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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #484329; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#484329"><b>Preach to the choir</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Religion</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#c9c69d;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion"><img alt="Icon religion.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/b/b7/Icon_religion.svg/100px-Icon_religion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/b/b7/Icon_religion.svg/150px-Icon_religion.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/b/b7/Icon_religion.svg/200px-Icon_religion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#484329; text-align:center;"><b>Crux of the matter</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#c9c69d;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#484329; text-align:center;"><b>Speak of the devil</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#c9c69d;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#484329; text-align:center;"><b>An act of faith</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#c9c69d;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">Sect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy" title="Holy">Holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Power" title="Higher Power">Higher Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_(fran%C3%A7ais)" title="Omnipotence (français)">Omnipotence (français)</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion" title="Template:Religion">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion" title="Template talk:Religion">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Religion&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Your <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">delusion</a> has been noted.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—the <i>entirety</i> of Richard Dawkins' response to the article<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>"Richard Dawkins — God Hater"</b> is an analysis of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>' 2006 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></i> written by Wayne Jackson and published on the <i>Christian Courier</i> website, which claims 17,000 subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-jackson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>According to their website: </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>The Christian Courier is a journal dedicated to the investigation of biblical doctrine, Christian evidences, and ethical issues. The first printed edition of the Christian Courier was published in May of 1964 by Wayne Jackson and the East Main Church of Christ. The online edition began in October of 1998 with the objective of developing an online library of information that would strengthen Christians by supplying quality, biblically-sound[ing] materials that were easily accessible around the globe. </p> </blockquote> <p>Their articles include "<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>: Everything You’ve Always Wanted to Know, But Were Afraid To Ask", "What Do You Know About <a href="/wiki/Demons" class="mw-redirect" title="Demons">Demons</a>?", and "Five Questions About <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> that <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> Can’t Answer". Unfortunately, the latter article is unavailable on the website. Perhaps they realized Darwin's been dead for over a century, so it would be very difficult for him to answer <i>any</i> question. </p><p>Below is an analysis of Jackson's piece on Dawkins' <i>The God Delusion</i>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Rebuttal"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Rebuttal</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Richard_Dawkins_.E2.80.93_God_Hater"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Richard Dawkins – God Hater</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Dawkins_on_the_9.2F11_Tragedy"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dawkins on the 9/11 Tragedy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Universality_of_Religion"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Universality of Religion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Dawkins.E2.80.99s_Focus"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Dawkins’s Focus</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Exhortation"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Exhortation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Inspiration"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Inspiration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Consolation"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Consolation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Conclusion"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Conclusion</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Rebuttal">Rebuttal</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rebuttal">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:135%;font-weight:bold;border:thin solid #CCC;text-align:center;color:#000000;width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;">Original article</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:135%;font-weight:bold;border:thin solid #CCC;text-align:center;color:#000000;width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;">Analysis</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span id="Richard_Dawkins_–_God_Hater"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Richard_Dawkins_.E2.80.93_God_Hater">Richard Dawkins – God Hater</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Richard Dawkins – God Hater">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Richard Dawkins is a former professor at the University of <a href="/wiki/California" class="mw-redirect" title="California">California</a> at Berkeley; more recently he was a lecturer in “animal behavior” at <a href="/wiki/Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford">Oxford University</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. Currently Dawkins is a “Professor of the Public Understanding of Science” at the same institution. </p> His main passion is spitting venom towards the <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> he believes does not exist. This is much like a man composing a vitriolic diatribe against “<a href="/wiki/Fun:Fairies" title="Fun:Fairies">fairies</a>.” Who expends time in such an endeavor? Clearly, the professor is bothered seriously by the “God” issue.</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>It is odd that they put "animal behavior" in quotes. Does this indicate they disbelieve animals have behavior? Or that this is not a legitimate field of study? </p><p>Jackson starts with an <a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad hominem">ad hominem</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/PRATT" class="mw-redirect" title="PRATT">point refuted countless times</a> before.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </p> By this <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, why does Jackson try to prove God, if he is so certain God exists?</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Dawkins’s newest literary fiasco is called The God Delusion. A laudatory review by an unnamed author in a recent issue of <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> (2006, 93-94), celebrates Dawkins as “an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary biologist">evolutionary biologist</a>, and an eloquent communicator about <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>.” He is represented as one who has “finally marshaled a lifetime’s arguments against believing in God.” </p><p>To get a feeling for the temperament of the celebrated professor, Dawkins depicts the non-existent God as “a <a href="/wiki/Misogynistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Misogynistic">misogynistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophobic">homophobic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a>, infanticidal, <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocidal</a>, filicidal, pestilential, megalomaniacal, sado-masochistic, capriciously malevolent bully.” </p> Anyone who analyzes this linguistic tantrum certainly cannot anticipate a calmly considered, logical series of arguments against the existence of God. A reflection upon The Economist review certainly confirms this assessment.</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> Indeed, we should not "anticipate a calmly considered, logical series of arguments" from Jackson.