CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bourbon Restoration in France - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bc464c33-a82c-47b0-abc8-926ec65e8285","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bourbon_Restoration_in_France","wgTitle":"Bourbon Restoration in France","wgCurRevisionId":1256782543,"wgRevisionId":1256782543,"wgArticleId":62244,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing French-language text","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024", "Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023","Webarchive template wayback links","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Bourbon Restoration","Counter-revolution","1814 establishments in France","1830 disestablishments in France","19th century in France","States and territories established in 1814","States and territories disestablished in 1815","States and territories established in 1815","States and territories disestablished in 1830"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Bourbon_Restoration_in_France","wgRelevantArticleId":62244,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir": "ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q207162","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/1200px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/800px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/640px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bourbon Restoration in France - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Bourbon_Restoration_in_France rootpage-Bourbon_Restoration_in_France skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bourbon+Restoration+in+France" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bourbon+Restoration+in+France" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bourbon+Restoration+in+France" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bourbon+Restoration+in+France" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Constitutional monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permanent_changes_in_French_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanent_changes_in_French_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Permanent changes in French society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanent_changes_in_French_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louis_XVIII,_1814–1824" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louis_XVIII,_1814–1824"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Louis XVIII, 1814–1824</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Louis_XVIII,_1814–1824-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Louis XVIII, 1814–1824 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Louis_XVIII,_1814–1824-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Restoration_(1814)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Restoration_(1814)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First Restoration (1814)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Restoration_(1814)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Hundred_Days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Hundred_Days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>The Hundred Days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Hundred_Days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Restoration_(1815)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Restoration_(1815)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Second Restoration (1815)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Restoration_(1815)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_X" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_X"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Charles X</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Charles_X-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Charles X subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Charles_X-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1824–1830:_Conservative_turn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1824–1830:_Conservative_turn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>1824–1830: Conservative turn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1824–1830:_Conservative_turn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1827–1830:_Tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1827–1830:_Tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>1827–1830: Tensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1827–1830:_Tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1830:_The_July_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1830:_The_July_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>1830: The July Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1830:_The_July_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louis-Philippe_and_the_House_of_Orléans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louis-Philippe_and_the_House_of_Orléans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Louis-Philippe and the House of Orléans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louis-Philippe_and_the_House_of_Orléans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties_under_Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties_under_Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Political parties under Restoration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_parties_under_Restoration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political parties under Restoration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_parties_under_Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ultra-royalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultra-royalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ultra-royalists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultra-royalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrinaires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrinaires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Doctrinaires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctrinaires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_Left" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_Left"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Liberal Left</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_Left-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republicans_and_Socialists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republicans_and_Socialists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Republicans and Socialists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republicans_and_Socialists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Art and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memory_and_historical_evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory_and_historical_evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Memory and historical evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory_and_historical_evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_in_recent_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_in_recent_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Restoration in recent popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_in_recent_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bourbon Restoration in France</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="استعراش آل بوربون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استعراش آل بوربون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauraci%C3%B3n_francesa" title="Restauración francesa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Restauración francesa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbon_restavrasiyas%C4%B1" title="Burbon restavrasiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Burbon restavrasiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_(%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_)" title="رستوراسیون (فرانسه ) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رستوراسیون (فرانسه )" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3" title="বোরবন পুনর্নির্মাণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বোরবন পুনর্নির্মাণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Рэстаўрацыя Бурбонаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэстаўрацыя Бурбонаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Реставрация на Бурбоните – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Реставрация на Бурбоните" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauraci%C3%B3_francesa" title="Restauració francesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Restauració francesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurace_Bourbon%C5%AF" title="Restaurace Bourbonů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Restaurace Bourbonů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurationen_i_Frankrig" title="Restaurationen i Frankrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Restaurationen i Frankrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauration_(Frankreich)" title="Restauration (Frankreich) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Restauration (Frankreich)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbonide_restauratsioon" title="Bourbonide restauratsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bourbonide restauratsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Παλινόρθωση των Βουρβόνων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλινόρθωση των Βουρβόνων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauraci%C3%B3n_borb%C3%B3nica_en_Francia" title="Restauración borbónica en Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Restauración borbónica en Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbona_Resurtronigo_en_Francio" title="Burbona Resurtronigo en Francio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Burbona Resurtronigo en Francio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borboien_berrezarkuntza_(Frantzia)" title="Borboien berrezarkuntza (Frantzia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Borboien berrezarkuntza (Frantzia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="بازگشت بوربون‌ها به سلطنت فرانسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازگشت بوربون‌ها به سلطنت فرانسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauration_(France)" title="Restauration (France) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Restauration (France)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauraci%C3%B3n_Francesa" title="Restauración Francesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Restauración Francesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%EB%B4%89_%EC%99%95%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B5%EA%B3%A0" title="부르봉 왕정복고 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부르봉 왕정복고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="फ़्रान्स में बर्बन पुनर्स्थापना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़्रान्स में बर्बन पुनर्स्थापना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbona_restaurado_en_Francia" title="Bourbona restaurado en Francia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bourbona restaurado en Francia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorasi_Bourbon" title="Restorasi Bourbon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Restorasi Bourbon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Francia_(1814-1830)" title="Regno di Francia (1814-1830) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Francia (1814-1830)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הרסטורציה הצרפתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרסטורציה הצרפתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბურბონთა რესტავრაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბურბონთა რესტავრაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbonu_restaur%C4%81cija" title="Burbonu restaurācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Burbonu restaurācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Бурбонска реставрација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бурбонска реставрација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauratie_(Frankrijk)" title="Restauratie (Frankrijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Restauratie (Frankrijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E5%BE%A9%E5%8F%A4%E7%8E%8B%E6%94%BF" title="フランス復古王政 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス復古王政" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurasjonen_i_Frankrike" title="Restaurasjonen i Frankrike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Restaurasjonen i Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurasjonen_i_Frankrike" title="Restaurasjonen i Frankrike – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Restaurasjonen i Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauracja_Burbon%C3%B3w" title="Restauracja Burbonów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Restauracja Burbonów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_francesa" title="Restauração francesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Restauração francesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaura%C8%9Bia_francez%C4%83" title="Restaurația franceză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Restaurația franceză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Реставрация Бурбонов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Реставрация Бурбонов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bourbon Restoration in France" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C5%A1taur%C3%A1cia_(Franc%C3%BAzsko)" title="Reštaurácia (Francúzsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Reštaurácia (Francúzsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Бурбонска рестаурација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бурбонска рестаурација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbonska_restauracija" title="Burbonska restauracija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Burbonska restauracija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon-restauraatio" title="Bourbon-restauraatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bourbon-restauraatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbonska_restaurationen" title="Bourbonska restaurationen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bourbonska restaurationen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%87" title="การฟื้นฟูราชวงศ์บูร์บง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การฟื้นฟูราชวงศ์บูร์บง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorasyon_(Fransa)" title="Restorasyon (Fransa) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Restorasyon (Fransa)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Реставрація Бурбонів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Реставрація Бурбонів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_ph%E1%BB%A5c_ho%C3%A0ng" title="Bourbon phục hoàng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bourbon phục hoàng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%A2%E6%97%81%E5%BE%A9%E8%BE%9F" title="法國波旁復辟 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法國波旁復辟" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%A2%E6%97%81%E5%A4%8D%E8%BE%9F" title="法国波旁复辟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法国波旁复辟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207162#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&oldid=1256782543" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&id=1256782543&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBourbon_Restoration_in_France"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBourbon_Restoration_in_France"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Restauration_period" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207162" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Period of French history, between 1814–1830</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/First_Restoration" title="First Restoration">First Restoration</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of France</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Royaume de France</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1815–1830</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France_(1814%E2%80%931830).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of France"><img alt="Flag of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996333_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996333-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bourbon_Restoration_(1815-30)_(1).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of France"><img alt="Coat of arms of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bourbon_Restoration_%281815-30%29_%281%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bourbon_Restoration_%281815-30%29_%281%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bourbon_Restoration_%281815-30%29_%281%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bourbon_Restoration_%281815-30%29_%281%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bourbon_Restoration_%281815-30%29_%281%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bourbon_Restoration_%281815-30%29_%281%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="961" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><i><a href="/wiki/Montjoie_Saint_Denis!" title="Montjoie Saint Denis!">Montjoie Saint Denis!</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Retour_des_Princes_fran%C3%A7ais_%C3%A0_Paris" title="Le Retour des Princes français à Paris">Le Retour des Princes français à Paris</a></i> <span class="nowrap">"The Return of the French Princes to Paris"</span> <div style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="121" data-mwtitle="Marche_Henri_IV.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Marche_Henri_IV.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Marche_Henri_IV.ogg/Marche_Henri_IV.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_France_(1815).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of France in 1818"><img alt="The Kingdom of France in 1818" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kingdom_of_France_%281815%29.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_France_%281815%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kingdom_of_France_%281815%29.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_France_%281815%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kingdom_of_France_%281815%29.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_France_%281815%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> in 1818</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1815–1824 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1824–1830 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_France#Presidents_of_the_Council_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of France">President of the Council of Ministers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1815 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1829–1830 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Jules de Polignac</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of France">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Peers_(France)" title="Chamber of Peers (France)">Chamber of Peers</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of France">Chamber of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Restoration </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1815" title="Charter of 1815">Charter of 1815</a> adopted </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis" title="Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis">Invasion of Spain</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 April 1823</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 July 1830</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_France" title="Category:History of France">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History of <span class="fn org label">France</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG" class="mw-file-description" title="Carte de France dressée pour l'usage du Roy. Delisle Guillaume (1721)"><img alt="Carte de France dressée pour l'usage du Roy. Delisle Guillaume (1721)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG/250px-Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG/375px-Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG/500px-Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="965" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France#Ancient_history" title="History of France">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 600 BC – 49 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">   until 50 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 50 BC – 486 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> settlement</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 481–751</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 751–987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 843–987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1792</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">Direct Capetians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1328</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois_(direct)" title="House of Valois">Valois</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1328–1498</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois-Orléans" title="House of Valois">Valois-Orléans kings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1498–1515</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois-Orléans-Angoulême" title="House of Valois">Valois-Angoulême kings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1515–1589</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon kings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1589–1792</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long 19th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1789–1799</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Kingdom of France</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1791–1792</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1792–1804</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1804–1814</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Restoration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1814–1830</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1830–1848</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848–1852</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1852–1870</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1870–1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1871–1914</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">20th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1870–1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">         <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1920–1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1940–1944</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1944–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1958</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1958–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_health_care_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_France" title="LGBTQ history in France">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_France" title="History of medicine in France">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">Monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_royal_consorts" title="List of French royal consorts">Consorts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in France">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in France">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in France">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_France" title="Territorial evolution of France">Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/16px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/24px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a> <b>·</b> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_France_sidebar" title="Template:History of France sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_France_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of France sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_France_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of France sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_France" title="Category:Conservatism in France">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in France</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism#French_integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#France" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary#France" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolution</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme#France" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">French culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_France" title="Monarchism in France">Restauration</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)#France" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Politique_naturelle#The_natural_order" title="La Politique naturelle">Natural order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Souverainisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchiens" title="Monarchiens">Monarchiens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Armies" title="Catholic and Royal Armies">Catholic and Royal Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chouan" title="Chouan">Chouan</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">First White Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Jehu" title="Companions of Jehu">Companions of Jehu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muscadins" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscadins">Muscadins</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_White_Terror" title="Second White Terror">Second White Terror</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-royalists">Ultra-royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Daudet_affair" title="Philippe Daudet affair">Philippe Daudet affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_The_Republicans_alliance_crisis" title="2024 The Republicans alliance crisis">2024 The Republicans alliance crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" title="Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey d'Aurevilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blanc_de_Saint-Bonnet" title="Antoine Blanc de Saint-Bonnet">Blanc de Saint-Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boutang" title="Pierre Boutang">Boutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bruckner" title="Pascal Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Bruneti%C3%A8re" title="Ferdinand Brunetière">Brunetière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cau_(writer)" title="Jean Cau (writer)">Cau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Daudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Dumézil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Fabr%C3%A8gues" title="Jean de Fabrègues">de Fabrègues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Freund" title="Julien Freund">Freund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Girardet" title="Raoul Girardet">Girardet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_thinking_of_Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau">Social thinking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq" title="Michel Houellebecq">Houellebecq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Jouvenel" title="Bertrand de Jouvenel">de Jouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Jules Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lugan" title="Bernard Lugan">Lugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Madiran" title="Jean Madiran">Madiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">de Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_Augustin_Morel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bénédict Augustin Morel">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Maffesoli" title="Michel Maffesoli">Maffesoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nimier" title="Roger Nimier">Nimier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Poulat" title="Émile Poulat">Poulat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond" title="René Rémond">Rémond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">de Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rueff" title="Jacques Rueff">Rueff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Salleron" title="Louis Salleron">Salleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">de Tocqueville</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_Illustrating_the_History_of_Jacobinism" title="Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism">Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genius_of_Christianity" title="The Genius of Christianity">The Genius of Christianity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1802)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pope_(book)" title="The Pope (book)">The Pope</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1819)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Dialogues" title="St Petersburg Dialogues">St Petersburg Dialogues</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1821)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_City" title="The Ancient City">The Ancient City</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1864)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_a_Nation%3F" title="What Is a Nation?">What Is a Nation?