CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Gospels - RationalWiki</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":!1,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"Z1nI_Okep8oM8QOZZeIqHQAAAIk","wgCSPNonce":!1,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":!1,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Gospels","wgTitle":"Gospels","wgCurRevisionId":2662394,"wgRevisionId":2662394,"wgArticleId":70474,"wgIsArticle":!0,"wgIsRedirect":!1,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using DynamicPageList parser function","Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters","Bible","Apologetics and counter-apologetics","New Testament","Bible analysis","Gospels"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Gospels","wgRelevantArticleId":70474, "wgIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":!0,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":!0};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","mediawiki.toc.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@1hzgi",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); });});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cmediawiki.toc.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.35.6"/> <meta name="description" content="The gospels are books/collections of writings/scribblings on looseleaf that "document" the birth, life, crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus of Nazareth. Most Christians only know of the four canonical gospels: those ascribed to Matthew, to Mark, to Luke, and to John. Of these 4, the first 3 are known as the synoptic gospels — they say basically the same thing with different territorial twists thrown in — while John and the myriad Apocryphal gospels can read quite differently."/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit"/> <link rel="edit" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="RationalWiki (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="RationalWiki Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="RationalWiki"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Gospels"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The gospels are books/collections of writings/scribblings on looseleaf that "document" the birth, life, crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus of Nazareth. Most Christians only know of the four canonical gospels: those ascribed to Matthew, to Mark, to Luke, and to John. Of these 4, the first 3 are known as the synoptic gospels — they say basically the same thing with different territorial twists thrown in — while John and the myriad Apocryphal gospels can read quite differently."/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Gospels"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Gospels rootpage-Gospels skin-vector action-view minerva--history-page-action-enabled skin-vector-legacy"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><div id="localNotice" lang="en" dir="ltr"><table class="messagebox mb-brainwatermark-light mb-info" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="mb-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Information_icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Information icon.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/50px-Information_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" srcset="/w/images/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/75px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/100px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a> </td> <td class="mb-text"><b><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Moderator_elections/Results" title="RationalWiki:Moderator elections/Results">Results</a></b> for the <b><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Moderator_elections" title="RationalWiki:Moderator elections">2024 RationalWiki Moderator Election</a></b> have now been posted. Thank you for participating in this election, and congratulations to the winners! </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Gospels</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From RationalWiki</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Saint-Bernard_de_la_Chapelle66.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Paris_Saint-Bernard_de_la_Chapelle66.JPG/165px-Paris_Saint-Bernard_de_la_Chapelle66.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="247" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Paris_Saint-Bernard_de_la_Chapelle66.JPG/248px-Paris_Saint-Bernard_de_la_Chapelle66.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Paris_Saint-Bernard_de_la_Chapelle66.JPG/330px-Paris_Saint-Bernard_de_la_Chapelle66.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="3776" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Saint-Bernard_de_la_Chapelle66.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Big J. with his writer friends Johnny, Luke, Matt and Mark.</div></div></div> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #484329; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#484329"><b>Light iron-age reading</b><br /><a href="/wiki/The_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible"><font size="5" color="White"><b>The Bible</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#dbd8af;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible"><img alt="Icon bible.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/2/29/Icon_bible.svg/100px-Icon_bible.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/2/29/Icon_bible.svg/150px-Icon_bible.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/2/29/Icon_bible.svg/200px-Icon_bible.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#484329; text-align:center;"><b>Gabbin' with God</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#dbd8af;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible">Annotated Bible</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#484329; text-align:center;"><b>Analysis</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#dbd8af;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliolatry" title="Bibliolatry">Bibliolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_the_Exodus" title="Evidence for the Exodus">Evidence for the Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Examples_of_God_personally_killing_people" title="Examples of God personally killing people">Examples of God personally killing people</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#484329; text-align:center;"><b>Woo</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#dbd8af;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_Code" title="The Bible Code">The Bible Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network" title="Trinity Broadcasting Network">Trinity Broadcasting Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Camping" title="Harold Camping">Harold Camping</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#484329; text-align:center;"><b>Figures</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#dbd8af;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul of Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biblenav" title="Template:Biblenav">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biblenav" title="Template talk:Biblenav">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Biblenav&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>[Per] Jesus and the Gospels. This is neither an objective historical genre, nor pure fiction (as a genre), but a shady concoction of theology deemed to be rooted in a historical tradition built up from <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">cognitive dissonance</a>, hope, <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>, and communal/tribal identity. But most of all, it is evangelising propaganda designed to persuade. And it is often genius. The thought that went into the Gospels and the way in which they pull off certain themes and tropes from, say, the Hebrew Bible can at times be brilliant.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Jonathan MS Pearce<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>gospels</b> are books/collections of writings/scribblings on looseleaf that "document" the birth, life, <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>, and ascension of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> of Nazareth. Most <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christians</a> only know of the four <a href="/wiki/Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon">canonical</a> gospels: those ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew">Matthew</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a>. Of these 4, the first 3 are known as the synoptic gospels — they say basically the same thing with different territorial twists thrown in — while John and the myriad <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocryphal</a> gospels can read quite differently. </p><p>Many Christians regard the four canonical gospels as a particularly important grouping among the books of <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> section of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>The Modern English word "gospel" comes from the Olde Englishe <i>gōd-spell</i> (gōd [<small>GOOD</small>] + spell [<small>MESSAGE</small>])<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> - a literal translation<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> of the Greek word εὐαγγέλιον or <i>euangelion</i> (eu [<small>GOOD</small>] + angelion [<small>MESSAGE</small>]). Latin-speakers transmogrified the Greek word <i>euangelion</i> into the Latinised <i>evangelion</i>, from which we get the words "<a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a>"; the alleged authors of the canonical gospels have therefore become known in Christian <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> and in Christian <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> as "the four <a href="/wiki/Evangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelist">evangelists</a>". </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Canonical_gospels"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Canonical gospels</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Synoptic_gospels"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Synoptic gospels</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Possible_audiences_for_the_gospels"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Possible audiences for the gospels</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Authorship_of_the_canonical_gospels"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Authorship of the canonical gospels</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Gospels_as_history"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Gospels as history</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Conflicts_with_known_history"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Conflicts with known history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Matthew_vs_Luke_problem"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Matthew vs Luke problem</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Picking_other_timelines_from_the_Gospels"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Picking other timelines from the Gospels</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Non-canonical_gospels"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Non-canonical gospels</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#In_Islam"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">In Islam</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Canonical_gospels">Canonical gospels</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Canonical gospels">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>There is no agreement on what is the earliest canonical gospel or how they came into being though there are four main schools of thought </p> <ul><li>Marcan priority (Mark first) has four main sub-theories with Two‑source Marcan priority being the most popular</li> <li>Matthaean priority (Matthew first) has two main sub-theories</li> <li>Lucan priority (Luke first) has a version that suggest that Marcion's <i>Evangelikon</i> (c. 145 CE) was the first written Gospel and the versions we have are derived from it.</li> <li>No Gospel has Multi‑source, Proto‑gospel, and Independence theories.</li></ul> <p>All of the canonical gospels were originally written in Greek, even though Jesus spoke Aramaic. Moreover, other than what are claimed to be paraphrasing, no meaningful quoting of our canonical gospels occurred until Irenaeus' <i>Against Heresies</i> c. 180 CE, and our first fully intact copy with a definitive (i.e. <b>not</b> dated palaeographically) date is the Codex Sinaiticus at 330-360 CE. </p><p>Since Paleographic dating as it currently exists is unable "to construct a 95% confidence interval for NT manuscripts without allowing a century for an assigned date" <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> none of the fragments of the canonical Gospels nor non canonal works like Egerton Papyrus 2 can be said definitively predate <i>Against Heresies</i> c. 180 CE. So the best that can be said is that the canonal Gospels existed in <i>some</i> form no later than 145 CE. Anything before that date is pure speculation. </p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intertextuality" class="extiw" title="wp:intertextuality" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: intertextuality">intertextuality</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>—and its embellished variants Matthew, Luke, John—with <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> scripture has been recognized by scholars such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_L._Brodie" class="extiw" title="wp:Thomas L. Brodie" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Thomas L. Brodie">Thomas L. Brodie</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, who writes, "Since around 1970 an alternative explanation of the New Testament and related texts has been emerging. Researchers are recognizing precise ways in which New Testament texts are explained as depending not on oral tradition but on older literature, especially older scripture."