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><h3><span id="Dawkins_on_the_9/11_Tragedy"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Dawkins_on_the_9.2F11_Tragedy">Dawkins on the 9/11 Tragedy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dawkins on the 9/11 Tragedy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>The reviewer begins by suggesting that several of Dawkins’s recent books (including the current one) are reactions to the <a href="/wiki/9/11" title="9/11">9/11</a> attacks by <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorists">terrorists</a>. Generalizing from the particular to the general, the professor draws the conclusion that since the terrorists “believed they were doing God’s [<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>’s] work and would be justly rewarded in the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>,” this must imply that <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> in God per se is <a href="/wiki/Evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Evil">evil</a> and is responsible for such atrocities. </p> This is nonsense. Abuse by some religionists <a href="/wiki/Association_fallacy" title="Association fallacy">does not indict all religious people</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> generally. This is too elementary to need response.</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Jackson <a href="/wiki/Quote_mining" title="Quote mining">quote mines</a> the article from The Economist<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> to make it seem as though Dawkins claims that all religious people are violent or irrational (implicitly because they are religious), and then debunks this idea. The full excerpt, with what Jackson used in <b>bold,</b> is: </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p><b>They believed they were doing God's work and would be justly rewarded in the afterlife.</b> It is easy to denounce such deluded zealots, but what relation do they have to ordinary, "sensible" religious people? The problem, as Mr Dawkins sees it, is that religious moderates make the world safe for <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalists">fundamentalists</a>, by promoting <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> as a virtue and by enforcing an overly pious respect for religion. </p> </blockquote> This is a very different view than saying "belief in God per se is evil and is responsible for such atrocities." Jackson is using a classic <a href="/wiki/Straw_man" title="Straw man">Straw man</a> argument.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;">It is truly a thing of wonder that most atheists appear to be unable to foresee the consequences of their arguments. Has it never occurred to our skeptical friends that the administrations of <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>—atheists all—were responsible for the slaughter of more than one hundred million souls who would not yield to godless <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>?</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Jackson is <a href="/wiki/Association_fallacy" title="Association fallacy">conflating atheism with communism</a>. Furthermore, Marx never presided over any government, and Lenin's brief leadership of the <a href="/wiki/U.S.S.R." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.S.R.">U.S.S.R.</a> did not lead to large-scale atrocities. </p> <a href="/wiki/Militant_atheism#The_real_deal" title="Militant atheism">To say that Stalin's atrocities were due to atheism</a> is like saying <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> was due to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, since Adolf Hitler was, after all, a professed Christian.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Does that suggest that all atheists are murderers? Of course not. But such exterminations cannot be condemned upon the basis of the philosophy of atheism. Atheist philosopher Jean Paul Sartre expressed it like this: </p> "Everything is indeed permitted if God does not exist, and man is in consequence forlorn, for he cannot find anything to depend upon either within or outside himself. . . Nor, on the other hand, if God does not exist, are we provided with any values or commands that could legitimize our behavior (1961, 485)."</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Jackson brazenly quote mines a speech by Jean Paul Sartre.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Here is the excerpt of what Sartre said, with what Jackson provided in <b>bold:</b> </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>In other words – and this is, I believe, the purport of all that we in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> call <a href="/wiki/Radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism">radicalism</a> – nothing will be changed if God does not exist; we shall rediscover the same norms of honesty, <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanity">humanity</a>, and we shall have disposed of God as an out-of-date <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> which will die away quietly of itself. The <a href="/wiki/Existentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialist">existentialist</a>, on the contrary, finds it extremely embarrassing that God does not exist, for there disappears with Him all possibility of finding values in an intelligible <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>. There can no longer be any good <a href="/wiki/A_priori" class="mw-redirect" title="A priori">a priori</a>, since there is no infinite and perfect <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> to think it. It is nowhere written that “the good” exists, that one must be honest or must not lie, since we are now upon the plane where there are only men. Dostoevsky once wrote: “If God did not exist, everything would be permitted”; and that, for existentialism, is the starting point. <b>Everything is indeed permitted if God does not exist, and man is in consequence forlorn, for he cannot find anything to depend upon either within or outside himself.</b> He discovers forthwith, that he is without excuse. For if indeed existence precedes essence, one will never be able to explain one’s action by reference to a given and specific <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a>; in other words, there is no <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a> – man is free, man is <a href="/wiki/Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom">freedom</a>. <b>Nor, on the other hand, if God does not exist, <a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">are we provided with any values or commands</a> <a href="/wiki/Rationalization" title="Rationalization">that could legitimize our behavior</a>.</b> Thus we have neither behind us, nor before us in a luminous realm of <a href="/wiki/Values" title="Values">values</a>, any means of justification or excuse. – We are left alone, without excuse. That is what I mean when I say that man is condemned to be free. Condemned, because he did not create himself, yet is nevertheless at liberty, and from the moment that he is thrown into this world he is responsible for everything he does. </p> </blockquote> In other words, Sartre is saying that without God, man is forced to take responsibility for his actions and the <a href="/wiki/Moral" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral">moral</a> systems he creates, as opposed to simply accepting the moral code of whatever <a href="/wiki/Holy" title="Holy">holy</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">book</a> his religion happens to believe. This is very different from saying that <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">there can be no morality without religion</a>, as Jackson wants the reader to think.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Another atheist, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> wrote, “Outside human desires there is no moral standard” (1957, 62). </p><p>Again, there is this foolish statement from Russell: </p> When a man acts in ways that annoy us [like the extermination of <a href="/wiki/Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews">Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, or 9/11?] we wish to think him wicked, and we refuse to face the fact that his annoying behavior is a result of antecedent causes which, if you follow them long enough, will take you beyond the moment of his birth and therefore to events for which he cannot be held responsible by any stretch of imagination (1957, 40; emphasis added).</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>More quote mining, this time from Bertrand Russell. The first quote is from Russell's book <i>What I Believe.