</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1882)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crowd:_A_Study_of_the_Popular_Mind" title="The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind">The Crowd</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1895)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enqu%C3%AAte_sur_la_monarchie" title="Enquête sur la monarchie">Inquiry into the Monarchy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1900)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Avenir_de_l%27intelligence" title="L'Avenir de l'intelligence">"The Future of the Intelligentsia"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Political_Ideas" title="My Political Ideas">My Political Ideas</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1937)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reign_of_Quantity_and_the_Signs_of_the_Times" title="The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times">The Reign of Quantity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Opium_of_the_Intellectuals" title="The Opium of the Intellectuals">The Opium of the Intellectuals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1955)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_the_Sacred" title="Violence and the Sacred">Violence and the Sacred</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Camp_of_the_Saints" title="The Camp of the Saints">The Camp of the Saints</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tyranny_of_Guilt" title="The Tyranny of Guilt">The Tyranny of Guilt</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_French_Suicide" title="The French Suicide">The French Suicide</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Submission_(novel)" title="Submission (novel)">Submission</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Bardella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Bellamy" title="François-Xavier Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cathelineau" title="Jacques Cathelineau">Cathelineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Ciotti" title="Éric Ciotti">Ciotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_Fou%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yann Fouéré">Fouéré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Holeindre" title="Roger Holeindre">Holeindre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_K%C3%A9rillis" title="Henri de Kérillis">de Kérillis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Marine_Le_Pen" title="Political positions of Marine Le Pen">Political positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">Malraux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">MacMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Messiha" title="Jean Messiha">Messiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Messmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_P%C3%A9cresse" title="Valérie Pécresse">Pécresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Peyrefitte" title="Alain Peyrefitte">Peyrefitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Poisson" title="Jean-Frédéric Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">de Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Retailleau" title="Bruno Retailleau">Retailleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rocque" title="François de La Rocque">de La Rocque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin" title="René de La Tour du Pin">de La Tour du Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Sarkozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent-Marie_Vi%C3%A9not,_Count_of_Vaublanc" title="Vincent-Marie Viénot, Count of Vaublanc">de Vaublanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">de Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Villiers" title="Philippe de Villiers">de Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Barbier" title="Christophe Barbier">Barbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Buisson" title="Patrick Buisson">Buisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Count_of_Paris" title="Jean, Count of Paris">Count of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Olivier_Giesbert" title="Franz-Olivier Giesbert">Giesbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_de_Girardin" title="Émile de Girardin">de Girardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_d%27Escufon" title="Thaïs d'Escufon">d'Escufon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Jamet" title="Dominique Jamet">Jamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_L%C3%A9vy" title="Élisabeth Lévy">Lévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Marmin" title="Michel Marmin">Marmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Massis" title="Henri Massis">Massis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier" title="Thierry Maulnier">Maulnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M%C3%A9nard" title="Robert Ménard">Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Mougeotte" title="Étienne Mougeotte">Mougeotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Nay" title="Catherine Nay">Nay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Obertone" title="Laurent Obertone">Obertone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orcival" title="François d'Orcival">d'Orcival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_d%27Ornellas" title="Charlotte d'Ornellas">d'Ornellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Pauwels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Sastre" title="Peggy Sastre">Sastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_S%C3%A9rant" title="Paul Sérant">Sérant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Venner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Royale" title="Alliance Royale">Alliance Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">Debout la France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Future" title="French Future">French Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nationalists_(France)" title="The Nationalists (France)">The Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">National Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_with_Confidence" title="Future with Confidence">Future with Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_of_Independents_and_Peasants" title="National Centre of Independents and Peasants">National Centre of Independents & Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republicans" title="Senate Republicans">Senate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyons_libres" title="Soyons libres">Soyons libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIA,_the_Way_of_the_People" title="VIA, the Way of the People">VIA, the Way of the People</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Alliance" title="Democratic Republican Alliance">Democratic Republican Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Agrarian_and_Peasant_Party" title="French Agrarian and Peasant Party">French Agrarian and Peasant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Social_Party" title="French Social Party">French Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_France" title="Movement for France">Movement for France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Radicals" title="Independent Radicals">Independent Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">Independent Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Order" title="Party of Order">Party of Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Liberal_Action" title="Popular Liberal Action">Popular Liberal Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_France" title="Rally for France">Rally for France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Federation" title="Republican Federation">Republican Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Party_(France)" title="Resistance Party (France)">Resistance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">Union for the New Republic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Carrefour de l'Horloge</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge)</span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_catholique" title="Cité catholique">Cité catholique</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Groupement_de_Recherche_et_d%27%C3%89tudes_pour_la_Civilisation_Europ%C3%A9enne" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne">Groupement de Recherche et d'Études<br />pour la Civilisation Européenne</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_and_Liberty_Movement" title="Initiative and Liberty Movement">Initiative and Liberty Movement</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Manif_pour_tous" title="La Manif pour tous">La Manif pour tous</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_Life_(Paris)" title="March for Life (Paris)">March for Life</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Action_Royaliste" title="Nouvelle Action Royaliste">Nouvelle Action Royaliste</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_national_de_la_jeunesse" title="Rassemblement national de la jeunesse">Rassemblement national de la jeunesse</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Student_Cockade" title="Student Cockade">Student Cockade</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDR_group" title="UDR group">UDR group</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_Inter-universitaire" title="Union Nationale Inter-universitaire">Union Nationale Inter-universitaire</a></i></span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cercle_Proudhon" title="Cercle Proudhon">Cercle Proudhon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Civitas_(movement)" title="Civitas (movement)">Civitas</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Croix-de-Feu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">Independent Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussards_(literary_movement)" title="Hussards (literary movement)">Hussards</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27Action_Civique" title="Service d'Action Civique">Service d'Action Civique</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantico" title="Atlantico">Atlantico</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNews" title="CNews">CNews</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Famille_chr%C3%A9tienne" title="Famille chrétienne">Famille chrétienne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89cho_du_Sud" title="L'Écho du Sud">L'Écho du Sud</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Libert%C3%A9_(France)" title="La Liberté (France)">La Liberté</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Nation_fran%C3%A7aise" title="La Nation française">La Nation française</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Presse_(French_newspaper)" title="La Presse (French newspaper)">La Presse</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro_Magazine" title="Le Figaro Magazine">Le Figaro Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Point" title="Le Point">Le Point</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sent" title="Présent">Présent</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minute_(newspaper)" title="Minute (newspaper)">Minute</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Quotidien_de_Paris" title="Le Quotidien de Paris">Le Quotidien de Paris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Courtoisie" title="Radio Courtoisie">Radio Courtoisie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valeurs_actuelles" title="Valeurs actuelles">Valeurs actuelles</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archeofuturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeofuturism">Archeofuturism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_philosophers" title="Clerical philosophers">Clerical philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/France_profonde" title="France profonde">France profonde</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina"><i>Maurrassisme</i> in Argentina</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ligues_d%27extr%C3%AAme_droite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligues d'extrême droite">Ligues d'extrême droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#France" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sinistrisme" title="Sinistrisme">Sinistrisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntist_Right_(French_politics)" title="Sovereigntist Right (French politics)">Sovereigntist Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocqueville_effect" title="Tocqueville effect">Tocqueville effect</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/16px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/24px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_France" title="Template:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_France" title="Template talk:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/220px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/330px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/440px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France#Kingdom_of_France" title="Flag of France">Alternative royal standard of France</a> (1814–1830)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Second <b>Bourbon Restoration</b> was the period of <a href="/wiki/French_history" class="mw-redirect" title="French history">French history</a> during which the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> returned to power after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in 1815. The Second Bourbon Restoration lasted until the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> of 26 July 1830. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>, brothers of the executed King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>, successively mounted the throne and instituted a conservative government intended to restore the proprieties, if not all the institutions, of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a>. Exiled supporters of the monarchy returned to France but were unable to reverse most of the changes made by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Exhausted by the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the nation experienced a period of internal and external peace, stable economic prosperity and the preliminaries of industrialization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauvigny1966_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauvigny1966-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (1789–1799), Napoleon Bonaparte became ruler of France. After years of expansion of his <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a> by successive military victories, a coalition of European powers defeated him in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a>, ended the First Empire in 1814, and <a href="/wiki/First_Restoration" title="First Restoration">restored the monarchy</a> to the brothers of Louis XVI. The First Bourbon Restoration lasted from about 6 April 1814. In July 1815 the First French Empire was succeeded by the Kingdom of France. This Kingdom existed until the popular uprisings of the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> of 1830.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the peace <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, the Bourbons were treated politely by the victorious monarchies, but had to give up nearly all the territorial gains made by revolutionary and Napoleonic France since 1789.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Constitutional monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the absolutist <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>, the Restoration Bourbon regime was a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, with some limits on its power. The new king, Louis XVIII, accepted the vast majority of reforms instituted from 1792 to 1814. Continuity was his basic policy. He did not try to recover land and property taken from the royalist exiles. He continued in peaceful fashion the main objectives of Napoleon's foreign policy, such as the limitation of Austrian influence. He reversed Napoleon regarding <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, restoring the friendships that had prevailed until 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politically, the period was characterized by a sharp conservative reaction, and consequent minor but persistent civil unrest and disturbances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200247–54_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200247–54-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, the political establishment was relatively stable until the subsequent reign of Charles X.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauvigny1966_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauvigny1966-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also saw the reestablishment of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church</a> as a major power in French politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995296_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995296-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the Bourbon Restoration, France experienced a period of stable economic prosperity and the preliminaries of industrialisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauvigny1966_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauvigny1966-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Permanent_changes_in_French_society">Permanent changes in French society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Permanent changes in French society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eras of the French Revolution and Napoleon brought a series of major changes to France which the Bourbon Restoration did not reverse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf19624–27_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf19624–27-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Administration:</b> First, France was now highly centralised, with all important decisions made in Paris. The political geography was completely reorganised and made uniform, dividing the nation into more than 80 <i><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">départements</a></i> which have endured into the 21st century. Each department had an identical administrative structure, and was tightly controlled by a prefect appointed by Paris. The thicket of overlapping legal jurisdictions of the old regime had all been abolished, and there was now one standardised legal code, administered by judges appointed by Paris, and supported by police under national control.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>The church:</b> The Revolutionary governments had confiscated all the lands and buildings of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, selling them to innumerable middle-class buyers, and it was politically impossible to restore them. The bishop still ruled his <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> (which was aligned with the new department boundaries) and communicated with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> through the government in Paris. Bishops, priests, nuns and other religious were paid state salaries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>All the old religious rites and ceremonies were retained, and the government maintained the religious buildings. The Church was allowed to operate its own <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminaries</a> and to some extent local schools as well, although this became a central political issue into the 20th century. Bishops were much less powerful than before, and had no political voice. However, the Catholic Church reinvented itself with a new emphasis on personal piety that gave it a hold on the psychology of the faithful.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Education:</b> Public education was centralised, with the Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_France" title="University of France">University of France</a> controlling every element of the national educational system from Paris. New technical universities were opened in Paris which to this day have a critical role in training the elite.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>The aristocracy:</b> Conservatism was bitterly split into the returning old aristocracy and the new elites arising under Napoleon after 1796. The old aristocracy was eager to regain its land, but felt no loyalty to the new regime. The newer elite, the "<a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_the_First_French_Empire" title="Nobility of the First French Empire">noblesse d'empire</a>", ridiculed the older group as an outdated remnant of a discredited regime that had led the nation to disaster. Both groups shared a fear of social disorder, but the level of distrust as well as the cultural differences were too great, and the monarchy too inconsistent in its policies, for political cooperation to be possible.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The returning old aristocracy recovered much of the land they had owned directly. However, they lost all their old <a href="/wiki/Banalit%C3%A9" title="Banalité">seigneurial rights</a> to the rest of the farmland, and the peasants were no longer under their control. The pre-Revolutionary aristocracy had dallied with the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> and rationalism. Now the aristocracy was much more conservative and supportive of the Catholic Church. For the best jobs, meritocracy was the new policy, and aristocrats had to compete directly with the growing business and professional class.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>Citizens' rights:</b> Public anti-clerical sentiment became stronger than ever before, but was now based in certain elements of the middle class and even the peasantry. The great masses of French people were peasants in the countryside or impoverished workers in the cities. They gained new rights and a new sense of possibilities. Although relieved of many of the old burdens, controls, and taxes, the peasantry was still highly traditional in its social and economic behaviour. Many eagerly took on mortgages to buy as much land as possible for their children, so debt was an important factor in their calculations. The working class in the cities was a small element, and had been freed of many restrictions imposed by medieval guilds. However, France was very slow to industrialise, and much of the work remained drudgery without machinery or technology to help. France was still split into localities, especially in terms of language, but now there was an emerging French nationalism that focused national pride in the Army and foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf19629,_19–21_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf19629,_19–21-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_overview">Political overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armies_of_allies_entering_Paris_March_19,_1814_-_F.de_Maleque_(1815).