its Jewish population</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a> nonetheless persisted despite legal equality, manifested for instance in the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a> of the late 19th century. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Vichy government collaborated with Nazi occupiers to deport numerous French Jews and foreign Jewish refugees to concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 75% of the local Jewish population in France nonetheless survived the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bseditions.fr_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bseditions.fr-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a much higher percentage of the foreign Jewish refugees who had more recently arrived to France were deported and killed. </p><p>The majority of French Jews in the 21st century are <a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">North African Jews</a>, many of whom (or their parents) <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">emigrated</a> from former French colonies of <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">North Africa</a> after those countries became independent in the 1950s and 1960s. They migrated to France in the second half of the 20th century. French Jews span a wide range of religious affiliations, from the ultra-Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a> communities to the large segment of Jews who are entirely secular and who commonly marry outside the Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Hugon_abc13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Saint_Hugon_abc13.jpg/220px-Saint_Hugon_abc13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Saint_Hugon_abc13.jpg/330px-Saint_Hugon_abc13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Saint_Hugon_abc13.jpg/440px-Saint_Hugon_abc13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Saint Hugon in <a href="/wiki/Arvillard" title="Arvillard">Arvillard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a>, is a former <a href="/wiki/Charterhouse_(monastery)" title="Charterhouse (monastery)">charterhouse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusian</a> monastery) turned into a monastery of the Tibetan Buddhism (Karma Ling).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">Buddhism in France</a></div> <p>In the early 2000s, Buddhism in France was estimated to have between 1 million (Ministry of the Interior) adherents and 5 million people somewhat influenced by Buddhist doctrines, numbers which usually do not show up in surveys because of the vague identity of Buddhism as a religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGira2011–2012VIII–IX_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGira2011–2012VIII–IX-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2020 national survey by the INSEE, indeed, found that 0.5% of the French population, or about 320,000 people, declared themselves Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INSEE2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the scholar Dennis Gira, former director of the Institute of Science and Theology of Religions of Paris, Buddhism in France has a missionary nature and is undergoing a process of "<a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">inculturation</a>" that may represent a new turning of the "<a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Wheel of the Dharma</a>", similar to those that it underwent in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japan</a>, from which a new incarnation of the doctrine — a "French Buddhism" — will possibly arise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGira2011–2012passim_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGira2011–2012passim-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various Buddhist traditions are practised in France, including <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a>, Southeast Asian <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGira2011–2012VIII_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGira2011–2012VIII-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest and most important tradition in the country, however, is Tibetan Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGira2011–2012VII,_n._19_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGira2011–2012VII,_n._19-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vajradhara-Ling_P1060693.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Vajradhara-Ling (Tibetan) in Aubry-le-Panthou, Orne."><img alt="Vajradhara-Ling (Tibetan) in Aubry-le-Panthou, Orne." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Vajradhara-Ling_P1060693.JPG/120px-Vajradhara-Ling_P1060693.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Vajradhara-Ling_P1060693.JPG/180px-Vajradhara-Ling_P1060693.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Vajradhara-Ling_P1060693.JPG/240px-Vajradhara-Ling_P1060693.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vajradhara-Ling" title="Vajradhara-Ling">Vajradhara-Ling</a> (Tibetan) in <a href="/wiki/Aubry-le-Panthou" title="Aubry-le-Panthou">Aubry-le-Panthou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orne" title="Orne">Orne</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1010956_temple_bouddhiste_Lerab_Ling_et_la_vallee.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lerab Ling (Tibetan) in Roqueredonde, Hérault."><img alt="Lerab Ling (Tibetan) in Roqueredonde, Hérault." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P1010956_temple_bouddhiste_Lerab_Ling_et_la_vallee.JPG/120px-P1010956_temple_bouddhiste_Lerab_Ling_et_la_vallee.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P1010956_temple_bouddhiste_Lerab_Ling_et_la_vallee.JPG/180px-P1010956_temple_bouddhiste_Lerab_Ling_et_la_vallee.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/P1010956_temple_bouddhiste_Lerab_Ling_et_la_vallee.JPG/240px-P1010956_temple_bouddhiste_Lerab_Ling_et_la_vallee.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lerab_Ling" title="Lerab Ling">Lerab Ling</a> (Tibetan) in <a href="/wiki/Roqueredonde" title="Roqueredonde">Roqueredonde</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rault" title="Hérault">Hérault</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_des_1000_Boudhas_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dashang Kagyu Ling (Tibetan) in La Boulaye, Saône-et-Loire."><img alt="Dashang Kagyu Ling (Tibetan) in La Boulaye, Saône-et-Loire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Temple_des_1000_Boudhas_3.jpg/120px-Temple_des_1000_Boudhas_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Temple_des_1000_Boudhas_3.jpg/180px-Temple_des_1000_Boudhas_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Temple_des_1000_Boudhas_3.jpg/240px-Temple_des_1000_Boudhas_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dashang Kagyu Ling (Tibetan) in <a href="/wiki/La_Boulaye" title="La Boulaye">La Boulaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Saône-et-Loire">Saône-et-Loire</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ho_Sho_Ji.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ho Sho Ji (Japanese Zen) in Larzac, Dordogne."><img alt="Ho Sho Ji (Japanese Zen) in Larzac, Dordogne." