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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Linking R</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linking_R-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intrusive_R" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrusive_R"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Intrusive R</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrusive_R-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prevalence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Linking and intrusive R</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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font-size: 120%;"><a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">Sound change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternation_(linguistics)" title="Alternation (linguistics)">alternation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">Metathesis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_metathesis" title="Quantitative metathesis">Quantitative metathesis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">Lenition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">Consonant gradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">Consonant voicing and devoicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assibilation" title="Assibilation">Assibilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirantization" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirantization">Spirantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debuccalization" title="Debuccalization">Debuccalization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fortition" title="Fortition">Fortition</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">Epenthesis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prothesis_(linguistics)" title="Prothesis (linguistics)">Prothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragoge" title="Paragoge">Paragoge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpacking_(linguistics)" title="Unpacking (linguistics)">Unpacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_breaking" title="Vowel breaking">Vowel breaking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">Elision</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apheresis_(linguistics)" title="Apheresis (linguistics)">Apheresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonology)" title="Syncope (phonology)">Syncope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">Apocope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplology" title="Haplology">Haplology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_reduction" title="Cluster reduction">Cluster reduction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transphonologization" title="Transphonologization">Transphonologization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">Compensatory lengthening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Nasalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)#Origin" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tonogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_tone" title="Floating tone">Floating tone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">Assimilation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_(phonetics)" title="Fusion (phonetics)">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarticulation" title="Coarticulation">Coarticulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">Palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">Final devoicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphony" title="Metaphony">Metaphony</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">umlaut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_harmony" title="Consonant harmony">Consonant harmony</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dissimilation" title="Dissimilation">Dissimilation</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">Sandhi</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">Liaison</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">linking R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">Consonant mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">Tone sandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_hiatus" title="Vowel hiatus">Vowel hiatus</a></li></ul> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Synalepha" title="Synalepha">Synalepha</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">Elision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">Crasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synaeresis" title="Synaeresis">Synaeresis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(prosody)" title="Diaeresis (prosody)">diaeresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synizesis" title="Synizesis">Synizesis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophony" title="Apophony">Apophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Affrication">Affrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">Gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(phonetics)" title="Clipping (phonetics)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronting_(sound_change)" title="Fronting (sound change)">Fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_(sound_change)" title="Raising (sound change)">Raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacism" title="Betacism">Betacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iotacism" title="Iotacism">Iotacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_(phonetics)" title="Fusion (phonetics)">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_change#Merger" title="Phonological change">Merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">Compensatory lengthening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization" title="Monophthongization">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">Rhotacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoglottophilia" title="Rhinoglottophilia">Rhinoglottophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">Sulcalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shm-reduplication" title="Shm-reduplication">Shm-reduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">Consonant mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_shift" title="Vowel shift">Vowel shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_shift" title="Chain shift">Chain shift</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; padding-top: 1px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sound_change" title="Template:Sound change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sound_change" title="Template talk:Sound change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sound_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sound change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Linking R</b> and <b>intrusive R</b> are <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a> phenomena<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where a <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic consonant</a> is pronounced between two consecutive vowels with the purpose of avoiding a <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a>, that would otherwise occur in the expressions, such as <i>tuner amp</i>, although in isolation <i>tuner</i> is pronounced the same as <i>tuna</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtjuːnə/</span> (or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtuːnə/</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhotic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">varieties