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Armies_of_allies_entering_Paris_March_19%2C_1814_-_F.de_Maleque_%281815%29.jpg/220px-Armies_of_allies_entering_Paris_March_19%2C_1814_-_F.de_Maleque_%281815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Armies_of_allies_entering_Paris_March_19%2C_1814_-_F.de_Maleque_%281815%29.jpg/330px-Armies_of_allies_entering_Paris_March_19%2C_1814_-_F.de_Maleque_%281815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Armies_of_allies_entering_Paris_March_19%2C_1814_-_F.de_Maleque_%281815%29.jpg/440px-Armies_of_allies_entering_Paris_March_19%2C_1814_-_F.de_Maleque_%281815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2418" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>The allied armies parading on the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a>, 1814</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1814, the Armies of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a> restored Louis XVIII of France to the throne, the brother and heir of the executed Louis XVI. A constitution was drafted: the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1814" title="Charter of 1814">Charter of 1814</a>. It presented all Frenchmen as equal before the law,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but retained substantial prerogatives for the king and nobility and limited voting to those paying at least 300 Francs a year in direct taxes. </p><p>The king was the supreme head of the state. He commanded the land and sea forces, declared war, made treaties of peace, alliance and commerce, appointed all public officials, and made the necessary regulations and ordinances for the execution of the laws and the security of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis was relatively liberal, choosing many centrist cabinets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice200893_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice200893-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis XVIII died in September 1824 and was succeeded by his brother, who reigned as <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>. The new king pursued a more conservative form of governance than Louis. His more reactionary laws included the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sacrilege_Act" title="Anti-Sacrilege Act">Anti-Sacrilege Act</a> (1825–1830). Exasperated by public resistance and disrespect, the king and his ministers attempted to manipulate the general election of 1830 through their <a href="/wiki/July_Ordinances" title="July Ordinances">July Ordinances</a>. This sparked a revolution in the streets of Paris, Charles abdicated, and on 9 August 1830 the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">Chamber of Deputies</a> affirmed <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Phillipe d'Orleans</a> as King of the French, ushering in the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Louis_XVIII,_1814–1824"><span id="Louis_XVIII.2C_1814.E2.80.931824"></span>Louis XVIII, 1814–1824</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Louis XVIII, 1814–1824"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XVIII_relevant_la_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Louis_XVIII_relevant_la_France.jpg/220px-Louis_XVIII_relevant_la_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Louis_XVIII_relevant_la_France.jpg/330px-Louis_XVIII_relevant_la_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Louis_XVIII_relevant_la_France.jpg/440px-Louis_XVIII_relevant_la_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption><i>Allegory of the Return of the Bourbons on 24 April 1814: Louis XVIII Lifting France from Its Ruins</i> by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Cr%C3%A9pin" title="Louis-Philippe Crépin">Louis-Philippe Crépin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9ception_de_Louis_XVIII_%C3%A0_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_29_ao%C3%BBt_1814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/R%C3%A9ception_de_Louis_XVIII_%C3%A0_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville%2C_29_ao%C3%BBt_1814.jpg/220px-R%C3%A9ception_de_Louis_XVIII_%C3%A0_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville%2C_29_ao%C3%BBt_1814.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/R%C3%A9ception_de_Louis_XVIII_%C3%A0_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville%2C_29_ao%C3%BBt_1814.jpg/330px-R%C3%A9ception_de_Louis_XVIII_%C3%A0_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville%2C_29_ao%C3%BBt_1814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/R%C3%A9ception_de_Louis_XVIII_%C3%A0_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville%2C_29_ao%C3%BBt_1814.jpg/440px-R%C3%A9ception_de_Louis_XVIII_%C3%A0_l%27H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville%2C_29_ao%C3%BBt_1814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>Louis XVIII making a return at the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôtel de Ville de Paris">Hôtel de Ville de Paris</a> on 29 August 1814</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Restoration_(1814)"><span id="First_Restoration_.281814.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="First_Restoration"></span>First Restoration (1814)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First Restoration (1814)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Restoration" title="First Restoration">First Restoration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France#Bourbon_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII of France § Bourbon Restoration</a></div> <p>Louis XVIII's restoration to the throne in 1814 was effected largely through the support of Napoleon's former foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a>, who convinced the victorious Allied Powers of the desirability of a Bourbon Restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996329_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996329-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies had initially split on the best candidate for the throne: Britain favoured the Bourbons, the Austrians considered a regency for Napoleon's son, the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">King of Rome</a>, and the Russians were open to either the <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Orléans">duc d'Orléans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV John of Sweden">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a>, Napoleon's former <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Heir-presumptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir-presumptive">heir-presumptive</a> to the Swedish throne. Napoleon was offered to keep the throne in February 1814, on the condition that France return to its 1792 frontiers, but he refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996329_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996329-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feasibility of the Restoration was in doubt, but the allure of peace to a war-weary French public, and demonstrations of support for the Bourbons in Paris, <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, helped reassure the Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996330–331_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996330–331-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Saint-Ouen" title="Declaration of Saint-Ouen">Declaration of Saint-Ouen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995271_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995271-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> granted a written constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1814" title="Charter of 1814">Charter of 1814</a>, which guaranteed a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral legislature">bicameral legislature</a> with a hereditary/appointive <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Peers_(France)" title="Chamber of Peers (France)">Chamber of Peers</a> and an elected <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of France">Chamber of Deputies</a> – their role was consultative (except on taxation), as only the King had the power to propose or sanction laws, and appoint or recall ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995272_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995272-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">franchise</a> was limited to men with considerable property holdings, and just 1% of people could vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995272_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995272-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the legal, administrative, and economic reforms of the revolutionary period were left intact; the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995272_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995272-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which guaranteed legal equality and civil liberties, the peasants' <i><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">biens nationaux</a></i>, and the new system of dividing the country into <i><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">départments</a></i> were not undone by the new king. Relations between church and state remained regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a>. However, in spite of the fact that the Charter was a condition of the Restoration, the preamble declared it to be a "concession and grant", given "by the free exercise of our royal authority".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996332_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996332-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a first sentimental flush of popularity, Louis' gestures towards reversing the results of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> quickly lost him support among the disenfranchised majority. Symbolic acts such as the replacement of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">tricolore</a> flag with the <a href="/wiki/White_flag#Ancien_Régime_in_France" title="White flag">white flag</a>, the titling of Louis as the "XVIII" (as successor to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a>, who never ruled) and as "King of France" rather than "King of the French", and the monarchy's recognition of the anniversaries of the deaths of Louis XVI and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> were significant. A more tangible source of antagonism was the pressure applied to possessors of <i><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">biens nationaux</a></i> (the lands confiscated by the revolution) by the Catholic Church and the returning <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">émigrés'</a></i> attempts to repossess their former lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996332–333_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996332–333-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other groups bearing ill-feeling towards Louis included the army, non-Catholics, and workers hit by a post-war slump and British imports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996333_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996333-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Hundred_Days">The Hundred Days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Hundred Days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></div> <p>Napoleon's emissaries informed him of this brewing discontent,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996333_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996333-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, on 20 March 1815, he returned to Paris from <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>. On his <a href="/wiki/Route_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Route Napoléon">Route Napoléon</a>, most troops sent to stop his march, including some that were nominally royalist, felt more inclined to join the former Emperor than to stop him.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis fled from Paris to <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> on 19 March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996334_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996334-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995278_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995278-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Napoleon was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> and sent again into exile, Louis returned. During his absence a small revolt in the traditionally pro-royalist <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a> was put down but there were otherwise few subversive acts favouring the Restoration, even though Napoleon's popularity began to flag.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200332,_33_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200332,_33-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Restoration_(1815)"><span id="Second_Restoration_.281815.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Second_Restoration"></span>Second Restoration (1815)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second Restoration (1815)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XVIII_-_Memoire_au_roi_concernant_les_adh%C3%A9rents_de_la_maison_de_Bonaparte_dans_le_service_du_roi_-_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Louis_XVIII_-_Memoire_au_roi_concernant_les_adh%C3%A9rents_de_la_maison_de_Bonaparte_dans_le_service_du_roi_-_1815.jpg/220px-Louis_XVIII_-_Memoire_au_roi_concernant_les_adh%C3%A9rents_de_la_maison_de_Bonaparte_dans_le_service_du_roi_-_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Louis_XVIII_-_Memoire_au_roi_concernant_les_adh%C3%A9rents_de_la_maison_de_Bonaparte_dans_le_service_du_roi_-_1815.jpg/330px-Louis_XVIII_-_Memoire_au_roi_concernant_les_adh%C3%A9rents_de_la_maison_de_Bonaparte_dans_le_service_du_roi_-_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Louis_XVIII_-_Memoire_au_roi_concernant_les_adh%C3%A9rents_de_la_maison_de_Bonaparte_dans_le_service_du_roi_-_1815.jpg/440px-Louis_XVIII_-_Memoire_au_roi_concernant_les_adh%C3%A9rents_de_la_maison_de_Bonaparte_dans_le_service_du_roi_-_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>, asked if he intends to include anyone from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> in his royal services, responds "I will take none." (18 July 1815)</figcaption></figure> <p>Talleyrand was again influential in seeing that the Bourbons were restored to power, as was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9" title="Joseph Fouché">Joseph Fouché</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996335_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996335-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995279_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995279-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon's minister of police during the Hundred Days. This Second Restoration saw the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_White_Terror" title="Second White Terror">Second White Terror</a>, largely in the south, when unofficial groups supporting the monarchy sought revenge against those who had aided Napoleon's return: about 200–300 were killed, while thousands fled. About 70,000 government officials were dismissed. The pro-Bourbon perpetrators were often known as the <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdets_(royalistes)" class="extiw" title="fr:Verdets (royalistes)">Verdets</a></i> because of their green cockets, which was the colour of the comte d'Artois – this being the title of Charles X at the time, who was associated with the hardline <a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">ultra-royalists</a>, or Ultras. After a period in which local authorities looked on helplessly at the violence, the King and his ministers sent out officials to restore order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996336_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996336-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talleyrand_floatingwiththetide0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Talleyrand_floatingwiththetide0001.jpg/170px-Talleyrand_floatingwiththetide0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Talleyrand_floatingwiththetide0001.jpg/255px-Talleyrand_floatingwiththetide0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Talleyrand_floatingwiththetide0001.jpg/340px-Talleyrand_floatingwiththetide0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a>, who served under several regimes, depicted "floating with the tide". Note the high heel of his left shoe, alluding both to his limp and the Devil's hoof.</figcaption></figure> <p>A new <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed on 20 November 1815, which had more punitive terms than the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">1814 treaty</a>. France was ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities, and the country's borders were reduced to their 1790 status, rather than 1792 as in the previous treaty. Until 1818, France was occupied by 1.2 million foreign soldiers, including around 200,000 under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>, and France was made to pay the costs of their accommodation and rations, on top of the reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996337_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996337-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEM_staff1918161_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEM_staff1918161-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The promise of tax cuts, prominent in 1814, was impracticable because of these payments. The legacy of this, and the White Terror, left Louis with a formidable opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996337_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996337-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89lie,_comte_Decazes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%C3%89lie%2C_comte_Decazes.jpg/170px-%C3%89lie%2C_comte_Decazes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%C3%89lie%2C_comte_Decazes.jpg/255px-%C3%89lie%2C_comte_Decazes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%C3%89lie%2C_comte_Decazes.jpg/340px-%C3%89lie%2C_comte_Decazes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Élie, 1st comte Decazes</a>, remained loyal to the Bourbons during the Hundred Days and was the most powerful minister from 1818 to 1820.</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis's chief ministers were at first moderate,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200319_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200319-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Talleyrand, the <a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">Duc de Richelieu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Élie, duc Decazes</a>; Louis himself followed a cautious policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995281_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995281-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Chambre_introuvable" title="Chambre introuvable">chambre introuvable</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/August_1815_French_legislative_election" title="August 1815 French legislative election">elected in 1815</a>, given the nickname "unobtainable" by Louis, was dominated by an overwhelming ultra-royalist majority which quickly acquired the reputation of being "more royalist than the king". The legislature threw out the Talleyrand-Fouché government and sought to legitimize the White Terror, passing judgement against enemies of the state, sacking 50,000–80,000 civil servants, and dismissing 15,000 army officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996337_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996337-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richelieu, an <i>émigré</i> who had left in October 1789, who " had nothing at all to do with the new France",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995281_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995281-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a>. The <i>chambre introuvable</i>, meanwhile, continued to aggressively uphold the place of the monarchy and the church, and called for more commemorations for historical royal figures.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of the parliamentary term, the ultra-royalists increasingly began to fuse their brand of politics with state ceremony, much to Louis' chagrin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200339_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200339-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decazes, perhaps the most moderate minister, moved to stop the politicisation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a> (many <i>Verdets</i> had been drafted in) by banning political demonstrations by the militia in July 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200354,_58_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200354,_58-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owing to tension between the King's government and the ultra-royalist Chamber of Deputies, the latter began to assert their rights. After they attempted to obstruct the 1816 budget, the government conceded that the chamber had the right to approve state expenditure. However, they were unable to gain a guarantee from the King that his cabinets would represent the majority in parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200336_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200336-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1816, the chamber was dissolved by Louis for its reactionary measures, and electoral manipulation<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/1816_French_legislative_election" title="1816 French legislative election">resulted in a more liberal chamber in 1816</a>. Richelieu served until 29 December 1818, followed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph,_Marquis_Dessolles" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Joseph, Marquis Dessolles">Jean-Joseph, Marquis Dessolles</a> until 19 November 1819, and then Decazes (in reality the dominant minister from 1818 to 1820)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996338_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996338-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995289_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995289-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 20 February 1820. This was the era in which the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrinaires" title="Doctrinaires">Doctrinaires</a></i> dominated policy, hoping to reconcile the monarchy with the French Revolution and <a href="/wiki/Political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Political power">power</a> with <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>. The following year, the government changed the electoral laws, resorting to <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a>, and altering the franchise to allow some rich men of trade and industry to vote,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995289,_290_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995289,_290-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an attempt to prevent the ultras from winning a majority in future elections. Press censorship was clarified and relaxed, some positions in the military hierarchy were made open to competition, and mutual schools were set up that encroached on the Catholic monopoly of public primary education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995290_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995290-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200399_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200399-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decazes purged a number of ultra-royalist <a href="/wiki/Prefect_(France)" title="Prefect (France)">prefects</a> and sub-prefects, and in by-elections, an unusually high proportion of <a href="/wiki/Bonapartist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonapartist">Bonapartists</a> and republicans were elected, some of whom were backed by ultras resorting to <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">tactical voting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996338_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996338-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultras were strongly critical of the practice of giving civil service employment or promotions to deputies, as the government continued to consolidate its position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200381_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200381-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1820, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Bourbon_Restoration)" title="Liberal Party (Bourbon Restoration)">opposition liberals</a>—who, with the ultras, made up half the chamber—proved unmanageable, and Decazes and the king were looking for ways to revise the electoral laws again, to ensure a more tractable conservative majority. In February 1820, the assassination by a Bonapartist of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry">Duc de Berry</a>, the ultrareactionary son of Louis' ultrareactionary brother and heir-presumptive, the future Charles X, triggered Decazes' fall from power and the triumph of the Ultras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996339_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996339-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand_by_Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roucy_Trioson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand_by_Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roucy_Trioson.jpg/170px-Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand_by_Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roucy_Trioson.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand_by_Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roucy_Trioson.jpg/255px-Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand_by_Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roucy_Trioson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand_by_Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roucy_Trioson.jpg/340px-Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand_by_Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roucy_Trioson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> writer who sat in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Peers_(France)" title="Chamber of Peers (France)">Chamber of Peers</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Richelieu returned to power for a short interval, from 1820 to 1821. The press was more strongly censored, detention without trial was reintroduced, and <i>Doctrinaire</i> leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a>, were banned from teaching at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996339_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996339-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995291_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995291-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Richelieu, the franchise was changed to give the wealthiest electors a double vote, in time for the <a href="/wiki/1820_French_legislative_election" title="1820 French legislative election">November 1820 election</a>. After a resounding victory, a new Ultra ministry was formed, headed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Vill%C3%A8le" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Villèle">Jean-Baptiste de Villèle</a>, a leading Ultra who served for six years. The ultras found themselves back in power in favourable circumstances: Berry's wife, the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Caroline_of_Naples_and_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Caroline of Naples and Sicily">duchesse de Berry</a>, gave birth to a "miracle child", <a href="/wiki/Henry,_Count_of_Chambord" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry, Count of Chambord">Henri</a>, seven months after the duc's death; <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> died on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> in 1821, and his son, the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">duc de Reichstadt</a>, remained interned in Austrian hands. Literary figures, most notably <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a>, rallied to the ultras' cause. Both Hugo and Lamartine later became republicans, whilst Nodier was formerly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996340_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996340-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995295_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995295-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon, however, Villèle proved himself to be nearly as cautious as his master, and, so long as Louis lived, overtly reactionary policies were kept to a minimum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png/220px-Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png/330px-Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png/440px-Cruikshank_-_Old_Bumblehead.png 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Louis preparing for the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis" title="Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis">Spanish expedition</a>, by <a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a></figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Spanish_Intervention_of_1823"></span> The ultras broadened their support, and put a stop to growing military dissent in 1823, when intervention in Spain, in favour of Spanish Bourbon King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a>, and against the <a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Liberal Spanish Government</a>, fomented popular patriotic fervour. Despite British backing for the military action, the intervention was widely seen as an attempt to win back influence in Spain, which had been lost to the British under Napoleon. The French expeditionary army, called the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis" title="Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis">Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis</a>, was led by the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">duc d'Angoulême</a>, the comte d'Artois's son. The French troops marched to <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, ousting the Liberals with little fighting (April to September 1823), and would remain in Spain for five years. Support for the ultras amongst the voting rich was further strengthened by doling out favours in a similar fashion to the 1816 chamber, and fears over the <i>charbonnerie</i>, the French equivalent of the <i><a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">carbonari</a></i>. In the <a href="/wiki/1824_French_legislative_election" title="1824 French legislative election">1824 election</a>, another large majority was secured.