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ho_Sho_Ji.jpg/120px-Ho_Sho_Ji.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ho_Sho_Ji.jpg/180px-Ho_Sho_Ji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ho_Sho_Ji.jpg/240px-Ho_Sho_Ji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ho Sho Ji (Japanese Zen) in <a href="/wiki/Larzac,_Dordogne" title="Larzac, Dordogne">Larzac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Thammapathip_%C3%A0_Moissy-Cramayel_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2017_-_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gardens of Wat Thammapathip (Southeast Asian Theravada) in Moissy-Cramayel, Seine-et-Marne."><img alt="Gardens of Wat Thammapathip (Southeast Asian Theravada) in Moissy-Cramayel, Seine-et-Marne." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Wat_Thammapathip_%C3%A0_Moissy-Cramayel_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2017_-_18.jpg/120px-Wat_Thammapathip_%C3%A0_Moissy-Cramayel_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2017_-_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Wat_Thammapathip_%C3%A0_Moissy-Cramayel_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2017_-_18.jpg/180px-Wat_Thammapathip_%C3%A0_Moissy-Cramayel_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2017_-_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Wat_Thammapathip_%C3%A0_Moissy-Cramayel_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2017_-_18.jpg/240px-Wat_Thammapathip_%C3%A0_Moissy-Cramayel_le_20_ao%C3%BBt_2017_-_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gardens of Wat Thammapathip (Southeast Asian Theravada) in <a href="/wiki/Moissy-Cramayel" title="Moissy-Cramayel">Moissy-Cramayel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seine-et-Marne" title="Seine-et-Marne">Seine-et-Marne</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_France" title="Hinduism in France">Hinduism in France</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is a minority religion followed in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> by 0.25% of total population,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly by <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_France" title="Indians in France">Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankans">Sri Lankans</a>, in whom <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_France" title="Tamils in France">Tamils</a> community forms a major group in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hinduism is most influential in the French Overseas department of Réunion where estimates of practicing Hindus vary from 6.7%<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 10.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-religiousintelligence_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religiousintelligence-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most of the large towns have a functioning <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though being in very small number, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu culture">Hindu culture</a> has deeply influenced the society of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> by <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a> and in recent times organizations like <a href="/wiki/Isckon" class="mw-redirect" title="Isckon">ISKCON</a> have played a major role.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, French-Indian <a href="/wiki/Mirra_Alfassa" title="Mirra Alfassa">Mirra Alfassa</a> known to her followers as The Mother or <i>La Mère</i> founded the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo_Ashram" title="Sri Aurobindo Ashram">Sri Aurobindo Ashram</a> and was highly influential on the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral Yoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paganism">Paganism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Paganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Scouezec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Le_Scouezec.jpg/220px-Le_Scouezec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Le_Scouezec.jpg/330px-Le_Scouezec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Le_Scouezec.jpg/440px-Le_Scouezec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="2824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gwenc%27hlan_Le_Scou%C3%ABzec" title="Gwenc'hlan Le Scouëzec">Gwenc'hlan Le Scouëzec</a>, Grand Druid of Brittany and France from 1980 to 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> — in the sense of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> — in France has been described as twofold, on one side represented by ethnically identitarian religious movements and on the other side by a variety of witchcraft and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanic</a> traditions without ethnic connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucré2014_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucré2014-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the French historian of ideas and far-right ideologies Stéphane François, the term "pagan" (Latin <i>paganus</i>), appropriated by Christians to define those who maintained polytheistic religions, forsooth originally meant "countryman" in the sense of "citizen", and therefore defined the "insiders", those belonging to the main cultural tradition and citizenry, whilst its opposite term was "alien" (Latin <i>alienus</i>), which defined the "others", the "outsiders", and therefore Christians. Modern French Pagans belonging to the identitarian movements hark back to this meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucré2014_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucré2014-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Identitarian Pagan movements are the majority among French Pagans and are mostly represented by <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Heathenry" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Heathenry">Germanic Heathenry</a>, and many of them uphold the idea of a superiority of the white race and of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-Europeans</a>, and are aligned with the <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i> political movement, espousing the idea that each ethnically defined folk has its own natural land and natural religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucré2014_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucré2014-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identitarian Pagan movement promotes a warrior ethic against what it perceives as an erosion of French and European culture due to immigration and <a href="/wiki/Islamisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamisation">Islamisation</a>, so that Jean Haudry, a longtime identitarian Pagan and professor of linguistics at <a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin_University_Lyon_3" title="Jean Moulin University Lyon 3">Lyon III</a>, in a 2001 article entitled <i>Païens !