<sup id="cite_ref-Brodie.2012.229_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodie.2012.229-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyarin.2012.105_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyarin.2012.105-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charbonnel.2017.APPROCHES_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charbonnel.2017.APPROCHES-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R.G.Price.2019.prove_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R.G.Price.2019.prove-9">[9]</a></sup> Neil Godfrey writes,<sup id="cite_ref-Godfrey.2019.Thompson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godfrey.2019.Thompson-10">[10]</a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Following <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_L._Thompson" class="extiw" title="wp:Thomas L. Thompson" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Thomas L. Thompson">Thomas L. Thompson’s</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> overview of the way the Jewish Scriptures were written I tend to see the Gospel of Mark as yet one more story in the same tradition as other (OT) biblical narratives. <br />[...]<br /> The same story of being lost, then called, then obeying, then falling away, then punishment, then restoration is told over and over. Each story warns the “new Israel” not to fall into the errors of the “old Israel”. </p><p>The Gospel of Mark (and its [embellished] variants, Matthew, John, Luke) continue that same tradition of literature and theology. . . . The same story of the displacement of the natural order or privileged generation in favour of the younger and chosen is repeated in the Exodus (the old generation must die and the new enter the land of promise), in the stories of the prophets and their promises for a new generation, in the selection of the younger/initially disposessed over the older, right through to the New Testament. </p><p>The motifs for new beginnings are also repeated — the splitting of the waters at the initial creation is repeated again with the renewal after the Flood, and then again in the Exodus and Red Sea crossing, and then the crossing of Jordan as those waters also divided, then with Elijah and Elisha at the Jordan, then again at the baptism of Jesus. </p><p>The stories are retold, recycled, in their different mutations, and they are re-written for new generations who may have come through some crisis or are desirous of a new start as a “new” people of God who are now learning the lessons of the old generation, both in their real experience and in the stories themselves. </p> </blockquote> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Synoptic_gospels">Synoptic gospels</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Synoptic gospels">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels.png" class="image"><img alt="Relationship between synoptic gospels.png" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels.png/300px-Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="385" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels.png/450px-Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels.png/600px-Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels.png 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1223" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div></div></div></div> <p>Of the four canonical gospels, Matthew, Mark, and Luke share similar stories, similar descriptions of events, and even exact phrases from time to time. John remains the odd man out, sharing little material at all with the other three. </p><p>When the three synoptic gospels are set side by side, academics are able to work out theories on the relationship between the three texts. The most generally accepted relationship is that Mark is the earliest text written, and that both Matthew and Luke had a copy of it when writing. Then there is material that is unique to Mark and Matthew, and Mark and Luke; and material that is unique to Luke and Matthew is sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q document</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Possible_audiences_for_the_gospels">Possible audiences for the gospels</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Possible audiences for the gospels">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>According to academic research,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[note 1]</a></sup> each of the four canonical gospels as well as extra-biblical gospels (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a>, Gospel of Peter, and Gospel of Mary) were written for different churches and at slightly different times. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, generally assumed to be the earliest of the canonical gospels (c 70 <a href="/wiki/CE" class="mw-redirect" title="CE">CE</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-intro-new-testament_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro-new-testament-12">[11]</a></sup> remains a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>-focused text, with a largely human Jesus, though several puzzling mistakes in relation to Mark's depiction of Jewish customs and teachings may suggest either a very Hellenized Jewish origin or an author who wasn't a Jew himself.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> (70-100 <a href="/wiki/CE" class="mw-redirect" title="CE">CE</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-intro-new-testament_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro-new-testament-12">[11]</a></sup> generally considered a Jewish apologetic, stressing Jewish law, correcting Mark's aforesaid errors and drawing direct parallels between Jesus and the OT prophets.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> (80-130 <a href="/wiki/CE" class="mw-redirect" title="CE">CE</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[note 2]</a></sup> was traditionally attributed to Luke the Physician who was claimed to be a companion of Paul and the gospel was written, along with Acts, for Peter and Paul's church — the church which was to become the dominant player in early Christendom. Considerably less focused on the Jewishness of Jesus than Matthew.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> (c 100 <a href="/wiki/CE" class="mw-redirect" title="CE">CE</a>)</li></ul> <p>There are no manuscripts going back to these dates nor any reference to actual content of a Gospel until the 130s so there is no proof of the Gospels existing before 130 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Authorship_of_the_canonical_gospels">Authorship of the canonical gospels</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Authorship of the canonical gospels">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Although Christian tradition assigns the names Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John to the canonical gospels, mainstream New Testament scholars, including some Christian scholars, tend to doubt that they were the actual authors.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-15">[13]</a></sup> Unlike other ancient works and even other books in the New Testament, the gospels do not explicitly state who wrote them.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-15">[13]</a></sup> On manuscripts of the gospels, later scribes gave them unusual titles like "the Gospel <b>according to</b> so-and-so", thereby distancing them as authors of the works.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-15">[13]</a></sup> Out of the texts that we have, Irenaeus (~180-185 CE) was the first church father to explicitly name the gospels when he quoted them.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-15">[13]</a></sup> Decades before Irenaeus, church father Papias (c. 60–c. 130 CE) had indicated that Matthew and Mark had written down accounts about Jesus, and that Mark had gotten his information from Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-15">[13]</a></sup> However, the surviving text of Papias does not quote Matthew or Mark's works, and his descriptions of Mark and Matthew do not appear to strongly match the texts that we have today. He was also an unreliable source who told tall tales about <a href="/wiki/Judas" class="mw-redirect" title="Judas">Judas</a> literally exploding and was described by Eusebius as a man who "seems to have been of very small intelligence."<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-15">[13]</a></sup> </p><p>One apologetical response is that it would have been unlikely for books to be falsely assigned less illustrious authors like Mark the tax collector and Luke the physician of Paul. But many non-canonical texts were also attributed to less well-known figures, such as Philip, Thomas, and Nicodemus.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-15">[13]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gospels_as_history">Gospels as history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gospels as history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The generally unreliable, untrustworthy, and fiction-filled Gospels can occasionally be considered excellent sources of objective and accurate historical information because of their foundational written sources, which do not exist, which contained many fictions if they did, and which cannot now be scrutinised for authorship, age, genre, intent, and so forth. These hypothetical written sources are themselves based on oral traditions, that also cannot be scrutinised, that changed over time, and that may well have been made up whole cloth. Therefore we have conclusive proof that Jesus definitely existed.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Raphael Lataster describing <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman's</a> approach to the Gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-Lataster2019_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lataster2019-16">[14]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As with most religious texts, scholars assume some basic level of reliability on topics like "Who were the players?", "What were the major events?" and "What was the attitude of the community the texts intend to represent?"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a></sup> However there are major issues of reliability per standard historical methodologies. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Carrier" title="Richard Carrier">Richard Carrier</a> writes,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>[W]e discount the Gospels as <em>at all </em>reliable on standard historical methodologies that would produce the same result in every other field: </p><ul><li>They’re late, post-dating any evident witness known to still be alive;</li><li>and written in a foreign land and language;</li><li>by unknown authors of unknown credentials;</li><li>who cite no sources, and give no indication they had any sources;</li><li>and never critically engage with their material but only credulously (e.g. they never discuss conflicting accounts or reasons to believe their information, unlike rational historians of the era);</li><li>and about whose texts we have no reactions, critical or otherwise—whatever people were saying about these Gospels when they came out, we never get to hear, not for many more decades, by which time we see those reacting have no other information to judge them by;</li><li>all the earliest of which texts just copy their predecessors verbatim and change and add a few things;</li><li>and which contain in <em>every</em> pericope patent implausibilities or wholly unbelievable stories (from a random guy splitting the heavens and battling the devil and wandering out of the desert and converting disciples to instantly abandon their livelihoods after but a few sentences, to mystically murdering thousands of pigs, miraculously feeding thousands of itinerants, curing the blind, calming storms, and walking on water; from having a guy arguing against Pharisees with arguments that actually <em>were</em> the arguments of the Pharisees, to depicting a trial and execution that violates every law and custom of the time; and beyond);</li><li>which stories have obvious and rather convenient pedagogical uses in later missionary work;</li><li>and often emulate and “change up” the prior myths of other historically dubious heroes, like Moses and Elijah;</li><li>and often contain details that can only have been written a lifetime later (like the Sermon on the Mount, which was composed in Greek after the Jewish War; or prophecies of Jerusalem’s destruction, likewise; or Mark’s emulation of the passion of Jesus ben Ananias or Luke’s confused cooption of <em>The Antiquities</em> of Josephus; and so on).</li><li>and for none which do we have any prior corroboration.</li></ul><p> There is no field of history—absolutely none—where such sources as these would be trusted as history <em>at all</em>.</p></blockquote> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>The Gospels are so literarily crafted (<i>OHJ</i>, Ch. 10), and so reactive to each other (e.g. in their baptism, empty tomb, nativity stories and beyond) that there is not any evidence left for a tradition even existing. Mark is inventing tradition by reifying Paul … Matthew is inventing tradition to respond to Mark and recent history (e.g. it’s now the mainstream view that the Sermon on the Mount was a post-War fabrication of a Hellenized Jew: <i>OHJ</i>, index). Luke is inventing tradition to fix them; and John, to fix Luke (e.g. John fabricates the entire Lazarus tradition to refute Luke’s <i>parable</i> of Lazarus: <i>OHJ</i>, Ch. 10.7). The evidence actually indicates this is all being created. The Gospels are not random collections of lore; they are deliberate and coherent constructs, top to bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The first reference to the Gospels in a manner we can cross check didn't appear until c180 CE, nearly 150 years after the supposed events and some 50 to 110 years after the Gospels are thought to have been written down. And these are the Gospels that were formally canonized by the First Council of Nicea in 325 CE out of the literally dozens of other Gospels around. </p><p>For these reasons, as a primary historical record, the Christian gospels are dubious at best. For one, the gospels themselves are admittedly <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propagandist</a>: "And many other signs truly did Jesus in the presence of the disciples, which are not written in this book: but these are written that ye might believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God; and that believing ye might have through his name." (<a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/John#John_20:30" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/John">John 20:30-31</a>) The writers peppered the gospels with <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> references — most details of Jesus' life are Old Testament references.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a></sup> </p><p>Richard Carrier wrote on the supposed <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>: </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>Can you imagine a movement today claiming that a soldier in World War Two rose physically from the dead, but when you asked for proof all they offered you were a mere handful of anonymous religious tracts written in the 1980's? Would it be even remotely reasonable to believe such a thing on so feeble a proof? Well — no.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Conflicts_with_known_history">Conflicts with known history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conflicts with known history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>A major problem with the Gospels and Acts as history is that when they are compared with known historical events or people, they fail spectacularly. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Carrier" title="Richard Carrier">Richard Carrier</a> wrote about some of these issues: </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>If you want a more historically plausible account of how the Jewish elite would have actually handled the Jesus problem, look at how we’re told they planned to handle the Paul problem (<a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Acts#Acts_23:12" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Acts">Acts 23:12-21</a>). More likely, they would have killed him immediately upon his vandalism of the temple square, which was guarded by six hundred armed soldiers (with thousands more to summon just a javelin’s throw away in Fort Antonia, which housed a whole Roman legion, adjacent to the Temple: <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, Jewish War 2.12.1, 4.5.1, 5.238-248; Jewish Antiquities 20.8.6, 20.8.11), who were not afraid to beat down any rebellious public who got in their way (most especially trouble-makers in the Temple). Certainly in the temple they could have arrested him easily, with ample armed support (note that Gentiles were permitted in the Temple area that Jesus vandalized, so Roman legions could police it, as well as the Jewish guards authorized to kill any Gentiles who entered the forbidden areas). </p><p>Thus, as Acts would have it, Claudius Lysias had no difficulty dispatching hundreds of soldiers and cavalry from within Jerusalem to escort Paul outside the city (Acts 23:22-24), and Paul was able to be arrested even in the middle of a riot. As Josephus relates in Antiquities 20.1, the Romans regularly killed political undesirables surrounded by hundreds of fanatical supporters, without wasting time on an arrest or trial. And even Mark seems to imagine the Jews could assemble a large armed force, and indeed arrest Jesus with one (<a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Mark#Mark_14:43" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Mark">Mark 14:43</a>, <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Matthew#Matthew_26:47" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Matthew">Matthew 26:47</a>; according to <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/John#John_18:3" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/John">John 18:3</a>, they even came with six hundred Roman legionairies, a full cohort).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Some other issues that come up are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod" title="Herod">Herod</a>'s Slaughter of the Innocents (<a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Matthew#Matthew_2:16" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Matthew">Matthew 2:16-18</a>) is not recorded in any other history (or Gospel) — not even by Josephus, who really didn't like Herod and meticulously catalogued his other misdeeds.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Luke#Luke_2:1" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Luke">Luke 2:1-4</a> claims Jesus was born in the year of a universal <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tax</a> <a href="/wiki/Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Census">census</a>, but the first such census did not occur until 74 CE — and it is not in the other gospels. <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Luke#Luke_2:2" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Luke">Luke 2:2</a> <a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a> specifically states "And this taxing was first made when Cyrenius was governor of Syria." Cyrenius is the Greek name for Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, who came to this position in 6 CE.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Luke#Luke_3:1" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Luke">Luke 3:1</a> KJV references a "Lysanias the tetrarch of Abilene" but the only Lysanias ruling Abilene that can clearly be identified in secular sources was killed by Mark Antony in 36 BCE.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Luke#Luke_3:2" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Luke">Luke 3:2</a> KJV talks about "Annas and Caiaphas being the high priests" but there is a major problem with that: according to Josephus, Annas and Caiaphas were <i>never</i> high priests together. Annas was high priest c 6 CE - c 15 CE while Caiaphas was high priest c 18 - c 36 CE with a priest called Eleazar the son of Ananus between them.</li> <li>The throwing out of the moneychangers in the Court of the Gentiles area (10 acres or over 7.5 American football fields) would have prompted a response as there were guards, both Jewish and Roman, there to prevent just such an action.</li> <li>Jesus preaches in the open so there is no need for Judas' betrayal. A real Roman official would have sent a modest group of soldiers and got the guy as what happened with <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>. In fact, based on what Josephus writes, even this would have been <i>subtle</i> by Pilate's standards which can be summed up as being on par with the Silver Age Incredible Hulk i.e. 'puny people annoy Pilate, Pilate smash'.</li> <li>The Sanhedrin trial account is totally at odds with the records on how that court actually operated in the 1st century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></sup> In fact, a little quirk of the Sanhedrin court was that a unanimous verdict for conviction resulted in <i>acquittal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> is totally out of character based on other accounts. Josephus relates two accounts where Pilate's solution to mobs causing a disturbance was brutally simple—have Roman soldiers go out and kill them until they dispersed. Moreover, it is never really explained in the Bible why, if Jesus' only crime was <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a>, Pilate would need to be involved. If Jesus' crime has been sedition, then there would be no reason for Pilate to involve Herod Antipas — or for the Sanhedrin to be involved for that matter.</li> <li>The crucified were left to rot as a warning to others unless there was intervention on the behalf of an important person per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/autobiog.htm">The Life of Flavius Josephus (75)</a></li> <li>Given Jesus' short time on the cross and reports of him being out and about afterwards, certainly the Romans might have wondered if they had been tricked. Never mind that theft of a body was a capital crime. Yet there is nothing in the reports about the Romans acting on either possibility. Carrier describes how the Romans would have handled the situation and it is totally at odds with the account in Acts. <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a></sup></li> <li>Jesus is depicted as hugely popular in the gospels, yet he is unrecorded by non-Biblical historians.</li></ul> <p>Even some of the surrounding events are at odds with history from other sources to where a form of time shifting and condensing seems to have occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Acts has Theudas' death before Judas the Galilean which would put his death before 6 CE; Josephus clearly puts Theudas' death during the time of Fadus or 44 to 46 CE</li> <li>The Gospels talk of robbers but Josephus only talks of them for two time periods: 63 BCE to 6 CE and 48-70 CE.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Mark#Mark_15:7" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Mark">Mark 15:7</a> KJV states "And there was one named Barabbas, which lay bound with them that had made insurrection with him, who had committed murder in the insurrection." But Josephus gives no account of an actual insurrection in the time of Pilate. Instead we are told of two non-violent protests and Pilate's reaction to the Samaritan prophet of 36 CE. In fact, in what little of Tacitus that covers this time period that was preserved we are told “Under Tiberius all was quiet.”</li> <li>Outside of the questionable <a href="/wiki/Testimonium_Flavianum" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimonium Flavianum">Testimonium Flavianum</a> Josephus makes no note of crucifixions of Jews between 4 BCE. and 46 CE</li> <li>The Gospels indicate friction between the Jews and Samaritans in the time of Pilate; Josephus records no such friction until well after Pilate, finally resulting in the Galilean-Samaritan War (48-52 CE).</li> <li>Acts 6:5–8:2 tells of an attack against a man called Stephanos, a very uncommon name in the area. This is identified as Saint Stephen who was killed 34 CE. The only Stephanos Josephus mentions in his entire work is c. 48 CE and that Stephanos was simply robbed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a></sup></li> <li>Josephus does record co-reigning high priests but these are Jonathan, son of Annas, and Ananias, son of Nebedaios at 48-52 CE.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Matthew_vs_Luke_problem">Matthew vs Luke problem</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Matthew vs Luke problem">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>A major issue with using the Gospels is that in terms of time Matthew and Luke do not agree as to when Jesus was born. Matthew specifically puts it 6 to 4 BCE while Luke, with his reference to Quirinius establishes it as being no earlier then 6 CE. </p><p>Apologists try to handwave this conflict away with various claims that are not supported by history. Here is the historical reality of the period 6 BC to 6 CE: </p> <ul><li>Publius Sulpicius Quirinius was fighting some two provinces to the east a minimum of 6-3 BCE with him being Duumvir of the area 6-1 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a></sup> and some say the war goes back as far as to 12 BCE.</li> <li>Publius Quinctilius Varus oversaw the area covered by Herod the Great's kingdom from c. 8 BCE to 4 BCE as documented by Josephus and Sentius Saturninus preceded him 10 BCE - c. 8 BCE.</li> <li>In <i>Antiquities</i> 17:27 Josephus expressly stated "the Judaean kingdom was immune from Roman taxation for as long as Herod lived ... this immunity seems to have remained in force even after Herod's death during the rule of his son Archelaus (4BC - AD6)" <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a></sup> Therefore, Luke's taxation census <i>must</i> have occurred after Herod's death, while Matthew requires it to have happened before.</li> <li>While Herod Archelaus' removal as Ethnarch of Judea (where Bethlehem of Judea is) made it subject to Roman taxation, Herod Antipas remained Tetrarch of Galilee (where Nazareth is) clear until 41 CE, making its subjects exempt from the Judean census, so the reason given by Luke for the trip makes no sense.</li> <li>Because ΙΟΥΔΑΙΑΣ could refer to all Palestine or the southern portion of Palestine lying on this side of the Jordan and the Dead Sea, to distinguish it from Samaria, Galilee, Peraea, and Idumaea Luke 1:5's ΗΡΩΔΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΤΗΣ ΙΟΥΔΑΙΑΣ could refer to either Herod the Great or Herod Archelaus with Luke 2:2 indicating the later Herod.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a></sup></li> <li>A little-known fact is that in the time period Jesus supposedly lived there was a Bethlehem of Zebulun (around 10 kilometres north-west of Nazareth and 30 kilometres east of Haifa, i.e. <b>in Galilee</b>) and it has been suggested that <i>this</i> is the Bethlehem Jesus really came from.