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis XVIII died on 16 September 1824 and was succeeded by his brother, the Comte d'Artois, who took the title of <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charles_X">Charles X</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Charles X"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_(1769-1830)_-_Charles_X_(1757-1836),_King_of_France_-_RCIN_405138_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Charles_X_%281757-1836%29%2C_King_of_France_-_RCIN_405138_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/220px-Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Charles_X_%281757-1836%29%2C_King_of_France_-_RCIN_405138_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Charles_X_%281757-1836%29%2C_King_of_France_-_RCIN_405138_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/330px-Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Charles_X_%281757-1836%29%2C_King_of_France_-_RCIN_405138_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Charles_X_%281757-1836%29%2C_King_of_France_-_RCIN_405138_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/440px-Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Charles_X_%281757-1836%29%2C_King_of_France_-_RCIN_405138_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Charles_X" title="Portrait of Charles X">Portrait of Charles X</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence" title="Thomas Lawrence">Thomas Lawrence</a>, 1825.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1824–1830:_Conservative_turn"><span id="1824.E2.80.931830:_Conservative_turn"></span>1824–1830: Conservative turn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1824–1830: Conservative turn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accession to the throne of Charles X, the leader of the ultra-royalist faction, coincided with the ultras' control of power in the Chamber of Deputies; thus, the ministry of the <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Vill%C3%A8le" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Villèle">comte de Villèle</a> was able to continue. The restraint Louis had exercised on the ultra-royalists was removed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As the country underwent a <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Christian revival</a> in the post-revolutionary years, the ultras worked to raise the status of the Roman Catholic Church once more. The Church and State <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_11_June_1817" title="Concordat of 11 June 1817">Concordat of 11 June 1817</a> was set to replace the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a>, but, despite being signed, it was never validated. The Villèle government, under pressure from the <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevaliers_de_la_Foi" class="extiw" title="fr:Chevaliers de la Foi">Chevaliers de la Foi</a></i> including many deputies, voted in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sacrilege_Act" title="Anti-Sacrilege Act">Anti-Sacrilege Act</a> in January 1825, which punished by death the theft of <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">consecrated hosts</a>. The law was unenforceable and only enacted for symbolic purposes, though the act's passing caused a considerable uproar, particularly among the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrinaires" title="Doctrinaires">Doctrinaires</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996341–342_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996341–342-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much more controversial was the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, who set up a network of colleges for elite youth outside the official university system. The Jesuits were noted for their loyalty to the Pope and gave much less support to <a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallican</a> traditions. Inside and outside the Church they had enemies, and the king ended their institutional role in 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New legislation paid an indemnity to royalists whose lands had been confiscated during the Revolution. Although this law had been engineered by Louis, Charles was influential in seeing that it was passed. A bill to finance this compensation, by converting government debt (the <i>rente</i>) from 5% to 3% bonds, which would save the state 30 million francs a year in interest payments, was also put before the chambers. Villèle's government argued that <i>rentiers</i> had seen their returns grow disproportionately to their original investment, and that the redistribution was just. The final law allocated state funds of 988 million francs for compensation (<i>le milliard des émigrés</i>), financed by government bonds at a value of 600 million francs at 3% interest. Around 18 million francs were paid per year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2008116–117_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2008116–117-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unexpected beneficiaries of the law were some one million owners of <i><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">biens nationaux</a></i>, the old confiscated lands, whose property rights were now confirmed by the new law, leading to a sharp rise in its value.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996342–343_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996342–343-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 May 1825 the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Charles X">Coronation of Charles X</a> took place at <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>, the traditional site of <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch">French coronations</a>. In 1826, Villèle introduced a bill reestablishing the law of <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>, at least for owners of large estates, unless they chose otherwise. The liberals and the press rebelled, as did some dissident ultras, such as Chateaubriand. Their vociferous criticism prompted the government to introduce a bill to restrict the press in December, having largely withdrawn censorship in 1824. This only inflamed the opposition even more, and the bill was withdrawn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996344–345_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996344–345-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Villèle cabinet faced increasing pressure in 1827 from the liberal press, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_des_d%C3%A9bats" title="Journal des débats">Journal des débats</a></i>, which sponsored Chateaubriand's articles. Chateaubriand, the most prominent of the anti-Villèle ultras, had combined with other opponents of press censorship (a new law had reimposed it on 24 July 1827) to form the <i>Société des amis de la liberté de la presse</i>; <a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine_Gabriel,_duc_de_Choiseul-Stainville" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Antoine Gabriel, duc de Choiseul-Stainville">Choiseul-Stainville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcisse-Achille_de_Salvandy" title="Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy">Salvandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abel-Fran%C3%A7ois_Villemain" title="Abel-François Villemain">Villemain</a> were among the contributors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent197581–83_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent197581–83-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another influential society was the <i>Société <a href="/wiki/Aide-toi,_le_ciel_t%27aidera" title="Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera">Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera</a></i>, which worked within the confines of legislation banning the unauthorized meetings of more than 20 members. The group, emboldened by the rising tide of opposition, was of a more liberal composition (associated with <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Globe" title="Le Globe">Le Globe</a></i>) and included members such as <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_R%C3%A9musat" title="Charles de Rémusat">Rémusat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odilon_Barrot" title="Odilon Barrot">Barrot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent197584–89_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent197584–89-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pamphlets were sent out which evaded the censorship laws, and the group provided organizational assistance to liberal candidates against pro-government state officials in the <a href="/wiki/1827_French_legislative_election" title="1827 French legislative election">November 1827 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996345_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996345-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lami,_Eug%C3%A8ne_Louis,_Grenadier_of_the_Royal_Guard,_ca._1817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lami%2C_Eug%C3%A8ne_Louis%2C_Grenadier_of_the_Royal_Guard%2C_ca._1817.jpg/170px-Lami%2C_Eug%C3%A8ne_Louis%2C_Grenadier_of_the_Royal_Guard%2C_ca._1817.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lami%2C_Eug%C3%A8ne_Louis%2C_Grenadier_of_the_Royal_Guard%2C_ca._1817.jpg/255px-Lami%2C_Eug%C3%A8ne_Louis%2C_Grenadier_of_the_Royal_Guard%2C_ca._1817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lami%2C_Eug%C3%A8ne_Louis%2C_Grenadier_of_the_Royal_Guard%2C_ca._1817.jpg/340px-Lami%2C_Eug%C3%A8ne_Louis%2C_Grenadier_of_the_Royal_Guard%2C_ca._1817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne-Louis_Lami" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène-Louis Lami">Eugène-Louis Lami</a>, <i>Grenadier of the Royal Guard</i>, ca. 1817, showing the uniform of a <a href="/wiki/Grenadier" title="Grenadier">Grenadier</a> of the Royal Guard under Charles X</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1827, the King and Villèle were confronted by an unruly <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a>. The garrison which Charles reviewed, under orders to express deference to the king but disapproval of his government, instead shouted derogatory anti-Jesuit remarks at his devoutly Catholic niece and daughter in law, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France">Marie Thérèse, Madame la Dauphine</a>. Villèle suffered worse treatment, as liberal officers led troops to protest at his office. In response, the Guard was disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996345_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996345-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pamphlets continued to proliferate, which included accusations in September that Charles, on a trip to <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a>, was colluding with the Pope and planned to reinstate the tithe, and had suspended the Charter under the protection of a loyal garrison army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent1975111_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1975111-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of the election, the moderate royalists (constitutionalists) were also beginning to turn against Charles, as was the business community, in part due to a financial crisis in 1825, which they blamed on the government's law of indemnification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996344_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996344-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent1975107–110_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1975107–110-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugo and a number of other writers, dissatisfied with the reality of life under Charles X, also began to criticize the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996346–347_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996346–347-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In preparation for the 30 September registration cut-off for the election, opposition committees worked furiously to get as many voters as possible signed up, countering the actions of <i>préfects</i>, who began removing certain voters who had failed to provide up-to-date documents since the 1824 election. 18,000 voters were added to the 60,000 on the first list; despite préfect attempts to register those who met the franchise and were supporters of the government, this can mainly be attributed to opposition activity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent1975116_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1975116-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organization was mainly divided behind Chateaubriand's Friends and the <i>Aide-toi,</i> which backed liberals, <i>constitutionnels</i>, and the <i>contre-opposition</i> (constitutional monarchists).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent1975121_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1975121-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new chamber did not result in a clear majority for any side. Villèle's successor, the <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Gay,_vicomte_de_Martignac" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac">vicomte de Martignac</a>, who began his term in January 1828, tried to steer a middle course, appeasing liberals by loosening press controls, expelling Jesuits, modifying electoral registration, and restricting the formation of Catholic schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996348_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996348-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles, unhappy with the new government, surrounded himself with men from the <i>Chevaliers de la Foi</i> and other ultras, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jules,_3rd_Duke_of_Polignac" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules, 3rd Duke of Polignac">Prince de Polignac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_R%C3%A9gis_de_La_Bourdonnaye" class="mw-redirect" title="François Régis de La Bourdonnaye">La Bourdonnaye</a>. Martignac was deposed when his government lost a bill on local government. Charles and his advisers believed a new government could be formed with the support of the Villèle, Chateaubriand, and Decazes monarchist factions, but chose a chief minister, Polignac, in November 1829 who was repellent to the liberals and, worse, Chateaubriand. Though Charles remained nonchalant, the deadlock led some royalists to call for a <i>coup</i>, and prominent liberals for a tax strike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996348–349_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996348–349-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the opening of the session in March 1830, the King delivered a speech that contained veiled threats to the opposition; in response, 221 deputies (an absolute majority) condemned the government, and Charles subsequently <a href="/wiki/Legislative_session" title="Legislative session">prorogued</a> and then dissolved parliament. Charles retained a belief that he was popular amongst the unenfranchised mass of the people, and he and Polignac chose to pursue an ambitious foreign policy of colonialism and expansionism, with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. France had intervened in the Mediterranean a number of times after Villèle's resignation, and expeditions were now sent to <a href="/wiki/Morea_expedition" title="Morea expedition">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. Polignac also initiated the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a>; victory was announced over the <a href="/wiki/Dey_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dey of Algiers">Dey of Algiers</a> in early July. Plans were drawn up to invade Belgium, which was shortly to undergo its <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">own revolution</a>. However, foreign policy did not prove sufficient to divert attention from domestic problems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996349–350_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996349–350-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200339,_42_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200339,_42-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles's dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies, his <i><a href="/wiki/July_Ordinances" title="July Ordinances">July Ordinances</a></i> which set up rigid control of the press, and his restriction of suffrage resulted in the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> of 1830. The major cause of the regime's downfall, however, was that, while it managed to keep the support of the aristocracy, the Catholic Church and even much of the peasantry, the ultras' cause was deeply unpopular outside of parliament and with those who did not hold the franchise,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200334_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200334-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially the industrial workers and the bourgeoisie.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major reason was a sharp rise in <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a>, caused by a series of bad harvests 1827–1830. Workers living on the margin were very hard-pressed, and angry that the government paid little attention to their urgent needs.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles abdicated in favor of his grandson, the <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Comte de Chambord</a>, and left for England. However, the liberal, bourgeois-controlled Chamber of Deputies refused to confirm the Comte de Chambord as Henry V. In a vote largely boycotted by conservative deputies, the body declared the French throne vacant, and elevated <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a>, to power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1827–1830:_Tensions"><span id="1827.E2.80.931830:_Tensions"></span>1827–1830: Tensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1827–1830: Tensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_X_distribuant_des_r%C3%A9compenses_aux_artistes_exposants_du_salon_de_1824_au_Louvre,_le_15_Janvier_1825_(by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Charles_X_distribuant_des_r%C3%A9compenses_aux_artistes_exposants_du_salon_de_1824_au_Louvre%2C_le_15_Janvier_1825_%28by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim%29.jpg/220px-Charles_X_distribuant_des_r%C3%A9compenses_aux_artistes_exposants_du_salon_de_1824_au_Louvre%2C_le_15_Janvier_1825_%28by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Charles_X_distribuant_des_r%C3%A9compenses_aux_artistes_exposants_du_salon_de_1824_au_Louvre%2C_le_15_Janvier_1825_%28by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim%29.jpg/330px-Charles_X_distribuant_des_r%C3%A9compenses_aux_artistes_exposants_du_salon_de_1824_au_Louvre%2C_le_15_Janvier_1825_%28by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Charles_X_distribuant_des_r%C3%A9compenses_aux_artistes_exposants_du_salon_de_1824_au_Louvre%2C_le_15_Janvier_1825_%28by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim%29.jpg/440px-Charles_X_distribuant_des_r%C3%A9compenses_aux_artistes_exposants_du_salon_de_1824_au_Louvre%2C_le_15_Janvier_1825_%28by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Distributing_Awards_to_Artists" title="Charles X Distributing Awards to Artists">Charles X Distributing Awards to Artists</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Heim" title="François Joseph Heim">François Joseph Heim</a>, 1827.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is still considerable debate among historians as to the actual cause of the downfall of Charles X. What is generally conceded, though, is that between 1820 and 1830, a series of economic downturns combined with the rise of a liberal opposition within the Chamber of Deputies, ultimately felled the conservative Bourbons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPilbeam199940–41_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilbeam199940–41-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1827 and 1830, France faced an economic downturn, industrial and agricultural, that was possibly worse than the one that sparked the revolution. A series of progressively worsening grain harvests in the late 1820s pushed up the prices on various <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple foods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200338_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200338-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the rural peasantry throughout France lobbied for the relaxation of protective <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> on grain to lower prices and ease their economic situation. However, Charles X, bowing to pressure from wealthier <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">landowners</a>, kept the tariffs in place. He did so based upon the Bourbon response to the "<a href="/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer" title="Year Without a Summer">Year Without a Summer</a>" in 1816, during which Louis XVIII relaxed tariffs during a series of famines, caused a downturn in prices, and incurred the ire of wealthy landowners, who were the traditional source of Bourbon legitimacy. Thus, between 1827 and 1830, peasants throughout France faced a period of relative economic hardship and rising prices. </p><p>At the same time, international pressures, combined with weakened purchasing power from the provinces, led to decreased economic activity in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban centers</a>. This industrial downturn contributed to the rising poverty levels among Parisian artisans. Thus, by 1830, multiple demographics had suffered from the economic policies of Charles X.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While the French economy faltered, a series of elections brought a relatively powerful liberal bloc into the Chamber of Deputies. The 17-strong liberal bloc of 1824 grew to 180 in 1827, and 274 in 1830. This liberal majority grew increasingly dissatisfied with the policies of the centrist Martignac and the ultra-royalist Polignac, seeking to protect the limited protections of the Charter of 1814. They sought both the expansion of the franchise, and more liberal economic policies. They also demanded the right, as the majority bloc, to appoint the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Also, the growth of the liberal bloc within the Chamber of Deputies corresponded roughly with the rise of a liberal press within France. Generally centered around Paris, this press provided a counterpoint to the government's journalistic services, and to the newspapers of the right. It grew increasingly important in conveying political opinions and the political situation to the Parisian public, and can thus be seen as a crucial link between the rise of the liberals and the increasingly agitated and economically suffering French masses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By 1830, the Restoration government of Charles X faced difficulties on all sides. The new liberal majority clearly had no intention of budging in the face of Polignac's aggressive policies. The rise of a liberal press within Paris which outsold the official government newspaper indicated a general shift in Parisian politics towards the left. And yet, Charles' base of power was certainly toward the right of the political spectrum, as were his own views. He simply could not yield to the growing demands from within the Chamber of Deputies. The situation would soon come to a head.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CHARLES_X_IN_THE_ROLE_OF_THE_GREAT_NUTCRACKER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CHARLES_X_IN_THE_ROLE_OF_THE_GREAT_NUTCRACKER.jpg/170px-CHARLES_X_IN_THE_ROLE_OF_THE_GREAT_NUTCRACKER.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CHARLES_X_IN_THE_ROLE_OF_THE_GREAT_NUTCRACKER.jpg/255px-CHARLES_X_IN_THE_ROLE_OF_THE_GREAT_NUTCRACKER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CHARLES_X_IN_THE_ROLE_OF_THE_GREAT_NUTCRACKER.jpg/340px-CHARLES_X_IN_THE_ROLE_OF_THE_GREAT_NUTCRACKER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>The Great Nutcracker of 25 July. In this caricature, Charles X attempts to break a billiard ball marked "charter" with his teeth, but finds the nut too hard to crack.