of English</a>. These phenomena occur in many of these dialects, such as those in most of England and Wales, parts of the United States, and all of the Anglophone societies of the southern hemisphere, with the exception of South Africa. In these varieties, the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is pronounced only when it is immediately followed by a vowel. </p><p>Linking R and intrusive R may also occur between a root morpheme and certain <a href="/wiki/Suffix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffix (linguistics)">suffixes</a>, such as <i>-ing</i> or <i>-al</i>. For instance, in words such as <i>draw(r)ing, withdraw(r)al,</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Kafka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafka">Kafka</a>(r)esque</i>. </p><p>These phenomena first appeared in English sometime after the year 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-rhotic_varieties">Non-rhotic varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linking_and_intrusive_R&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Non-rhotic varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">Rhoticity in English</a></div> <p>By definition, non-rhotic varieties of English pronounce <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only when it immediately precedes a vowel. This is called <i>r</i>-vocalisation, <i>r</i>-loss, <i>r</i>-deletion, <i>r</i>-dropping, <i>r</i>-lessness, or non-rhoticity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, even though the word <i>tuner</i> is spelled with an <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> (which reflects that an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> was pronounced in the past<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), non-rhotic accents do not pronounce an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> when there is no vowel sound to follow it. In contrast, speakers of rhotic dialects, such as those of Scotland, Ireland, and most of North America (except in some of the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>), always pronounce an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> in <i>tuner</i> and never in <i>tuna</i> so that the two always sound distinct, even when pronounced in isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hints of non-rhoticity go back as early as the 15th century, and the feature was common (at least in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>) by the early 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linking_R">Linking R</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linking_and_intrusive_R&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Linking R"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many non-rhotic accents, words historically ending in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> (as evidenced by an <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> in the spelling) may be pronounced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> when they are closely followed by another morpheme beginning with a vowel sound. So <i>tuner amp</i> may be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtjuːnə<b>r</b><span class="wrap"> </span>æmp]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the case in such accents even though <i>tuner</i> would not otherwise be pronounced with an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>. Here, "closely" means the following word must be in the same <a href="/wiki/Prosodic_unit" title="Prosodic unit">prosodic unit</a> (that is, not separated by a <a href="/wiki/Pausa" title="Pausa">pausa</a>). This phenomenon is known as <b>linking R</b>. Not all non-rhotic accents feature linking R. <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a>, <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a> and non-rhotic varieties of <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a> are notable for not using a linking R.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intrusive_R">Intrusive R<span class="anchor" id="IntrusiveR"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linking_and_intrusive_R&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Intrusive R"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Anthony_Fauci%27s_Intrusive_R.flac" title="File:Dr. Anthony Fauci's Intrusive R.flac">Intrusive R (in NYC)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Dr._Anthony_Fauci's_Intrusive_R.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Dr._Anthony_Fauci%27s_Intrusive_R.flac/Dr._Anthony_Fauci%27s_Intrusive_R.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Dr._Anthony_Fauci%27s_Intrusive_R.flac/Dr._Anthony_Fauci%27s_Intrusive_R.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Dr._Anthony_Fauci%27s_Intrusive_R.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADr._Anthony_Fauci%27s_Intrusive_R.flac&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Examples of intrusive R in the speech of a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City English</a> speaker (Dr. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a>)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The phenomenon of <b>intrusive R</b> is an overgeneralizing reinterpretation<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of linking R into an r-insertion rule that affects any word that ends in the non-high vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑː/</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when such a word is closely followed by another word beginning in a vowel sound, an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is inserted between them, even when no final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> was historically present.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the phrase <i>bacteria in it</i> would be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bækˈtɪəriərˌɪnɪt/</span>. The <a href="/wiki/Epenthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epenthetic">epenthetic</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> can be inserted to prevent <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a> (two consecutive vowel sounds).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In extreme cases an intrusive R can follow a reduced schwa, such as for the example <i>if you hafta[r], I’ll help</i> and in the following examples taken from the native speech of English speakers from Eastern Massachusetts: <i>I’m gonna[r]ask Adrian</i>, <i>t[ər]add to his troubles</i>, <i>a lotta[r]apples</i> and <i>the[r]apples</i>. A related phenomenon involves the dropping of a consonant at the juncture of two words and the insertion of an r in its place. Sometimes this occurs in conjunction with the reduction of the final vowel in the first word to a schwa: examples of this are <i>He shoulda[r]eaten</i> and <i>I saw[r]’m</i> (for <i>I saw them</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other recognizable examples are the <a href="/wiki/Beatles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatles">Beatles</a> singing: <i>"I saw-<b>r</b>-a film today, oh boy"</i> in the song "<a href="/wiki/A_Day_in_the_Life" title="A Day in the Life">A Day in the Life</a>", from their 1967 album <i><a href="/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a></i>; in the song "<a href="/wiki/Champagne_Supernova" title="Champagne Supernova">Champagne Supernova</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a>: <i>"supernova-<b>r</b>-in the sky"</i>; at the <a href="/wiki/Sanctus" title="Sanctus">Sanctus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Catholic Mass</a>: <i>"Hosanna-<b>r</b>-in the highest"</i>; in the song "<a href="/wiki/Scenes_from_an_Italian_Restaurant" title="Scenes from an Italian Restaurant">Scenes from an Italian Restaurant</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a>: <i>"Brenda-<b>r</b>-and Eddie"</i>; in the song "<a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_a_Beat" title="Beauty and a Beat">Beauty and a Beat</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Bieber" title="Justin Bieber">Justin Bieber</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Nicki_Minaj" title="Nicki Minaj">Nicki Minaj</a>: <i>"eye out for <a href="/wiki/Selena_Gomez" title="Selena Gomez">Selena-<b>r</b></a>"</i>; in the phrases, <i>"law-<b>r</b>-and order"</i> and <i>"Victoria-<b>r</b>-and Albert Museum"</i>, and even in the name <i>"<a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya-<b>r</b>-Angelou</a>"</i>. This is now common enough in parts of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> that, by 1997, the linguist <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">John C. Wells</a> considered it objectively part of <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>, though he noted that it was still stigmatized as an incorrect pronunciation,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it is or was in some other standardized non-rhotic accents. Wells writes that at least in RP, "linking <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and intrusive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> are distinct only historically and orthographically".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just as with linking R, intrusive R may also occur between a root morpheme and certain <a href="/wiki/Suffix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffix (linguistics)">suffixes</a>, such as <i>draw(r)ing</i>, <i>withdraw(r)al</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Kafka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafka">Kafka</a>(r)esque</i>. </p><p>A rhotic speaker may use alternative strategies to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a>, such as the insertion of a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> to clarify the boundary between the two words. Varieties that feature linking R but not intrusive R (that is, <i>tuna oil</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtjuːnə<span class="wrap"> </span>(ʔ)ɔɪl]</span>), show a clear phonemic distinction between words with and without <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> in the syllable coda.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> was nicknamed "Laura Norder" because of her references during her period of office to "law and order" with an intrusive /r/.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linking_and_intrusive_R&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove_science plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#Scholarship" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">secondary or tertiary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. Please also establish the relevance for any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary research articles</a> cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A 2006 study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bergen" title="University of Bergen">University of Bergen</a> examined the pronunciation of 30 British newsreaders on nationally broadcast newscasts around the turn of the 21st century speaking what was judged to be "mainstream RP". The data used in the study consisted mostly of the newsreaders reading from prepared scripts, but also included some more informal interview segments. It was found that all the newsreaders used some linking R and 90% (27 of 30) used some intrusive R.<sup id="cite_ref-Hannisdal_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannisdal-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, linking R was used in 59.8% of possible sites and intrusive R was used in 32.6% of possible sites. The factors influencing the use of both linking and intrusive R were found to be the same. Factors favouring the use of R-sandhi included adjacency to short words, adjacency to <a href="/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">grammatical</a> or otherwise non-lexical words, and informal style (interview rather than prepared script). Factors disfavouring the use of R-sandhi included adjacency to proper names; occurrence immediately before a stressed syllable; the presence of another /r/ in the vicinity; and more formal style (prepared script rather than interview). The following factors were proposed as accounting for the difference between the frequency of linking and intrusive R:<sup id="cite_ref-Hannisdal_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannisdal-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>overt stigmatization of intrusive R</li> <li>the speakers being professional newsreaders and thus, presumably, speech-conscious professionals</li> <li>the speakers (in most cases) reading from a written script, making the orthographic distinction between linking and intrusive R extremely salient</li> <li>the disparity between the large number of short grammatical words that end in possible linking R (e.g. "for", "or", "are", etc.) and the absence of such words that end in possible intrusive R.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linking_and_intrusive_R&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">Diaeresis (diacritic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">Hiatus (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausa" title="Pausa">Pausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">Liaison (French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">Sandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">R-colored vowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movable_nu" title="Movable nu">Movable nu</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linking_and_intrusive_R&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is arguable whether or not the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is phonetically part of the onset of the following word (a form of <a href="/wiki/Liaison_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaison (linguistics)">liaison</a>) <a href="#CITEREFGick1999">Gick (1999</a>:31). <a href="#CITEREFVennemann1972">Vennemann (1972</a>:216), for example, argues that linking R is an instance of resyllabifying the rhotic phoneme. On the other hand, Wells would argue that it is not necessarily in the onset of the following syllable.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linking_and_intrusive_R&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrudgillGordon2006">Trudgill & Gordon (2006</a>:236)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters1996">Peters (1996</a>:49)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The rhotic consonant of English is transcribed in various ways depending on dialect, for example <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a>]</span>. For this article, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is used without regard to the exact realisation of the consonant and without attempting to make any claim about its <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> status.