</i> With Jackson's quote in <b>bold:</b> </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>But there is no conceivable way of making people do things they do not wish to do. What is possible is to alter their desires by a system of rewards and penalties, among which <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">social</a> approval and disapproval are not the least potent. The question for the legislative moralist is, therefore: How shall this system of rewards and punishments be arranged to as to secure the maximum of what is desired by the legislative authority? If I say that the legislative authority has bad desire, I mean merely that its desires conflict with those of some section of the community to which I belong. <b>Outside human desires there is no moral standard.</b> </p> </blockquote> <p>Russell is discussing how a <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> or social system could convince people to follow the <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a> (and not have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perverse_incentive" class="extiw" title="wp:Perverse incentive" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Perverse incentive">their efforts backfire</span></a>).<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> He is not making an absolute moral statement, as the last sentence seems to imply without context. </p><p>The next quote mine is from Russell's work <i>Why I Am Not a Christian.</i> With Jackson's selection in <b>bold:</b> </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>Whatever may be thought about [<a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>] as a matter of ultimate metaphysics, it is quite clear that nobody believes it in practice. Everyone has always believed that it is possible to train character; everyone has always known that <a href="/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol">alcohol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Opium" class="mw-redirect" title="Opium">opium</a> will have a certain effect on behavior. The <a href="/wiki/Apostle" title="Apostle">apostle</a> of free will maintains that a man can by <a href="/wiki/Will_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Will power">will power</a> avoid getting drunk, but he does maintain that when drunk a man can say "British Constitution" as clearly as if he were sober. And everybody who has ever had to do with children knows that a suitable diet does more to make them virtuous than the most eloquent preaching in the world. The one effect that the free-will doctrine has in practice is to prevent people from following out such common-sense knowledge to its rational conclusion. <b>When a man acts on in ways that annoy us we wish think him wicked, and we refuse to face the fact that his annoying behavior is a result of antecedent causes causes which, if you follow them long enough, will take you beyond the moment of his birth and therefore to events for which he cannot be held responsible by any stretch of imagination.</b> </p> </blockquote> <p>Jackson's quote mine is actually from an argument <i>against</i> the Christian concept of free will. This particular quote seems to be on numerous Christian sites, however, so it's likely that Jackson just got it from one of those. </p> Perhaps if he actually read Russell's book, he, too, would not be a Christian.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> The 9/11 attack was antagonistic neither to the <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> of atheism nor fundamentalist <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>; but it was wholly adverse [sic] to Christianity’s imperative to love one’s enemies (Matthew 5:43ff; Romans 12:17ff).</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>It's ironic that Jackson claims atheism somehow condones the 9/11 attacks, considering that Dawkins' argument is that such things wouldn't happen in a world without religion. </p> As for Jackson's claim regarding Christianity, it seems doubtful that his <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifistic</a> views were shared by Pope Urban II when he urged Christians to join the First <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">Crusade</a>, or by Torquemada as he presided over the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>. With such dissenting voices, an attack like 9/11 doesn't seem "wholly adverse" to Christianity, unless one resorts to the <a href="/wiki/No_True_Scotsman" title="No True Scotsman">no true Scotsman fallacy.</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> According to his reviewer, Dawkins thinks that if all religion could be obliterated (<a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">his ideal</a>), “any positive aspects of religion [could] be replaced by equally beneficial non-religious substitutes.” Like those glorious “benefits” that reigned supreme, one supposes, during the Communistic regime of the former Soviet Union!</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> Again, he doesn't realize that atheism and communism are completely different things.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Universality_of_Religion">Universality of Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Universality of Religion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> Dawkins is puzzled that interest in religion is so widespread. “Worshipping deities would seem to be an irrational and wasteful habit, yet it has been found in all cultures” (The Economist). Is religion any more “irrational” than spending a vast amount of time in writing books against a God one believes does not exist?</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> Repeating this tired <a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad hominem">ad hominem</a> again. Jackson has written at least one book defending Christianity, so he certainly spends a large amount of time trying to prove a God he already believes exists.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> The author even toys with a potential problem in his reasoning. From his storehouse of “logical firepower” he raises the possible objection that if the <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> were true, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> eliminates that which is harmful in the development of the species, why hasn’t the religious impulse become obsolete, since, according to Dawkins, it is an unnecessary, even harmful, impediment to human development?</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Natural selection is a <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a> process. It deals with physical, <a href="/wiki/Genetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic">genetically</a> controlled traits in species over the course of many generations, as they adapt to their environment. There are many problems with applying natural selection to human ideologies. In the modern era, humans completely dominate their environment. We do not compete with any other species to any reasonable extent. The process of natural selection on human physical traits is rather questionable for this reason, much less ideas. </p><p>Also, negative traits do not disappear quickly unless they are <i>very</i> detrimental, such as a severe genetic defect. Vestigial organs and functions have not disappeared yet because they are not very harmful, even though they are unnecessary and thus a waste of the body's resources. It takes many, many generations for them to disappear. If we apply natural selection to ideas, the same systems could apply. Most religions are not <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> <a href="/wiki/Cults" class="mw-redirect" title="Cults">cults</a>. In general, believers can live productive lives, even if, as Dawkins believes, society might be better off overall without religion. </p> One could argue that the rise of non-belief in the modern era really is natural selection, just proceeding at the slow pace one would expect.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>The popular <a href="/wiki/British" class="mw-redirect" title="British">British</a> “<a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> inspector” suggests that evolution “programmed” offspring to believe what they learn from parents, and one unprofitable by-product of this process is the belief in religion. </p> But how could the non-intelligent, materialistic forces of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> “program” anything? Can there be a program without a programmer?