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id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legendary_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legendary_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Legendary origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legendary_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Historical origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brahmi_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brahmi_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Brahmi script</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brahmi_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Old Tamil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Middle Tamil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Modern Tamil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Region-specific_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Region-specific_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Region-specific variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Region-specific_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loanword_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loanword_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Loanword variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loanword_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoken_and_literary_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoken_and_literary_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Spoken and literary variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoken_and_literary_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numerals_and_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals_and_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Numerals and symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals_and_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tamil language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 159 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-159" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">159 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Тамилыбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тамилыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%88%9A%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%9B" title="ታሚልኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታሚልኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة التاميلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التاميلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tamil" title="Idioma tamil – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma tamil" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="তামিল ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তামিল ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tamil" title="Idioma tamil – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma tamil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="तमिल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तमिल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1mil_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Támil ñe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Támil ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_dili" title="Tamil dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tamil dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تامیل دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تامیل دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tamil" title="Basa Tamil – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="তামিল ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তামিল ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tamil" title="Basa Tamil – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-g%C3%AD" title="Tamil-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tamil-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Тамил теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тамил теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тамільская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тамільская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тамільская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тамільская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="तमिल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तमिल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тамилски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тамилски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_jezik" title="Tamilski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tamilski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamileg" title="Tamileg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tamileg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0mil" title="Tàmil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tàmil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(pinulongan)" title="Tamil (pinulongan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tamil (pinulongan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%C5%A1tina" title="Tamilština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tamilština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamileg" title="Tamileg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tamileg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(sprog)" title="Tamil (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tamil (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%85%DE%A6" title="ތަމަޅަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތަމަޅަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamili_keel" title="Tamili keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tamili keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ταμίλ γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταμίλ γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Тамилэнь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тамилэнь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tamil" title="Idioma tamil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma tamil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamila_lingvo" title="Tamila lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tamila lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilera" title="Tamilera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tamilera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان تامیلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان تامیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_bhasa" title="Tamil bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tamil bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoul" title="Tamoul – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tamoul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tamailis" title="An Tamailis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tamailis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilish" title="Tamilish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tamilish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamailis" title="Tamailis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tamailis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_t%C3%A1mil" title="Lingua támil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua támil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B3_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="તમિળ ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તમિળ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-ng%C3%AE" title="Tamil-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tamil-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%B0%80%EC%96%B4" title="타밀어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타밀어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Թամիլերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թամիլերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_jezik" title="Tamilski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tamilski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_linguo" title="Tamil linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tamil linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Tamil language" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Tamil" title="Pagsasao a Tamil – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Tamil" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua tamil" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Тамилаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тамилаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%ADlska" title="Tamílska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tamílska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tamil" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="טמילית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טמילית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tamil" title="Basa Tamil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ತಮಿಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಮಿಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Тамил тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тамил тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტამილური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტამილური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%B2%D9%85%D9%90%D9%84_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تٲمِل زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تٲمِل زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilek" title="Tamilek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tamilek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igitamili" title="Igitamili – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igitamili" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitamil" title="Kitamil – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitamil" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Тамил кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тамил кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoul" title="Tamoul – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tamoul" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_tam%C3%AEl%C3%AE" title="Zimanê tamîlî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê tamîlî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Тамил тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тамил тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາທະມິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາທະມິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Tamulica" title="Lingua Tamulica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Tamulica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilu_valoda" title="Tamilu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tamilu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%C5%B3_kalba" title="Tamilų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tamilų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_tamil" title="Lengua tamil – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua tamil" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_nyelv" title="Tamil nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tamil nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тамилски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тамилски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tamily" title="Fiteny tamily – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tamily" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D" title="തമിഴ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തമിഴ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिळ भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तमिळ भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტამილური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტამილური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="التاميليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التاميليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تامیلی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تامیلی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯇꯥꯃꯤꯜ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯥꯃꯤꯜ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Tamil" title="Bahaso Tamil – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Tamil" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Tamil-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tamil-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Тамил хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тамил хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamillaht%C5%8Dlli" title="Tamillahtōlli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tamillahtōlli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(taal)" title="Tamil (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tamil (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(taal)" title="Tamil (taal) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tamil (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="タミル語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タミル語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(spriik)" title="Tamil (spriik) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tamil (spriik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Tamil (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tamil (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ତାମିଲ ଭାଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତାମିଲ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_tili" title="Tamil tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tamil tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਮਿਲ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਮਿਲ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="تامل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تامل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="تاميلي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تاميلي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%A1" title="ភាសាទមិឡ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាទមិឡ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoul" title="Tamoul – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tamoul" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Tamil" title="Lenga Tamil – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Tamil" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tamilski" title="Język tamilski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język tamilski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil" title="Língua tâmil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua tâmil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_tamil%C4%83" title="Limba tamilă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba tamilă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilikani_chhib" title="Tamilikani chhib – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Tamilikani chhib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_simi" title="Tamil simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tamil simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Тамільскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Тамільскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Тамильский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тамильский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тамил тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тамил тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिळ्भाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तमिळ्भाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_leid" title="Tamil leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tamil leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_tamile" title="Gjuha tamile – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha tamile" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua tamil" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%85_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="දෙමළ භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෙමළ භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tamil language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="تامل ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تامل ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Tamilščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tamilščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Tamilskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tamilskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luqada_Tamil-ka" title="Luqada Tamil-ka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luqada Tamil-ka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زمانی تامیلی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی تامیلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тамилски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тамилски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_jezik" title="Tamilski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tamilski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamili" title="Tamili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tamili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tamil" title="Wikang Tamil – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tamil" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D" title="தமிழ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தமிழ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_tamil" title="Lènga tamil – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga tamil" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Тамил теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тамил теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B3_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="తమిళ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తమిళ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AC" title="ภาษาทมิฬ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาทมิฬ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Забони томилӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони томилӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ತಮಿಳು ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ತಮಿಳು ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilce" title="Tamilce – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tamilce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тамільська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тамільська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تمل زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تمل زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="تامىل تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تامىل تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Tamil" title="Tiếng Tamil – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Tamil" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinamil" title="Tinamil – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tinamil" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="泰米尔语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泰米尔语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C" title="טאמיל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאמיל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_T%C3%A0mil" title="Èdè Tàmil – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Tàmil" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="淡米爾文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="淡米爾文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C4%97lu_kalba" title="Tamėlu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tamėlu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="泰米尔语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泰米尔语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_Tamil" title="Hata Tamil – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata Tamil" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Tamil" title="Boros Tamil – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Tamil" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Tamil" title="Jaku Tamil – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Tamil" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tamil" title="Basa Tamil – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5885#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;">Tamil</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;"><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">Tamiḻ</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;"><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">தமிழ்</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Word_Tamil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/200px-Word_Tamil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/300px-Word_Tamil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/400px-Word_Tamil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The word <i>Tamil</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil script</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ta-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">[t̪amiɻ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fb\/Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga\/Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ta-\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga/Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga" title="File:Ta-தமிழ்.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li>Union territory of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puducherry_district" title="Puducherry district">Puducherry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karaikal_district" title="Karaikal district">Karaikal districts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> (south)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> (south)<sup id="cite_ref-Talbot_2001_27–37_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbot_2001_27–37-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Province, Sri Lanka">Central Province</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Sri Lankan Moors</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 79 million (2011–2019)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 8 million (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Southern<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dravidian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Dravidian languages">Southern I</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Tamil–<a href="/wiki/Kannada_dialects" title="Kannada dialects">Kannada</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Tamil–<a href="/wiki/Kota_language_(India)" title="Kota language (India)">Kota</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Tamil–<a href="/wiki/Toda_language" title="Toda language">Toda</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Tamil–Irula<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Tamil–<a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a>–<a href="/wiki/Urali_language" title="Urali language">Urali</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tamiloid_languages" title="Tamiloid languages">Tamil</a>–<a href="/wiki/Malayalamoid_languages" title="Malayalamoid languages">Malayalam</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tamiloid_languages" title="Tamiloid languages">Tamiloid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Tamil–<a href="/wiki/Paliyan_language" title="Paliyan language">Paliyan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Tamil</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Tamil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tamil language">Old Tamil</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Tamil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Tamil language">Middle Tamil</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malesiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Tamil_dialects" title="Bangalore Tamil dialects">Bunagurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Tamil" title="Iyengar Tamil">Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongu_Tamil" title="Kongu Tamil">Kongu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Bashai" title="Madras Bashai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Tamil" title="Madurai Tamil">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_Tamil" title="Tirunelveli Tamil">Tiruneveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankethi_language" title="Sankethi language">Sankethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamil_dialect_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamil dialect of Sri Lanka">Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tamil_dialect" title="Central Tamil dialect">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin_Tamil" title="Brahmin Tamil">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Malabar_Tamul" title="Lingua Malabar Tamul">Malabar</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil-Brahmi script">Tamil-Brahmi script</a> (historical)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha script</a> (historical)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatteluttu script">Vatteluttu script</a> (historical)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a> (historical)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu script</a> (historical)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (informal)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil Braille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Signed_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed Tamil">Signed Tamil</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a><sup id="cite_ref-TN_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Singapore</a><sup id="cite_ref-statutes.agc.gov.sg_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statutes.agc.gov.sg-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">South Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Malaysia</a><sup id="cite_ref-MS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Classical_Tamil" title="Central Institute of Classical Tamil">Central Institute of Classical Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tamil_Development_and_Information_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Tamil Development and Information (Tamil Nadu)">Department of Tamil Development and Information (Tamil Nadu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Tamil_Studies" title="International Institute of Tamil Studies">International Institute of Tamil Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_University" title="Tamil University">Tamil University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Tamil_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tamil Sangam">World Tamil Sangam</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Administration,_Home_Affairs,_Provincial_Councils_and_Local_Government" title="Ministry of Public Administration, Home Affairs, Provincial Councils and Local Government">Department of Official Languages</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Digital_Development_and_Information" title="Ministry of Digital Development and Information">Tamil Language Council</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Education (Malaysia)">Malaysian Tamil Language Standardisation Council</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Tamil_Sangams_of_North_America" title="Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America">Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ta">ta</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=437">tam</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Either:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tam" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tam">tam</a></code> – Modern Tamil<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/oty" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:oty">oty</a></code> – Old Tamil</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/oty">oty</a></code> Old Tamil</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tami1289">tami1289</a></code>  Modern Tamil<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oldt1248">oldt1248</a></code>  Old Tamil</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=49-EBE-a">49-EBE-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_tamil.