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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sandhi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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id="toc-Internal_and_external_sandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_and_external_sandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Internal and external sandhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_and_external_sandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_sandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_sandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Tone sandhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_sandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celtic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Celtic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Korean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Tamil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowel_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Vowel position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_in_Spoken_Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_in_Spoken_Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1.1</span> <span>Examples in Spoken Tamil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_in_Spoken_Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sandhi_following_front_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sandhi_following_front_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1.1.1</span> <span>Sandhi following front vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sandhi_following_front_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sandhi_following_back_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sandhi_following_back_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1.1.2</span> <span>Sandhi following back vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sandhi_following_back_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant_sandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_sandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Consonant sandhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_sandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Elision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.4</span> <span>Noun cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanskrit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskrit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Sanskrit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanskrit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowel_sandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_sandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Vowel sandhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_sandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant_sandhi_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_sandhi_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Consonant sandhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_sandhi_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sandhi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84_(%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9)" title="وصل (قراءة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وصل (قراءة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF" title="সন্ধি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সন্ধি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="اولاما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اولاما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF" title="সন্ধি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সন্ধি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="संधि – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संधि" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Сандхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сандхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Сандхи – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сандхи" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BF_(%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3)" title="સન્ધિ (વ્યાકરણ) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સન્ધિ (વ્યાકરણ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%9D%8C" title="연음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3)" title="संधि (व्याकरण) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संधि (व्याकरण)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandi_(fonologi)" title="Sandi (fonologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sandi (fonologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandi" title="Sandi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sandi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸಂಧಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಧಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF_(%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82)" title="സന്ധി (വ്യാകരണം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സന്ധി (വ്യാകരണം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3)" title="संधी (व्याकरण) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संधी (व्याकरण)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E9%9F%B3" title="連音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="連音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%80_(%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8)" title="ਸੰਧੀ (ਵਿਆਕਰਨ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਧੀ (ਵਿਆਕਰਨ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ndi" title="Sândi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sândi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Сандхи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сандхи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="सन्धिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सन्धिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Санди (фонологија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Санди (фонологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sandhi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="புணர்ச்சி (இலக்கணம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புணர்ச்சி (இலக்கணம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF" title="సంధి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సంధి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4_(%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C)" title="สนธิ (ไวยากรณ์) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สนธิ (ไวยากรณ์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Сандгі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сандгі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="连音 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="连音" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sandhi%22">"Sandhi"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sandhi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sandhi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sandhi%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sandhi%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sandhi%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2007</span>)</i></span><span 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile" style="width:15em;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;padding: 0.3em; font-size: 120%;"><a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">Sound change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternation_(linguistics)" title="Alternation (linguistics)">alternation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">Metathesis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_metathesis" title="Quantitative metathesis">Quantitative metathesis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">Lenition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">Consonant gradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">Consonant voicing and devoicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assibilation" title="Assibilation">Assibilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirantization" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirantization">Spirantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debuccalization" title="Debuccalization">Debuccalization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fortition" title="Fortition">Fortition</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">Epenthesis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prothesis_(linguistics)" title="Prothesis (linguistics)">Prothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragoge" title="Paragoge">Paragoge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpacking_(linguistics)" title="Unpacking (linguistics)">Unpacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_breaking" title="Vowel breaking">Vowel breaking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">Elision</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apheresis_(linguistics)" title="Apheresis (linguistics)">Apheresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonology)" title="Syncope (phonology)">Syncope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">Apocope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplology" title="Haplology">Haplology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_reduction" title="Cluster reduction">Cluster reduction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transphonologization" title="Transphonologization">Transphonologization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">Compensatory lengthening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Nasalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)#Origin" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tonogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_tone" title="Floating tone">Floating tone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">Assimilation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_(phonetics)" title="Fusion (phonetics)">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarticulation" title="Coarticulation">Coarticulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">Palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">Final devoicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphony" title="Metaphony">Metaphony</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">umlaut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_harmony" title="Consonant harmony">Consonant harmony</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dissimilation" title="Dissimilation">Dissimilation</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sandhi</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">Liaison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linking_and_intrusive_R" title="Linking and intrusive R">linking R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">Consonant mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">Tone sandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_hiatus" title="Vowel hiatus">Vowel hiatus</a></li></ul> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Synalepha" title="Synalepha">Synalepha</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">Elision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">Crasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synaeresis" title="Synaeresis">Synaeresis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(prosody)" title="Diaeresis (prosody)">diaeresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synizesis" title="Synizesis">Synizesis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophony" title="Apophony">Apophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Affrication">Affrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">Gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(phonetics)" title="Clipping (phonetics)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronting_(sound_change)" title="Fronting (sound change)">Fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_(sound_change)" title="Raising (sound change)">Raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacism" title="Betacism">Betacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iotacism" title="Iotacism">Iotacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_(phonetics)" title="Fusion (phonetics)">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_change#Merger" title="Phonological change">Merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">Compensatory lengthening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization" title="Monophthongization">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">Rhotacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoglottophilia" title="Rhinoglottophilia">Rhinoglottophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">Sulcalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shm-reduplication" title="Shm-reduplication">Shm-reduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">Consonant mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_shift" title="Vowel shift">Vowel shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_shift" title="Chain shift">Chain shift</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; padding-top: 1px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Sound_change" title="Template:Sound change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sound_change" title="Template talk:Sound change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sound_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sound change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sandhi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:सन्धि">सन्धि</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'joining', <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sandhi</i></span></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[sɐndʱi]</a></span>) is any of a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">sound</a> changes that occur at <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> or word boundaries. Examples include fusion of sounds across word boundaries and the alteration of one sound depending on nearby sounds or the grammatical function of the adjacent words. Sandhi belongs to <a href="/wiki/Morphophonology" title="Morphophonology">morphophonology</a>. </p><p>Sandhi occurs in many languages, e.g. in the phonology of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asian languages</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>). Many dialects of <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> show <a href="/wiki/Linking_and_intrusive_R" title="Linking and intrusive R">linking and intrusive R</a>. </p><p>A subset of sandhi called <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a> more specifically refers to tone changes between words and syllables. This is a common feature of many tonal languages such as <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_and_external_sandhi">Internal and external sandhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Internal and external sandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sandhi can be either </p> <ul><li><b>internal</b>, at <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> boundaries within words, such as <i>syn- + pathy</i>: <i>sympathy</i>, or</li> <li><b>external</b>, at word boundaries, such as the pronunciation "<i>tem books</i>" for <i>ten books</i> in some dialects of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Linking_and_intrusive_R" title="Linking and intrusive R">linking <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span></a> process of some dialects of English ("<i>I saw-r-a film</i>" in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) is a kind of external sandhi, as are <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">liaison</a></i> (pronunciation of usually silent final consonants of words before words beginning with vowels) and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_gemination" title="Syntactic gemination">raddoppiamento fonosintattico</a></i> (lengthening of initial consonants of words after certain words ending in vowels).