</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Jackson is using the <a href="/wiki/Teleological" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleological">teleological</a> argument, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" title="Argument from design">argument from design</a>. His particular example is a variant of "a watch requires a watchmaker." </p><p>Ironically, Richard Dawkins already addressed this argument in his book <i>The Blind Watchmaker:</i> </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>But of course any God capable of intelligently designing something as complex as [a] <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> replicating machine must have been at least as complex and organized as the machine itself. Far more so if we suppose him additionally capable of such advanced functions as listening to <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayers</a> and forgiving <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sins</a>. To explain the origin of the DNA/protein machine <a href="/wiki/Goddidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddidit">by invoking a supernatural Designer</a> is to explain precisely nothing, for <a href="/wiki/Infinite_regress" title="Infinite regress">it leaves unexplained the origin of the Designer</a>. You have to say something like "God was always there", and if you allow yourself <a href="/wiki/Special_pleading" title="Special pleading">that kind of lazy way out</a>, you might as well just say "DNA was always there", or "<a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a> was always there", and be done with it."<i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[note 1]</a></sup></i> </p> </blockquote> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>And what about the opposite side of that coin? Could it not be argued with equal force that atheism has been passed from parents to children, and is an “irrational” and “wasteful” form of mental aberration? The famous theorist once again has met himself limping down the road of logical inconsistency. </p> For further discussion of the “religious faculty” that appears to be unique and intrinsic to the normal person, see the author’s book, Fortify Your Faith (1974, 14-16).</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Atheism is not a belief. It is simply the lack of belief; it is a <a href="/wiki/Null_hypothesis" title="Null hypothesis">null hypothesis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> parents in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> do not teach their children to disbelieve in Christianity or Islam, they simply don't teach them to believe in Christianity or Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[note 2]</a></sup> Disbelief is the default state, not belief.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[note 3]</a></sup> </p><p>Jackson claims that religion is "unique and intrinsic", but belief in God is certainly not. Belief systems such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, which reject any kind of <a href="/wiki/Deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Deity">deity</a>, are indigenous and endemic to a large percentage of the world's population living in East <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. Furthermore, Jackson's book is from 1974, and thus ignores the advances in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, and biology that have been made since then. </p> But he still wants you to buy it!</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><h3><span id="Dawkins’s_Focus"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Dawkins.E2.80.99s_Focus">Dawkins’s Focus</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dawkins’s Focus">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> The <a href="/wiki/English" title="English">English</a> author takes aim at four needs that religion is believed to satisfy: explanation, exhortation, inspiration, and consolation. These items are worthy of analysis.</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> Sadly, Jackson's "analysis" falls short.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Dawkins alleges that religion does not provide an explanation as to the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> and man, any more than it explains: “who created God?” The biblical answer is: no one created God. God is an eternal being (Psalm 90:2). No atheist, of course, would grant credence to the Bible testimony. The fact is, however, plain logic reinforces the scriptural affirmation. </p> If something exists now, something must always have existed, for something cannot come from nothing. Something does now exist; thus, something has existed always.</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>If God is eternal, why couldn't the universe be eternal? Making an exception for God would be <a href="/wiki/Special_pleading" title="Special pleading">special pleading</a>. This is also explained by Dawkins' <i>The Blind Watchmaker</i> quote above. </p> Furthermore, the concept of an eternal God is present in all of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>. This "plain logic" could just as easily be an argument for Islam.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> The “something” that has existed always must either be matter or mind.</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> This is a <a href="/wiki/False_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="False dichotomy">false dichotomy</a> if there ever was one. As a trivial example, perhaps the "something" could have been Zforbleck, an as-of-yet undiscovered kind of existence.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> But the eternally existing “something” is not matter, for matter is conceded to be temporal, not eternal (as evidenced by the Second Law of <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a>).</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>The Second Law of Thermodynamics <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/seclaw.html">states:</a> "In any cyclic process, the entropy will either increase or remain the same." </p><p>In layman's terms, disorder in a closed system tends to increase with time. This in no way implies matter is "temporal", as if it goes away. </p> In fact, Jackson conveniently ignores the First Law of Thermodynamics, which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. This is the basis for the Law of Conservation of Mass, which states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> Thus, the eternal “something,” by default, must be “mind.”</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> He's <a href="/wiki/Not_even_wrong" title="Not even wrong">not even wrong</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> If the universe is characterized by order (kosmos) or “<a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">design</a>,” then the cause that produced it must be intelligent.</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Another variant of the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" title="Argument from design">argument from design</a>. </p><p>An anthill is an ordered creation, yet ants are not intelligent (or at least not in the same sense or degree that humans are, as ants, like humans, do have <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brains</a>, but that's <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">a whole other rabbit hole</a>). </p> Furthermore, there is no reason to believe the universe is "characterized by order". There are many chaotic events in the universe. This is related to the <a href="/wiki/Anthropic_principle" title="Anthropic principle">anthropic principle</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> Intelligence implies personality. Hence there must be a personal cause responsible for the universe.</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>…no? Excuse us, <i><a href="/wiki/Deepity" title="Deepity">what</a>?</i> </p> Again, <a href="/wiki/Not_even_wrong" title="Not even wrong">not even wrong</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>While this argument is abbreviated, and limited, it is sufficient for the moment to reveal the folly of the “explanation” quibble. </p> In one of his books Dawkins concedes that the complexity of living organisms manifests “apparent design”; and then exclaims, “If anyone doesn’t agree that this amount of complex design cries out for an explanation, I give up” (1986, ix). He might as well raise the white flag, for materialism has no solution to the problem.</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Another shameless quote mine. This is from <i>The Blind Watchmaker,</i> the part quoted by Jackson is in <b>bold:</b> </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>The complexity of living organisms is matched by the elegant efficiency of their apparent design. <b>If anyone doesn't agree that this amount of complex design cries out for an explanation, I give up.