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a></sup></li> <li>Moreover, a census would not and has never meant ordering a return to the town people were born in, but rather taking records of them where they live at the time. The alternative would be a logistical nightmare in which the roads would be clogged with travelers returning to their home towns throughout all of Judea, making a census-taking far more difficult. This part of the story likely was added so that Joseph (who is said to come from the House of David—i.e. the royal line) would return to Bethlehem so Jesus could be born there, thus fulfilling a supposed old prophecy regarding the Jewish Messiah. However, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/micah/5-2-compare.html">some translations of Micah 5:2</a> make it clear that the supposed "Bethlehem" prophecy is in reference to <b>a group of people in Judea</b>, not a town, so there is no prophecy regarding the Jewish Messiah being born in the town of Bethlehem but rather coming from the <i>Bethlehem clan</i> who could have been anywhere in the land that had once been called Judea.</li> <li>Finally Matthew implies that nearly two years had passed since Jesus' family had fled to Egypt when Herod starting killing the children in and around Bethlehem while Luke expressly states they went to temple <i>every year</i>.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Picking_other_timelines_from_the_Gospels">Picking other timelines from the Gospels</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Picking other timelines from the Gospels">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>As pointed out by Robert M. Price, Irenaeus had Jesus crucified under <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor#Claudius_.2841-54.29" title="Roman emperor">Claudius Caesar</a> (41-54 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a></sup> </p><p>The Irenaeus example Price provides is actually far <i>worse</i> than Price presents it. The actual passage in <i>Demonstration</i> (74) is </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>"For Herod the king of the Jews and Pontius Pilate, the governor of Claudius Caesar, came together and condemned Him to be crucified." </p> </blockquote> <p>and this one sentence is so full of historical inaccuracies that it is unbelievable that few have pointed them out. </p><p>The key issue is the title "King of the Jews" (ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΤΩΝ ΙΟΥΔΑΙΩΝ in Greek). <i>At best</i> only <i>three</i> Herods held this formal title: Herod the Great, Herod Agrippa I, and Herod Agrippa II<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></sup> When Herod the Great died, his kingdom was broken up between this three sons: Herod Archelaus (Ethnarch of Judaea 4 BCE – 6 CE), Herod Antipas (Tetrarch of Galilee 4 BCE - 41 CE), and "Herod" Philip II (Tetrarch of Batanea 4 BCE – 34 CE). Archelaus was removed 6 CE with Judea governed by Roman prefects until Herod Agrippa I came to power in 41 CE. Furthermore, while some later books have called Herod Agrippa II "king of the Jews", he in truth never ruled over the Judea province.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a></sup> </p><p>In any case only one of these Herods ruled Judea during the reign of Claudius Caesar: Herod Agrippa I. Moreover, we know exactly when he had the title "King of the Jews": 42-44 CE. But this is long after Paul's vision, so why did Irenaeus make such a statement? <i>Against Heresies 2:22</i> shows that Luke 3:23 locked him at Jesus being [about] 30 around 28/29 CE and John 8:56-57 as he states "such language is fittingly applied to <b>one who has already passed the age of forty</b>, without having as yet reached his fiftieth year, <b>yet is not far from this latter period</b>." Even you push Jesus's supposed birth date in Matthew to c6 BCE (Herod the Great killing children two years old and younger), putting Jesus at 34 in c29 CE (there is no year zero), you don't get to the required minimum 46 years of age until 41 CE, which <b>requires</b> the Caesar to be Claudius (41-54 CE) and the Herod "king of the Jews" to be Agrippa I (42-44 CE). The Gospel material Irenaeus was using effectively locked in the time period and he was forced to throw in Pontius Pilate (who if there was a Herod "king of the Jews" in charge would not have been needed) to make everything fit. </p><p>Furthermore the old out of claiming Irenaeus was, for some insane reason, referring to Tiberius <i>Claudius</i> Nero (whose name had changed to Tiberius Julius Caesar when he was adopted by Augustus in 4 CE) takes a dirt nap thanks to this passage: </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>But Jesus being derived from that father who is above the God that made the world, and coming into Judæa in the times of Pontius Pilate the governor, who was the procurator of Tiberius Cæsar - <i>Against Heresies</i> 1:27:2 </p> </blockquote> <p>Irenaeus then provides <i>this</i> piece of temporal insanity: </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>"for our Lord was born about the forty-first year of the reign of Augustus" (i.e. 14 CE<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a></sup>) - <i>Against Heresies</i> 2:21:3 </p> </blockquote> <p>But a Jesus who had been born in 14 CE been 30 in 44 CE requires ignoring Luke 3:1 which clearly states "It was in the fifteenth year of the emperor Tiberius’ reign" (28/29 CE) was when Jesus was about 30 years old. Irenaeus is clearly making theological arguments with history and logic going out the window. The efforts to make statements like this fit history require insane disregard of history to even work. Augustus was originally called Octavian and didn't get the title name Augustus until 27 BCE. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-canonical_gospels">Non-canonical gospels</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-canonical gospels">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>There are well over 20 gospels of Jesus Christ. However, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> found it necessary to leave certain ones out. The gospel of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>, possibly the most famous Apocrypha for example, depicts her being second to Jesus rather than <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>. It also insinuates that Mary and Jesus were lovers, and forms the basis of alternative interpretations and conspiracies such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Blood,_Holy_Grail" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Blood, Holy Grail">Holy Blood, Holy Grail</a></i>. In the Gospel of Thomas, Jesus asserts that the idea of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a> is not for an eternity, rather a time that meets the severity of the punishment. A gospel according to <a href="/wiki/Judas" class="mw-redirect" title="Judas">Judas</a> (dating to around the 3rd/4th Century AD) was discovered in the 1970s but has only really been studied since the late 90s. This alters the narrative slightly to portray Judas' actions towards the end of Jesus' story not as a betrayal, but as following the instructions of Jesus himself. Considering that it is canonical <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> belief that it was God's plan to have Jesus brutally murdered, this does make some sick and twisted sense. </p><p>Some of these non-canonical gospels have been reconstructed in Robert M. Price's <i>The Pre-Nicene New Testament: Fifty-four Formative Texts</i>, Bart Ehrman's <i>Lost Scriptures</i>, and Robert J. Miller's <i>The Complete Gospels</i>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Islam">In Islam</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Islam">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> believe that Jesus (Isa) was a prophet who received a revelation from God, which they call <i>Injil</i>. The dominant view is that the message God gave to Jesus has been lost or distorted through time and the New Testament contains at best only fragments; the original text would have been a revelation to Jesus rather than simply an account of his life, and presumably would have omitted details like Jesus being the son of God which Muslims don't accept. A minority view in Islam is that the message revealed by God to Jesus was indeed that in the New Testament gospels or non-canonical gospels such as the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Barnabas" title="Gospel of Barnabas">Gospel of Barnabas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a></sup> Some people (mainly Christians) claim that the Quran nowhere says that the Christians had a corrupt or incorrect gospel, and therefore we can infer that the New Testament is indeed the word of God.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a></sup> But this seems to put too much faith in both the infallibility and the comprehensiveness of the Quran. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a> - "The Gospel" is often used as a synonym for a salvation message in particular, rather than the four Gospels in general.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/commentaries.i.html">Calvin's Commentaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/cal.html">Bible Commentaries</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">It probably goes without saying that some Christians believe these 4 accounts were written by the disciples of Jesus, immediately after his death.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Some scholars think the existing versions of Luke came about as a rebuttal of Marcion's <i>Evangelicon</i> making "our" versions no younger than c 120 CE)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Pearce, Jonathan (22 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723211809/https://www.patheos.com/blogs/tippling/2021/07/22/jesus-as-the-new-moses-and-theology-historicised/">"Jesus as the New Moses and Theology Historicised"</a> (in en).</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+the+New+Moses+and+Theology+Historicised&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Pearce%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan&rft.date=22+July+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210723211809%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2Fblogs%2Ftippling%2F2021%2F07%2F22%2Fjesus-as-the-new-moses-and-theology-historicised%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gospels"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <i>A Tippling Philosopher</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare for example: <span class="citation book">Espín, Orlando O.; Nickoloff, James B., eds (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k85JKr1OXcQC"><i>An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies</i></a>. Michael Glazier Books. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. p. 501. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814658567" title="Special:BookSources/9780814658567">9780814658567</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2017-08-26</span>. "For Christians, the four Gospels are not only the most important books in the New Testament, they are the most important books in the Bible."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introductory+Dictionary+of+Theology+and+Religious+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft.series=Michael+Glazier+Books&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B501&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.isbn=9780814658567&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk85JKr1OXcQC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gospels"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=gospel">http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=gospel</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/calque" class="extiw" title="wp:calque" rel="nofollow">calque</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffin, Bruce W. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblical-data.org/P-46%20Oct%201997.pdf">"The Paleographical Dating of P-46"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brodie.2012.229-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brodie.2012.229_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Brodie, Thomas L. (2012). "epilogue: Bart D. Ehrman's 'Did Jesus Exist?'". <i>Beyond the Quest for the Historical Jesus: Memoir of a Discovery</i>. Sheffield Phoenix Press. p. 229. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907534-58-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907534-58-4">978-1-907534-58-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=epilogue%3A+Bart+D.+Ehrman%27s+%27Did+Jesus+Exist%3F%27&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Quest+for+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+Memoir+of+a+Discovery&rft.aulast=Brodie&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft.au=Brodie%2C%26%2332%3BThomas+L.&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B229&rft.pub=Sheffield+Phoenix+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-907534-58-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gospels"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyarin.2012.105-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Boyarin.2012.105_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Boyarin, Daniel (2012). <i>The Jewish Gospels: The Story of the Jewish Christ</i>. New Press/ORIM. p. 105. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-711-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-711-4">978-1-59558-711-4</a>. "[In the Gospel of Mark] we see its background in the Jewish mode of biblical interpretation, midrash. Once again, to remind readers, midrash is a way of multiply contextualizing verses with other verses and passages in the [Hebrew] Bible, in order to determine their meaning."