</li></ul> <p>It may be extremely common in speech, but sandhi (especially external) is typically ignored in spelling, as is the case in English (exceptions: the distinction between <i>a</i> and <i>an</i>; the prefixes <i>con-</i>, <i>en-</i>, <i>in-</i> and <i>syn-</i>, whose <i>n</i> <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilates</a> to <i>m</i> before <i>p</i>, <i>m</i> or <i>b</i>). Sandhi is, however, reflected in the orthography of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and some other Indian languages, as with Italian in the case of compound words with <a href="/wiki/Lexicalization" title="Lexicalization">lexicalised</a> <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_gemination" title="Syntactic gemination">syntactic gemination</a>. </p><p>External sandhi effects can sometimes become morphologised (apply only in certain <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> environments) as in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, over time, turn into <a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">consonant mutations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_sandhi">Tone sandhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tone sandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal languages</a> have <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a> in which the tones of words alter according to certain rules. An example is the behavior of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>; in isolation, tone 3 is often pronounced as a falling-rising tone. When a tone 3 occurs before another tone 3, however, it changes into tone 2 (a rising tone), and when it occurs before any of the other tones, it is pronounced as a low falling tone with no rise at the end. </p><p>An example occurs in the common greeting <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">你好</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">nǐ hǎo</i></span> (with two words containing underlying tone 3), which is in practice pronounced <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ní hǎo</i></span>. The first word is pronounced with tone 2, but the second is unaffected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_languages">Celtic languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Celtic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Breton_mutations" title="Breton mutations">Breton mutations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_grammar#Initial_consonant_mutation" title="Cornish grammar">Cornish grammar § Initial consonant mutation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_morphology#Initial_consonant_mutation" title="Welsh morphology">Welsh morphology § Initial consonant mutation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations" title="Irish initial mutations">Irish initial mutations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_language#Initial_consonant_mutations" title="Manx language">Manx language § Initial consonant mutations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology#Lenition_and_spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology">Scottish Gaelic phonology § Lenition and spelling</a></div> <p>In Celtic languages, the <a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">consonant mutation</a> sees the initial consonant of a word change according to its morphological or syntactic environment. Following are some examples from Breton, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Breton</th> <th>Welsh</th> <th>Irish</th> <th>Scottish Gaelic</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>gwreg</td> <td>gwraig</td> <td>bean</td> <td>bean*</td> <td><i>woman</i>/<i>wife</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bras</td> <td>mawr</td> <td>mór</td> <td>mòr</td> <td><i>big</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ar <b>w</b>reg <b>v</b>ras</td> <td>y <b>w</b>raig <b>f</b>awr</td> <td>an <b>bh</b>ean <b>mh</b>ór</td> <td>a' <b>bh</b>ean <b>mh</b>òr</td> <td><i>the big woman</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kazh</td> <td>cath</td> <td>cat</td> <td>cat</td> <td><i>cat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>e <b>g</b>azh</td> <td>ei <b>g</b>ath</td> <td>a <b>ch</b>at</td> <td>a <b>ch</b>at</td> <td><i>his cat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>he <b>c'h</b>azh</td> <td>ei <b>ch</b>ath</td> <td>a <b>c</b>at</td> <td>a <b>c</b>at</td> <td><i>her cat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>o <b>c'h</b>azh</td> <td>eu <b>c</b>ath</td> <td>a <b>gc</b>at</td> <td>an <b>c</b>at</td> <td><i>their cat</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a>, sandhi can be seen when one word ends with a vowel, and the next begins with a vowel. An approximant is inserted between them based on the vowel ending the first word: if it is rounded, e.g. [ʊ], a [w] (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial-velar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced labial-velar approximant">voiced labial-velar approximant</a>) is inserted. The vowels [iː], [ɪ], and [ɪː] (including [ɛɪ], [ɑɪ], and [ɔɪ]) take a sandhi of [j] (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">voiced palatal approximant</a>). All other vowels take [ɹ] (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">voiced alveolar approximant</a>) (see <a href="/wiki/Linking_and_intrusive_R" title="Linking and intrusive R">linking and intrusive R</a>). For example, "two eggs" is pronounced [tuː<b>w</b>.ɛɡz], "three eggs" is [θɹiː<b>j</b>.ɛɡz], and "four eggs" is [fɔː<b>ɹ</b>.ɛɡz]. </p><p>In some situations, especially when a vowel is reduced to a schwa, certain dialects may instead use a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> [ʔ]. For example, "gonna eat" may be pronounced as [ɡʌn.ə<b>w</b>.iːt], reflecting the [uː] sound that has been reduced, or as [ɡʌn.ə<b>ɹ</b>.iːt], reflecting the schwa sound, which takes a sandhi of [ɹ], or as [ɡʌn.ə.<b>ʔ</b>iːt], using a glottal stop to separate the words. Note that in this case the glottal stop occurs at the start of "eat" rather than at the end of "gonna". A glottal stop sandhi is especially done when wishing to avoid other, more noticeable, sandhi due to stress; if, in the above example, either the last syllable of "gonna" was stressed, or there was particular stress on the word "eat", a glottal stop would generally be the preferred sandhi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French <a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)"><i>liaison</i></a> and <i>enchaînement</i> can be considered forms of external sandhi.