</b> No, on second thoughts I don't give up, because one of my aims in the book is to convey something of the sheer wonder of biological complexity to <a href="/wiki/Ignorance" title="Ignorance">those whose eyes have not been opened to it</a>. But having built up the mystery, my other main aim is to remove it again by explaining the solution. </p> </blockquote> Dawkins goes on to do just that in the remainder of the book, conspicuously <i>not</i> raising the white flag and simply giving up.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Later the professor wrote that “design” is “probably the most powerful reason for the belief, held by the vast majority of people that have ever lived, in some kind of supernatural deity” (1986, xii). </p> So the “vast majority of people that have ever lived” have been wholly irrational, while the miniscule[sic] cult of atheists are the only ones capable of reasoning. Incredible!</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> This is a simple <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">appeal to popularity</a>. But since we've gone there, let's bear in mind that the "vast majority of people that have ever lived" have not agreed with Christianity, much less Jackson's particular denomination.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Exhortation">Exhortation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exhortation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Dawkins contends that religion cannot be exhortative since it is not a legitimate source for re-enforcing morality. Get this stunning statement: “If it were, Jews would still be executing those who work on the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>” (The Economist). </p> The author reveals that he knows virtually nothing of the Book of which he is so critical. The Jewish economy was a temporary system designed by God to prepare the Hebrews (and others through their influence) for the coming of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>, the Savior. There were strict measures enforcing the concept that God is the sovereign ruler of mankind, and that his revealed will must be obeyed. That law system, however, was abrogated with the implementation of the Christian economy. The Sabbath is not even a requirement for today, much less is the penalty for violating it still operative.</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Astoundingly, Jackson sets up a <a href="/wiki/Straw_man" title="Straw man">straw man</a> argument… and then completely misses it. </p><p>The quote refers to the Jews. Jews do not believe in the supernatural claims of Jesus Christ, nor do they believe him to be their <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophesied</a> <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>. Jackson's explanation of the Christian position is entirely irrelevant. </p> Furthermore, Jackson says Dawkins "contends that religion cannot be exhortative since it is not a legitimate source for re-enforcing morality", but he does nothing to refute this.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Inspiration">Inspiration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inspiration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Dawkins thinks that contemplation of the natural world is sufficient for any “inspiration” needs man might have. But reflection upon the natural world, lovely as that is—though marred by human abuse—raises a myriad of complex questions. </p> How did the ingenious “uni-verse” (not <a href="/wiki/Multiverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiverse">multi-verse</a>) come to be? If the theory of evolution were true, how did living creatures derive from the non-living? How did dead matter create “awareness” and moral sensitivity? From the atheistic vantage point, these questions are more frustrating than inspiring.</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Jackson displays stunning ignorance of science here. </p><p>The cosmological <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> has overwhelming experimental and mathematical support as the origin of the "uni-verse" we live in. </p><p>Since it apparently needs to be stated (yet again), evolution <i>doesn't try to explain the origin of life</i> any more than chemistry tries to explain the origin of atoms. <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a> is the scientific process of simple life arising from a mixture of chemical compounds. It has been experimentally demonstrated ever since the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey_experiment" class="extiw" title="wp:Miller–Urey experiment" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Miller–Urey experiment">Miller–Urey experiment</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> in 1952. Jackson is more than 50 years behind. </p> From the "atheistic" vantage point, these questions have already been answered.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Consolation">Consolation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consolation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Where is the consolation in atheism? Totally absent! Skepticism is a black hole of despair. Here is what Dawkins said in an interview some years back regarding human beings. </p><p>You are for nothing. You are here to propagate your selfish genes. There is no higher purpose in life (Bass 1990, 60). Coming perilously close to being critical, Dawkins’s admiring reviewer in The Economist was forced to concede (after referring to the professor’s discussion of the amazing discoveries of modern physics) that “only a minority will find as much consolation in quantum physics as in the prospect of reuniting with their dearly departed in heaven.” </p> Can you picture the sad scene of a father and mother who have just lost a precious <a href="/wiki/Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Child">child</a> to <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>? As they sit by the body of that lifeless babe, sobbing with broken hearts, Richard Dawkins consoles them with these sentiments. “Just remember that little Mary was nothing, and she had no purpose in life other than to propagate her selfish genes.”</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>This is the first section of a rambling <a href="/wiki/Emotional_appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional appeal">appeal to emotion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_consequences" title="Appeal to consequences">appeal to consequences</a>. </p><p>It features another quote taken out of context. Below is the full text, based on an interview with Richard Dawkins recounted in Thomas A. Bass' book <i>Reinventing the Future.</i> Jackson's quote is in <b>bold:</b> </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>Perhaps that's because it brings home to people the truth about why they exist, something they previously took for granted. No one had given them such a ruthless, starkly mechanistic, almost pointless answer. <b>"You are for nothing. You are here to propagate your selfish genes. There is no higher purpose in life."</b> One man said he didn't sleep for three nights after reading <i>The Selfish Gene.</i> He felt that the whole of his life had become empty, and the universe no longer had a point. Another way of putting it is to think of people losing their religious faith. Where previously they had been fobbed off with religious, pseudo answers, they now felt they understood what life was all about. Though it sounds like a negative message, it has had a great impact on people. </p> </blockquote> <p>If you have good, solid reasons to think something is true, but the conclusion seems depressing, is that a good reason to deny it in favor of what you want to believe? More tellingly, would Jackson be eager to warn people away from a religion that told people depressing things such as "<a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">You're a hopeless sinner</a>", or would he then turn around and insist that the truth doesn't depend on what we want it to be? </p> Also, since his arguments could just as easily apply to any deity, we can imagine how his "sad scene" plays out if Islam is true. Islam teaches that everyone is born a Muslim, but their parents then lead them astray. Rather than peacefully dying, little Mary will be punished for all <a href="/wiki/Eternal_damnation" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal damnation">eternity</a> because her evil, Christian parents rejected the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> as the revealed word of God, and instead chose to teach her falsehoods. The horror!</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> The confusion of atheism would be humorous if not so tragic.