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1830:_The_July_Revolution">1830: The July Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1830: The July Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/July_Ordinances" title="July Ordinances">July Ordinances</a> and <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/220px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/330px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/440px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_People" title="Liberty Leading the People">Liberty Leading the People</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>) commemorates the July Revolution of 1830, which led to the abdication of Charles X and the end of the Bourbon Restoration.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Charter of 1814 had made France a constitutional monarchy. While the king retained extensive power over policy-making, as well as the sole power of the Executive, he was, nonetheless, reliant upon the Parliament to accept and pass his legal decrees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200333–44_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200333–44-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Charter also fixed the method of election of the Deputies, their rights within the Chamber of Deputies, and the rights of the majority bloc. Thus, in 1830, Charles X faced a significant problem. He could not overstep his constitutional bounds, and yet, he could not pursue his policies with a liberal majority within the Chamber of Deputies. He was ready for stark action and made his move after a final no-confidence vote by the liberal house majority, in March 1830. He set about to alter the Charter of 1814 by decree. These decrees, known as the "Four Ordinances", dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, suspended the liberty of the press, excluded the more liberal commercial middle-class from future elections, and called for new elections.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opinion was outraged. On 10 July 1830, before the king had even made his declarations, a group of wealthy, liberal journalists and newspaper proprietors, led by <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a>, met in Paris to decide upon a strategy to counter Charles X. It was decided then, nearly three weeks before the Revolution, that in the event of Charles' expected proclamations, the journalistic establishment of Paris would publish vitriolic criticisms of the king's policies in an attempt to mobilise the masses. Thus, when Charles X made his declarations on 25 July 1830, the liberal journalism machine mobilised, publishing articles and complaints decrying the despotism of the king's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The urban mobs of Paris also mobilised, driven by patriotic fervour and economic hardship, assembling barricades and attacking the infrastructure of Charles X. Within days, the situation escalated beyond the ability of the monarchy to control it. As the Crown moved to shut down liberal periodicals, the radical Parisian masses defended those publications. They also launched attacks against pro-Bourbon presses, and paralysed the coercive apparatus of the monarchy. Seizing the opportunity, the liberals in Parliament began drafting resolutions, complaints, and censures against the king. The king finally abdicated on 30 July 1830. Twenty minutes later, his son, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême</a>, who had nominally succeeded as Louis XIX, also abdicated. The Crown nominally then fell upon the son of Louis Antoine's younger brother, Charles X's grandson, who was in line to become Henry V. However, the newly empowered Chamber of Deputies declared the throne vacant, and on 9 August, elevated Louis-Philippe, to the throne. Thus, the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> began.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Louis-Philippe_and_the_House_of_Orléans"><span id="Louis-Philippe_and_the_House_of_Orl.C3.A9ans"></span>Louis-Philippe and the House of Orléans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Louis-Philippe and the House of Orléans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vernet_-_31_juillet_1830_-_Louis-Philippe_quitte_le_Palais-Royal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vernet_-_31_juillet_1830_-_Louis-Philippe_quitte_le_Palais-Royal.jpg/220px-Vernet_-_31_juillet_1830_-_Louis-Philippe_quitte_le_Palais-Royal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vernet_-_31_juillet_1830_-_Louis-Philippe_quitte_le_Palais-Royal.jpg/330px-Vernet_-_31_juillet_1830_-_Louis-Philippe_quitte_le_Palais-Royal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vernet_-_31_juillet_1830_-_Louis-Philippe_quitte_le_Palais-Royal.jpg/440px-Vernet_-_31_juillet_1830_-_Louis-Philippe_quitte_le_Palais-Royal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>Louis-Philippe going from the Palais-Royal to city hall, 31 July</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe">Louis-Philippe</a> ascended the throne on the strength of the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> of 1830, and ruled, not as "King of France" but as "King of the French", marking the shift to <a href="/wiki/National_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="National sovereignty">national sovereignty</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanists</a> remained in power until 1848. Following the ousting of the last king to rule France during the <a href="/wiki/February_1848_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="February 1848 Revolution">February 1848 Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">French Second Republic</a> was formed with the election of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte</a> as President (1848–1852). In the <a href="/wiki/French_coup_of_1851" class="mw-redirect" title="French coup of 1851">French coup of 1851</a>, Napoleon declared himself Emperor Napoleon III of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a>, which lasted from 1852 to 1870.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties_under_Restoration">Political parties under Restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political parties under Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political parties saw substantial changes of alignment and membership under the Restoration. The Chamber of Deputies oscillated between repressive <i>ultra-royalist</i> phases and progressive <i>liberal</i> phases. The repression of the <i><a href="/wiki/Second_White_Terror" title="Second White Terror">White Terror</a></i> excluded opponents of the monarchy from the political scene, but individuals of influence who had different visions of the French <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> still clashed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtz19319–99_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtz19319–99-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200318–44_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200318–44-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All parties remained fearful of the common people, who had no voting rights and whom <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> later referred to by the term "cheap multitude". Their political sights were set on a class favoritism. Political changes in the Chamber were due to abuse by the majority tendency, involving a dissolution and then an inversion of the majority, or critical events; for example, the assassination of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry">Duc de Berry</a> in 1820.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Disputes were a power struggle between the powerful (royalty against deputies) rather than a fight between royalty and populism. Although the deputies claimed to defend the interests of the people, most had an important fear of common people, of innovations, of socialism and even of simple measures, such as the extension of <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights">voting rights</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The principal political parties during the Restoration are described below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultra-royalists">Ultra-royalists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ultra-royalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalist</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_de_polignac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Prince_de_polignac.jpg/170px-Prince_de_polignac.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Prince_de_polignac.jpg/255px-Prince_de_polignac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Prince_de_polignac.jpg/340px-Prince_de_polignac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Prince Jules de Polignac, 1830</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalists</a> wished for a return to the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime in France"><i>Ancien Régime</i></a> which prevailed before 1789: <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>, domination by the nobility, and the monopoly of politics by "devoted Christians". They were anti-Republican, anti-<a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a>, and preached <i>Government on High</i>. Although they tolerated <i>vote censitaire,</i> a form of democracy limited to those paying taxes above a high threshold, they found the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1814" title="Charter of 1814">Charter of 1814</a> to be too revolutionary. They wanted a re-establishment of privileges, a major political role for the Catholic Church, and a politically active, rather than ceremonial, king: Charles X.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1973_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1973-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent ultra-royalist theorists were <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Louis de Bonald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a>. Their parliamentary leaders were <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_R%C3%A9gis_de_La_Bourdonnaye" class="extiw" title="fr:François Régis de La Bourdonnaye">François Régis de La Bourdonnaye</a>, comte de La Bretèche and, in 1829, <a href="/wiki/Jules,_3rd_Duke_of_Polignac" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules, 3rd Duke of Polignac">Jules de Polignac</a>. The main royalist newspapers were <i><a href="/wiki/La_Quotidienne" title="La Quotidienne">La Quotidienne</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/La_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="La Gazette">La Gazette</a>,</i> supplemented by the <i>Drapeau Blanc</i>, named after the Bourbon white flag, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Oriflamme" title="Oriflamme">Oriflamme</a></i>, named after the battle standard of France.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctrinaires">Doctrinaires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Doctrinaires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doctrinaires" title="Doctrinaires">Doctrinaires</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrinaires" title="Doctrinaires">Doctrinaires</a></i> were mostly rich and educated middle-class men: lawyers, senior officials of the Empire, and academics. They feared the triumph of the aristocracy, as much as that of the democrats. They accepted the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1814" title="Charter of 1814">Royal Charter</a> as a guarantee of freedom and civil equality which nevertheless reined in the ignorant and excitable masses. Ideologically they were <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberals</a> who formed the centre-right of the Restoration's political spectrum: they upheld both capitalism and Catholicism, and attempted to reconcile parliamentarism (in an <a href="/wiki/Censitary_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Censitary suffrage">elite, wealth-based form</a>) and monarchism (in a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional, ceremonial form</a>), while rejecting both the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">clericalism</a> of the Ultra-Royalists, and the universal suffrage of the liberal left and republicans. Important personalities were <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hercule_de_Serre" title="Hercule de Serre">count of Serre</a>. Their newspapers were <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Courrier_fran%C3%A7ais_(1820%E2%80%931851)" title="Le Courrier français (1820–1851)">Le Courrier français</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Censeur" title="Le Censeur">Le Censeur</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_Left">Liberal Left</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Liberal Left"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Bourbon_Restoration)" title="Liberal Party (Bourbon Restoration)">Liberal Party (Bourbon Restoration)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ary_Scheffer_-_Marquis_De_Lafayette_-_NPG.82.150_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ary_Scheffer_-_Marquis_De_Lafayette_-_NPG.82.150_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg/170px-Ary_Scheffer_-_Marquis_De_Lafayette_-_NPG.82.150_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ary_Scheffer_-_Marquis_De_Lafayette_-_NPG.82.150_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg/255px-Ary_Scheffer_-_Marquis_De_Lafayette_-_NPG.82.150_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ary_Scheffer_-_Marquis_De_Lafayette_-_NPG.82.150_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg/340px-Ary_Scheffer_-_Marquis_De_Lafayette_-_NPG.82.150_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3070" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 1825</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Bourbon_Restoration)" title="Liberal Party (Bourbon Restoration)">Liberals</a> were mostly <a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">petite-bourgeoisie</a>: doctors and lawyers, men of law, and, in rural constituencies, merchants and traders of national goods. Electorally they benefitted from the slow emergence of a new middle-class elite, due to the start of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some of them accepted the principle of monarchy, in a strictly ceremonial and parliamentary form, while others were moderate republicans. Constitutional issues aside, they agreed on seeking to restore the democratic principles of the French Revolution, such as the weakening of clerical and aristocratic power, and therefore thought the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1814" title="Charter of 1814">constitutional Charter</a> was not sufficiently democratic, and disliked the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">peace treaties of 1815</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_White_Terror" title="Second White Terror">White Terror</a> and the return to pre-eminence of clergy and of nobility. They wished to lower the taxable quota to support the middle-class as a whole, to the detriment of the aristocracy, and thus they supported universal suffrage or at least a wide opening-up of the electoral system to the modest middle-classes such as farmers and craftsmen. Important personalities were parliamentary monarchist <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Benjamin Constant</a>, officer of the Empire <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Sebastien_Foy" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilien Sebastien Foy">Maximilien Sebastien Foy</a>, republican lawyer <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Antoine_Manuel" title="Jacques-Antoine Manuel">Jacques-Antoine Manuel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a>. Their newspapers were <i><a href="/wiki/La_Minerve_(French_newspaper)" title="La Minerve (French newspaper)">La Minerve</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Constitutionnel" title="Le Constitutionnel">Le Constitutionnel</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Globe" title="Le Globe">Le Globe</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republicans_and_Socialists">Republicans and Socialists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Republicans and Socialists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_republicans_under_the_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="French republicans under the Restoration">French republicans under the Restoration</a></div> <p>The only active <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicans</a> were on the left to far-left, based among the workers. Workers had no vote and were not listened to. Their demonstrations were repressed or diverted, causing, at most, a reinforcement of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentarism">parliamentarism</a>, which did not mean democratic evolution, only wider taxation. For some, such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Blanqui</a>, revolution seemed the only solution. <a href="/wiki/Louis-Antoine_Garnier-Pag%C3%A8s" title="Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès">Garnier-Pagès</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis-Eug%C3%A8ne_Cavaignac" title="Louis-Eugène Cavaignac">Louis-Eugène</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9onore-Louis_Godefroi_Cavaignac" title="Éléonore-Louis Godefroi Cavaignac">Éléonore-Louis Godefroi Cavaignac</a> considered themselves to be Republicans, while <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Vincent_Raspail" title="François-Vincent Raspail">Raspail</a> were active as socialists. <a href="/wiki/Claude_Henri_de_Rouvroy,_comte_de_Saint-Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a> was also active during this period, and made direct appeals to Louis XVIII before his death in 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkup189221_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup189221-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_history_of_the_nineteenth_century_in_caricature_(1904)_(14596964667).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_history_of_the_nineteenth_century_in_caricature_%281904%29_%2814596964667%29.jpg/170px-The_history_of_the_nineteenth_century_in_caricature_%281904%29_%2814596964667%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_history_of_the_nineteenth_century_in_caricature_%281904%29_%2814596964667%29.jpg/255px-The_history_of_the_nineteenth_century_in_caricature_%281904%29_%2814596964667%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_history_of_the_nineteenth_century_in_caricature_%281904%29_%2814596964667%29.jpg/340px-The_history_of_the_nineteenth_century_in_caricature_%281904%29_%2814596964667%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="2164" /></a><figcaption>The Pious Monarch, a caricature of Charles X</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1800 the Catholic Church was poor, dilapidated and disorganised, with a depleted and aging clergy. The younger generation had received little religious instruction, and was unfamiliar with traditional worship.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in response to the external pressures of foreign wars, religious fervour was strong, especially among women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996241_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996241-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a> provided stability and ended attacks on the Church. </p><p>With the Restoration, the Catholic Church again became the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, supported financially and politically by the government. Its lands and financial endowments were not returned, but the government paid salaries and maintenance costs for normal church activities. The bishops regained control of Catholic affairs. The aristocracy before the Revolution was lukewarm to religious doctrine and practice, but the decades of exile created an alliance of throne and altar. The royalists who returned were much more devout, and much more aware of their need for a close alliance with the Church. They had discarded fashionable skepticism and now promoted the wave of Catholic religiosity that was sweeping Europe, with a new reverence for the Virgin Mary, the saints, and popular religious rituals such as praying the rosary. Devotion was far stronger and more visible in rural areas than in Paris and other cities. The population of 32 million included about 680,000 Protestants and 60,000 Jews, who were extended toleration. The anti-clericalism of Voltaire and the Enlightenment had not disappeared, but it was in abeyance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtz193199–171_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtz193199–171-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the elite level, there was a dramatic change in intellectual climate from intellectual classicism to passionate <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>. An 1802 book by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a> entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Genius_of_Christianity" title="The Genius of Christianity">Génie du christianisme</a></i> ("The Genius of Christianity") had an enormous influence in reshaping French literature and intellectual life, emphasising the centrality of religion in creating European high culture. Chateaubriand's book "did more than any other single work to restore the credibility and prestige of Christianity in intellectual circles and launched a fashionable rediscovery of the Middle Ages and their Christian civilisation. The revival was by no means confined to an intellectual elite, however, but was evident in the real, if uneven, rechristianisation of the French countryside."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMillan2014217–232_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMillan2014217–232-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814, the reactionary aristocracy with its disdain for entrepreneurship returned to power. British goods flooded the market, and France responded with high tariffs and protectionism to protect its established businesses, especially handcrafts and small-scale manufacturing such as textiles. The tariff on iron goods reached 120%.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agriculture had never needed protection, but now demanded it due to the lower prices of imported foodstuffs, such as Russian grain. French winegrowers strongly supported the tariff – their wines did not need it, but they insisted on a high tariff on the import of tea. One agrarian deputy explained: "Tea breaks down our national character by converting those who use it often into cold and stuffy Nordic types, while wine arouses in the soul that gentle gaiety that gives Frenchmen their amiable and witty national character."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French government falsified official statistics to claim that exports and imports were growing – actually there was stagnation, and the economic crisis of 1826–29 disillusioned the business community and readied them to support the revolution in 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_literature">Art and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Art and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romanticism reshaped art and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It stimulated the emergence of a wide new middle class audience.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the most popular works were: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>'s novel which is set in the 20 years after Napoleon's Hundred Days</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_and_the_Black" title="The Red and the Black">The Red and the Black</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a>'s novel set in the final years of the regime</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine" title="La Comédie humaine">La Comédie humaine</a></i>, a sequence of almost 100 novels and plays by <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>, set during the Restoration and the July Monarchy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paris">Paris</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paris_during_the_Bourbon_Restoration" title="Paris during the Bourbon Restoration">Paris during the Bourbon Restoration</a></div> <p>The city grew slowly in population from 714,000 in 1817 to 786,000 in 1831. During the period Parisians saw the first public transport system, the first gas street lights, and the first uniformed Paris policemen. In July 1830, a popular uprising in the streets of Paris brought down the Bourbon monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memory_and_historical_evaluation">Memory and historical evaluation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Memory and historical evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After two decades of war and revolution, the restoration brought peace and quiet, and general prosperity. <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Wright_(historian)" title="Gordon Wright (historian)">Gordon Wright</a> says, "Frenchmen were, on the whole, well governed, prosperous, contented during the 15-year period; one historian even describes the restoration era as 'one of the happiest periods in [France's] history.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France had recovered from the strain and disorganization, the wars, the killings, the horrors, of two decades of disruption. It was at peace throughout the period. It paid a large war indemnity to the winners, but managed to finance that without distress; the occupation soldiers left peacefully. France's population increased by three million, and prosperity was strong from 1815 to 1825, with the depression of 1825 caused by bad harvests. The national credit was strong, there was significant increase in public wealth, and the national budget showed a surplus every year. In the private sector, banking grew dramatically, making Paris a world center for finance, along with London. The <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild family</a> was world-famous, with the French branch led by <a href="/wiki/James_Mayer_de_Rothschild" title="James Mayer de Rothschild">James Mayer de Rothschild</a> (1792–1868). The communication system was improved, as roads were upgraded, canals were lengthened, and steamboat traffic became common. Industrialization was delayed in comparison to Britain and Belgium. The railway system had yet to make an appearance. Industry was heavily protected with tariffs, so there was little demand for entrepreneurship or innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200341–42_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200341–42-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Culture flourished with the new romantic impulses. Oratory was highly regarded, and sophisticated debate flourished. Châteaubriand and <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Stael" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame de Stael">Madame de Stael</a> (1766–1817) enjoyed Europe-wide reputations for their innovations in romantic literature. She made important contributions to political sociology, and the sociology of literature.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> History flourished; <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Benjamin Constant</a> and Madame de Staël drew lessons from the past to guide the future.