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Idioma_tamil.png/320px-Idioma_tamil.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Idioma_tamil.png 1.5x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="344" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tamil_A.svg/40px-Tamil_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tamil_A.svg/60px-Tamil_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tamil_A.svg/80px-Tamil_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="87" data-file-height="61" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil</a> is written in a non-Latin script. Tamil text used in this article is transliterated into the Latin script according to the <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a> standard.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Tamil</b><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">தமிழ்</span></span>, <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">Tamiḻ</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ta-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">[t̪amiɻ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fb\/Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga\/Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ta-\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga/Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga" title="File:Ta-தமிழ்.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian language">Dravidian language</a> natively spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil people</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. It is one of the two longest-surviving <a href="/wiki/Classical_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical languages">classical languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Circulation_and_the_Historical_Geog_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circulation_and_the_Historical_Geog-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attested since <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-companion_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-companion-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maloney1970_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maloney1970-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palani_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palani-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language belongs to the southern branch of the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian language">Dravidian language</a> family and shares close ties with <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>. Despite external influences, Tamil has retained a sense of linguistic purism, especially in formal and literary contexts. </p><p>Tamil was the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for early maritime traders, with inscriptions found in places like <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. The language has a well-documented history with literary works like <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a>, consisting of over 2,000 poems. Tamil script evolved from Tamil Brahmi, and later, the vatteluttu script was used until the current script was standardized. The language has a distinct grammatical structure, with agglutinative morphology that allows for complex word formations. </p><p>Tamil is predominantly spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>, India, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Provinces of Sri Lanka">Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka</a>. It has significant speaking populations in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, and among <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Diaspora">diaspora communities</a>. Tamil has been recognized as a classical language by the Indian government in 2004. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The earliest extant Tamil literary works and their commentaries celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Pandiyan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandiyan Kingdom">Pandiyan Kings</a> for the organization of long-termed <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Sangams" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Sangams">Tamil Sangams</a>, which researched, developed and made amendments in Tamil language. Even though the name of the language which was developed by these Tamil Sangams is mentioned as Tamil, the period when the name "Tamil" came to be applied to the language is unclear, as is the precise etymology of the name. The earliest attested use of the name is found in <a href="/wiki/Tholkappiyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholkappiyam">Tholkappiyam</a>, which is dated as early as late 2nd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zvelebil_1973_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zvelebil_1973-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hathigumpha_inscription" title="Hathigumpha inscription">Hathigumpha inscription</a>, inscribed around a similar time period (150 BCE), by <a href="/wiki/Kharavela" title="Kharavela">Kharavela</a>, the Jain king of <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a>, also refers to a <i>Tamira Samghatta</i> (<i>Tamil confederacy</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Samavayanga_Sutra" title="Samavayanga Sutra">Samavayanga Sutra</a> dated to the 3rd century BCE contains a reference to a Tamil script named 'Damili'.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southworth suggests that the name comes from <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tam-miḻ</i></span> > <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tam-iḻ</i></span> "self-speak", or "our own speech".<sup id="cite_ref-Southworth_1998_129–132_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southworth_1998_129–132-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Kamil Zvelebil</a> suggests an etymology of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tam-iḻ</i></span>, with <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tam</i></span> meaning "self" or "one's self", and "<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">-iḻ</i></span>" having the connotation of "unfolding sound". Alternatively, he suggests a derivation of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tamiḻ</i></span> < <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tam-iḻ</i></span> < *<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tav-iḻ</i></span> < *<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tak-iḻ</i></span>, meaning in origin "the proper process (of speaking)".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is deemed unlikely by Southworth due to the contemporary use of the compound 'centamiḻ', which means refined speech in the earliest literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Southworth_1998_129–132_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southworth_1998_129–132-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tamil Lexicon of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a> defines the word "Tamil" as "sweetness".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S. V. Subramanian suggests the meaning "sweet sound", from <i>tam</i> – "sweet" and <i>il</i> – "sound".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Shulman cites Cuntaramurti's <i>Tevaram</i>, in which he writes to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, "Do you know proper Tamil?" and ascribes to it the meaning "Do you know how to behave properly as a male lover should? Can you understand the hints and implicit meaning that a proficient lover ought to be able to decipher?" He also states that at some point, Tamil meant something like "knowing how to love", in a poetic sense, and that to "know Tamil" could also mean "to be a civilized being". <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></div> <p><i>Tamil</i> belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dravidian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Dravidian languages">southern</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>, a family of around 26 languages native to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also classified as being part of a <a href="/wiki/Tamil_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil languages">Tamil language family</a> that, alongside Tamil proper, includes the languages of about 35 ethno-linguistic groups<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Irula_language" title="Irula language">Irula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yerukala_language" title="Yerukala language">Yerukula</a> languages (see <a href="/wiki/SIL_Ethnologue" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL Ethnologue">SIL Ethnologue</a>). </p><p>The closest major relative of Tamil is <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>; the two began diverging around the 9th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although many of the differences between Tamil and Malayalam demonstrate a pre-historic divergence of the western dialect,<sup id="cite_ref-malayalamorigin_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malayalamorigin-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the process of separation into a distinct language, Malayalam, was not completed until sometime in the 13th or 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-andronov_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andronov-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally Kannada is also relatively close to the Tamil language and shares the format of the formal ancient Tamil language. While there are some variations from the Tamil language, Kannada still preserves a lot from its roots. As part of the southern family of Indian languages and situated relatively close to the northern parts of India, Kannada also shares some Sanskrit words, similar to Malayalam. Many of the formerly used words in Tamil have been preserved with little change in Kannada. This shows a relative parallel to Tamil, even as Tamil has undergone some changes in modern ways of speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahadevan2003_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahadevan2003-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civilt%C3%A0_thamirabani,_reperti_da_adhichanallur,_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Civilt%C3%A0_thamirabani%2C_reperti_da_adhichanallur%2C_02.jpg/220px-Civilt%C3%A0_thamirabani%2C_reperti_da_adhichanallur%2C_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Civilt%C3%A0_thamirabani%2C_reperti_da_adhichanallur%2C_02.jpg/330px-Civilt%C3%A0_thamirabani%2C_reperti_da_adhichanallur%2C_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Civilt%C3%A0_thamirabani%2C_reperti_da_adhichanallur%2C_02.jpg/440px-Civilt%C3%A0_thamirabani%2C_reperti_da_adhichanallur%2C_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>Findings from <a href="/wiki/Adichanallur" title="Adichanallur">Adichanallur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Government_Museum,_Chennai" title="Government Museum, Chennai">Government Museum, Chennai</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keezhadi_excavation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Keezhadi_excavation.jpg/220px-Keezhadi_excavation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Keezhadi_excavation.jpg/330px-Keezhadi_excavation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Keezhadi_excavation.jpg/440px-Keezhadi_excavation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keezhadi_excavation_site" title="Keezhadi excavation site">Keezhadi excavation site</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legendary_origins">Legendary origins</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Inscriptions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tamil_Inscriptions.jpg/200px-Tamil_Inscriptions.