</i> for the journal of the organisation <i>Terre et Peuple</i> wrote that "Pagans will be at the forefront of the reconquest (of Europe)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucré2014_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucré2014-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Dominique Venner</a>, who committed suicide in 2013 inside <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a> in protest against the erosion of French culture, was a Pagan close to the <a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">Research and Study Group for European Civilisation</a> (GRECE), an identitarian Pagan think-tank founded by the <i>Nouvelle Droite</i> ideologist <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucré2014_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucré2014-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other politically engaged Pagans include Pierre Vial, who with other members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">National Front</a> was among the founders of <i>Terre et Peuple</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucré2014_67-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucré2014-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_scientologie_Lyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%C3%89glise_scientologie_Lyon.jpg/220px-%C3%89glise_scientologie_Lyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%C3%89glise_scientologie_Lyon.jpg/330px-%C3%89glise_scientologie_Lyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%C3%89glise_scientologie_Lyon.jpg/440px-%C3%89glise_scientologie_Lyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Hall of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_France" title="Baháʼí Faith in France">Baháʼí Faith in France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_France" title="Scientology in France">Scientology in France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">Sikhism in France</a></div> <p>The 2020 national survey conducted by the INSEE found that about 1% of the French population adhered to minority religions not identifiable as Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, or Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INSEE2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the French sociologist <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Dericquebourg" title="Régis Dericquebourg">Régis Dericquebourg</a>, in 2003 the main small religious minorities were Christian groups — including the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (130,000 members and 70,000 sympathisers, categorised as Christians), <a href="/wiki/Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventists">Adventists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormons</a> (31,000 members) —, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Scientologists</a> (4,000), and Buddhists of the <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDericquebourg2003_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDericquebourg2003-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2007 edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Quid_(encyclopedia)" title="Quid (encyclopedia)">Quid</a></i> encyclopedia, other notable religious minorities included the <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a> (20,000), <a href="/wiki/Dunovism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunovism">Dunovism</a> (20,000), <a href="/wiki/Sukyo_Mahikari" title="Sukyo Mahikari">Sukyo Mahikari</a> (15,000–20,000), the <a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a> (10,000), the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Alliance" title="Universal Alliance">Universal Alliance</a> (1,000), and the <a href="/wiki/Grail_Movement" title="Grail Movement">Grail Movement</a> (950).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dericquebourg further documented that groups with around 1,000 members included <a href="/wiki/Antoinism" title="Antoinism">Antoinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aumism" title="Aumism">Aumism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_Life" title="Invitation to Life">Invitation to Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a> (Hare Krishna), while <a href="/wiki/Unificationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Unificationism">Unificationism</a> had around 400 members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDericquebourg2003_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDericquebourg2003-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, the French government has been closely monitoring minority religious groups — through the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Commission_on_Cults_in_France" title="Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France">Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/MIVILUDES" title="MIVILUDES">MIVILUDES</a> — in order to identify socially disruptive and/or dangerous tendencies among them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDericquebourg2003_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDericquebourg2003-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Mayapur_-_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Mayapur Temple of the Hare Krishna in Luçay-le-Mâle, Indre."><img alt="New Mayapur Temple of the Hare Krishna in Luçay-le-Mâle, Indre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/New_Mayapur_-_24.jpg/120px-New_Mayapur_-_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/New_Mayapur_-_24.jpg/180px-New_Mayapur_-_24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/New_Mayapur_-_24.jpg/240px-New_Mayapur_-_24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">New Mayapur Temple of the Hare Krishna in <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%A7ay-le-M%C3%A2le" title="Luçay-le-Mâle">Luçay-le-Mâle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indre" title="Indre">Indre</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Culte_sikh_%C3%A0_Bobigny.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Singh Sabha Temple of the Sikh community in Bobigny, Île-de-France."><img alt="Singh Sabha Temple of the Sikh community in Bobigny, Île-de-France." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Culte_sikh_%C3%A0_Bobigny.jpg/120px-Culte_sikh_%C3%A0_Bobigny.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Culte_sikh_%C3%A0_Bobigny.jpg/180px-Culte_sikh_%C3%A0_Bobigny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Culte_sikh_%C3%A0_Bobigny.jpg/240px-Culte_sikh_%C3%A0_Bobigny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4045" data-file-height="2111" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Singh Sabha Temple of the Sikh community in <a href="/wiki/Bobigny" title="Bobigny">Bobigny</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouddha_-_Chinese_New_Year,_Paris,_2011_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of the goddess Shuiwei Shengniang of Hainanese folk religion, carried in procession for the 2011 Chinese New Year in Paris."><img alt="Statue of the goddess Shuiwei Shengniang of Hainanese folk religion, carried in procession for the 2011 Chinese New Year in Paris." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bouddha_-_Chinese_New_Year%2C_Paris%2C_2011_n2.jpg/120px-Bouddha_-_Chinese_New_Year%2C_Paris%2C_2011_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bouddha_-_Chinese_New_Year%2C_Paris%2C_2011_n2.jpg/180px-Bouddha_-_Chinese_New_Year%2C_Paris%2C_2011_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bouddha_-_Chinese_New_Year%2C_Paris%2C_2011_n2.jpg/240px-Bouddha_-_Chinese_New_Year%2C_Paris%2C_2011_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Shuiwei_Shengniang" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuiwei Shengniang">Shuiwei Shengniang</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">folk religion</a>, carried in procession for the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> in Paris.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eglise_Antoiniste.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antoinist temple in Paris, Rue Vergniaud."><img alt="Antoinist temple in Paris, Rue Vergniaud." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eglise_Antoiniste.jpg/120px-Eglise_Antoiniste.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eglise_Antoiniste.jpg/180px-Eglise_Antoiniste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eglise_Antoiniste.jpg/240px-Eglise_Antoiniste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Antoinist temple in Paris, Rue Vergniaud.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandarom_IMG_0080.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandarom, the main centre of Aumism near Castellane, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence."><img alt="Mandarom, the main centre of Aumism near Castellane, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mandarom_IMG_0080.jpg/120px-Mandarom_IMG_0080.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mandarom_IMG_0080.jpg/180px-Mandarom_IMG_0080.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mandarom_IMG_0080.jpg/240px-Mandarom_IMG_0080.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3396" data-file-height="2144" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mandarom, the main centre of <a href="/wiki/Aumism" title="Aumism">Aumism</a> near <a href="/wiki/Castellane" title="Castellane">Castellane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpes-de-Haute-Provence" title="Alpes-de-Haute-Provence">Alpes-de-Haute-Provence</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies_and_incidents">Controversies and incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Controversies and incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_of_Islam_and_conflict_with_laïcité"><span id="Growth_of_Islam_and_conflict_with_la.C3.AFcit.C3.A9"></span>Growth of Islam and conflict with <i>laïcité</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Growth of Islam and conflict with laïcité"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wasselonne_carr%C3%A9_musulman_cimeti%C3%A8re_catholique.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wasselonne_carr%C3%A9_musulman_cimeti%C3%A8re_catholique.png/220px-Wasselonne_carr%C3%A9_musulman_cimeti%C3%A8re_catholique.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wasselonne_carr%C3%A9_musulman_cimeti%C3%A8re_catholique.png/330px-Wasselonne_carr%C3%A9_musulman_cimeti%C3%A8re_catholique.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wasselonne_carr%C3%A9_musulman_cimeti%C3%A8re_catholique.png/440px-Wasselonne_carr%C3%A9_musulman_cimeti%C3%A8re_catholique.png 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1435" /></a><figcaption>Islamic grave at a French cemetery.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a> region, French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, and the vast majority of them consider themselves loyal to France.<sup id="cite_ref-euro-islam.info_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euro-islam.info-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Muslims in Paris in the early 2010s, 77% disagreed when asked whether violence is an acceptable moral response for a noble cause or not; 73% said that they were loyal to France; and 18% believed homosexuality to be acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-euro-islam.info_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euro-islam.info-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, there were 2,500 mosques in France, up from 2,000 in 2011. In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Dalil_Boubakeur" title="Dalil Boubakeur">Dalil Boubakeur</a>, rector of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Paris" title="Grand Mosque of Paris">Grand Mosque of Paris</a>, said the number should be doubled to accommodate the large and growing population of French Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Financing the construction of mosques was a problematic issue for a long time; French authorities were concerned that foreign capital could be used to acquire influence in France, and so in the late 1980s it was decided to favour the formation of a "French Islam", though the <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 law on religions</a> forbids the funding of religious groups by the state. According to Salah Bariki, advisor to the mayor of Marseille in 2001, at a Koranic school in Nièvre, only three percent of the books were written in French, and everything was financed from abroad. She supported the public's participation in financing an Islamic cultural centre in Marseille to encourage Muslims to develop and use French learning materials in order to thwart foreign indoctrination. Even secular Muslims and members of civil society were to be represented by the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-UA_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UA-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local authorities have financed the construction of mosques, sometimes without minarets, and called them Islamic "cultural centres" or municipal halls rented to "civil associations". In the case of the plans to build the Mosque of Marseille, due to protests and a tribunal decision by the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally (France)">National Rally</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">National Republican Movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_pour_la_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement pour la France">Mouvement pour la France</a>, the rent of an 8,000 m<sup>2</sup> (86,111 sq ft) terrain for the mosque was increased from €300/year to €24,000/year and the renting period was reduced from 99 to 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-UA_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UA-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charlie_Hebdo_shooting"><i>Charlie Hebdo</i> shooting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Charlie Hebdo shooting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Religion_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Religion in France">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" title="Charlie Hebdo shooting">Charlie Hebdo shooting</a></div> <p>France came to an uproar in January 2015, when eight writers and cartoonists were shot dead by two terrorists who raided the French satirical magazine <i>Charlie Hebdo.</i> For years, it had been threatened by Muslim fundamentalists for publishing cartoons criticizing <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. While condemnation of this attack was unanimous in the West and among the internationally recognized governments of the Muslim world, some militants approved, stating that it was right to kill those who insulted Muhammad. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_France" title="Freedom of religion in France">Freedom of religion in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_France" title="Irreligion in France">Irreligion in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry_laws" title="Jules Ferry laws">Jules Ferry laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">Laïcité</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-greek"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2020-INSEE-methodology-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2020-INSEE-methodology_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020-INSEE-methodology_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The 2020 survey of religion by <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> was conducted on a nationally representative large sample (≈ 28,000) of people aged 18–49 and 18–59. It is reputed to be representative of the whole population of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a>, comprising French people without immigrant background, French people with immigrant background since various generations, as well as first-generation immigrant citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INSEE2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 48.">: p. 48. </span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWolf1962" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, John Baptiste Wolf (1962). <i>The Emergence of European Civilization: From the Middle Ages to the Opening of the Nineteenth Century</i>. University of Virginia Press. p. 419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789733203162" title="Special:BookSources/9789733203162"><bdi>9789733203162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+European+Civilization%3A+From+the+Middle+Ages+to+the+Opening+of+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9789733203162&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=John+Baptiste+Wolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParisse2000" class="citation book cs1">Parisse, Michael (2000). "Lotharingia". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900–c. 1024</i>. Vol. III. Cambridge University Press. pp. 313–315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521364478" title="Special:BookSources/9780521364478"><bdi>9780521364478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lotharingia&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+c.+900%E2%80%93c.+1024&rft.pages=313-315&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521364478&rft.aulast=Parisse&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census-national-survey-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census-national-survey_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census-national-survey_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census-national-survey_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Official statistics yielded by the French <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques">National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies</a> (INSEE) and its predecessor, the General Statistics of France (SGF): <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrouhotSimonTiberj2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Drouhot, Lucas; Simon, Patrick; Tiberj, Vincent (30 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6793308/IMMFRA23-D2.pdf">"La diversité religieuse en France : transmissions intergénérationnelles et pratiques selon les origines"</a> [Religious diversity in France: Intergenerational transmissions and practices according to the origins] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). INSEE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330154402/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6793308/IMMFRA23-D2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+diversit%C3%A9+religieuse+en+France+%3A+transmissions+interg%C3%A9n%C3%A9rationnelles+et+pratiques+selon+les+origines&rft.pub=INSEE&rft.date=2023-03-30&rft.aulast=Drouhot&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft.au=Simon%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Tiberj%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2Ffichier%2F6793308%2FIMMFRA23-D2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span> — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6793308/IMMFRA23-D2.xlsx">"Statistical tables"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLSX file)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913020418/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6793308/IMMFRA23-D2.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+tables&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2Ffichier%2F6793308%2FIMMFRA23-D2.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulat1956" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poulat, Emile (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Poulard1956ASR.pdf">"Les cultes dans les statistiques officielles en France au XIXè siècle"</a> [Cults according to official statistics in 19th-century France] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archives de sociologie des religions</i> (study containing data from the 1851, 1861, 1866, and 1872 censuses held by the SGF; the 1872 census did not cover the whole territory of today's France since <a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a> was yolden to the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> the foregoing year and would have remained part of it until 1918, when it was incorporated again into France) (in French) (2): 22–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fassr.1956.1292">10.3406/assr.1956.1292</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129194956/http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Poulard1956ASR.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 November 2020 – via <i><a href="/wiki/Pers%C3%A9e_(web_portal)" title="Persée (web portal)">Persée</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+de+sociologie+des+religions&rft.atitle=Les+cultes+dans+les+statistiques+officielles+en+France+au+XIX%C3%A8+si%C3%A8cle&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=22-26&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fassr.1956.1292&rft.aulast=Poulat&rft.aufirst=Emile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpiketty.pse.ens.fr%2Ffiles%2FPoulard1956ASR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20220213204020/https://archined.ined.fr/download/publication/AX3JfgRDQw0312HDrH_V/72c2a4516c713d320d83f98f7ae1fb791639762897381.xlsx">"Demographic indicators (metropolitan and whole France)"</a>. Institut national d'études démographiques (INED). 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archined.ined.fr/download/publication/AX3JfgRDQw0312HDrH_V/72c2a4516c713d320d83f98f7ae1fb791639762897381.xlsx">the original</a> on 13 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographic+indicators+%28metropolitan+and+whole+France%29&rft.pub=Institut+national+d%27%C3%A9tudes+d%C3%A9mographiques+%28INED%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchined.ined.fr%2Fdownload%2Fpublication%2FAX3JfgRDQw0312HDrH_V%2F72c2a4516c713d320d83f98f7ae1fb791639762897381.