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paintings of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a> set the standards for romantic art. Music, theater, science, and philosophy all flourished.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher learning flourished at the Sorbonne. Major new institutions gave France world leadership in numerous advanced fields, as typified by the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Chartes" title="École Nationale des Chartes">École Nationale des Chartes</a> (1821) for historiography, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Centrale_Paris" title="École Centrale Paris">École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures</a> in 1829 for innovative engineering; and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts" title="École des Beaux-Arts">École des Beaux-Arts</a> for the fine arts, reestablished in 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles X repeatedly exacerbated internal tensions, and tried to neutralize his enemies with repressive measures. They totally failed and forced him into exile for the third time. However the government's handling of foreign affairs was a success. France kept a low profile, and Europe forgot its animosities. Louis and Charles had little interest in foreign affairs, so France played only minor roles. For example, it helped the other powers deal with Greece and Turkey. Charles X mistakenly thought that foreign glory would cover domestic frustration, so he made an all-out effort to conquer Algiers in 1830. He sent a massive force of 38,000 soldiers and 4,500 horses carried by 103 warships and 469 merchant ships. The expedition was a dramatic military success.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It even paid for itself with captured treasures. The episode launched the second French colonial empire, but it did not provide desperately needed political support for the King at home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200343–44_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200343–44-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration_in_recent_popular_culture">Restoration in recent popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Restoration in recent popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2007 French historical film <i><a href="/wiki/Jacquou_le_Croquant" title="Jacquou le Croquant">Jacquou le Croquant</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Boutonnat" title="Laurent Boutonnat">Laurent Boutonnat</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Ulliel" title="Gaspard Ulliel">Gaspard Ulliel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie-Jos%C3%A9e_Croze" title="Marie-Josée Croze">Marie-Josée Croze</a>, is based on the Bourbon Restoration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Restoration_style" title="French Restoration style">French Restoration style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Jean_Casimir_de_Blacas" title="Pierre Louis Jean Casimir de Blacas">Pierre Louis Jean Casimir de Blacas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_de_Montmorency" title="Mathieu de Montmorency">Mathieu de Montmorency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Empire_mantel_clock" title="French Empire mantel clock">French Empire mantel clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_monarchs_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="French monarchs family tree">French monarchs family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">France in the long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republicans_under_the_Restoration" title="French Republicans under the Restoration">French Republicans under the Restoration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The flag can be seen on top of government buildings in the following illustrations: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/musee-carnavalet/oeuvres/retour-du-roi-le-8-juillet-1815-1#infos-principales"><i>Retour du Roi le 8 juillet 1815</i></a>. <i>parismuseescollections.paris.fr</i>. 1815<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Retour+du+Roi+le+8+juillet+1815&rft.date=1815&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parismuseescollections.paris.fr%2Ffr%2Fmusee-carnavalet%2Foeuvres%2Fretour-du-roi-le-8-juillet-1815-1%23infos-principales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b540014439.item"><i>Attaque Des Tuileries (le 29 Juillet 1830)</i></a>. <i>gallica.bnf.fr</i>. 1830<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attaque+Des+Tuileries+%28le+29+Juillet+1830%29&rft.date=1830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b540014439.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuret1995">Furet 1995</a>, p. 282 This included blocking the budget over plans to guarantee bonds on the sale of 400,000 hectares of forest previously owned by the church, reintroducing prohibition of divorce, demanding the death penalty for individuals found with the tricolore, and attempting to hand civil registers back to the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200337,_38_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200337,_38-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996333-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996333_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996333_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996333_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinoteau1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pinoteau, Hervé (1998). <i>Le chaos français et ses signes: étude sur la symbolique de l'Etat français depuis la Révolution de 1789</i> (in French). Presses Sainte-Radegonde. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9085-7117-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9085-7117-2"><bdi>978-2-9085-7117-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL456931M">456931M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+chaos+fran%C3%A7ais+et+ses+signes%3A+%C3%A9tude+sur+la+symbolique+de+l%27Etat+fran%C3%A7ais+depuis+la+R%C3%A9volution+de+1789&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Presses+Sainte-Radegonde&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL456931M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-2-9085-7117-2&rft.aulast=Pinoteau&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESauvigny1966-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauvigny1966_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauvigny1966_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauvigny1966_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSauvigny1966">Sauvigny 1966</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooneyReinerman1986" class="citation journal cs1">Rooney, John W. Jr.; Reinerman, Alan J. (1986). "Continuity: French Foreign Policy Of The First Restoration". <i>Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Proceedings</i>. <b>16</b>: 275–288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Consortium+on+Revolutionary+Europe+1750%E2%80%931850%3A+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Continuity%3A+French+Foreign+Policy+Of+The+First+Restoration&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=275-288&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Rooney&rft.aufirst=John+W.+Jr.&rft.au=Reinerman%2C+Alan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200247–54-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200247–54_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2002">Davies 2002</a>, pp. 47–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995296-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995296_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuret1995">Furet 1995</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf19624–27-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf19624–27_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolf1962">Wolf 1962</a>, pp. 4–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPhee1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_McPhee_(academic)" title="Peter McPhee (academic)">McPhee, Peter</a> (1992). <i>A Social History of France 1780–1880</i>. Routledge. pp. 93–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4150-1616-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-4150-1616-9"><bdi>0-4150-1616-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL15032217M">15032217M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+France+1780%E2%80%931880&rft.pages=93-173&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL15032217M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-4150-1616-9&rft.aulast=McPhee&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharle1994" class="citation book cs1">Charle, Christophe (1994). <i>A Social History of France in the 19th Century</i>. Berg Publishers. pp. 7–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8549-6913-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8549-6913-5"><bdi>978-0-8549-6913-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1107847M">1107847M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+France+in+the+19th+Century&rft.pages=7-27&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1107847M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-8549-6913-5&rft.aulast=Charle&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillan2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_McMillan" title="James Francis McMillan">McMillan, James F.</a> (2014). "Catholic Christianity in France from the Restoration to the separation of church and state, 1815–1905". In <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Gilley" title="Sheridan Gilley">Gilley, Sheridan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brian_Stanley_(historian)" title="Brian Stanley (historian)">Stanley, Brian</a> (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Christianity</i>. Vol. 8. pp. 217–232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catholic+Christianity+in+France+from+the+Restoration+to+the+separation+of+church+and+state%2C+1815%E2%80%931905&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=217-232&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard1969" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, H.C. (1969). <i>Education and French Revolution</i>. Cambridge University press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jfI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA223">223</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5210-7256-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-5210-7256-5"><bdi>0-5210-7256-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL21492257M">21492257M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+and+French+Revolution&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL21492257M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-5210-7256-5&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=H.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1994" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Gordon K. (1994). "Old Nobles and Noblesse d'Empire, 1814–1830: In Search of a Conservative Interest in Post-Revolutionary France". <i>French History</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 149–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2F8.2.149">10.1093/fh/8.2.149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+History&rft.atitle=Old+Nobles+and+Noblesse+d%27Empire%2C+1814%E2%80%931830%3A+In+Search+of+a+Conservative+Interest+in+Post-Revolutionary+France&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-166&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ffh%2F8.2.149&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Gordon+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf19629,_19–21-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf19629,_19–21_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolf1962">Wolf 1962</a>, pp. 9, 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Charter of 1814, Public Law of the French: Article 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Charter of 1814, Form of the Government of the King: Article 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice200893-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice200893_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2008">Price 2008</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996329-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996329_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996329_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996330–331-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996330–331_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, pp. 330–331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995271-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995271_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuret1995">Furet 1995</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995272-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995272_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995272_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995272_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuret1995">Furet 1995</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996332-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996332_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996332–333-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996332–333_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, pp. 332–333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIngram1998">Ingram 1998</a>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996334-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996334_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995278-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995278_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuret1995">Furet 1995</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200332,_33-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200332,_33_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, pp. 32, 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996335-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996335_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995279-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995279_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuret1995">Furet 1995</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996336-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996336_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996337-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996337_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996337_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996337_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEM_staff1918161-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEM_staff1918161_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEM_staff1918">EM staff 1918</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200319-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200319_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury2003">Bury 2003</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995281-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995281_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995281_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuret1995">Furet 1995</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200337,_38-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200337,_38_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, pp. 37, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200339-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200339_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200354,_58-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200354,_58_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, pp. 54, 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200336-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200336_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996338-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996338_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996338_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995289-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995289_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuret1995">Furet 1995</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995289,_290-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995289,_290_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuret1995">Furet 1995</a>, pp. 289, 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995290-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995290_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuret1995">Furet 1995</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200399-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200399_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200381-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200381_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996339-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996339_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996339_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995291-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995291_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuret1995">Furet 1995</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996340-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996340_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuret1995295-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuret1995295_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuret1995">Furet 1995</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, pp. 340–341; <a href="#CITEREFCrawley1969">Crawley 1969</a>, p. 681</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996341–342-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996341–342_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, pp. 341–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBN_(Barbara_Neave,_comtesse_de_Courson)1879" class="citation book cs1">BN (Barbara Neave, comtesse de Courson) (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesuitstheirfou00courgoog"><i>The Jesuits: their foundation and history</i></a>. New York: Benziger Brothers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesuitstheirfou00courgoog/page/n319">305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesuits%3A+their+foundation+and+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Benziger+Brothers&rft.date=1879&rft.au=BN+%28Barbara+Neave%2C+comtesse+de+Courson%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesuitstheirfou00courgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2008116–117-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2008116–117_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2008">Price 2008</a>, pp. 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996342–343-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996342–343_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, pp. 342–343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996344–345-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996344–345_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, pp. 344–345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent197581–83-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent197581–83_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKent1975">Kent 1975</a>, pp. 81–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent197584–89-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent197584–89_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKent1975">Kent 1975</a>, pp. 84–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996345-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996345_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996345_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1975111-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent1975111_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKent1975">Kent 1975</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996344-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996344_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1975107–110-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent1975107–110_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKent1975">Kent 1975</a>, pp. 107–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996346–347-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996346–347_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, pp. 346–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1975116-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent1975116_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKent1975">Kent 1975</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1975121-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent1975121_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKent1975">Kent 1975</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996348-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996348_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996348–349-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996348–349_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, pp. 348–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996349–350-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996349–350_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, pp. 349–350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200339,_42-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200339,_42_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury2003">Bury 2003</a>, pp. 39, 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200334-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200334_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury2003">Bury 2003</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudson1973">Hudson 1973</a>, pp. 182, 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkney1961" class="citation journal cs1">Pinkney, David H. (1961). "A new look at the French revolution of 1830". <i>Review of Politics</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 490–506. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003467050002307X">10.1017/S003467050002307X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=A+new+look+at+the+French+revolution+of+1830&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=490-506&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS003467050002307X&rft.aulast=Pinkney&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilbeam199940–41-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPilbeam199940–41_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPilbeam1999">Pilbeam 1999</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200338-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200338_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury2003">Bury 2003</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200333–44-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200333–44_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury2003">Bury 2003</a>, pp. 33–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeepson2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Leepson" title="Marc Leepson">Leepson, Marc</a> (2011). <i>Lafayette: Lessons in Leadership from the Idealist General</i>. St. Martin's Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hOIBSNQ9BsAC&pg=PA167">167</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2301-0504-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2301-0504-1"><bdi>978-0-2301-0504-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/651011968">651011968</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26007181M">26007181M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lafayette%3A+Lessons+in+Leadership+from+the+Idealist+General&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F651011968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26007181M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-2301-0504-1&rft.aulast=Leepson&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Schroeder" title="Paul W. Schroeder">Schroeder, Paul W.</a> (1996). <i>The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848</i>. Clarendon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BS2z3iGPCigC&pg=PA666">666</a>–670. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-0654-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-0654-5"><bdi>978-0-1982-0654-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28536287M">28536287M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+European+Politics%2C+1763%E2%80%931848&rft.pages=666-670&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL28536287M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-0654-5&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaller2002" class="citation book cs1">Waller, Sally (2002). <i>France in Revolution, 1776–1830</i>. Heinemann Advanced History. Heinemann Educational Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d0KywNq8wJgC&pg=PA134">134</a>–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4353-2732-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4353-2732-3"><bdi>978-0-4353-2732-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7508502M">7508502M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+in+Revolution%2C+1776%E2%80%931830&rft.series=Heinemann+Advanced+History&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=Heinemann+Educational+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7508502M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-4353-2732-3&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtz19319–99-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtz19319–99_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArtz1931">Artz 1931</a>, pp. 9–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200318–44-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200318–44_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury2003">Bury 2003</a>, pp. 18–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1973-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1973_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudson1973">Hudson 1973</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Johnson_(historian)" title="Douglas Johnson (historian)">Johnson, Douglas</a> (1963). <i>Guizot: Aspects of French History, 1787–1874</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-8566-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-8566-8"><bdi>978-0-8371-8566-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233745">233745</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5875905M">5875905M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guizot%3A+Aspects+of+French+History%2C+1787%E2%80%931874&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233745&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5875905M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-8566-8&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis Wood, <i>Benjamin Constant: A Biography</i> (1993).