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGick1999">Gick (1999</a>:30)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1970">Wells (1970</a>:240)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1970">Wells (1970</a>:240)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrudgillGordon2006">Trudgill & Gordon (2006</a>:236) lists the distribution of rhotic and non-rhotic dialects more explicitly.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGick1999">Gick (1999</a>:31)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas2007" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Erik R. (4 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/bitstream/handle/1840.2/2062/Thomasj.1749-818X.2007.00029.pdf">"Phonological and Phonetic Characteristics of African American Vernacular English"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language and Linguistics Compass</i>. <b>1</b> (5): 450–475 [453–454]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-818X.2007.00029.x">10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00029.x</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Linguistics+Compass&rft.atitle=Phonological+and+Phonetic+Characteristics+of+African+American+Vernacular+English&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=450-475+453-454&rft.date=2007-09-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-818X.2007.00029.x&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Erik+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.lib.ncsu.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1840.2%2F2062%2FThomasj.1749-818X.2007.00029.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGick1999">Gick (1999</a>:31), citing <a href="#CITEREFKurath1964">Kurath (1964)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartmannZerbian2009">Hartmann & Zerbian (2009</a>:136)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHock2009">Hock (2009</a>:172)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1970">Wells (1970</a>:241). In <a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ/</span> is another vowel affected</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGick1999">Gick (1999</a>:31–32)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1970">Wells (1970</a>:241), citing <a href="#CITEREFGimson1962">Gimson (1962</a>:204) and <a href="#CITEREFJones1966">Jones (1966</a>:§§ 357–366)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurand1997" class="citation journal cs1">Durand, Jacques (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/hel_0750-8069_1997_num_19_1_2572">"Linking r in English : Constraints, principles and parameters, or rules ?"</a>. <i>Histoire Épistémologie Langage</i>. <b>19</b>: 43–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fhel.1997.2572">10.3406/hel.1997.2572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire+%C3%89pist%C3%A9mologie+Langage&rft.atitle=Linking+r+in+English+%3A+Constraints%2C+principles+and+parameters%2C+or+rules+%3F&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=43-72&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fhel.1997.2572&rft.aulast=Durand&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fhel_0750-8069_1997_num_19_1_2572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2002" class="citation web cs1">Wells, J.C. (2002-02-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/rphappened.htm">"Whatever happened to Received Pronunciation?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410045613/https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/rphappened.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whatever+happened+to+Received+Pronunciation%3F&rft.date=2002-02-20&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk%2Fhome%2Fwells%2Frphappened.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982</a>:223)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGick1999">Gick (1999</a>:32)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, B., & Mees, I. (2003). <i>The Phonetics of English and Dutch</i> (3rd ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannisdal-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hannisdal_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hannisdal_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannisdal2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Hannisdal, Bente Rebecca (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/2335/Dr.Avh.Bente%20Hannisdal.pdf">"R-sandhi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Variability and change in received pronunciation: a study of six phonological variables in the speech of television newsreaders</i> (Thesis). University of Bergen. pp. 158–181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Variability+and+change+in+received+pronunciation%3A+a+study+of+six+phonological+variables+in+the+speech+of+television+newsreaders&rft.inst=University+of+Bergen&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hannisdal&rft.aufirst=Bente+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbora.uib.no%2Fbora-xmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1956%2F2335%2FDr.Avh.Bente%2520Hannisdal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linking_and_intrusive_R&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGick1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gick, Bryan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130412043850/http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~bakovic/camba_files/phonoloblog/gick-intrusive-consonants-ph99.pdf">"A gesture-based account of intrusive consonants in English"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Phonology</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 29–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0952675799003693">10.1017/s0952675799003693</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:61173209">61173209</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~bakovic/camba_files/phonoloblog/gick-intrusive-consonants-ph99.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-04-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phonology&rft.atitle=A+gesture-based+account+of+intrusive+consonants+in+English&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-54&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0952675799003693&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A61173209%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gick&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidiom.ucsd.edu%2F~bakovic%2Fcamba_files%2Fphonoloblog%2Fgick-intrusive-consonants-ph99.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimson1962" class="citation book cs1">Gimson, A.C. (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontopr0000gims"><i>An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English</i></a></span>. London: Edward Arnold.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Pronunciation+of+English&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Gimson&rft.aufirst=A.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontopr0000gims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmannZerbian2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hartmann, D.; Zerbian, S. (2009). "Rhoticity in Black South African English – A sociolinguistic study". <i>Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 135–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2989%2Fsalals.2009.27.2.2.865">10.2989/salals.2009.27.2.2.865</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143375531">143375531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+African+Linguistics+and+Applied+Language+Studies&rft.atitle=Rhoticity+in+Black+South+African+English+%E2%80%93+A+sociolinguistic+study&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-148&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2989%2Fsalals.2009.27.2.2.865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143375531%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Zerbian%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHock2009" class="citation book cs1">Hock, Hans Henrich (2009). <i>Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics</i>. Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021842-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021842-8"><bdi>978-3-11-021842-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+History%2C+Language+Change%2C+and+Language+Relationship%3A+An+Introduction+to+Historical+and+Comparative+Linguistics&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-021842-8&rft.aulast=Hock&rft.aufirst=Hans+Henrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1966" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Daniel (1966). <i>The Pronunciation of English</i> (4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pronunciation+of+English&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurath1964" class="citation book cs1">Kurath, H. (1964). <i>A Phonology and Prosody of Modern English</i>. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Phonology+and+Prosody+of+Modern+English&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Carl+Winter&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Kurath&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1996" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Robert (1996). "Early Modern English consonants". <i>Journal of English Linguistics</i>. <b>24</b>: 45–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F007542429602400104">10.1177/007542429602400104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144814014">144814014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+English+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Early+Modern+English+consonants&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=45-51&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F007542429602400104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144814014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgillGordon2006" class="citation journal cs1">Trudgill, Peter; Gordon, Elizabeth (2006). "Predicting the past: Dialect archaeology and Australian English rhoticity". <i>English World-Wide</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 235–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Feww.27.3.02tru">10.1075/eww.27.3.02tru</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+World-Wide&rft.atitle=Predicting+the+past%3A+Dialect+archaeology+and+Australian+English+rhoticity&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=235-246&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Feww.27.3.02tru&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVennemann1972" class="citation journal cs1">Vennemann, T. (1972). "Rule inversion". <i>Lingua</i>. <b>29</b>: 209–242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0024-3841%2872%2990025-3">10.1016/0024-3841(72)90025-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=Rule+inversion&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=209-242&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0024-3841%2872%2990025-3&rft.aulast=Vennemann&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1970" class="citation cs2">Wells, J.C. (1970), "Local accents in England and Wales", <i>Journal of Linguistics</i>, <b>6</b> (2): 231–252, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022226700002632">10.1017/S0022226700002632</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143523909">143523909</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Local+accents+in+England+and+Wales&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-252&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022226700002632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143523909%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book cs1">Wells, J.C. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UJQwf05yzqYC"><i>Accents of English 1: An Introduction</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29719-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29719-2"><bdi>0-521-29719-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English+1%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-521-29719-2&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUJQwf05yzqYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linking_and_intrusive_R&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalleIdsardi1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Halle" title="Morris Halle">Halle, Morris</a>; Idsardi, William (1997). "r, hypercorrection, and the Elsewhere Condition". In Roca, Iggy (ed.). <i>Derivations and Constraints in phonology</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 331–348.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=r%2C+hypercorrection%2C+and+the+Elsewhere+Condition&rft.btitle=Derivations+and+Constraints+in+phonology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=331-348&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Halle&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft.au=Idsardi%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeselwood2006" class="citation book cs1">Heselwood, Barry (2006). "Final schwa and R-sandhi in RP English". <i>Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics</i>. Vol. 11. pp. 78–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Final+schwa+and+R-sandhi+in+RP+English&rft.btitle=Leeds+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics+and+Phonetics&rft.pages=78-95&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Heselwood&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMompeanMompean-Guillamón2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mompean, Jose A.; Mompean-Guillamón, Pilar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/894800">"/r/-liaison in English: An empirical study"</a>. <i>Cognitive Linguistics</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 733–776. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fcogl.2009.031">10.1515/cogl.2009.031</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146163838">146163838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Linguistics&rft.atitle=%2Fr%2F-liaison+in+English%3A+An+empirical+study&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=733-776&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fcogl.2009.031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146163838%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mompean&rft.aufirst=Jose+A.&rft.au=Mompean-Guillam%C3%B3n%2C+Pilar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F894800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMompean2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mompean, Jose A. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100320000213">"/r/-sandhi in the speech of Queen Elisabeth II"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 1–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100320000213">10.1017/S0025100320000213</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=%2Fr%2F-sandhi+in+the+speech+of+Queen+Elisabeth+II&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100320000213&rft.aulast=Mompean&rft.aufirst=Jose+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100320000213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill1986" class="citation book cs1">Trudgill, Peter (1986). <i>Dialects in Contact</i>. Oxford: Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialects+in+Contact&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinking+and+intrusive+R" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linking_and_intrusive_R&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SPArSawsGQ">A century of "intrusive" R in English</a> — video by the British linguist <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Lindsey" title="Geoff Lindsey">Geoff Lindsey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mttg4EPZbDs">The Intrusive /r/ and Linking /r/ - British English Pronunciation & Connected Speech</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_letter_R" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LetterR" title="Template:LetterR"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LetterR" title="Template talk:LetterR"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LetterR" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LetterR"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_letter_R" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The letter <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception_of_English_/r/_and_/l/_by_Japanese_speakers" title="Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers">Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_/r/" title="Pronunciation of English /r/">Pronunciation of English /r/</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">Rhoticity in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">R-colored vowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">Rhotacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guttural_R" title="Guttural R">Guttural R</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linking and intrusive R</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pronunciations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">Voiceless alveolar trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̥]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills">Voiced alveolar trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_and_postalveolar_approximants" title="Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants">Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap_and_flap" title="Voiceless alveolar tap and flap">Voiceless alveolar tap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ̥]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">Voiced alveolar tap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar lateral flaps">Voiced alveolar lateral flap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɺ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">Voiced retroflex approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɻ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">Voiced retroflex flap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɽ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_trill" title="Voiced retroflex trill">Voiced retroflex trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɽr]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">Voiced velar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɰ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_bunched_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced velar bunched approximant">Voiced velar bunched approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ̈]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">Voiceless velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">Voiced velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">Voiceless uvular trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʀ̥]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">Voiced uvular trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʀ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">Voiceless uvular fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">Voiced uvular fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">Voiced pharyngeal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">Voiceless glottal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">Voiced glottal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ꝛꝛ (<a href="/wiki/R_rotunda" title="R rotunda">R rotunda</a>)</li> <li>Ꞃꞃ (<a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a>)</li> <li>Ɽɽ (<a href="/wiki/R_with_tail" title="R with tail">R with tail</a>)</li> <li>Ɍɍ (<a href="/wiki/R_with_stroke" title="R with stroke">R with stroke</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yr_rune_(Younger_Futhark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yr rune (Younger Futhark)">Ʀʀ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_grave_accent" title="Double grave accent">Ȑȑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%94" title="Ŕ">Ŕŕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">Ŗŗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%98" title="Ř">Řř</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%92" title="Ȓ">Ȓȓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%CC%83" title="R̃">R̃r̃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">Ṙṙ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9A" title="Ṛ">Ṛṛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%CC%84" class="mw-redirect" title="R̄">R̄r̄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9C" title="Ṝ">Ṝṝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṟ">Ṟṟ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rd_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rd (digraph)">Rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rh (digraph)">Rh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rl_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rl (digraph)">Rl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rm_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rm (digraph)">Rm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rn_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rn (digraph)">Rn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rp_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rp (digraph)">Rp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rr_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rr (digraph)">Rr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rs_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rs (digraph)">Rs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rt_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rt (digraph)">Rt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rw_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rw (digraph)">Rw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rz_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rz (digraph)">Rz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rnd_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rnd (trigraph)">Rnd</a></li> <li>ᚱ (<a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido">Raidô</a>)</li> <li>ℝ (<a href="/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number">Real number</a>)</li> <li>® (<a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol" title="Registered trademark symbol">Registered trademark symbol</a>)</li> <li>Ⓡ (<a href="/wiki/Enclosed_R" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclosed R">Enclosed R</a>)</li> <li>℞ (<a href="/wiki/Medical_prescription" title="Medical prescription">Medical prescription</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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