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tamil_Inscriptions.jpg/300px-Tamil_Inscriptions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tamil_Inscriptions.jpg/400px-Tamil_Inscriptions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="1876" /></a><figcaption>Explanation for <a href="/wiki/Mangulam" title="Mangulam">Mangulam</a> Tamil Brahmi inscription in Mangulam, <a href="/wiki/Madurai_district" title="Madurai district">Madurai district</a>, Tamil Nadu, dated to Tamil <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 BCE</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 CE</span>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satavahana_Bilingual_Coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/Satavahana_Bilingual_Coin.jpg/200px-Satavahana_Bilingual_Coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/Satavahana_Bilingual_Coin.jpg/300px-Satavahana_Bilingual_Coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/Satavahana_Bilingual_Coin.jpg/400px-Satavahana_Bilingual_Coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil Brahmi</a> script in the reverse side of the bilingual silver coin of king <a href="/wiki/Vashishtiputra_S%C4%81takarni" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashishtiputra Sātakarni">Vashishtiputra Sātakarni</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 160 CE</span>) of <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>. <b>Rev:</b> Ujjain/Sātavāhana symbol, crescented six-arch chaitya hill and river with Tamil Brahmi script<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Obv:</b> Bust of king; <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> legend in the <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brahmi</a> script</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Hindu legend, Tamil or in personification form <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Thai" title="Tamil Thai">Tamil Thāi</a> (Mother Tamil) was created by Lord <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>. <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a>, revered as the Tamil God, along with sage <a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a>, brought it to the people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamaswamy199787_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaswamy199787-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_origins">Historical origins</h3></div> <p>Tamil, like other Dravidian languages, ultimately descends from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">Proto-Dravidian language</a>, which was most likely spoken around the third millennium BCE, possibly in the region around the lower <a href="/wiki/Godavari" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari">Godavari</a> river basin. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were of the culture associated with the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> complexes of South India,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it has also been related to the <a href="/wiki/Harappan_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Harappan civilization">Harappan civilization</a>. </p><p>Scholars categorise the attested history of the language into three periods: Old Tamil (300 BCE–700 CE), Middle Tamil (700–1600) and Modern Tamil (1600–present).<sup id="cite_ref-Lehmann_1998_75_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann_1998_75-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brahmi_script">Brahmi script</h3></div> <p>About 60,000 of the approximately 100,000 inscriptions found by the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a> in India are in Tamil Nadu. Of them, most are in Tamil, with only about 5 percent in other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, a number of skeletons were found buried in earthenware <a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urns</a> dating from at least 696 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Adichanallur" title="Adichanallur">Adichanallur</a>. Some of these urns contained writing in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Brahmi">Tamil Brahmi</a> script, and some contained skeletons of Tamil origin.<sup id="cite_ref-:2b_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2b-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2017 and 2018, 5,820 artifacts have been found in <a href="/wiki/Keezhadi_excavation_site" title="Keezhadi excavation site">Keezhadi</a>. These were sent to Beta Analytic in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Accelerator_Mass_Spectrometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerator Mass Spectrometry">Accelerator Mass Spectrometry</a> (AMS) dating. One sample containing <a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> inscriptions was claimed to be dated to around 580 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">John Guy</a> states that Tamil was the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for early maritime traders from India.<sup id="cite_ref-scroll.in_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scroll.in-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Brahmi">Tamil language inscriptions</a> written in Brahmi script have been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and on trade goods in Thailand and Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Egypt_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egypt-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Foreign_locations_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreign_locations-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2007, an excavation at Quseir-al-Qadim revealed Egyptian pottery dating back to first century BCE with ancient Tamil Brahmi inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Egypt_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egypt-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of apparent <a href="/wiki/Tamil_loanwords_in_Biblical_Hebrew" title="Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew">Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew</a> dating to before 500 BCE, the oldest attestation of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabin438_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabin438-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Tamil">Old Tamil</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Tamil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tamil language">Old Tamil language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangulam_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mangulam_inscription.jpg/200px-Mangulam_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mangulam_inscription.jpg/300px-Mangulam_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mangulam_inscription.jpg/400px-Mangulam_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mangulam" title="Mangulam">Mangulam</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil Brahmi</a> inscription in Mangulam, <a href="/wiki/Madurai_district" title="Madurai district">Madurai district</a>, Tamil Nadu, dated to Tamil <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 BCE</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 CE</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Old Tamil is the period of the Tamil language spanning the 3rd century BCE to the 8th century CE. The earliest records in Old Tamil are short inscriptions from 300 BCE to 700 CE. These inscriptions are written in a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> called <a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest long text in Old Tamil is the <i><a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a></i>, an early work on Tamil grammar and poetics, whose oldest layers could be as old as the late 2nd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehmann_1998_75_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann_1998_75-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zvelebil_1973_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zvelebil_1973-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many literary works in Old Tamil have also survived. These include a corpus of 2,381 poems collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a>. These poems are usually dated to between the 1st century BCE and 5th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehmann_1998_75_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann_1998_75-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zvelebil_1973_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zvelebil_1973-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Tamil">Middle Tamil</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanjavur_Tamil_Inscription2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tanjavur_Tamil_Inscription2.jpg/200px-Tanjavur_Tamil_Inscription2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tanjavur_Tamil_Inscription2.jpg/300px-Tanjavur_Tamil_Inscription2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tanjavur_Tamil_Inscription2.jpg/400px-Tanjavur_Tamil_Inscription2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Middle_Tamil" title="Middle Tamil">Middle Tamil</a> inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu script</a> in stone during <a href="/wiki/Chola_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola empire">Chola</a> period <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span> CE at <a href="/wiki/Brahadeeswara_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahadeeswara temple">Brahadeeswara temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>, Tamil Nadu</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tamil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Tamil language">Middle Tamil language</a></div> <p>The evolution of <a href="/wiki/Old_Tamil" title="Old Tamil">Old Tamil</a> into <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tamil" title="Middle Tamil">Middle Tamil</a>, which is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Lehmann_1998_75_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann_1998_75-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes. In phonological terms, the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the transformation of the alveolar <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In grammar, the most important change was the emergence of the present tense. The present tense evolved out of the verb <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kil</i></span></i> (<span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">கில்</span></span>), meaning "to be possible" or "to befall". In Old Tamil, this verb was used as an <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect marker</a> to indicate that an action was micro-durative, non-sustained or non-lasting, usually in combination with a time marker such as <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṉ</i></span></i> (<span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ன்</span></span>). In Middle Tamil, this usage evolved into a present tense marker – <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kiṉṟa</i></span></i> (<span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">கின்ற</span></span>) – which combined the old aspect and time markers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Tamil">Modern Tamil</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nann%C5%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nannūl">Nannūl</a> remains the standard normative grammar for modern literary Tamil, which therefore continues to be based on Middle Tamil of the 13th century rather than on Modern Tamil.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colloquial spoken Tamil, in contrast, shows a number of changes. The negative conjugation of verbs, for example, has fallen out of use in Modern Tamil<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – instead, negation is expressed either morphologically or syntactically.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern spoken Tamil also shows a number of sound changes, in particular, a tendency to lower high vowels in initial and medial positions,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the disappearance of vowels between plosives and between a plosive and rhotic.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contact with European languages affected written and spoken Tamil. Changes in written Tamil include the use of European-style punctuation and the use of consonant clusters that were not permitted in Middle Tamil. The syntax of written Tamil has also changed, with the introduction of new aspectual auxiliaries and more complex sentence structures, and with the emergence of a more rigid word order that resembles the <a href="/wiki/Theta_role" title="Theta role">syntactic argument structure</a> of English.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1578, Portuguese Christian missionaries published a Tamil prayer book in old Tamil script named <i><a href="/wiki/Thambiran_Vanakkam" title="Thambiran Vanakkam">Thambiran Vanakkam</a></i>, thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Lexicon">Tamil Lexicon</a></i>, published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>, was one of the earliest dictionaries published in Indian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A strong strain of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">linguistic purism</a> emerged in the early 20th century, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Tamil_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Tamil Movement">Pure Tamil Movement</a> which called for removal of all Sanskritic elements from Tamil.