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup189221-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkup189221_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkup1892">Kirkup 1892</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History Review</i> 68 (2010): 16–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETombs1996241-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETombs1996241_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTombs1996">Tombs 1996</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtz193199–171-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtz193199–171_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArtz1931">Artz 1931</a>, pp. 99–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMillan2014217–232-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMillan2014217–232_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMillan2014">McMillan 2014</a>, pp. 217–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaron1979" class="citation book cs1">Caron, François (1979). <i>An economic history of modern France</i>. pp. 95–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+economic+history+of+modern+France&rft.pages=95-96&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Caron&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Wright_(historian)" title="Gordon Wright (historian)">Wright, Gordon</a> (1995). <i>France in Modern Times: From the Enlightenment to the Present</i>. W. W. Norton. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3939-6705-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3939-6705-0"><bdi>978-0-3939-6705-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1099419M">1099419M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+in+Modern+Times%3A+From+the+Enlightenment+to+the+Present&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1099419M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-3939-6705-0&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilwardSaul1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Milward" title="Alan Milward">Milward, Alan S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Berrick_Saul" title="Berrick Saul">Saul, S. Berrick</a> (1973). <i>Economic Development of Continental Europe, 1780–1870</i>. Allen & Unwin. pp. 307–364. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5476145M">5476145M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Development+of+Continental+Europe%2C+1780%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=307-364&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5476145M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Milward&rft.aufirst=Alan+S.&rft.au=Saul%2C+S.+Berrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, <i>Restoration Era</i> (1968), pp. 83–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Smith Allen, <i>Popular French Romanticism: Authors, Readers, and Books in the 19th Century</i> (1981)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Jones, <i> Paris: The Biography of a City</i> (2006) pp 263–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1995">Wright 1995</a>, p. 105, quoting <a href="#CITEREFSauvigny1966">Sauvigny 1966</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200341–42-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200341–42_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury2003">Bury 2003</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClapham1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Clapham_(economic_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Clapham (economic historian)">Clapham, John H.</a> (1936). <i>The Economic Development of France and Germany 1815–1914</i>. pp. 53–81, 104–107, 121–127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Development+of+France+and+Germany+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=53-81%2C+104-107%2C+121-127&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Clapham&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Germaine de Stael and Monroe Berger, <i>Politics, Literature, and National Character</i> (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucian Robinson, "Accounts of early Christian history in the thought of François Guizot, Benjamin Constant and Madame de Staël 1800–c. 1833." <i>History of European Ideas</i> 43#6 (2017): 628–648.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Marrinan, <i>Romantic Paris: histories of a cultural landscape, 1800–1850</i> (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre_Bourdieu1998" class="citation book cs1">Pierre Bourdieu (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=do9o-jIrzXgC&pg=PA133"><i>The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power</i></a>. Stanford UP. pp. 133–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804733465" title="Special:BookSources/9780804733465"><bdi>9780804733465</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928192817/https://books.google.com/books?id=do9o-jIrzXgC&pg=PA133#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+Nobility%3A+Elite+Schools+in+the+Field+of+Power&rft.pages=133-135&rft.pub=Stanford+UP&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780804733465&rft.au=Pierre+Bourdieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddo9o-jIrzXgC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigel Falls, "The Conquest of Algiers," <i>History Today</i> (2005) 55#10 pp 44–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury200343–44-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury200343–44_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury2003">Bury 2003</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2003" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Robert (2003). <i>Re-Writing the French Revolutionary Tradition: Liberal Opposition and the Fall of the Bourbon Monarchy</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5218-0122-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-5218-0122-2"><bdi>0-5218-0122-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-Writing+the+French+Revolutionary+Tradition%3A+Liberal+Opposition+and+the+Fall+of+the+Bourbon+Monarchy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-5218-0122-2&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtz1931" class="citation book cs1">Artz, Frederick Binkerd (1931). <i>France Under the Bourbon Restoration, 1814-1830</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8462-0380-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8462-0380-3"><bdi>978-0-8462-0380-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26840286M">26840286M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+Under+the+Bourbon+Restoration%2C+1814-1830&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26840286M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-8462-0380-3&rft.aulast=Artz&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Binkerd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury2003" class="citation book cs1">Bury, J.P.T. (2003) [1949]. <i>France, 1814–1940</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4153-1600-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-4153-1600-6"><bdi>0-4153-1600-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%2C+1814%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-4153-1600-6&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.P.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawley1969" class="citation book cs1">Crawley, C. W. (1969). <i>The New Cambridge Modern History. Volume IX: War and Peace in an Age of Upheaval, 1793–1830</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-4547-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-4547-6"><bdi>978-0-5210-4547-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History.+Volume+IX%3A+War+and+Peace+in+an+Age+of+Upheaval%2C+1793%E2%80%931830&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-5210-4547-6&rft.aulast=Crawley&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2002" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Peter (2002). <i>The Extreme Right in France, 1789 to the Present: From De Maistre to Le Pen</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4152-3982-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-4152-3982-6"><bdi>0-4152-3982-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extreme+Right+in+France%2C+1789+to+the+Present%3A+From+De+Maistre+to+Le+Pen&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-4152-3982-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEM_staff1918" class="citation journal cs1">EM staff (January 1918). "State Papers". <i><a href="/wiki/The_European_Magazine,_and_London_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Magazine, and London Review">The European Magazine, and London Review</a></i>. Philological Society (Great Britain): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161">161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Magazine%2C+and+London+Review&rft.atitle=State+Papers&rft.pages=161&rft.date=1918-01&rft.au=EM+staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuret1995" class="citation book cs1">Furet, François (1995). <i>Revolutionary France 1770-1880</i>. pp. 269–325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+France+1770-1880&rft.pages=269-325&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Furet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span> survey of political history by leading scholar</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1973" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Nora Eileen (1973). <i>Ultra-Royalism and the French Restoration</i>. Octagon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3749-4027-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-3749-4027-4"><bdi>0-3749-4027-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ultra-Royalism+and+the+French+Restoration&rft.pub=Octagon+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-3749-4027-4&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Nora+Eileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngram1998" class="citation book cs1">Ingram, Philip (1998). <i>Napoleon and Europe</i>. Nelson Thornes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7487-3954-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7487-3954-8"><bdi>0-7487-3954-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+Europe&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7487-3954-8&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Kent" title="Sherman Kent">Kent, Sherman</a> (1975). <i>The Election of 1827 in France</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6742-4321-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-6742-4321-8"><bdi>0-6742-4321-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5185010M">5185010M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Election+of+1827+in+France&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5185010M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-6742-4321-8&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Sherman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkup1892" class="citation book cs1">Kirkup, T. (1892). <i>A History of Socialism</i>. London: Adam and Charles Black.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Socialism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Adam+and+Charles+Black&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Kirkup&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilbeam1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Pilbeam" title="Pamela Pilbeam">Pilbeam, Pamela</a> (1999). Alexander, Martin S. (ed.). <i>French History Since Napoleon</i>. Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3406-7731-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-3406-7731-7"><bdi>0-3406-7731-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+History+Since+Napoleon&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-3406-7731-7&rft.aulast=Pilbeam&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2008" class="citation book cs1">Price, Munro. (2008). <i>The Perilous Crown: France between Revolutions</i>. Pan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3304-2638-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3304-2638-1"><bdi>978-0-3304-2638-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perilous+Crown%3A+France+between+Revolutions&rft.pub=Pan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-3304-2638-1&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Munro.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauvigny1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Bertier_de_Sauvigny" title="Guillaume de Bertier de Sauvigny">Sauvigny, Guillaume de Bertier de</a> (1966). <i>The Bourbon Restoration</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bourbon+Restoration&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Sauvigny&rft.aufirst=Guillaume+de+Bertier+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTombs1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tombs" title="Robert Tombs">Tombs, Robert</a> (1996). <i>France 1814–1914</i>. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5824-9314-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-5824-9314-5"><bdi>0-5824-9314-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+1814%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-5824-9314-5&rft.aulast=Tombs&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Wolf" title="John Baptist Wolf">Wolf, John B.</a> (1962). <i>France: 1814–1919: The Rise of a liberal-Democratic Society (France, 1815 to the present)</i> (2nd ed.). pp. 4–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%3A+1814%E2%80%931919%3A+The+Rise+of+a+liberal-Democratic+Society+%28France%2C+1815+to+the+present%29&rft.pages=4-27&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtz1929" class="citation journal cs1">Artz, Frederick B. (1929). "The Electoral System in France during the Bourbon Restoration, 1815–30". <i>Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 205–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F235451">10.1086/235451</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1872004">1872004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Electoral+System+in+France+during+the+Bourbon+Restoration%2C+1815%E2%80%9330&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-218&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F235451&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1872004%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Artz&rft.aufirst=Frederick+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtz1934" class="citation book cs1">—— (1934). <i>Reaction and Revolution, 1814–1832</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reaction+and+Revolution%2C+1814%E2%80%931832&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Artz&rft.aufirst=Frederick+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Beach, Vincent W. (1971) <i>Charles X of France: His Life and Times</i> (Boulder: Pruett, 1971) 488 pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrogan1956" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_William_Brogan" title="Denis William Brogan">Brogan, D. W.</a> (January 1956). "The French Restoration: 1814–1830 (Part 1)". <i>History Today</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 28–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+French+Restoration%3A+1814%E2%80%931830+%28Part+1%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-36&rft.date=1956-01&rft.aulast=Brogan&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrogan1956" class="citation journal cs1">—— (February 1956). "The French Restoration: 1814–1830 (Part 2)". <i>History Today</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 104–109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+French+Restoration%3A+1814%E2%80%931830+%28Part+2%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=104-109&rft.date=1956-02&rft.aulast=Brogan&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Charle, Christophe. (1994) <i>A Social History of France in the 19th Century</i> (1994) pp 1–52</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollingham1988" class="citation book cs1">Collingham, Hugh A. C. (1988). <i>The July Monarchy: A Political History of France, 1830–1848</i>. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5820-2186-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-5820-2186-3"><bdi>0-5820-2186-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+July+Monarchy%3A+A+Political+History+of+France%2C+1830%E2%80%931848&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-5820-2186-3&rft.aulast=Collingham&rft.aufirst=Hugh+A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Counter, Andrew J. "A Nation of Foreigners: Chateaubriand and Repatriation." <i>Nineteenth-Century French Studies</i> 46.3 (2018): 285–306. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/692199/summary">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030538/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/692199/summary">Archived</a> 2018-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenby2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Fenby" title="Jonathan Fenby">Fenby, Jonathan</a> (October 2015). "Return of the King". <i>History Today</i>. <b>65</b> (10): 49–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Return+of+the+King&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=49-54&rft.date=2015-10&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fortescue, William. (1988) <i>Revolution and Counter-revolution in France, 1815–1852</i> (Blackwell, 1988).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFozzard1951" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irene_Collins" title="Irene Collins">Fozzard, Irene</a> (1951). "The Government and the Press in France, 1822 to 1827". <i>English Historical Review</i>. <b>66</b> (258): 51–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXVI.CCLVIII.51">10.1093/ehr/LXVI.CCLVIII.51</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/556487">556487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Government+and+the+Press+in+France%2C+1822+to+1827&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=258&rft.pages=51-66&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXVI.CCLVIII.51&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F556487%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fozzard&rft.aufirst=Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hall, John R. <i>The Bourbon Restoration</i> (1909) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bourbonrestorat00hallgoog">online free</a></li> <li>Haynes, Christine. <i>Our Friends the Enemies. The Occupation of France after Napoleon</i> (Harvard University Press, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issforum.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XXI-30.pdf">online reviews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225172833/https://issforum.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XXI-30.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJardinTudesq1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jardin" title="André Jardin">Jardin, Andre</a>; Tudesq, Andre-Jean (1988). <i>Restoration and Reaction 1815–1848</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoration+and+Reaction+1815%E2%80%931848&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Jardin&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft.au=Tudesq%2C+Andre-Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kelly, George A. "Liberalism and aristocracy in the French Restoration." <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> 26.4 (1965): 509–530. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lesdoctrinaires.fr/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/George-A.-Kelly-Liberalism-and-Aristocracy-in-the-French-Restoration.pdf">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630190123/https://www.lesdoctrinaires.fr/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/George-A.-Kelly-Liberalism-and-Aristocracy-in-the-French-Restoration.pdf">Archived</a> 30 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Kieswetter, James K. "The Imperial Restoration: Continuity in Personnel and Policy under Napoleon I and Louis XVIII." <i>Historian</i> 45.1 (1982): 31–46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24445230">online</a></li> <li>Knapton, Ernest John. (1934) "Some Aspects of the Bourbon Restoration of 1814." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> (1934) 6#4 pp: 405–424. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1871641">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312083121/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1871641">Archived</a> 2016-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroen1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kroen, Sheryl T. (Winter 1998). "Revolutionizing Religious Politics during the Restoration". <i><a href="/wiki/French_Historical_Studies" title="French Historical Studies">French Historical Studies</a></i>. <b>21</b> (1): 27–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286925">10.2307/286925</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286925">286925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Revolutionizing+Religious+Politics+during+the+Restoration&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-53&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286925%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kroen&rft.aufirst=Sheryl+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas-Dubreton1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lucas-Dubreton" title="Jean Lucas-Dubreton">Lucas-Dubreton, Jean</a> (1929). <i>The Restoration and the July Monarchy</i>. pp. 1–173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Restoration+and+the+July+Monarchy&rft.pages=1-173&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Lucas-Dubreton&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Merriman, John M. ed. <i>1830 in France</i> (1975). 7 long articles by scholars.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1974" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, Edgar Leon (March 1974). "The Blouse and the Frock Coat: The Alliance of the Common People of Paris with the Liberal Leadership and the Middle Class during the Last Years of the Bourbon Restoration". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_History" title="The Journal of Modern History">The Journal of Modern History</a></i>. <b>46</b> (1): 26–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F241164">10.1086/241164</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153370679">153370679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Blouse+and+the+Frock+Coat%3A+The+Alliance+of+the+Common+People+of+Paris+with+the+Liberal+Leadership+and+the+Middle+Class+during+the+Last+Years+of+the+Bourbon+Restoration&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-59&rft.date=1974-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F241164&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153370679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Edgar+Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewmanSimpson1987" class="citation book cs1">——; Simpson, Robert Lawrence (1987). <i>Historical Dictionary of France from the 1815 Restoration to the Second Empire</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3132-2751-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-3132-2751-9"><bdi>0-3132-2751-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2536874M">2536874M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+France+from+the+1815+Restoration+to+the+Second+Empire&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2536874M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-3132-2751-9&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Edgar+Leon&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Robert+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilbeam1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Pilbeam" title="Pamela Pilbeam">Pilbeam, Pamela</a> (June 1982). "The Growth of Liberalism and the Crisis of the Bourbon Restoration, 1827–1830". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a></i>. <b>25</b> (2): 351–366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00011596">10.1017/S0018246X00011596</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154630064">154630064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Growth+of+Liberalism+and+the+Crisis+of+the+Bourbon+Restoration%2C+1827%E2%80%931830&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=351-366&rft.date=1982-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00011596&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154630064%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pilbeam&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilbeam1989" class="citation journal cs1">—— (June 1989). "The Economic Crisis of 1827–32 and the 1830 Revolution in Provincial France". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a></i>. <b>32</b> (2): 319–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00012176">10.1017/S0018246X00012176</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154412637">154412637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Crisis+of+1827%E2%80%9332+and+the+1830+Revolution+in+Provincial+France&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=319-338&rft.date=1989-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00012176&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154412637%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pilbeam&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkney1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Pinkney" title="David H. Pinkney">Pinkney, David H.</a> (1972). <i>The French Revolution of 1830</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution+of+1830&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Pinkney&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRader1973" class="citation book cs1">Rader, Daniel L. (1973). <i>The Journalists and the July Revolution in France</i>. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-0247-1552-0" title="Special:BookSources/9-0247-1552-0"><bdi>9-0247-1552-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journalists+and+the+July+Revolution+in+France&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9-0247-1552-0&rft.aulast=Rader&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stewart, John Hall. <i>The restoration era in France, 1814–1830</i> (1968) 223pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Wolf" title="John Baptist Wolf">Wolf, John B.</a> (1940). <i>France: 1815 to the Present</i>. pp. 1–75. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1908475">1908475</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6409578M">6409578M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%3A+1815+to+the+Present&rft.pages=1-75&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1908475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6409578M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Haynes, Christine. "Remembering and Forgetting the First Modern Occupations of France", <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 88:3 (2016): 535–571 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843569">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225174421/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843569">Archived</a> 2020-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauvigny1981" class="citation journal cs1">Sauvigny, G. de Bertier de (Spring 1981). "The Bourbon Restoration: One Century of French Historiography". <i><a href="/wiki/French_Historical_Studies" title="French Historical Studies">French Historical Studies</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1): 41–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286306">10.2307/286306</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286306">286306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Bourbon+Restoration%3A+One+Century+of+French+Historiography&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-67&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286306%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sauvigny&rft.aufirst=G.