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Gospels%3A+The+Story+of+the+Jewish+Christ&rft.aulast=Boyarin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Boyarin%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B105&rft.pub=New+Press%2FORIM&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-711-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gospels"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charbonnel.2017.APPROCHES-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Charbonnel.2017.APPROCHES_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nanine Charbonnel (2017). “Les Évangiles comme midrash” (in French). <i>APPROCHES</i> – Les promesses du commencement. n°172. "In my book I draw a parallel between all that is said about Jesus’ actions, attitudes or feelings and ancient Jewish texts. Divided in two columns covering 43 pages I point out clear evidence that the authors of the texts always had those Jewish sources on their minds when they wrote their narratives. This Jewish material is used like playing bricks [Lego bricks] and they should not be read as historical references. . . . I give a specific and in-depth account of the devices to be found in the narratives and which became later like stumbling blocks in further interpretation. They usually result from a shortcoming in the handling of complex proper and figurative meanings."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R.G.Price.2019.prove-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-R.G.Price.2019.prove_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/comment/594#comment-594">Comment by R. G. Price—3 September 2019</a>—per Lataster, Raphael (August 2019). "When Critics Miss the Point About Questioning Jesus’ Historicity". <i>The Bible and Interpretation</i>. "I think what we can prove is that the Gospel narratives are entirely post-First Jewish-Roman War literary inventions, and that the Jesus character in those stories is derived entirely from scriptures and the letters of Paul."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godfrey.2019.Thompson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Godfrey.2019.Thompson_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vridar.org/2019/10/04/the-ot-sources-for-mark-1/#comment-95054">Comment by Neil Godfrey—5 October 2019</a>—per "The OT Sources for Mark 1". <i>Vridar</i>. 4 October 2019. See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vridar.org/2019/10/04/the-ot-sources-for-mark-1/#comment-95066">Comment by Neil Godfrey—6 October 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-intro-new-testament-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-intro-new-testament_12-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-intro-new-testament_12-1">11.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond E. Brown. An Introduction to the New Testament.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/276996/The_Formation_of_the_New_Testament_Canon">Richard Carrier <i>The Formation of the New Testament Canon</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_15-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_15-1">13.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_15-2">13.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_15-3">13.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_15-4">13.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_15-5">13.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_15-6">13.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Ferguson, Matthew Wade (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infidels.org/library/modern/matthew_ferguson/gospel-authors.html">"Why Scholars Doubt the Traditional Authors of the Gospels"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Why+Scholars+Doubt+the+Traditional+Authors+of+the+Gospels&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Wade&rft.au=Ferguson%2C%26%2332%3BMatthew+Wade&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fmodern%2Fmatthew_ferguson%2Fgospel-authors.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gospels"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lataster2019-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lataster2019_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Lataster, Raphael (2019). <i>Questioning the Historicity of Jesus: Why a Philosophical Analysis Elucidates the Historical Discourse</i>. BRILL. p. 57. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-40878-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-40878-4">978-90-04-40878-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Questioning+the+Historicity+of+Jesus%3A+Why+a+Philosophical+Analysis+Elucidates+the+Historical+Discourse&rft.aulast=Lataster&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft.au=Lataster%2C%26%2332%3BRaphael&rft.date=2019&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B57&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.isbn=978-90-04-40878-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gospels"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>e.g.</i> JD Crossan, <i>Historical Jesus, Life of a Jewish Peasant</i>; A Schweitzer, <i>Quest for the Historical Jesus</i>; W. Blanton, <i>Shadow of the Galilean</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Carrier, Richard (30 September 2019). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.richardcarrier.info/archives/15895">Did Jesus Exist? Craig Evans' Post-Debate Analysis</a>".</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardcarrier.info%2Farchives%2F15895+Did+Jesus+Exist%3F+Craig+Evans%27+Post-Debate+Analysis%5D&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Carrier&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Carrier%2C%26%2332%3BRichard&rft.date=30+September+2019&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gospels"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <i>Richard Carrier Blogs</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Carrier (31 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.richardcarrier.info/archives/18645">"The GCRR eConference on the Historical Jesus: A Retrospective"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+GCRR+eConference+on+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Retrospective&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Carrier&rft.au=Carrier&rft.date=31+July+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardcarrier.info%2Farchives%2F18645&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gospels"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <i>Richard Carrier Blogs</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.G. Price, 2007-01-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rationalrevolution.net/articles/jesus_myth_history.htm">"Jesus Myth - The Case Against Historical Christ"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Carrier" title="Richard Carrier">Richard Carrier</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/richard_carrier/resurrection/lecture.html">"Why I Don't Buy the Resurrection Story."</a> (6<sup>th</sup> ed., 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Carrier. (June 14, 2013)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freethoughtblogs.com/carrier/archives/3838">"Brown Out: A Christian Reviews Proving History"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infidels.org/library/modern/richard_carrier/quirinius.html">Carrier, Richard (2011) The Date of the Nativity in Luke (6th ed., 2011) <i>Secular Web</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianity-revealed.com/cr/files/thetrialthatnevertookplace.html">Reverend Kenny Nailimup THE TRIAL THAT NEVER TOOK PLACE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"12 Reasons Jesus’ Trial Was Illegal" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rcg.org/pillar/0902pp-trjtwi.html">part 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rcg.org/pillar/0903pp-trjtwi.html">part 2</a> <i>The Restored Church of God</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, Laws of Sanhedrin, 9:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pX4LvKvIWJw">Did Jesus Even Exist? (Carrier's Missouri State University lecture) <i>YouTube</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lenaeinhorn.se/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Jesus-and-the-Egyptian-Prophet-12.11.25.pdf">Lena Einhorn, PhD (Nov.17-20, 2012) 'Jesus and the "Egyptian Prophet"' Society of Biblical Literature Annual Meeting</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A.J. 20.113-114; B.J. 2.228-229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carrier, Richard (2011) "The Date of the Nativity in Luke (6<sup>th</sup> ed., 2011)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vermes, Geza (2010) <i>Jesus: Nativity - Passion - Resurrection</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Goodblatt's "Dating Documents in Herodian Judaea" in <i>Herod and Augustus: Papers Presented at the IJS Conference, 21st-23rd June 2005</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">see Aviram Oshri's "Where was Jesus Born?" in Volume 58 Number 6, November/December 2005 of <i>Archaeology</i> for more details on the Bethlehem of Zebulun idea.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Irenaeus (c180 CE)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/irenaeus/demonstr.preaching_the_demonstration_of_the_apostolic_preaching.html"><i>Demonstration</i> (74)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See Robert M Price. "Jesus at the Vanishing Point," in James K. Beilby & Paul Rhodes Eddy (eds.) <i>The Historical Jesus: Five Views</i>. InterVarsity, 2009, p. 80-81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Crossan, John Dominic (1996) <i>Who Killed Jesus?: Exposing the Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Gospel Story</i> pg 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Gelb, Norman (2010) <i>Kings of the Jews: The Origins of the Jewish Nation</i> pg 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Augustus Caesar, emperor and princeps of the Roman people, died in the forty-first year of his reign, at the age of seventy-six. In that same year, 14 CE,..." - Coogan, Michael D. (2001) <i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i> Oxford University Press pg 389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" class="extiw" title="wp:Gospel in Islam" rel="nofollow">Gospel in Islam</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C&lpg=PA212&ots=mYADKRTzgB&dq=injil&pg=PA211#v=onepage&q=injil&f=false">Dictionary of Islam</a>, Patrick Hughes, 1895</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="the_Bible-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#484329; color:White; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biblebox" title="Template:Biblebox"><span style="color:White">v</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biblebox" title="Template talk:Biblebox"><span style="color:White">t</span></a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Biblebox&action=edit"><span style="color:White">e</span></a></div></div><span style="color:White; font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible"><span style="color:White">Articles</span></a> about <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible"><span id="the_Bible-navbox" style="color:White">the Bible</span></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Testament" title="Category:Old Testament"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Old Testament:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">Goliath</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tamar" title="Tamar">Tamar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Old_Testament)" title="Joseph (Old Testament)">Joseph (Old Testament)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a> • <a href="/wiki/Amalekites" title="Amalekites">Amalekites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">Curse of Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel%27s_wheel" title="Ezekiel's wheel">Ezekiel's wheel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lot" title="Lot">Lot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a> • <a href="/wiki/G%27Tach" title="G'Tach">G'Tach</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_was_Imhotep" title="Joseph was Imhotep">Joseph was Imhotep</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> • <a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">Global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gibeah" title="Gibeah">Gibeah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Incubus_and_succubus_myths" title="Incubus and succubus myths">Incubus and succubus myths</a> • <a href="/wiki/King_David" title="King David">King David</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Bible" title="List of actions prohibited by the Bible">List of actions prohibited by the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Serpent_seed_doctrine" title="Serpent seed doctrine">Serpent seed doctrine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Cain" title="Mark of Cain">Mark of Cain</a> • <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sirach" title="Sirach">Sirach</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Book of Joel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> • <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Torah" title="Category:Torah"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Torah:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Book of Leviticus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Testament_History" title="Category:Old Testament History"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Old Testament History:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Book of Ruth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Books of Chronicles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Books of Samuel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Testament_Wisdom" title="Category:Old