<sup id="cite_ref-thaniththamizh_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thaniththamizh-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It received some support from <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_parties" title="Dravidian parties">Dravidian parties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the replacement of a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> loanwords by Tamil equivalents, though many others remain.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishnamurti_2003_p=480_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnamurti_2003_p=480-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2001 survey, there were 1,863 newspapers published in Tamil, of which 353 were dailies.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <p>Tamil is the primary language of the majority of the people residing in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>, (in India) and in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern</a> provinces of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. The language is spoken among small minority groups in other states of India which include <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> in India and in certain regions of Sri Lanka such as <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Province, Sri Lanka">the hill country</a>. Tamil or dialects of it were used widely in the state of Kerala as the major language of administration, literature and common usage until the 12th century CE. Tamil was also used widely in inscriptions found in southern <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> districts of <a href="/wiki/Chittoor_district" title="Chittoor district">Chittoor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nellore_district" title="Nellore district">Nellore</a> until the 12th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Talbot_2001_27–37_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbot_2001_27–37-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil was used for inscriptions from the 10th through 14th centuries in southern Karnataka districts such as <a href="/wiki/Kolar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolar District">Kolar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandya" title="Mandya">Mandya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are currently sizeable <a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil-speaking populations</a> descended from colonial-era migrants in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">South Africa</a>, Indonesia,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thailand,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Tamil is used as one of the languages of education in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, along with English, Malay and Mandarin.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamil_Schools_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamil_Schools-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large community of <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Pakistan" title="Tamils in Pakistan">Pakistani Tamils</a> speakers exists in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, which includes Tamil-speaking Hindus<sup id="cite_ref-TNP_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNP-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PHP_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHP-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Christians and Muslims – including some Tamil-speaking Muslim refugees from Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-HBL_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBL-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are about 100 Tamil Hindu families in <a href="/wiki/Madrasi_Para" title="Madrasi Para">Madrasi Para</a> colony in Karachi. They speak impeccable Tamil along with Urdu, Punjabi and Sindhi.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> have Tamil origins,<sup id="cite_ref-ucberkeleydiaspora_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucberkeleydiaspora-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but only a small number speak the language. In Reunion where the Tamil language was forbidden to be learnt and used in public space by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> it is now being relearnt by students and adults.<sup id="cite_ref-ucberkeleydiaspora1_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucberkeleydiaspora1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil is also spoken by migrants <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">from Sri Lanka</a> and India in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Tamils" title="British Tamils">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">South Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Australia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_Tamil_speakers" title="States of India by Tamil speakers">States of India by Tamil speakers</a></div> <p>Tamil is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and one of the <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eight_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eight-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the official languages of the union territories of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil is also one of the official languages of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. Tamil is one of the official and national languages of Sri Lanka, along with <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-languagesdept_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languagesdept-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was once given nominal official status in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, purportedly as a rebuff to <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (India)">Punjab</a>, though there was no attested Tamil-speaking population in the state, and was later replaced by <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Malaysia, 543 primary education government schools are available fully in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_primary_schools_in_Malaysia" title="Tamil primary schools in Malaysia">Tamil as the medium of instruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of Tamil-medium schools has been in process in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> to provide education completely in Tamil language by the Tamils who settled there 200 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil language is available as a course in some local school boards and major universities in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the month of January has been declared "Tamil Heritage Month" by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil enjoys a special status of protection under Article 6(b), Chapter 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution of South Africa</a> and is taught as a subject in schools in <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> province.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, it has been rolled out as a subject of study in schools in the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">French overseas department</a> of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, with the creation in October 2004 of a legal status for classical languages by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> and following a political campaign supported by several Tamil associations,<sup id="cite_ref-dmkpolitics2_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dmkpolitics2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historyofdemand_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyofdemand-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil became the first legally recognised <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India#Classical_languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Classical language</a> of India. The recognition was announced by the contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Kalam">Abdul Kalam</a>, who was a Tamilian himself, in a joint sitting of both houses of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Indian Parliament</a> on 6 June 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-LanguageInIndia_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LanguageInIndia-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Classical_language_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Classical_language-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Hindu_Classical_language_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu_Classical_language-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jambai_Tamil_Brahmi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jambai_Tamil_Brahmi.jpg/400px-Jambai_Tamil_Brahmi.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jambai_Tamil_Brahmi.jpg/600px-Jambai_Tamil_Brahmi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jambai_Tamil_Brahmi.jpg/800px-Jambai_Tamil_Brahmi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2573" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Athiyam%C4%81n_Nedum%C4%81n_A%C3%B1ci" title="Athiyamān Nedumān Añci">Jambai Tamil Brahmi inscription</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tirukkoyilur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkoyilur">Tirukkoyilur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Villupuram_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Villupuram district">Villupuram district</a>, Tamil Nadu dated to the early <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Sangam">Tamil Sangam</a> age (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 BC</span>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Oppaari_Song.ogg" title="File:Oppaari Song.ogg">Colloquial Tamil 'Oppaari song'</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="177" data-mwtitle="Oppaari_Song.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Oppaari_Song.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Oppaari_Song.ogg/Oppaari_Song.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Oppaari song lamenting death, sung by women during a death ceremony. Here it is the death of a son lamented by the mother.</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ta-ponnagaram.ogg" title="File:Ta-ponnagaram.ogg">Pudumaipithan's short story 'Pon Nagaram'</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="333" data-mwtitle="Ta-ponnagaram.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Ta-ponnagaram.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Ta-ponnagaram.ogg/Ta-ponnagaram.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Audio recording of <a href="/wiki/Pudumaipithan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudumaipithan">Pudumaipithan</a>'s short story 'Pon Nagaram' (showing a few loanwords).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Region-specific_variations">Region-specific variations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan Tamil dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamil_dialect_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamil dialect of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamil dialect of Sri Lanka</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Socio-linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-linguistics">socio-linguistic</a> situation of Tamil is characterised by <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a>: there are two separate registers varying by <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a>, a high register and a low one.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil dialects are primarily differentiated from each other by the fact that they have undergone different phonological changes and sound shifts in evolving from Old Tamil. For example, the word for "here"—<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">iṅku</i></span></i> in <i>Centamil</i> (the classic variety)—has evolved into <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">iṅkū</i></span></i> in the Kongu dialect of <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <i>inga</i> in the dialects of <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>, and <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">iṅkai</i></span></i> in some <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">dialects of Sri Lanka</a>. Old Tamil's <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">iṅkaṇ</i></span></i> (where <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kaṇ</i></span></i> means place) is the source of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">iṅkane</i></span></i> in the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli" title="Tirunelveli">Tirunelveli</a>, Old Tamil <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">iṅkiṭṭu</i></span></i> is the source of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">iṅkuṭṭu</i></span></i> in the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>, and <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">iṅkaṭe</i></span></i> in some northern dialects. Even now, in the Coimbatore area, it is common to hear "<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">akkaṭṭa</i></span>" meaning "that place". Although Tamil dialects do not differ significantly in their vocabulary, there are a few exceptions. The dialects spoken in Sri Lanka retain many words and grammatical forms that are not in everyday use in India,<sup id="cite_ref-Lehmann_1998_75_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann_1998_75-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-as_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and use many other words slightly differently.