</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> Like this article… or would be, if he had actually demonstrated some confusion on the part of atheism.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> Dawkins says we are here “to propagate” (an infinitive of purpose) in order to prove there really is “no purpose” in life. A purposeful, non-purposeful existence; how incoherent! And how can there be a “purpose” unless there is someone who purposed?</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> Jackson's linguistic play is certainly incoherent. Also, another repetition of the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" title="Argument from design">argument from design</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>The only “consolation” that Dawkins and his ideological kin can offer is a “cold hole in the ground.” </p><p>The words of the pathetic Bertrand Russell form a fitting conclusion: </p><p>"I do know the despair in my soul. I know the great loneliness, as I wander through the world like a ghost, speaking in tones that are not heard, lost as if I had fallen from some other planet (1968, 145)." </p><p>More pitiable even: </p><p>"[T]he loneliness of the human soul is unendurable, nothing can penetrate it except the highest intensity of the sort of love that religious teachers have preached; whatever does not spring from this motive is harmful, or at best useless (quoted in Monk 1996, 135)." </p><p>Again from the tormented pen of Russell (Monk 1996, xix): </p><p>"Through the long years </p><p>I sought peace, </p><p>I found ecstasy, I found anguish, </p><p>I found madness, </p><p>I found loneliness. </p><p>I found solitary pain </p><p>that gnaws the heart, </p><p>But peace I did not find." </p> Such is the “consolation” of Dawkins’s atheism!</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>The remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">appeal to emotion</a>. </p><p>Jackson continues to <a href="/wiki/Quote_mining" title="Quote mining">quote mine</a>, but for once, the quotes are not brutally out of context — these men did indeed experience depression. The problem is that this is a <a href="/wiki/Non_sequitur" title="Non sequitur">non sequitur</a>; there is no reason to assume they were depressed because of their beliefs. Many religious people become depressed and commit suicide, but that doesn't mean their religion causes depression. If anything, many studies have shown that more intelligent people tend to be depressed more often.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a></sup> </p> Also, Russell made enormous contributions to the fields of philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. He was certainly not "pathetic", though this analysis certainly could fit the description. Perhaps this was an instance of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">projection</a>?</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Conclusion">Conclusion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conclusion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> <p>Finally I must note that the professor depicts Christ as a teacher of “dodgy [suspect, dishonest, untrustworthy] <a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">family values</a>.” His admiring reviewer says “Dawkins dreams of a day when atheists are as well-organized and influential as Christian conservatives.” <a href="/wiki/Militant_atheism" title="Militant atheism">His greater dream is that Christians (and all religionists) will someday vanish from the earth!</a> </p> Dream on! Two centuries from now the impact of Richard Dawkins will be but a fly-speck note (if that much) on a yellow page of some obscure bibliography—while the name and influence of Jesus of Nazareth will reverberate around this globe (provided it still is here) as it has for virtually twenty centuries.</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> Dawkins may be an obscure author two centuries from now, but there's nothing gloat-worthy about that — society moves on over time. However, the strength of religion is waning, so the reverberations of Jesus will probably also be diminished by then. We at RationalWiki like to think of him as approaching <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Ahura Mazda</a> levels of influence in a couple hundred years.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> Atheism robs us of much and provides us with nothing.</td><td style="width:1px;background:#606060;"></td><td style="width:50%;padding:0.2em 0.4em;vertical-align:text-top;"> Religion seems to have done this to Jackson.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[note 4]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheists_hate_god" title="Atheists hate god">Atheists hate god</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawkins doesn't address another way out of the "explain the origin of the designer" dilemma — namely, admitting "I don't know", like a scientist does about something he hasn't studied or read any good <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> papers about yet. Granted, given that this is about a <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> subject, the follow-up to "I don't know" would have to be "and I'll probably never know", and at that point, the development of the "designer" hypothesis necessarily grinds to a halt. [Unguided] evolution has the advantage of making testable, <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">verifiable/debunkable</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">parsimonious</a> predictions. Plus, creationists almost never have the necessary humility to admit that "<a href="/wiki/Goddidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddidit">Goddidit</a>" is in any way a flawed argument, that there is any meaningful possibility that their god may not exist, that faith in a god does not equal actually knowing they exist, or that any evidence against the existence of their god is valid in any way, so their answer probably <i>would</i> be "God was always there", meaning that Dawkins has little need to address [God-devaluing] arguments that creationists tend to avoid using.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">People in China may not even have any idea what Christianity or Islam even <i>are</i>, depending on how aware they are of the world outside their communities or whether or not Christianity or Islam have made any impact on their communities. Admittedly, it is very hard for anyone to be totally oblivious to the existence of Christianity and Islam in the modern age of mass communication, but before China made contact with Christian societies, the thought of a Chinese person being a Christian or Muslim would be completely absurd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">To explain that more thoroughly: religion is, by nature, a <a href="/wiki/Memeplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Memeplex">memeplex</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Social_construct" class="mw-redirect" title="Social construct">social construct</a>. Therefore, as with any non-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instinct" class="extiw" title="wp:Instinct" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Instinct">instinctual</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> idea, all people are born as blank slates in regard to their stances and affiliations on religion, and acquire their ideas about it over the course of their lifetimes through education and experience. Those ideas can very well include "this while religion thing is completely bogus, and I don't want to waste my time on it". There is also a line to be drawn between passive disbelief (not knowing what a god even <i>is</i>, let alone whether or not to believe in god(s); this is what everyone starts out as, but most people grow out of through learning about religion) and active disbelief (knowing what the idea of god is and not accepting it as valid; this is what is generally referred to as "atheism", and has <a href="/wiki/Atheism#Types_of_atheism" title="Atheism">many additional forms</a> that are beyond the scope of this article). It may be true that disbelief in the Christian God may need to be "actively taught" in a Christian-dominated society (something that China is not, BTW), but only to the extent of teaching the child about <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arguments_against_the_existence_of_god&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arguments against the existence of god (page does not exist)">reasons not to believe</a> or to accept alternative belief systems. In societies where Christianity is fringe, unpopular, or outright unknown, it would require special effort and attention to raise a child to be a Christian as opposed to being something else!