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>enchaînement</i>, a word-final consonant, when followed by a word commencing with a vowel, is articulated as though it is part of the following word. For example, <i>sens</i> (sense) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sɑ̃s/</span> and <i>unique</i> (unique) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y<span class="wrap"> </span>nik/</span>; <i>sens unique</i> (one-way, as a street) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sɑ̃‿sy<span class="wrap"> </span>nik/</span>. </p><p><i>Liaison</i> is a similar phenomenon, applicable to words ending in a consonant that was historically pronounced but that, in Modern French, is normally silent when occurring at the end of a phrase or before another consonant. In some circumstances, when the following word commences with a vowel, the consonant may be pronounced, and in that case is articulated as if part of the next word. For example, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">deux frères</i></span> (two brothers) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dø<span class="wrap"> </span>fʁɛʁ/</span> with a silent <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span>, and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quatre hommes</i></span> (four men) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/katʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔm/</span>, but <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">deux hommes</i></span> (two men) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dø‿zɔm/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese phonology</a>, sandhi is primarily exhibited in <a href="/wiki/Rendaku" title="Rendaku">rendaku</a> (<a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">consonant mutation</a> from unvoiced to voiced when not word-initial, in some contexts) and conversion of <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">つ</span></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">く</span></span> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsu</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ku</i></span>) to a <a href="/wiki/Geminate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate consonant">geminate consonant</a> (orthographically, the <a href="/wiki/Sokuon" title="Sokuon">sokuon</a> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">っ</span></span>), both of which are reflected in spelling – indeed, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">っ</span></span> symbol for gemination is morphosyntactically derived from <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">つ</span></span>, and voicing is indicated by adding two dots as in <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">か／が</span></span> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ka</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ga</i></span>, making the relation clear. It also occurs much less often in <i><a href="/wiki/Renj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Renjō">renjō</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">連声</span></span>)</span>, where, most commonly, a terminal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> on one morpheme results in an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> (or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>) being added to the start of the next morpheme, as in <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天皇: てん＋おう → てんのう</span></span> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ten</i></span> + <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ō</i></span> = <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tennō</i></span>), meaning "emperor"; that is also shown in the spelling (the kanji do not change, but the kana, which specify pronunciation, change). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean">Korean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Korean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean</a> has sandhi which occurs in the final consonant or consonant cluster, such that a morpheme can have two pronunciations depending on whether or not it is followed by a vowel. For example, the root <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">읽</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ik/</span>, meaning ‘read’, is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ik/</span> before a consonant, as in <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">읽다</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ik.ta/</span>, but is pronounced like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/il.k/</span> before vowels, as in <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">읽으세요</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/il.kɯ.se̞.jo/</span>, meaning ‘please read’. Some roots can also aspirate following consonants, denoted by the letter <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/%E3%85%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ㅎ">ㅎ</a></span></span> (hieut) in the final consonant. This causes <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">다</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɐ/</span> to become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰɐ/</span> in <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">않다</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɐntʰɐ/</span>, ‘to not be’.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tamil">Tamil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tamil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Tamil <span data-darkreader-inline-bgcolor="">is strongly characterised by </span><a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a><span data-darkreader-inline-bgcolor="">: there are two separate registers varying by </span><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a><span data-darkreader-inline-bgcolor="">, a high register and a low one.</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in turn adds an extra layer of complexity forming Sandhi.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil employs Sandhi for certain <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> structures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_position">Vowel position</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vowel position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vowel sandhi occurs when words or morphemes ending in certain vowels are followed by morphemes beginning with certain vowels. Consonant glides (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">ய்</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Y</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">வ்</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">V</i></span>) are then inserted between the vowels in order to 'smooth the transition' from one vowel to another.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The choice of whether the glide inserted will be (<span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ய்</span></span>, <span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Y</i></span> and <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">வ்</span></span>, <span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">V</i></span>) in Tamil is determined by whether the vowel preceding the glide is a front vowel such as <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">இ, ஈ, எ, ஏ or ஐ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">i, ī, e, ē or ai</i></span> or a back vowel, such as <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">உ, ஊ, ஒ, ஓ, அ or ஆ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">u, ū, o, ō, a or ā</i></span>."