+de+Bertier+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_F.M.1904" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, F.M. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionsan02andegoog"><i>The constitutions and other select documents illustrative of the history of France, 1789–1901</i></a>. The H. W. Wilson company 1904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+constitutions+and+other+select+documents+illustrative+of+the+history+of+France%2C+1789%E2%80%931901&rft.pub=The+H.+W.+Wilson+company+1904.&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Anderson%2C+F.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstitutionsan02andegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABourbon+Restoration+in+France" class="Z3988"></span>, complete text online</li> <li>Collins, Irene, ed. <i>Government and society in France, 1814–1848</i> (1971) pp 7–87. Primary sources translated into English.</li> <li>Lindsann, Olchar E. ed. <i>Liberté, Vol. II: 1827–1847</i> (2012) original documents in English translation regarding politics, literature, history, philosophy, and art. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libertecc81-reader-2-online">online free</a>; 430pp</li> <li>Stewart, John Hall ed. <i>The Restoration Era in France, 1814–1830</i> (1968) 222pp; excerpts from 68 primary sources, plus 87pp introduction</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Restauration_period" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Restauration period">Restauration period</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Bourbon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Bourbon_(France)" title="Template:House of Bourbon (France)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Bourbon_(France)" title="Template talk:House of Bourbon (France)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Bourbon_(France)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Bourbon (France)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Bourbon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Henry_IV_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_France_(1602%E2%80%931644)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of France (1602–1644)">Elisabeth, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_of_France" title="Christine of France">Christine, Duchess of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Henri,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans">Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrietta Maria">Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Siblings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Henri, Duke of Beaumont (1551–1553)</li> <li>Louis, Count of Marle (1555–1557)</li> <li>Madeleine (1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bourbon" title="Catherine of Bourbon">Catherine, Duchess of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Illegitimate children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar,_Duke_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="César, Duke of Vendôme">César, Duke of Vendôme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Henriette_de_Bourbon" title="Catherine Henriette de Bourbon">Catherine Henriette, Duchess of Elbeuf</a></li> <li>Alexandre, Chevalier de Vendôme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Duke_of_Verneuil" title="Henri, Duke of Verneuil">Henri, Duke of Verneuil</a></li> <li>Gabrielle Angelique, Duchess of La Valette and Epernon</li> <li>Antoine, Count of Moret</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontevraud_Abbey" title="Fontevraud Abbey">Jeanne Baptiste, Abess of Fontevraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelles_Abbey" title="Chelles Abbey">Marie Henriette, Abess of Chelles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duchess_of_Montpensier" title="Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier">Anne Marie Louise, Duchess of Montpensier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marguerite Louise d'Orléans">Marguerite Louise, Grand Duchess of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Marguerite_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans">Élisabeth Marguerite, Duchess of Alençon and Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Madeleine_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans">Françoise Madeleine, Duchess of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Anne_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Anne d'Orléans">Princess Marie Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gaston,_Duke_of_Valois" title="Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois">Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XIII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Infanta Ana Maria Mauricia of Spain</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Anne_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Anne Élisabeth of France">Princess Anne Élisabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Anne_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Anne of France">Princess Marie Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France_(1667%E2%80%931672)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France (1667–1672)">Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou">Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Louis François, Duke of Anjou">Louis François, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise d'Orléans">Marie Louise, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Valois" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois">Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Anne Marie d'Orléans">Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Charles, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Charlotte_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans">Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Great <br /> grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">King Felipe of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1686%E2%80%931714)" title="Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)">Charles, Duke of Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1703%E2%80%931752)" title="Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)">Louis, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XIV" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Infanta María Teresa of Spain</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Aubign%C3%A9,_Marquise_de_Maintenon" title="Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon">Françoise d'Aubigné, Marchioness of Maintenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Anne_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Anne Élisabeth of France">Princess Anne Élisabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Anne_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Anne of France">Princess Marie Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France_(1667%E2%80%931672)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France (1667–1672)">Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou">Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Louis François, Duke of Anjou">Louis François, Duke of Anjou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Illegitimate<br />children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Anne_de_Bourbon" title="Marie Anne de Bourbon">Marie Anne, Princess of Conti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Vermandois" title="Louis, Count of Vermandois">Louis, Count of Vermandois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste,_Duke_of_Maine" title="Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine">Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C%C3%A9sar,_Count_of_Vexin" title="Louis César, Count of Vexin">Louis César, Count of Vexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Fran%C3%A7oise,_Princess_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louise Françoise, Princess of Condé">Louise Françoise, Duchess of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Marie_Anne_de_Bourbon" title="Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon">Louise Marie Anne, Mademoiselle de Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Marie_de_Bourbon" title="Françoise Marie de Bourbon">Françoise Marie, Duchess of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse">Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_de_Maisonblanche" title="Louise de Maisonblanche">Louise, Baroness of La Queue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">King Felipe V of Spain</a></i> <sup><small>p</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1686%E2%80%931714)" title="Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)">Charles, Duke of Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste,_Prince_of_Dombes" title="Louis Auguste, Prince of Dombes">Louis Auguste, Prince of Dombes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles,_Count_of_Eu" title="Louis Charles, Count of Eu">Louis Charles, Count of Eu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Bourbon,_Mademoiselle_du_Maine" title="Louise Françoise de Bourbon, Mademoiselle du Maine">Louise Françoise, Mademoiselle du Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jean_Marie_de_Bourbon,_Duke_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre" title="Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre">Louis Jean Marie, Duke of Penthièvre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Great<br />grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1704%E2%80%931705)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1704–1705)">Louis, Duke of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1707%E2%80%931712)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712)">Louis, Duke of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis I of Spain</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Felipe of Spain <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Felipe of Spain <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI of Spain</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Francisco of Spain <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Victoria_of_Spain" title="Mariana Victoria of Spain">Mariana Víctoria, Queen of Portugal</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Philip, Duke of Parma</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_Rafaela_of_Spain" title="María Teresa Rafaela of Spain">Maria Teresa Rafaela, Dauphine of France</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Luis,_Count_of_Chinch%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón">Luis, Count of Chinchón</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonia_Ferdinanda_of_Spain" title="Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain">Maria Antonietta, Queen of Sardinia</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans">Charles, Duke of Alençon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans">Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Alençon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre,_Prince_of_Lamballe" title="Louis Alexandre, Prince of Lamballe">Louis Alexandre, Prince of Lamballe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XV" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Maria Carolina Sophia Felicity Leszczyńska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Élisabeth of France">Louise Élisabeth, Duchess of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_of_France_(1727%E2%80%931752)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henriette of France (1727–1752)">Princess Henriette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_of_France_(1728%E2%80%931733)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Louise of France (1728–1733)">Princess Louise (1728–1733)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe, Duke of Anjou">Philippe, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Adélaïde">Marie Adélaïde, Duchess of Louvois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoire_of_France_(1733%E2%80%931799)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoire of France (1733–1799)">Princess Victoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_France_(1734%E2%80%931782)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie of France (1734–1782)">Sophie, Duchess of Louvois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France" title="Thérèse of France">Princess Thérèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_France_(1737%E2%80%931787)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise of France (1737–1787)">Princess Louise (1737–1787)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Madame_Royale_(1746%E2%80%931748)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse, Madame Royale (1746–1748)">Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Z%C3%A9phyrine_of_France" title="Marie Zéphyrine of France">Princess Marie Zéphyrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy_(1751%E2%80%931761)" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy (1751–1761)">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine">Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotilde_of_France" title="Clotilde of France">Clothilde, Queen of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" title="Élisabeth of France">Princess Élisabeth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Illegitimate children <br /> included</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Vintimille" title="Charles de Vintimille">Charles de Vintimille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_O%27Murphy" title="Marie-Louise O'Murphy">Agathe Louise de Saint-Antoine</a></li> <li>Philippe, Duke of Narbonne-Lara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_comte_de_Narbonne-Lara" title="Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara">Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XVI" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Duchess_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême">Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophie_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_B%C3%A9atrice_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Sophie Hélène Béatrice of France">Princess Sophie Hélène</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XVII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Note" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Note</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap">Louis had no children; he died aged 10 in 1795. His uncle, the future <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>, proclaimed himself regent but both titles were disputed.</span></li></ul> <ul><li>See <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bourbon Restoration in France</a></i>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XVIII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Spouse(s)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Jos%C3%A9phine_of_Savoy" title="Marie Joséphine of Savoy">Princess Marie Joséphine of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Charles_X_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Savoy" title="Maria Theresa of Savoy">Maria Theresa of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_d%27Artois_(1776%E2%80%931783)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie d'Artois (1776–1783)">Sophie, <i>Mademoiselle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry">Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry</a></li> <li>Marie Thérèse, Mademoiselle d'Angoulême</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Princess Louise Élisabeth</li> <li>Prince Louis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_d%27Artois" title="Princess Louise d'Artois">Louise Marie Thérèse, Duchess of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henri, Count of Chambord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Notes</span></dt> <dd><sup><small>1</small></sup> also an <a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infante or Infanta of Spain</a></dd> <dd><sup><small>2</small></sup> also an <a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">Archduchess of Austria</a></dd> <dd><sup><small>3</small></sup> both</dd> <dd><sup><small>p</small></sup> <span class="wrap">Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain, the country's present ruling house.</span></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="France_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:France_topics" title="Template:France topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:France_topics" title="Template talk:France topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:France_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:France topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="France_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_journalism" title="History of French journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">Liberalism and radicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_laws_of_the_Kingdom_of_France" title="Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France">Fundamental laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution_of_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Revolution of 1756">Diplomatic Revolution of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">Coup of 2 December 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">1900 to present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#France,_Benelux_countries" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">2021 labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_France" title="Borders of France">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" title="List of islands of France">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" title="List of lakes of France">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" title="List of French mountains by prominence">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">presidential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_France" title="Intersex rights in France">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_criminal_law" title="French criminal law">criminal law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France#Agriculture" title="Economy of France">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_France" title="List of exports of France">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">Franc (former currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">French subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_France" title="Mining in France">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_France" title="List of trade unions in France">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_France" title="Category:Society of France">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_France" title="Birth control in France">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_France" title="Crime in France">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_France" title="Homelessness in France">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" title="Social protection in France">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" title="List of Remarkable Gardens of France">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" title="Public holidays in France">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"><div><div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline</a></li></ul> </div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France" title="Category:France">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_France" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject France">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207162#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85051399">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548091005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&oldid=1256782543">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&oldid=1256782543</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bourbon_Restoration" title="Category:Bourbon Restoration">Bourbon Restoration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Counter-revolution" title="Category:Counter-revolution">Counter-revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1814_establishments_in_France" title="Category:1814 establishments in France">1814 establishments in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1830_disestablishments_in_France" title="Category:1830 disestablishments in France">1830 disestablishments in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_France" title="Category:19th century in France">19th century in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1814" title="Category:States and territories established in 1814">States and territories established in 1814</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1815" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1815">States and territories disestablished in 1815</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1815" title="Category:States and territories established in 1815">States and territories established in 1815</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1830" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1830">States and territories disestablished in 1830</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_flag_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 15:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration_in_France&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-6pl45","wgBackendResponseTime":154,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.153","walltime":"2.429","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16680,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":443198,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":28274,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":251172,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2000.505 1 -total"," 25.41% 508.245 1 Template:Infobox_former_country"," 20.81% 416.238 20 Template:If_empty"," 16.64% 332.797 80 Template:Sfn"," 12.47% 249.542 19 Template:Citation_needed"," 11.99% 239.856 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 11.03% 220.584 1 Template:Infobox_country/imagetable"," 10.22% 204.543 19 Template:Fix"," 9.72% 194.483 39 Template:Cite_book"," 9.04% 180.804 2 Template:Reflist"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.294","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22040744,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlexander2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson,_F.M.1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArtz1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArtz1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArtz1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBN_(Barbara_Neave,_comtesse_de_Courson)1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnard1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrogan1956\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBury2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaron1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharle1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClapham1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollingham1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawley1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEM_staff1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenby2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFozzard1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuret1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngram1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJardinTudesq1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkup1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKroen1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeepson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucas-Dubreton1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMillan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPhee1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilwardSaul1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewmanSimpson1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierre_Bourdieu1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilbeam1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilbeam1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilbeam1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinkney1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinkney1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinoteau1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRader1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRooneyReinerman1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauvigny1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauvigny1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchroeder1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTombs1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1995\"] = 1,\n [\"First_Restoration\"] = 1,\n [\"Second_Restoration\"] = 1,\n [\"Spanish_Intervention_of_1823\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in France\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"France topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 7,\n [\"History of France\"] = 1,\n [\"House of Bourbon (France)\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox former country\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Not to be confused with\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nwr\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 80,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","420","27.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","11.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","6.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","3.9"],["(for generator)","60","3.9"],["[others]","260","16.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-wh29l","timestamp":"20241128193414","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bourbon Restoration in France","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q207162","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q207162","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-07-15T16:45:28Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T15:09:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/01\/Flag_of_France_%281814%E2%80%931830%29.svg","headline":"period of French history, 1814\u20131830"}</script> </body> </html>