</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">In particular, it seems to have robbed him of his ability to write anything that a non-Christian would regard as anything more than amusing gibberish, leaving him with no skills beyond <a href="/wiki/Preaching_to_the_choir" title="Preaching to the choir">preaching to the choir</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/wiyS0">A Note from Richard Dawkins</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jackson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-jackson_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wayne Jackson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/mnXlK">Richard Dawkins – God Hater</a>. Archived from <i>Christian Courier</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Fincke, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/3a5AC">“Why Do Outspoken Atheists Care So Much About What They Don’t Believe In?”</a> Archived from patheos.com, 13 May 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2006/09/21/misbegotten-sons">Misbegotten sons</a>. <i>The Economist</i>, 21 September 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Paul Sartre, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/sartre/works/exist/sartre.htm">Existentialism Is a Humanism</a>, 1946, via marxists.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicaldaily.com/why-smarter-people-are-more-likely-be-mentally-ill-270039">Why Smarter People Are More Likely To Be Mentally Ill</a>. <i>Medical Daily</i>, 24 February 20-14.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="apologetics_and_counter-apologetics-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#484329; color:white; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apolbox" title="Template:Apolbox"><span style="color:white">v</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apolbox" title="Template talk:Apolbox"><span style="color:white">t</span></a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Apolbox&action=edit"><span style="color:white">e</span></a></div></div><span style="color:white; font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics_and_counter-apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics"><span style="color:white">Articles</span></a> about <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics"><span id="apologetics_and_counter-apologetics-navbox" style="color:white">apologetics and counter-apologetics</span></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics_and_counter-apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Apologetics and counter-apologetics:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Question_Evolution" title="Question Evolution">Question Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christianity_is_not_a_religion" title="Christianity is not a religion">Christianity is not a religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Proof_the_Bible_is_True" title="Fun:Proof the Bible is True">Proof the Bible is True</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Proof_God_is_Always_Right" title="Fun:Proof God is Always Right">Proof God is Always Right</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_Teapot" title="Russell's Teapot">Russell's Teapot</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Apologetics" title="New Apologetics">New Apologetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zeal_of_the_convert" title="Zeal of the convert">Zeal of the convert</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Statements_that_are_wrong_on_the_level_of_a_Young_Earth" title="Fun:Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth">Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_God_from_Science" title="Evidence for God from Science">Evidence for God from Science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheists_hate_god" title="Atheists hate god">Atheists hate god</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah_Philosophy" title="Torah Philosophy">Torah Philosophy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answering_Islam" title="Answering Islam">Answering Islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/ProphecyFilm.com" title="ProphecyFilm.com">ProphecyFilm.com</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheist_professor_myth" title="Atheist professor myth">Atheist professor myth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a> • <a href="/wiki/Minimal_facts_argument" title="Minimal facts argument">Minimal facts argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/FAQ_for_the_Newly_Deconverted" title="FAQ for the Newly Deconverted">FAQ for the Newly Deconverted</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nahom" title="Nahom">Nahom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kuzari_principle" title="Kuzari principle">Kuzari principle</a> • <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion" title="Mara bar Serapion">Mara bar Serapion</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Existence_of_gods" title="Category:Existence of gods"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Existence of gods:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_scientists" title="Religious scientists">Religious scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence paradox</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presuppositionalism" title="Presuppositionalism">Presuppositionalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_God" title="Transcendental argument for God">Transcendental argument for God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Oenological_argument" title="Fun:Oenological argument">Oenological argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_God%27s_existence" title="Evidence for God's existence">Evidence for God's existence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Argument from morality</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Argument_from_molarity" title="Fun:Argument from molarity">Argument from molarity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">Argument from first cause</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_fine_tuning" title="Argument from fine tuning">Argument from fine tuning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" title="Argument from design">Argument from design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Argument from beauty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Trilemma" title="Lewis Trilemma">Lewis Trilemma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Magic_sandwich" title="Fun:Magic sandwich">Magic sandwich</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evil_is_the_absence_of_God" title="Evil is the absence of God">Evil is the absence of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kissing_Hank%27s_Ass" title="Kissing Hank's Ass">Kissing Hank's Ass</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Dragon_in_My_Garage" title="The Dragon in My Garage">The Dragon in My Garage</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Argument from desire</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arguments_against_the_existence_of_God" title="Arguments against the existence of God">Arguments against the existence of God</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Belief_in_gods" title="Category:Belief in gods"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Belief in gods:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_gods_that_theists_don%27t_believe_in" title="List of gods that theists don't believe in">List of gods that theists don't believe in</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_religion" title="Category:Science and religion"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Science and religion:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a> • <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_falling" title="Intelligent falling">Intelligent falling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Non-Overlapping_Magisteria" title="Non-Overlapping Magisteria">Non-Overlapping Magisteria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Accommodationism" title="Accommodationism">Accommodationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby" title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_religion" title="Science and religion">Science and religion</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Morality_and_religion" title="Category:Morality and religion"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Morality and religion:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Just_world_fallacy" title="Just world fallacy">Just world fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Birth_as_a_Grave_Misfortune" title="Birth as a Grave Misfortune">Birth as a Grave Misfortune</a> • <a