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Examples_in_Spoken_Tamil">Examples in Spoken Tamil</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Examples in Spoken Tamil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Sandhi_following_front_vowels">Sandhi following front vowels</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sandhi following front vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Vowel Ending </th> <th>Noun </th> <th>Grammatical Suffix </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td>இ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">நரி</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Nari</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Fox' </td> <td>Interrogative, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">ஆ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Ā</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">நரியா</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Nariyā</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'A fox?' </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஈ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">தீ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Tī</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Fire' </td> <td>Interrogative, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">ஆ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Ā</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">தீயா</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Tīyā</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Fire?' </td></tr> <tr> <td>எ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">யானெ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Yāṉe</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Elephant' </td> <td>Interrogative, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">ஆ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Ā</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">யானெயா</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Yāṉeyā</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'An elephant?' </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஏ </td> <td><i>long ஏ is shortened to எ at the end of words in Spoken Tamil</i> </td> <td> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  </td> <td> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஐ </td> <td><i>Doesn't occur in Spoken Tamil</i> </td> <td> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  </td> <td> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Sandhi_following_back_vowels">Sandhi following back vowels</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sandhi following back vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Vowel Ending </th> <th>Noun </th> <th>Grammatical Suffix </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td>உ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">குரு</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Kuru</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Guru, teacher' </td> <td>Interrogative, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">ஆ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Ā</i></span> </td> <td>Usually deleted, or added later after sandhi rules have applied. <p>A few exceptions: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">குருவா</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Kuruvā</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'A guru?' </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஊ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">பூ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Pū</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Flower' </td> <td>Interrogative, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">ஆ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Ā</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">பூவா</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Pūvā</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'A flower?' </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஒ </td> <td><i>Doesn't occur in Spoken Tamil, but might occur in loan word</i> </td> <td> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  </td> <td> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஓ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">இளங்கோ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Iḷaṅkō</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Ilango (a name)' </td> <td>Interrogative, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">ஆ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Ā</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">இளங்கோவா</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Iḷaṅkōvā</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'(Do you mean) Ilango?' </td></tr> <tr> <td>அ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">இருக்க</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Irukka</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'To be, to sit (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Sri Lankan Tamil</a> resp. <a href="/wiki/Old_Tamil" title="Old Tamil">Old</a>/<a href="/wiki/Middle_Tamil" title="Middle Tamil">Middle Tamil</a>)' </td> <td>Interrogative, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">ஆ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Ā</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">இருக்கவே</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Irukkavē</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'It's there, all right!' </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஆ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">விழா</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Viḻā</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'A festival' </td> <td>Interrogative, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">ஆ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Ā</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">விழாவா</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Viḻāvā</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'A festival?' </td></tr> <tr> <td>ஔ </td> <td><i>Doesn't occur in Spoken Tamil</i> </td> <td> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  </td> <td> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In rapid speech, especially in polysyllabic words: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">இந்த்யாவுலேருந்து</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Intyāvulēruntu</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'From India' may become — <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">இந்த்யாலெருந்து</span></span>, <span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Intyāleruntu</i></span>, which may then be further simplified to <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">இந்த்யாலெந்து</span></span>, <span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Intyālentu</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonant_sandhi">Consonant sandhi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consonant sandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In lateral-stop clusters, the lateral assimilates to the stop's manner of articulation, before c, ṇ too becomes ṭ, eg. nal-mai, kal-kaḷ, vaṟaḷ-ci, kāṇ-ci, eḷ-ney > naṉmai, kaṟkaḷ, vaṟaṭci, kāṭci, eṇṇey (ṟ was historically a plosive). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elision">Elision</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Elision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Spoken Tamil the final laterals, nasals or other sonorants may lose the final position. The final retroflex laterals for pronouns and their PNG markers for example <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">ள்</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">ḷ</i></span> of (female gender marker) are deleted: (To indicate the omitted stop-consonant is covered in parantheses): <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">அவ(ள்) போறா(ள்)</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Ava(ḷ) pōṟā(ḷ)</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'She goes'.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun_cases">Noun cases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Noun cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some nouns, sandhi is triggered by the addition of a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> ending to the stem.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sanskrit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_sandhi">Vowel sandhi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vowel sandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In compounding, if the first word ends with /i, u/ and the second word starts with a vowel, the i, u become glides y, v, eg. su-āgata > svāgata. If a word ends with /a, a:/ and the second word begins with /i, u/ they become /e:, o:/, eg. mahā-utsava > mahotsava; if the latter vowel is long, it becomes /ai, au/, eg. pra-ūḍha > prauḍha. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonant_sandhi_2">Consonant sandhi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Consonant sandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The visarga becomes a /r/ before voiced phones, eg. duḥ-labha > durlabha. Anusvara + plosive makes it a homorganic nasal, before a fricative or /r/ it nasalizes the previous vowel and before /j, ʋ/ it nasalizes the /j, ʋ/. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_(linguistics)" title="Alternation (linguistics)">Alternation (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">Crasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">Elision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">Liaison (French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linking_and_intrusive_R" title="Linking and intrusive R">Linking and intrusive R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movable_nu" title="Movable nu">Movable nu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman1999" class="citation book cs1">Schiffman, Harold F. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oqe-QsaZnnQC&q=sandhi&pg=PA20"><i>A Reference Grammar of Spoken Tamil</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521640749" title="Special:BookSources/9780521640749"><bdi>9780521640749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reference+Grammar+of+Spoken+Tamil&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780521640749&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Harold+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOqe-QsaZnnQC%26q%3Dsandhi%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemalatha_Nagarajan" class="citation web cs1">Hemalatha Nagarajan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237415274">"Gemination of stops in Tamil: implications for the phonology-syntax interface"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gemination+of+stops+in+Tamil%3A+implications+for+the+phonology-syntax+interface&rft.au=Hemalatha+Nagarajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F237415274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1991" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett, William (April 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00437956.1991.11435832">"Liaison in French"</a>. <i>WORD</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 57–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1991.11435832">10.1080/00437956.1991.11435832</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-7956">0043-7956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WORD&rft.atitle=Liaison+in+French&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-88&rft.date=1991-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1991.11435832&rft.issn=0043-7956&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1991.11435832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missellykorean.com/korean-sound-change-rules-pdf/">"Korean Sound Change Rules"</a>. <i>Miss Elly Korean</i>. 6 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miss+Elly+Korean&rft.atitle=Korean+Sound+Change+Rules&rft.date=2020-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.missellykorean.com%2Fkorean-sound-change-rules-pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arokianathan, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/piil/acharya2.html">Writing and Diglossic: A Case Study of Tamil Radio Plays</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928092717/https://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/piil/acharya2.html">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ciil-ebooks.net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteeverBritto1988" class="citation cs2">Steever, S. B.; Britto, F. (1988), "Diglossia: A Study of the Theory, with Application to Tamil", <i>Language</i>, <b>64</b> (1): 152–155, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F414796">10.2307/414796</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/414796">414796</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Diglossia%3A+A+Study+of+the+Theory%2C+with+Application+to+Tamil&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=152-155&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F414796&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F414796%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Steever&rft.aufirst=S.+B.&rft.au=Britto%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman1998" class="citation book cs1">Schiffman, Harold F. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Dravidian/Tamil%2C%20A%20Reference%20Grammar%20of%20Spoken%20%28Schiffman%29.pdf"><i>A Reference Grammar of Spoken Tamil</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64074-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64074-9"><bdi>978-0-521-64074-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411095759/https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Dravidian/Tamil%2C%20A%20Reference%20Grammar%20of%20Spoken%20%28Schiffman%29.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reference+Grammar+of+Spoken+Tamil&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64074-9&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Harold+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheswissbay.ch%2Fpdf%2FBooks%2FLinguistics%2FMega%2520linguistics%2520pack%2FDravidian%2FTamil%252C%2520A%2520Reference%2520Grammar%2520of%2520Spoken%2520%2528Schiffman%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandhi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sandhi" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:sandhi">sandhi</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskritdictionary.com/sandhi/">Sandhi Calculator by Vedic Society</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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