Testament Wisdom"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Old Testament Wisdom:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Solomon" title="Song of Solomon">Song of Solomon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" title="Book of Psalms">Book of Psalms</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Major_and_Minor_Prophets" title="Category:Major and Minor Prophets"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Major and Minor Prophets:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Book of Lamentations</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Minor_Prophets" title="Books of the Minor Prophets">Books of the Minor Prophets</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament" title="Category:New Testament"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">New Testament:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary (mother of Jesus)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul of Tarsus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Good_Samaritan" title="Good Samaritan">Good Samaritan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" title="Authorship of the New Testament">Authorship of the New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principalities_and_powers" title="Principalities and powers">Principalities and powers</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(husband_of_Mary)" title="Joseph (husband of Mary)">Joseph (husband of Mary)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> • <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Barnabas" title="Gospel of Barnabas">Gospel of Barnabas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Apostle" title="Peter the Apostle">Peter the Apostle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospels" title="Category:Gospels"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Gospels and Acts:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Pauline_Epistles" title="Category:Pauline Epistles"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Pauline Epistles:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Corinthians" title="Corinthians">Corinthians</a> • <a href="/wiki/Galatians" title="Galatians">Galatians</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ephesians" title="Ephesians">Ephesians</a> • <a href="/wiki/Colossians" title="Colossians">Colossians</a> • <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Epistle to the Philippians</a> • <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Epistle to Philemon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a> • <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Epistle to Titus</a> • <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">First Epistle to the Thessalonians</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">Second Epistle to the Thessalonians</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">Second Epistle to Timothy</a> • <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">First Epistle to Timothy</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:General_Epistles" title="Category:General Epistles"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">General Epistles:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> • <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a> • <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> • <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First Epistle of John</a> • <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Epistle of Peter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">Second Epistle of John</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">Second Epistle of Peter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">Third Epistle of John</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_analysis" title="Category:Bible analysis"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Bible analysis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a> • <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" title="Authorship of the New Testament">Authorship of the New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_interpolation" title="Bible interpolation">Bible interpolation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_sexism" title="Biblical sexism">Biblical sexism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bibliolatry" title="Bibliolatry">Bibliolatry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_the_Exodus" title="Evidence for the Exodus">Evidence for the Exodus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_reading" title="Horizontal reading">Horizontal reading</a> • <a href="/wiki/King_James_Only" title="King James Only">King James Only</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Bible" title="List of actions prohibited by the Bible">List of actions prohibited by the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Skeptic%27s_Annotated_Bible" title="Skeptic's Annotated Bible">Skeptic's Annotated Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Word_of_God" title="Word of God">Word of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_contradictions" title="Biblical contradictions">Biblical contradictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:List_of_mistakes_made_by_God" title="Fun:List of mistakes made by God">List of mistakes made by God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abomination" title="Abomination">Abomination</a> • <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a> • <a href="/wiki/G%27Tach" title="G'Tach">G'Tach</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arsenokoites" title="Arsenokoites">Arsenokoites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible">Annotated Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bible" title="Slavery in the Bible">Slavery in the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Examples_of_God_personally_killing_people" title="Examples of God personally killing people">Examples of God personally killing people</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herod" title="Herod">Herod</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Brick_Testament" title="The Brick Testament">The Brick Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation">Evidence against a recent creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scientific_errors" title="Biblical scientific errors">Biblical scientific errors</a> • <a href="/wiki/EvilBible.com" title="EvilBible.com">EvilBible.com</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_translations" title="Category:Bible translations"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Bible translations:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Fun:Cockney_Bible" title="Fun:Cockney Bible">Cockney Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Douay-Rheims" title="Douay-Rheims">Douay-Rheims</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Bible" title="Jefferson Bible">Jefferson Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/King_James_Only" title="King James Only">King James Only</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a> • <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible">Annotated Bible</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Apocrypha" title="Category:Apocrypha"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Apocrypha:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Book of Judith</a> • <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> • <a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a> • <a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Enoch" title="Books of Enoch">Books of Enoch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">Books of the Maccabees</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Gospel of Mary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip" title="Gospel of Philip">Gospel of Philip</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_James" title="Infancy Gospel of James">Infancy Gospel of James</a> • <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a> • <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Biblical_figures" title="Category:Biblical figures"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Biblical figures:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Old_Testament)" title="Joseph (Old Testament)">Joseph (Old Testament)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary (mother of Jesus)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul of Tarsus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lot" title="Lot">Lot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">Goliath</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> • <a href="/wiki/YHWH" title="YHWH">YHWH</a> • <a href="/wiki/Amalekites" title="Amalekites">Amalekites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> • <a href="/wiki/King_David" title="King David">King David</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(husband_of_Mary)" title="Joseph (husband of Mary)">Joseph (husband of Mary)</a> • <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a> • <a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herod" title="Herod">Herod</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tamar" title="Tamar">Tamar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_woo" title="Category:Bible woo"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Bible woo:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Jesus_diet" title="Jesus diet">Jesus diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Name_it_and_claim_it" title="Name it and claim it">Name it and claim it</a> • <a href="/wiki/Snake_handling" title="Snake handling">Snake handling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">Speaking in tongues</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_warfare" title="Spiritual warfare">Spiritual warfare</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Bible_Code" title="The Bible Code">The Bible Code</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">Stigmata</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_longevity" title="Biblical longevity">Biblical longevity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hanzi_of_Genesis" title="Hanzi of Genesis">Hanzi of Genesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dr._Bronner%27s_Soap" title="Dr. Bronner's Soap">Dr. Bronner's Soap</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Prayer_Team" title="Presidential Prayer Team">Presidential Prayer Team</a> • <a href="/wiki/British_Israelism" title="British Israelism">British Israelism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network" title="Trinity Broadcasting Network">Trinity Broadcasting Network</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zecharia_Sitchin" title="Zecharia Sitchin">Zecharia Sitchin</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">James Ussher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Week" title="Creation Week">Creation Week</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zion_Oil_and_Gas" title="Zion Oil and Gas">Zion Oil and Gas</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Drama_of_the_Lost_Disciples" title="The Drama of the Lost Disciples">The Drama of the Lost Disciples</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roman_Piso" title="Roman Piso">Roman Piso</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jose_Luis_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Jose Luis de Jesús">Jose Luis de Jesús</a> • <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scientific_foreknowledge" title="Biblical scientific foreknowledge">Biblical scientific foreknowledge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Otto" title="Jonathan Otto">Jonathan Otto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benny_Hinn" title="Benny Hinn">Benny Hinn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presents_Of_God_Ministry" title="Presents Of God Ministry">Presents Of God Ministry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Solfeggio_frequencies" title="Solfeggio frequencies">Solfeggio frequencies</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ken_Ham" title="Ken Ham">Ken Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harold_Camping" title="Harold Camping">Harold Camping</a> • <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Quayle" title="Steve Quayle">Steve Quayle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah_Center" title="Kabbalah Center">Kabbalah Center</a> • <a href="/wiki/Acharya_S" title="Acharya S">Acharya S</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Peters" title="Peter J. Peters">Peter J. Peters</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel%27s_wheel" title="Ezekiel's wheel">Ezekiel's wheel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Research" title="Creation Research">Creation Research</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Biblical_scientific_foreknowledge" title="Category:Biblical scientific foreknowledge"><span style="color:White; font-size:125%">Scientific foreknowledge:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Gaps_between_Science_and_the_Bible" title="Gaps between Science and the Bible">Gaps between Science and the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scientific_foreknowledge" title="Biblical scientific foreknowledge">Biblical scientific foreknowledge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Facts_in_the_Bible:_100_Reasons_to_Believe_the_Bible_is_Supernatural_in_Origin" title="Scientific Facts in the Bible: 100 Reasons to Believe the Bible is Supernatural in Origin">Scientific Facts in the Bible: 100 Reasons to Believe the Bible is Supernatural in Origin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_Confirms_the_Bible" title="Science Confirms the Bible">Science Confirms the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eternal_Productions:_101_Scientific_Facts_and_Foreknowledge" title="Eternal