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil dialects include <a href="/wiki/Central_Tamil_dialect" title="Central Tamil dialect">Central Tamil dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kongu_Tamil" title="Kongu Tamil">Kongu Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Bashai" title="Madras Bashai">Madras Bashai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Tamil" title="Madurai Tamil">Madurai Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nellai_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellai Tamil">Nellai Tamil</a>, Kumari Tamil in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_Tamil_dialect" title="Batticaloa Tamil dialect">Batticaloa Tamil dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Tamil_dialect" title="Jaffna Tamil dialect">Jaffna Tamil dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negombo_Tamil_dialect" title="Negombo Tamil dialect">Negombo Tamil dialect</a> in Sri Lanka; and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a> in Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/Sankethi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankethi dialect">Sankethi dialect</a> in Karnataka has been heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Loanword_variations">Loanword variations</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_loanwords_in_Tamil" title="Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil">Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loan_words_in_Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil">Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil</a></div> <p>The dialect of the district of <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> in Kerala has many <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> loanwords, has been influenced by Malayalam's syntax, and has a distinctive Malayalam accent. Similarly, Tamil spoken in Kanyakumari District has more unique words and phonetic style than Tamil spoken at other parts of Tamil Nadu. The words and phonetics are so different that a person from <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari district</a> is easily identifiable by their spoken Tamil. <a href="/wiki/Hebbar_Iyengars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebbar Iyengars">Hebbar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandyam">Mandyam</a> dialects, spoken by groups of Tamil <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavites</a> who migrated to <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> in the 11th century, retain many features of the <i>Vaishnava paribasai</i>, a special form of Tamil developed in the 9th and 10th centuries that reflect Vaishnavite religious and spiritual values.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a> have their own <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolects</a> which most members of that caste traditionally used regardless of where they come from. It is often possible to identify a person's caste by their speech.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_2007_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_2007-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmin" title="Tamil Brahmin">Tamil Brahmins</a> tend to speak a variety of dialects that are all collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Brahmin_Tamil" title="Brahmin Tamil">Brahmin Tamil</a>. These dialects tend to have softer consonants (with consonant deletion also common). These dialects also tend to have many <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> loanwords. Tamil in Sri Lanka incorporates <a href="/wiki/Loan_words_in_Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil">loan words</a> from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Language">Dutch</a>, and English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoken_and_literary_variants">Spoken and literary variants</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Thiruppugazh_-_Umbartharu_-_Hamsadhwani.wav" title="File:Thiruppugazh - Umbartharu - Hamsadhwani.wav">Thiruppugazh – Umbartharu – Hamsadhwani</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="74" data-mwtitle="Thiruppugazh_-_Umbartharu_-_Hamsadhwani.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Thiruppugazh_-_Umbartharu_-_Hamsadhwani.wav/Thiruppugazh_-_Umbartharu_-_Hamsadhwani.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Thiruppugazh_-_Umbartharu_-_Hamsadhwani.wav/Thiruppugazh_-_Umbartharu_-_Hamsadhwani.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Thiruppugazh_-_Umbartharu_-_Hamsadhwani.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThiruppugazh_-_Umbartharu_-_Hamsadhwani.wav&lang=ta&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ta" label="தமிழ் ‪(ta)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Literary Tamil in hymn 'Umbartharu' (Hamsadhwani) on lord <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> from <a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a> (c. 1400s).</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ta_-_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_-_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_-_%E0%AE%AE.%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A.%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.ogg" title="File:Ta - குளிர் காய நேரமில்லை - அறிவுக் கதைகள் - ம.பொ.சிவஞானம்.ogg">Sivagnanam's 'Arivuk kadhaigal'.</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="138" data-mwtitle="Ta_-_குளிர்_காய_நேரமில்லை_-_அறிவுக்_கதைகள்_-_ம.பொ.சிவஞானம்.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/Ta_-_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_-_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_-_%E0%AE%AE.%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A.%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.ogg/Ta_-_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_-_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_-_%E0%AE%AE.%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A.%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.ogg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/Ta_-_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_-_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_-_%E0%AE%AE.%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A.%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.ogg/Ta_-_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_-_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_-_%E0%AE%AE.%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A.%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Ta_-_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_-_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_-_%E0%AE%AE.%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A.%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="flac"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Literary Tamil pronunciation. Reading an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ma._Po._Si." class="mw-redirect" title="Ma. Po. Si.">Ma. Po. Si.</a>'s book 'Arivuk kadhaigal' (1900s).</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ta-Senthamizh_Nadu.ogg" title="File:Ta-Senthamizh Nadu.ogg">Bharathi's 'Senthamil nadu ennum' song</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="100" data-mwtitle="Ta-Senthamizh_Nadu.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/Ta-Senthamizh_Nadu.ogg/Ta-Senthamizh_Nadu.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Ta-Senthamizh_Nadu.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Literary Tamil pronunciation in song written by <a href="/wiki/Subramanya_Bharathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Subramanya Bharathi">Subramanya Bharathi</a>, 'Senthamizh naadennum pothinile' (1900s ).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>In addition to its dialects, Tamil exhibits different forms: a classical literary style modelled on the ancient language (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sankattamiḻ</i></span></i>), a modern literary and formal style (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">centamiḻ</i></span></i>), and a modern <a href="/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a> form (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">koṭuntamiḻ</i></span></i>). These styles shade into each other, forming a stylistic continuum. For example, it is possible to write <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">centamiḻ</i></span></i> with a vocabulary drawn from <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">caṅkattamiḻ</i></span></i>, or to use forms associated with one of the other variants while speaking <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">koṭuntamiḻ</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">centamiḻ</i></span></i> is generally used in formal writing and speech. For instance, it is the language of textbooks, of much of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a> and of public speaking and debate. In recent times, however, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">koṭuntamiḻ</i></span></i> has been making inroads into areas that have traditionally been considered the province of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">centamiḻ</i></span></i>. Most contemporary cinema, theatre and popular entertainment on television and radio, for example, is in <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">koṭuntamiḻ</i></span></i>, and many politicians use it to bring themselves closer to their audience. The increasing use of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">koṭuntamiḻ</i></span></i> in modern times has led to the emergence of unofficial 'standard' spoken dialects. In India, the 'standard' <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">koṭuntamiḻ</i></span></i>, rather than on any one dialect,<sup id="cite_ref-Standard_restandard_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standard_restandard-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but has been significantly influenced by the dialects of <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>. In Sri Lanka, the standard is based on the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tamil_language" title="Special:EditPage/Tamil language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil braille">Tamil braille</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Tamil_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/History_of_Tamil_script.jpg/400px-History_of_Tamil_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/History_of_Tamil_script.jpg/600px-History_of_Tamil_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/History_of_Tamil_script.jpg/800px-History_of_Tamil_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Historical evolution of Tamil writing from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Brahmi">Tamil Brahmi</a> near the top to the current <a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil script</a> at bottom</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirukkural_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tirukkural_manuscript.jpg/400px-Tirukkural_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tirukkural_manuscript.jpg/600px-Tirukkural_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tirukkural_manuscript.jpg/800px-Tirukkural_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkural">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Palm_leaf_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm leaf manuscript">palm leaf manuscript</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Brahmi">Tamil Brahmi</a> fell out of use, Tamil was written using a script called <a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatteluttu alphabet"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vaṭṭeḻuttu</i></span></a> amongst others such as <a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a>. The current <a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil script</a> consists of 12 <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>, 18 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> and one special character, the <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ytam" class="mw-redirect" title="Āytam">āytam</a></i>. The vowels and consonants combine to form 216 compound characters, giving a total of 247 characters (12 + 18 + 1 + (12 × 18)). All consonants have an inherent vowel <i>a</i>, as with other <a href="/wiki/Indic_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic scripts">Indic scripts</a>. This inherent vowel is removed by adding a <a href="/wiki/Tittle" title="Tittle">tittle</a> called a <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">puḷḷi</i></span></i>, to the consonantal sign. For example, <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ன</span></span> is <i>ṉa</i> (with the inherent <i>a</i>) and <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ன்</span></span> is <i>ṉ</i> (without a vowel). Many Indic scripts have a similar sign, generically called <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a>, but the Tamil script is somewhat different in that it nearly always uses a visible <i>puḷḷi</i> to indicate a 'dead consonant' (a consonant without a vowel). In other Indic scripts, it is generally preferred to use a ligature or a half form to write a syllable or a cluster containing a dead consonant, although writing it with a visible virama is also possible. The Tamil script does not differentiate voiced and unvoiced <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a>. Instead, plosives are articulated with voice depending on their position in a word, in accordance with the rules of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil phonology</a>. </p><p>In addition to the standard characters, six characters taken from the <a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha script</a>, which was used in the Tamil region to write Sanskrit, are sometimes used to represent sounds not native to Tamil, that is, words adopted from Sanskrit, <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, and other languages. The traditional system prescribed by classical grammars for writing loan-words, which involves respelling them in accordance with Tamil phonology, remains, but is not always consistently applied.