href="/wiki/Responding_to_Sam_Burke%27s_Argument_That_Christianity_Entails_Anti-Natalism" title="Responding to Sam Burke's Argument That Christianity Entails Anti-Natalism">Responding to Sam Burke's Argument That Christianity Entails Anti-Natalism</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Scriptures" title="Category:Scriptures"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Scriptures:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Book_of_Mormon" title="Fun:Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Essene_Gospel_of_Peace" title="Essene Gospel of Peace">Essene Gospel of Peace</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aquarian_Gospel_of_Jesus_the_Christ" title="Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ">Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a> • <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Holy_book" title="Holy book">Holy book</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Health_with_Key_to_the_Scriptures" title="Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures">Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Avenue_Q_gospel" title="Fun:Avenue Q gospel">Avenue Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oahspe" title="Oahspe">Oahspe</a> • <a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Enoch" title="Books of Enoch">Books of Enoch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price" title="Pearl of Great Price">Pearl of Great Price</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List of Hindu texts</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_analysis" title="Category:Bible analysis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Bible analysis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a> • <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" title="Authorship of the New Testament">Authorship of the New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_interpolation" title="Bible interpolation">Bible interpolation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_sexism" title="Biblical sexism">Biblical sexism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bibliolatry" title="Bibliolatry">Bibliolatry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_the_Exodus" title="Evidence for the Exodus">Evidence for the Exodus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospels" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> • <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_reading" title="Horizontal reading">Horizontal reading</a> • <a href="/wiki/King_James_Only" title="King James Only">King James Only</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Bible" title="List of actions prohibited by the Bible">List of actions prohibited by the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Skeptic%27s_Annotated_Bible" title="Skeptic's Annotated Bible">Skeptic's Annotated Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Word_of_God" title="Word of God">Word of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_contradictions" title="Biblical contradictions">Biblical contradictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:List_of_mistakes_made_by_God" title="Fun:List of mistakes made by God">List of mistakes made by God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abomination" title="Abomination">Abomination</a> • <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a> • <a href="/wiki/G%27Tach" title="G'Tach">G'Tach</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arsenokoites" title="Arsenokoites">Arsenokoites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bible" title="Slavery in the Bible">Slavery in the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Examples_of_God_personally_killing_people" title="Examples of God personally killing people">Examples of God personally killing people</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herod" title="Herod">Herod</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Brick_Testament" title="The Brick Testament">The Brick Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation">Evidence against a recent creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scientific_errors" title="Biblical scientific errors">Biblical scientific errors</a> • <a href="/wiki/EvilBible.com" title="EvilBible.com">EvilBible.com</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Qur%27an_analysis" title="Category:Qur'an analysis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Qur'an analysis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Qur%27an" title="List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an">List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_scientific_foreknowledge" title="Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge">Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_scientific_errors" title="Qur'anic scientific errors">Qur'anic scientific errors</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_contradictions" title="Qur'anic contradictions">Qur'anic contradictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologists_and_counter-apologists" title="Category:Apologists and counter-apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Apologists and counter-apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Matt_Dillahunty" title="Matt Dillahunty">Matt Dillahunty</a> • <a href="/wiki/TheraminTrees" title="TheraminTrees">TheraminTrees</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hemant_Mehta" title="Hemant Mehta">Hemant Mehta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Templeton" title="Charles Templeton">Charles Templeton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Current" title="Edward Current">Edward Current</a> • <a href="/wiki/Armoured_Skeptic" title="Armoured Skeptic">Armoured Skeptic</a> • <a href="/wiki/DarkMatter2525" title="DarkMatter2525">DarkMatter2525</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_apologists" title="Category:Christian apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Christian apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Chick" title="Jack Chick">Jack Chick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Cameron" title="Kirk Cameron">Kirk Cameron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ray_Comfort" title="Ray Comfort">Ray Comfort</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sarfati" title="Jonathan Sarfati">Jonathan Sarfati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morris" title="Henry Morris">Henry Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Duane_Gish" title="Duane Gish">Duane Gish</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snelling" title="Andrew Snelling">Andrew Snelling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strobel" title="Lee Strobel">Lee Strobel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Glynn" title="Patrick Glynn">Patrick Glynn</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Ray_Griffin" title="David Ray Griffin">David Ray Griffin</a> • <a href="/wiki/R._J._Rushdoony" title="R. J. Rushdoony">R. J. Rushdoony</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_North" title="Gary North">Gary North</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brian_Thomas" title="Brian Thomas">Brian Thomas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apologetics_Press" title="Apologetics Press">Apologetics Press</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_Habermas" title="Gary Habermas">Gary Habermas</a> • <a href="/wiki/J._P._Holding" title="J. P. Holding">J. P. Holding</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herb_Titus" title="Herb Titus">Herb Titus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tomkins" title="Jeffrey Tomkins">Jeffrey Tomkins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ford" title="Lawrence Ford">Lawrence Ford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Jeanson" title="Nathaniel Jeanson">Nathaniel Jeanson</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Morris" title="John Morris">John Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim_Todd" title="Tim Todd">Tim Todd</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sye_Ten_Bruggencate" title="Sye Ten Bruggencate">Sye Ten Bruggencate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Randal_Rauser" title="Randal Rauser">Randal Rauser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timothy_LaHaye" title="Timothy LaHaye">Timothy LaHaye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hobrink" title="Ben Hobrink">Ben Hobrink</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_Issues" title="Bible Issues">Bible Issues</a> • <a href="/wiki/WallBuilders" title="WallBuilders">WallBuilders</a> • <a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_III" title="L. Brent Bozell III">L. 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