Productions: 101 Scientific Facts and Foreknowledge">Eternal Productions: 101 Scientific Facts and Foreknowledge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Modern_Science_in_the_Bible" title="Modern Science in the Bible">Modern Science in the Bible</a> • </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="apologetics_and_counter-apologetics-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#484329; color:white; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apolbox" title="Template:Apolbox"><span style="color:white">v</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apolbox" title="Template talk:Apolbox"><span style="color:white">t</span></a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Apolbox&action=edit"><span style="color:white">e</span></a></div></div><span style="color:white; font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics_and_counter-apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics"><span style="color:white">Articles</span></a> about <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics"><span id="apologetics_and_counter-apologetics-navbox" style="color:white">apologetics and counter-apologetics</span></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics_and_counter-apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Apologetics and counter-apologetics:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Question_Evolution" title="Question Evolution">Question Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christianity_is_not_a_religion" title="Christianity is not a religion">Christianity is not a religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Proof_the_Bible_is_True" title="Fun:Proof the Bible is True">Proof the Bible is True</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Proof_God_is_Always_Right" title="Fun:Proof God is Always Right">Proof God is Always Right</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_Teapot" title="Russell's Teapot">Russell's Teapot</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Apologetics" title="New Apologetics">New Apologetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zeal_of_the_convert" title="Zeal of the convert">Zeal of the convert</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Statements_that_are_wrong_on_the_level_of_a_Young_Earth" title="Fun:Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth">Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_God_from_Science" title="Evidence for God from Science">Evidence for God from Science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheists_hate_god" title="Atheists hate god">Atheists hate god</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah_Philosophy" title="Torah Philosophy">Torah Philosophy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answering_Islam" title="Answering Islam">Answering Islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/ProphecyFilm.com" title="ProphecyFilm.com">ProphecyFilm.com</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheist_professor_myth" title="Atheist professor myth">Atheist professor myth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a> • <a href="/wiki/Minimal_facts_argument" title="Minimal facts argument">Minimal facts argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/FAQ_for_the_Newly_Deconverted" title="FAQ for the Newly Deconverted">FAQ for the Newly Deconverted</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nahom" title="Nahom">Nahom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kuzari_principle" title="Kuzari principle">Kuzari principle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater" title="Richard Dawkins - God Hater">Richard Dawkins - God Hater</a> • <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Existence_of_gods" title="Category:Existence of gods"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Existence of gods:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_scientists" title="Religious scientists">Religious scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence paradox</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presuppositionalism" title="Presuppositionalism">Presuppositionalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_God" title="Transcendental argument for God">Transcendental argument for God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Oenological_argument" title="Fun:Oenological argument">Oenological argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_God%27s_existence" title="Evidence for God's existence">Evidence for God's existence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Argument from morality</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Argument_from_molarity" title="Fun:Argument from molarity">Argument from molarity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">Argument from first cause</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_fine_tuning" title="Argument from fine tuning">Argument from fine tuning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" title="Argument from design">Argument from design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Argument from beauty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Trilemma" title="Lewis Trilemma">Lewis Trilemma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Magic_sandwich" title="Fun:Magic sandwich">Magic sandwich</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evil_is_the_absence_of_God" title="Evil is the absence of God">Evil is the absence of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kissing_Hank%27s_Ass" title="Kissing Hank's Ass">Kissing Hank's Ass</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Dragon_in_My_Garage" title="The Dragon in My Garage">The Dragon in My Garage</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Argument from desire</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arguments_against_the_existence_of_God" title="Arguments against the existence of God">Arguments against the existence of God</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Belief_in_gods" title="Category:Belief in gods"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Belief in gods:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_gods_that_theists_don%27t_believe_in" title="List of gods that theists don't believe in">List of gods that theists don't believe in</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_religion" title="Category:Science and religion"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Science and religion:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a> • <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_falling" title="Intelligent falling">Intelligent falling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Non-Overlapping_Magisteria" title="Non-Overlapping Magisteria">Non-Overlapping Magisteria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Accommodationism" title="Accommodationism">Accommodationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby" title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_religion" title="Science and religion">Science and religion</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Morality_and_religion" title="Category:Morality and religion"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Morality and religion:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Just_world_fallacy" title="Just world fallacy">Just world fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Birth_as_a_Grave_Misfortune" title="Birth as a Grave Misfortune">Birth as a Grave Misfortune</a> • <a href="/wiki/Responding_to_Sam_Burke%27s_Argument_That_Christianity_Entails_Anti-Natalism" title="Responding to Sam Burke's Argument That Christianity Entails Anti-Natalism">Responding to Sam Burke's Argument That Christianity Entails Anti-Natalism</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Scriptures" title="Category:Scriptures"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Scriptures:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Book_of_Mormon" title="Fun:Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Essene_Gospel_of_Peace" title="Essene Gospel of Peace">Essene Gospel of Peace</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aquarian_Gospel_of_Jesus_the_Christ" title="Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ">Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a> • <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Holy_book" title="Holy book">Holy book</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Health_with_Key_to_the_Scriptures" title="Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures">Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Avenue_Q_gospel" title="Fun:Avenue Q gospel">Avenue Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oahspe" title="Oahspe">Oahspe</a> • <a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Enoch" title="Books of Enoch">Books of Enoch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price" title="Pearl of Great Price">Pearl of Great Price</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List of Hindu texts</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_analysis" title="Category:Bible analysis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Bible analysis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a> • <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" title="Authorship of the New Testament">Authorship of the New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_interpolation" title="Bible interpolation">Bible interpolation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_sexism" title="Biblical sexism">Biblical sexism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bibliolatry" title="Bibliolatry">Bibliolatry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_the_Exodus" title="Evidence for the Exodus">Evidence for the Exodus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_reading" title="Horizontal reading">Horizontal reading</a> • <a href="/wiki/King_James_Only" title="King James Only">King James Only</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Bible" title="List of actions prohibited by the Bible">List of actions prohibited by the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Skeptic%27s_Annotated_Bible" title="Skeptic's Annotated Bible">Skeptic's Annotated Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Word_of_God" title="Word of God">Word of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_contradictions" title="Biblical contradictions">Biblical contradictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:List_of_mistakes_made_by_God" title="Fun:List of mistakes made by God">List of mistakes made by God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abomination" title="Abomination">Abomination</a> • <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a> • <a href="/wiki/G%27Tach" title="G'Tach">G'Tach</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arsenokoites" title="Arsenokoites">Arsenokoites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bible" title="Slavery in the Bible">Slavery in the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Examples_of_God_personally_killing_people" title="Examples of God personally killing people">Examples of God personally killing people</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herod" title="Herod">Herod</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Brick_Testament" title="The Brick Testament">The Brick Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation">Evidence against a recent creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scientific_errors" title="Biblical scientific errors">Biblical scientific errors</a> • <a href="/wiki/EvilBible.com" title="EvilBible.com">EvilBible.com</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Qur%27an_analysis" title="Category:Qur'an analysis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Qur'an analysis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Qur%27an" title="List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an">List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_scientific_foreknowledge" title="Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge">Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_scientific_errors" title="Qur'anic scientific errors">Qur'anic scientific errors</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_contradictions" title="Qur'anic contradictions">Qur'anic contradictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologists_and_counter-apologists" title="Category:Apologists and counter-apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Apologists and counter-apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Matt_Dillahunty" title="Matt Dillahunty">Matt Dillahunty</a> • <a href="/wiki/TheraminTrees" title="TheraminTrees">TheraminTrees</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hemant_Mehta" title="Hemant Mehta">Hemant Mehta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Templeton" title="Charles Templeton">Charles Templeton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Current" title="Edward Current">Edward Current</a> • <a href="/wiki/Armoured_Skeptic" title="Armoured Skeptic">Armoured Skeptic</a> • <a href="/wiki/DarkMatter2525" title="DarkMatter2525">DarkMatter2525</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_apologists" title="Category:Christian apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Christian apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Chick" title="Jack Chick">Jack Chick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Cameron" title="Kirk Cameron">Kirk Cameron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ray_Comfort" title="Ray Comfort">Ray Comfort</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sarfati" title="Jonathan Sarfati">Jonathan Sarfati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morris" title="Henry