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919#Overview" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a> is an international standard for the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_script#Letters" title="Tamil script">transliteration of Tamil</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Indic_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic scripts">Indic scripts</a> into Latin characters. It uses diacritics to map the much larger set of <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic consonants and vowels</a> to <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, and thus the alphabets of various languages, including English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals_and_symbols">Numerals and symbols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Tamil numerals</a></div> <p>Apart from the usual numerals, Tamil has numerals for 10, 100 and 1000. Symbols for day, month, year, debit, credit, as above, rupee, and numeral are present as well. Tamil also uses several historical fractional signs. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>zero</th> <th>one</th> <th>two</th> <th>three</th> <th>four</th> <th>five</th> <th>six</th> <th>seven</th> <th>eight</th> <th>nine</th> <th>ten</th> <th>hundred</th> <th>thousand </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 150%"> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௦</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௧</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௨</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௩</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௪</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௫</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௬</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௭</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௮</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௯</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௰</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௱</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௲</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>day</th> <th>month</th> <th>year</th> <th>debit</th> <th>credit</th> <th>as above</th> <th>rupee</th> <th>numeral </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 150%"> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௳</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௴</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௵</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௶</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௷</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௸</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௹</span></span></td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௺</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil phonology</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Tamil consonants<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ம்</span></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a></span>) <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ந்</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ன்</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ண்</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஞ்</span></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>) <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ங்</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ப்</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">த்</span></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">tːr</a></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ற்ற</span></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ட்</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ச்</span></span><sup>5</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">க்</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>)<sup>1</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span><sup>5</sup> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஸ்</span></span> (<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>)<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span>)<sup>1</sup> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஷ்</span></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span>)<sup>1</sup> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஶ்</span></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span>)<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>)<sup>2</sup> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஹ்</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ɾ">ɾ</a> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ர்</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ற்</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">வ்</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ழ்</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ய்</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ல்</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ள்</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʂ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕ/</span> are only found in loanwords and may be considered marginal phonemes, though they are traditionally not seen as fully phonemic. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>short</small> </th> <th><small>long</small> </th> <th><small>short</small> </th> <th><small>long</small> </th> <th><small>short</small> </th> <th><small>long</small> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <b><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">இ</span></span></b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> <b><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஈ</span></span></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <b><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">உ</span></span></b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> <b><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஊ</span></span></b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <b><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">எ</span></span></b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> <b><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஏ</span></span></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <b><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஒ</span></span></b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> <b><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஓ</span></span></b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></span> <b><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">அ</span></span></b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">äː</a></span> <b><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஆ</span></span></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tamil has two <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ̯/</span> <b><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஐ</span></span></b> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ̯/</span> <b><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஔ</span></span></b>, the latter of which is restricted to a few lexical items. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil" title="Category:Tamil">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 5px; background:#e7e7e7; font-size:150%"><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/150px-Tamil_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/225px-Tamil_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/300px-Tamil_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1858" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tamils#History" title="Tamils">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">History of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">History of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_ancient_Tamil_history" title="Sources of ancient Tamil history">Sources of ancient Tamil history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keezhadi_excavation_site" title="Keezhadi excavation site">Keezhadi excavation site</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Agriculture in ancient Tamil country">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Economy of ancient Tamil country">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Education in ancient Tamil country">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Industry in ancient Tamil country">Industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Tamil_history" title="Chronology of Tamil history">Chronology of Tamil history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_monarchs" title="List of Tamil monarchs">Tamil Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilization" title="Tamilization">Tamilization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_culture" title="Tamil culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_books_of_Law" title="Tamil books of Law">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Numeral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Music of Tamil Nadu">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_Tamil_speakers" title="States of India by Tamil speakers">Indian Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamils" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Tamils">Malaysian Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Tamils" title="Singapore Tamils">Singapore Tamils</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamil_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Tamil diaspora">Indian Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil_diaspora" title="Malaysian Tamil diaspora">Malaysian Tamil diaspora</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil Australians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_France" title="Tamils in France">French Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Tamils" title="British Tamils">British Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Italy" title="Tamils in Italy">Tamil Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Tamil Indonesians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Tamil Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">Tamil South Africans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Tamils" title="Myanmar Tamils">Myanmar Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Mauritian">Tamil Mauritians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Germans" title="Tamil Germans">Tamil Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Pakistan" title="Tamils in Pakistan">Tamil Pakistanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Seychellois" title="Tamil Seychellois">Tamil Seychellois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Zealander" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil New Zealander">Tamil New Zealanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Tamils" title="Swiss Tamils">Swiss Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamils in the Netherlands">Dutch Tamils</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in ancient Tamil country">Religion in ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Religion in Tamil Nadu">Religion in Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Hindu">Tamil Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Hinduism in Tamil Nadu">Hinduism in Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Hinduism in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Buddhism">Tamil Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">Tamil Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Christianity in Tamil Nadu">Christianity in Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #e7e7e7;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Politics of Tamil Nadu">Politics of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nationalism">Tamil Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/16px-Word_Tamil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/24px-Word_Tamil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Word_Tamil.svg/32px-Word_Tamil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Tamil">Tamil portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamils" title="Template:Tamils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamils" title="Template