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB202122-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB202122_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB202122_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/s2237_95_2_516_eng?locale=en">"Special Eurobarometer 516 : European citizens' knowledge and attitudes towards science and technology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/European_Data_Portal" title="European Data Portal">European Data Portal</a> (see Volume C: Country/socio-demographics: BE: Question D90.2.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Eurobarometer+516+%3A+European+citizens%27+knowledge+and+attitudes+towards+science+and+technology&rft.pub=European+Union%3A+European+Commission&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.europa.eu%2Fdata%2Fdatasets%2Fs2237_95_2_516_eng%3Flocale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov_data-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gov_data_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gov_data_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118103656/https://www.gouvernement.fr/sites/default/files/contenu/piece-jointe/2021/02/etat_des_lieux_de_la_laicite_en_france._viavoice_-_observatoire_de_la_laicite._2021.pdf">"Etat des lieux de la laïcité en France - 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (official statistics) (in French). Observatoire de la laïcité, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Government of France</a>. p. 37. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gouvernement.fr/sites/default/files/contenu/piece-jointe/2021/02/etat_des_lieux_de_la_laicite_en_france._viavoice_-_observatoire_de_la_laicite._2021.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etat+des+lieux+de+la+la%C3%AFcit%C3%A9+en+France+-+2021&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Observatoire+de+la+la%C3%AFcit%C3%A9%2C+Government+of+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gouvernement.fr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcontenu%2Fpiece-jointe%2F2021%2F02%2Fetat_des_lieux_de_la_laicite_en_france._viavoice_-_observatoire_de_la_laicite._2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INSEE2020-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSEE2020_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrouhotSimonTiberj2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Drouhot, Lucas; Simon, Patrick; Tiberj, Vincent (30 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6793308/IMMFRA23-D2.pdf">"La diversité religieuse en France : transmissions intergénérationnelles et pratiques selon les origines"</a> [Religious diversity in France: Intergenerational transmissions and practices according to the origins] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (official statistics) (in French). <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques">National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies</a> (INSEE). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330154402/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6793308/IMMFRA23-D2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+diversit%C3%A9+religieuse+en+France+%3A+transmissions+interg%C3%A9n%C3%A9rationnelles+et+pratiques+selon+les+origines&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Statistics+and+Economic+Studies+%28INSEE%29&rft.date=2023-03-30&rft.aulast=Drouhot&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft.au=Simon%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Tiberj%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2Ffichier%2F6793308%2FIMMFRA23-D2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span> — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6793308/IMMFRA23-D2.xlsx">"Statistical tables"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLSX file)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913020418/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6793308/IMMFRA23-D2.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+tables&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2Ffichier%2F6793308%2FIMMFRA23-D2.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaubérot2001" class="citation web cs1">Baubérot, Jean (15 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222013645/http://www.ambafrance-us.org/atoz/secular.asp">"The Secular Principle"</a>. Embassy of France in the US. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambafrance-us.org/atoz/secular.asp">the original</a> on 22 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Secular+Principle&rft.pub=Embassy+of+France+in+the+US&rft.date=2001-03-15&rft.aulast=Baub%C3%A9rot&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambafrance-us.org%2Fatoz%2Fsecular.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth Whelan, and Carol Baxter, eds. <i>Toleration and religious identity: the Edict of Nantes and its implications in France, Britain and Ireland</i> (Four Courts PressLtd, 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jackson_J._Spielvogel" title="Jackson J. Spielvogel">Spielvogel, Jackson J.</a> (2003). <i>Western Civilization – Volume II: Since 1500</i> (5th ed.). p. 410.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization+%E2%80%93+Volume+II%3A+Since+1500&rft.pages=410&rft.edition=5th&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoutard1985" class="citation book cs1">Joutard, Philippe (1985). "The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes: End or Renewal of French Protestantism?". In Prestwich, Menna (ed.). <i>International Calvinism, 1541-1715</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821933-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821933-0"><bdi>978-0-19-821933-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Revocation+of+the+Edict+of+Nantes%3A+End+or+Renewal+of+French+Protestantism%3F&rft.btitle=International+Calvinism%2C+1541-1715&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821933-0&rft.aulast=Joutard&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Betros2010-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Betros2010_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Betros2010_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetros2010" class="citation journal cs1">Betros, Gemma (December 2010). "The French Revolution and the Catholic Church". <i>History Review</i> (68): 16–21. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/818499173">818499173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Review&rft.atitle=The+French+Revolution+and+the+Catholic+Church&rft.issue=68&rft.pages=16-21&rft.date=2010-12&rft.aulast=Betros&rft.aufirst=Gemma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGliozzo1971" class="citation journal cs1">Gliozzo, Charles A. (1971). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=auroville.org&rft.atitle=The+Mother+%7C+Auroville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauroville.org%2Fpage%2Fthe-mother&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucré2014-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucré2014_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucré2014_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucré2014_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucré2014_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucré2014_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucré2014_67-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDucré2014">Ducré 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDericquebourg2003-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDericquebourg2003_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDericquebourg2003_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDericquebourg2003_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDericquebourg2003">Dericquebourg 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806045719/http://www.quid.fr/2007/Religions/Les_Sectes_En_France/1">"Les sectes en France: Nombre d'adeptes ou sympathisants"</a> [Sects in France: Number of followers or sympathisers]. <i><a href="/wiki/Quid_(encyclopedia)" title="Quid (encyclopedia)">Quid</a></i> (in French). 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quid.fr/2007/Religions/Les_Sectes_En_France/1">the original</a> on 6 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+sectes+en+France%3A+Nombre+d%27adeptes+ou+sympathisants&rft.btitle=Quid&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quid.fr%2F2007%2FReligions%2FLes_Sectes_En_France%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-euro-islam.info-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-euro-islam.info_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-euro-islam.info_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTajuddin" class="citation web cs1">Tajuddin, Razia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104112728/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/">"Islam in Paris"</a>. Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/">the original</a> on 4 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Paris&rft.pub=Euro-Islam%3A+News+and+Analysis+on+Islam+in+Europe+and+North+America&rft.aulast=Tajuddin&rft.aufirst=Razia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euro-islam.info%2Fcountry-profiles%2Fcity-profiles%2Fparis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2015" class="citation web cs1">Cole, Juan (1 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html">"Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris"</a>. <i>Informed Comment</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Informed+Comment&rft.atitle=Sharpening+Contradictions%3A+Why+al-Qaeda+attacked+Satirists+in+Paris&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juancole.com%2F2015%2F01%2Fsharpening-contradictions-satirists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2015" class="citation news cs1">Porter, Tim (16 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/french-muslim-leader-dalil-boubaker-calls-empty-catholic-churches-be-turned-into-mosques-1506417">"French Muslim leader Dalil Boubaker calls for empty Catholic churches to be turned into mosques"</a>. <i>International Business Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=French+Muslim+leader+Dalil+Boubaker+calls+for+empty+Catholic+churches+to+be+turned+into+mosques&rft.date=2015-06-16&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Ffrench-muslim-leader-dalil-boubaker-calls-empty-catholic-churches-be-turned-into-mosques-1506417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UA-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UA_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UA_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaussen2009" class="citation news cs1">Maussen, M. J. M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dare.uva.nl/document/124687">"Constructing mosques: The governance of Islam in France and the Netherlands"</a>. UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository), University of Amsterdam. pp. 155, 186, 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Constructing+mosques%3A+The+governance+of+Islam+in+France+and+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=155%2C+186%2C+172&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Maussen&rft.aufirst=M.+J.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdare.uva.nl%2Fdocument%2F124687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_France&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_France#Religion" title="Bibliography of France">Bibliography of France § Religion</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChelini-PontFerchiche2015" class="citation book cs1">Chelini-Pont, Blandine; Ferchiche, Nassima (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classic.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/France%202014%20FINAL.pdf">"Religion and the Secular State: French Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Thayer, Donlu D. (ed.). <i>Religion and the Secular State: National Reports</i>. Madrid, Spain: <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Complutense University of Madrid</a>, Faculty of Law. pp. 267–289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788484811626" title="Special:BookSources/9788484811626"><bdi>9788484811626</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240610082044/https://classic.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/France%202014%20FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+and+the+Secular+State%3A+French+Report&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Secular+State%3A+National+Reports&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.pages=267-289&rft.pub=Complutense+University+of+Madrid%2C+Faculty+of+Law&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9788484811626&rft.aulast=Chelini-Pont&rft.aufirst=Blandine&rft.au=Ferchiche%2C+Nassima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassic.iclrs.org%2Fcontent%2Fblurb%2Ffiles%2FFrance%25202014%2520FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDericquebourg2003" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dericquebourg, Régis (9–12 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cesnur.org/2003/vil2003_dericquebourg_fr.htm"><i>De la MILS à la MIVILUDES: la politique envers les sectes en France après la chute du governement socialiste</i></a> [<i>From MILS to MIVILUDES: The policy towards sects in France after the fall of the socialist government</i>]. CENSUR International Conference (in French). Vilnius, Lithuania: CESNUR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=De+la+MILS+%C3%A0+la+MIVILUDES%3A+la+politique+envers+les+sectes+en+France+apr%C3%A8s+la+chute+du+governement+socialiste&rft.place=Vilnius%2C+Lithuania&rft.pub=CESNUR&rft.date=2003-04-09%2F2003-04-12&rft.aulast=Dericquebourg&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cesnur.org%2F2003%2Fvil2003_dericquebourg_fr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucré2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ducré, Léa (26 March 2014). "Les deux visages du néopaganisme français" [The two faces of French Neopaganism]. <i>Le Monde des religions</i> (in French). Paris, France: <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Le_Monde" title="Groupe Le Monde">Groupe Le Monde</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+des+religions&rft.atitle=Les+deux+visages+du+n%C3%A9opaganisme+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft.aulast=Ducr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGira2011–2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gira, Dennis (2011–2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.cairn.info/journal-etudes-2011-12-page-641?lang=en">"The "Inculturation" of Buddhism in France"</a>. <i>Études</i>. <b>415</b>. Paris, France: S.E.R.: 641–652. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-1941">0014-1941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes&rft.atitle=The+%22Inculturation%22+of+Buddhism+in+France&rft.volume=415&rft.pages=641-652&rft.date=2011%2F2012&rft.issn=0014-1941&rft.aulast=Gira&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshs.cairn.info%2Fjournal-etudes-2011-12-page-641%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_PapeLaakiliMossière2017" class="citation journal cs1">Le Pape, Loïc; Laakili, Myriam; Mossière, Géraldine (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shs.cairn.info/journal-ethnologie-francaise-2017-4-page-637?lang=en">"Converting to Islam in France: In between original bonds and new communities of faith"</a>. <i>Ethnologie française</i>. <b>47</b> (4). Paris, France: <a href="/wiki/Presses_Universitaires_de_France" title="Presses Universitaires de France">Presses Universitaires de France</a>: 637–648.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnologie+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.atitle=Converting+to+Islam+in+France%3A+In+between+original+bonds+and+new+communities+of+faith&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=637-648&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Le+Pape&rft.aufirst=Lo%C3%AFc&rft.au=Laakili%2C+Myriam&rft.au=Mossi%C3%A8re%2C+G%C3%A9raldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshs.cairn.info%2Fjournal-ethnologie-francaise-2017-4-page-637%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedgwick2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sedgwick, Mark (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2728169/view">"Against Modernity: Western Traditionalism and Islam"</a>. <i>Isim Newsletter</i>. <b>7</b> (1). Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>: 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isim+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Against+Modernity%3A+Western+Traditionalism+and+Islam&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sedgwick&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl%2Faccess%2Fitem%253A2728169%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_journalism" title="History of French journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">Liberalism and radicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution_of_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Revolution of 1756">Diplomatic Revolution of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">Coup of 2 December 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">1900 to present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#France,_Benelux_countries" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">2021 labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_France" title="Borders of France">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" title="List of islands of France">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" title="List of lakes of France">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" title="List of French mountains by prominence">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">presidential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_France" title="Intersex rights in France">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_criminal_law" title="French criminal law">criminal law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France#Agriculture" title="Economy of France">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_France" title="List of exports of France">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">Franc (former currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">French subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_France" title="Mining in France">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_France" title="List of trade unions in France">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_France" title="Category:Society of France">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_France" title="Birth control in France">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_France" title="Crime in France">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_France" title="Homelessness in France">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">Poverty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" title="Social protection in France">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" title="List of Remarkable Gardens of France">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" title="Public holidays in France">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"><div><div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline</a></li></ul> </div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France" title="Category:France">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_France" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject France">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_France" title="Template:Religion in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_France" title="Template talk:Religion in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abrahamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_France" title="Christianity in France">Christianity in France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholicism in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_France" title="Protestantism in France">Protestantism in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_France" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in France">Eastern Orthodoxy in France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">Islam in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in France">Judaism in France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dharmic/Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_France" title="Hinduism in France">Hinduism in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">Buddhism in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">Sikhism in France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_France" title="Scientology in France">Scientology in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_France" title="Irreligion in France">Irreligion in France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Europe" title="Template:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Abkhazia" title="Religion in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Ossetia" title="Religion in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Transnistria" title="Religion in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Religion in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jersey" title="Religion in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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