Morris">Henry Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Duane_Gish" title="Duane Gish">Duane Gish</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snelling" title="Andrew Snelling">Andrew Snelling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strobel" title="Lee Strobel">Lee Strobel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Glynn" title="Patrick Glynn">Patrick Glynn</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Ray_Griffin" title="David Ray Griffin">David Ray Griffin</a> • <a href="/wiki/R._J._Rushdoony" title="R. J. Rushdoony">R. J. Rushdoony</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_North" title="Gary North">Gary North</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brian_Thomas" title="Brian Thomas">Brian Thomas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apologetics_Press" title="Apologetics Press">Apologetics Press</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_Habermas" title="Gary Habermas">Gary Habermas</a> • <a href="/wiki/J._P._Holding" title="J. P. Holding">J. P. Holding</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herb_Titus" title="Herb Titus">Herb Titus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tomkins" title="Jeffrey Tomkins">Jeffrey Tomkins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ford" title="Lawrence Ford">Lawrence Ford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Jeanson" title="Nathaniel Jeanson">Nathaniel Jeanson</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Morris" title="John Morris">John Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim_Todd" title="Tim Todd">Tim Todd</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sye_Ten_Bruggencate" title="Sye Ten Bruggencate">Sye Ten Bruggencate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Randal_Rauser" title="Randal Rauser">Randal Rauser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timothy_LaHaye" title="Timothy LaHaye">Timothy LaHaye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hobrink" title="Ben Hobrink">Ben Hobrink</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_Issues" title="Bible Issues">Bible Issues</a> • <a href="/wiki/WallBuilders" title="WallBuilders">WallBuilders</a> • <a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_III" title="L. Brent Bozell III">L. Brent Bozell III</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">Alister McGrath</a> • <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Davis" title="Buddy Davis">Buddy Davis</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Ross Douthat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norman_Geisler" title="Norman Geisler">Norman Geisler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Farah" title="Joseph Farah">Joseph Farah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beale" title="Theodore Beale">Theodore Beale</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> • <a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Wood" title="David Wood">David Wood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Edward Feser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_American_Loons" title="Encyclopedia of American Loons">Encyclopedia of American Loons</a> • <a href="/wiki/Got_Questions" title="Got Questions">Got Questions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">Dinesh D'Souza</a> • <a href="/wiki/Computing_Forever" title="Computing Forever">Computing Forever</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Dennis Prager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hovind" title="Eric Hovind">Eric Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Turek" title="Frank Turek">Frank Turek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brittany_Sellner" title="Brittany Sellner">Brittany Sellner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ken_Ham" title="Ken Ham">Ken Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> • <a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">George Galloway</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Laura Ingraham</a> • <a href="/wiki/E._Calvin_Beisner" title="E. Calvin Beisner">E. Calvin Beisner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bill_Muehlenberg" title="Bill Muehlenberg">Bill Muehlenberg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Josh_McDowell" title="Josh McDowell">Josh McDowell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cahill" title="Mark Cahill">Mark Cahill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hovind" title="Kent Hovind">Kent Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Ministries_International" title="Creation Ministries International">Creation Ministries International</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Turley" title="Steve Turley">Steve Turley</a> • <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Research" title="Creation Research">Creation Research</a> • <a href="/wiki/Redeemed_Zoomer" title="Redeemed Zoomer">Redeemed Zoomer</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_apologists" title="Category:Muslim apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Muslim apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Harun_Yahya" title="Harun Yahya">Harun Yahya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dawah_Man" title="Dawah Man">Dawah Man</a> • <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Tzortzis" title="Hamza Tzortzis">Hamza Tzortzis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a> • </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Gospels&oldid=2662394">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Gospels&oldid=2662394</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Bible</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics_and_counter-apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics">Apologetics and counter-apologetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament" title="Category:New Testament">New Testament</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_analysis" title="Category:Bible analysis">Bible analysis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospels" title="Category:Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_DynamicPageList_parser_function" title="Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function">Pages using DynamicPageList parser function</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_cite_templates_with_deprecated_parameters" title="Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters">Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head">  <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label"> <span>Personal tools</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-anonuserpage">Not logged in</li><li id="pt-anontalk"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gospels" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gospels" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation">  <nav id="p-namespaces" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label"> <span>Namespaces</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="/wiki/Gospels" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Page</a></li><li id="ca-talk"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gospels" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-variants" class="vector-menu-empty emptyPortlet vector-menu vector-menu-dropdown vectorMenu" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" /> <h3 id="p-variants-label"> <span>Variants</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation">  <nav id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-views-label"> <span>Views</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-view" class="collapsible selected"><a href="/wiki/Gospels">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">Fossil record</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu-empty emptyPortlet vector-menu vector-menu-dropdown vectorMenu" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" /> <h3 id="p-cactions-label"> <span>More</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="p-search" role="search"> <h3 > <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search RationalWiki" title="Search RationalWiki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search the pages for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/> <input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a title="Visit the main page" class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page"></a> </div>  <nav id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal portal-first" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-navigation-label"> <span>Navigation</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-randompage"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random mainspace article [x]" accesskey="x">Random page</a></li><li id="n-New-pages"><a href="/wiki/Special:NewPages">New pages</a></li><li id="n-All-logs"><a href="/wiki/Special:Log">All logs</a></li><li id="n-help"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="RTFM">Help</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-support" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-support-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-support-label"> <span>Support</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Donate"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Site_support">Donate</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-community" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-community-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-community-label"> <span>Community</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Saloon-bar"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Saloon_bar">Saloon bar</a></li><li id="n-To-do-list"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:To_do_list">To do list</a></li><li id="n-What-is-going-on.3F"><a href="/wiki/WIGO">What is going on?</a></li><li id="n-Best-of-RationalWiki"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Contents">Best of RationalWiki</a></li><li id="n-About-RationalWiki"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki">About RationalWiki</a></li><li id="n-Technical-support"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Technical_support">Technical support</a></li><li id="n-Mod-noticeboard"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki_talk:All_things_in_moderation">Mod noticeboard</a></li><li id="n-RMF-noticeboard"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki_talk:RationalMedia_Foundation">RMF noticeboard</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-Social media" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Social media-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-Social media-label"> <span>Social media</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/RationalWiki" rel="nofollow">Twitter</a></li><li id="n-Facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Rationalwiki/226614404019306" rel="nofollow">Facebook</a></li><li id="n-Discord"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Discord">Discord</a></li><li id="n-Reddit"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Reddit">Reddit</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-tb" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-tb-label"> <span>Tools</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Gospels" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Gospels" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li><li id="t-permalink"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&oldid=2662394" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospels&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" role="contentinfo" > <ul id="footer-info" > <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 July 2024, at 19:39.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Unless explicitly noted otherwise, all content licensed as indicated by <a name="Copyright" href="//rationalwiki.org/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights">RationalWiki:Copyrights</a>. <br> For concerns on copyright infringement please see: <a name="Copyright infringement" href="//rationalwiki.org/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyright_violations">RationalWiki:Copyright violations</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" > <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Privacy_policy" title="RationalWiki:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:About" class="mw-redirect" title="RationalWiki:About">About RationalWiki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:General_disclaimer" title="RationalWiki:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"><img src="/w/88x31.png" alt="CC-BY-SA 3.0, or any later version" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> </ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </footer> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.718","walltime":"1.440","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9685,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":141479,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22303,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":40},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":100},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":24564,"limit":5000000},"timingprofile":["100.00% 446.486 1 -total"," 67.27% 300.361 2 Template:Navbox"," 40.03% 178.748 1 Template:BibleGuide"," 28.86% 128.873 1 Template:Apolbox"," 14.59% 65.157 2 Template:Reflist"," 9.03% 40.340 1 Template:Biblenav"," 8.89% 39.689 8 Template:Citation/core"," 8.44% 37.690 1 Template:Navsidebar"," 7.32% 32.686 3 Template:Navsidebar2"," 6.82% 30.471 3 Template:Randomarticles"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"apache5","timestamp":"20241211171646","ttl":86400,"transientcontent":false}}});mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":1516,"wgHostname":"apache5"});});</script></body></html>