talk:Tamils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a> culture and history</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dravidian_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dravidian_map.svg/100px-Dravidian_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dravidian_map.svg/150px-Dravidian_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dravidian_map.svg/200px-Dravidian_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Origin</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> <a href="/wiki/Keezhadi_excavation_site" title="Keezhadi excavation site">Keezhadi excavation site</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">History of South India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient history of Sri Lanka">Ancient history of Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Dravidian dynasties</i></dt></dl> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala dynasty">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangama_dynasty" title="Sangama dynasty">Sangama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluva_dynasty" title="Saluva dynasty">Saluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuluva_dynasty" title="Tuluva dynasty">Tuluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aravidu_dynasty" title="Aravidu dynasty">Aravidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayak_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayak dynasty">Nayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddy_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Reddy dynasty">Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryacakravarti_dynasty" title="Aryacakravarti dynasty">Aryacakravarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian civilization">Dravidian civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_culture" title="South Indian culture">South Indian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_studies" title="Dravidian studies">Dravidian studies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Language</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dravidian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Dravidian languages">History of Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">Proto-Dravidian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian languages</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> (Dravida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_people" title="Brahui people">Brahui people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_people" title="Gondi people">Gondi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">Kannadigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_people" title="Kodava people">Kodavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_people" title="Tulu people">Tuluvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irulas" class="mw-redirect" title="Irulas">Irulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_people_(Lanka)" title="Naga people (Lanka)">Nagas</a> (Extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraavaru_people" title="Giraavaru people">Giraavarus</a> (Extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholanaikkan" title="Cholanaikkan">Cholanaikkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Khonds">Khonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_people" title="Kodava people">Kodavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_people" title="Kurukh people">Kurukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniya_people" title="Paniya people">Paniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_people" title="Malto people">Malar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliga_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Soliga tribe">Soligas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraga_people" title="Koraga people">Koragas</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gokak_agitation" title="Gokak agitation">Kannada language rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu_state_movement" title="Tulu Nadu state movement">Tulu Nadu state movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Party" title="Telugu Desam Party">Telugu Desam Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_parties" title="Dravidian parties">Dravidian parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravida_Nadu" title="Dravida Nadu">Dravida Nadu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dravidian" title="Template:Dravidian"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dravidian" title="Template talk:Dravidian"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dravidian" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dravidian"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Tamil tongue twisters.</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_7.ogg" title="File:நா நெகிழ் பயிற்சி வாக்கியம் 7.ogg">ல-கரம், ழ-கரம்.</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="நா_நெகிழ்_பயிற்சி_வாக்கியம்_7.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_7.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_7.ogg/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_7.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><small>'குலை குலையாய் வாழைப்பழம், மழையில் அழுகி கீழே விழுந்தது.'</small></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_2.ogg" title="File:நா நெகிழ் பயிற்சி 2.ogg">(பேச்சுத் தமிழில்) ந-கரம், ட-கரம்.</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="நா_நெகிழ்_பயிற்சி_2.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_2.ogg/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><small>கொக்கு நெட்ட கொக்கு. நெட்ட கொக்கு இட்ட முட்ட, கட்ட முட்ட.</small></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg" title="File:Tamil tongue twister.ogg">ழ-கரம்.</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg/Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><small>ஏழை கிழவன் வாழைப் பழத் தோல் மேல் சருசருக்கி வழுவழுக்கி கீழே விழுந்தான்.</small></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_10.ogg" title="File:நா நெகிழ் பயிற்சி வாக்கியம் 10.ogg">ல-கரம், ள-கரம்.</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_8" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="நா_நெகிழ்_பயிற்சி_வாக்கியம்_10.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_10.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_10.ogg/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_10.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><small>'அவள் அவலளந்தால், இவள் அவலளப்பாள். இவள் அவலளந்தால், அவள் அவலளப்பாள். அவளும் இவளும் அவல் அளக்காவிட்டால், எவள் அவலளப்பாள் ?'</small></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil grammar</a></div> <p>Tamil employs <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutinative</a> grammar, where suffixes are used to mark <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>, verb <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> and other grammatical categories. Tamil's standard <a href="/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">metalinguistic</a> terminology and scholarly vocabulary is itself Tamil, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> that is standard for most <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-metalanguage_zvelbil_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metalanguage_zvelbil-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of Tamil grammar is extensively described in the oldest known grammar book for Tamil, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a></i>. Modern Tamil writing is largely based on the 13th-century grammar <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Naṉṉūl</i></span></i> which restated and clarified the rules of the <i>Tolkāppiyam</i>, with some modifications. Traditional Tamil grammar consists of five parts, namely <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">eḻuttu</i></span></i>, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">col</i></span></i>, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">poruḷ</i></span></i>, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">yāppu</i></span></i>, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">aṇi</i></span></i>. Of these, the last two are mostly applied in poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-five_parts_grammar_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-five_parts_grammar-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamil words consist of a <a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">lexical root</a> to which one or more <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> are attached. Most Tamil affixes are <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>. Tamil suffixes can be <a href="/wiki/Morphological_derivation" title="Morphological derivation">derivational</a> suffixes, which either change the part of speech of the word or its meaning, or <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> suffixes, which mark categories such as <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, etc. There is no absolute limit on the length and extent of <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a>, which can lead to long words with many suffixes, which would require several words or a sentence in English. To give an example, the word <i>pōkamuṭiyātavarkaḷukkāka</i> (போகமுடியாதவர்களுக்காக) means "for the sake of those who cannot go" and consists of the following <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">போக</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">முடி</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">muṭi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">accomplish</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">ஆத்</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āt</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="impersonal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMPRS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">அ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="participle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">வர்</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">var</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominalizer ("he/she who does")" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NMLZ</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">கள்</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kaḷ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">உக்கு</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ukku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">ஆக</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">for</p></div><p style="display: none;">போக முடி ஆத் அ வர் கள் உக்கு ஆக</p><p style="display: none;">pōka muṭi āt a var kaḷ ukku āka</p><p style="display: none;">go accomplish <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.IMPRS PTCP <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominalizer ("he/she who does")" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NMLZ</abbr> PL to for</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3></div> <p>Tamil nouns (and pronouns) are classified into two super-classes (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tiṇai</i></span></i>)—the "rational" (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">uyartiṇai</i></span></i>), and the "irrational" (<i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">akṟiṇai</i></span></i>)—which include a total of five classes (<i>pāl</i>, which literally means "gender"). Humans and <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> are classified as "rational", and all other nouns (animals, objects, abstract nouns) are classified as irrational. The "rational" nouns and pronouns belong to one of three classes (<i>pāl</i>)—masculine singular, feminine singular, and rational plural. The "irrational" nouns and pronouns belong to one of two classes: irrational singular and irrational plural. The <i>pāl</i> is often indicated through suffixes. The plural form for rational nouns may be used as an <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a>, gender-neutral, singular form.<sup id="cite_ref-classes_of_nouns_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classes_of_nouns-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5" style="background: #f2f2f2;" align="center"><b>peyarccol (Name-words)</b><sup id="cite_ref-classes_of_nouns2_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classes_of_nouns2-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background: #f2f2f2;" align="center"><i><b>uyartiṇai</b></i><br />(rational) </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #f2f2f2;" align="center"><i><b>aḵṟiṇai</b></i><br />(irrational) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background: #f9f9f9;"><i>āṇpāl</i><br />Male </td> <td align="center" style="background: #f9f9f9;"><i>peṇpāl</i><br />Female </td> <td align="center" style="background: #f9f9f9;"><i>palarpāl</i><br />Collective </td> <td align="center" style="background: #f9f9f9;"><i>oṉṟaṉpāl</i><br />One </td> <td align="center" style="background: #f9f9f9;"><i>palaviṉpāl</i><br />Many </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background: #f2f2f2;" align="center"><b>Example: the Tamil words for "doer"</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f9f9f9;"><i>ceytavaṉ</i><br />He who did </td> <td align="center" style="background:#f9f9f9;"><i>ceytavaḷ</i><br />She who did </td> <td align="center" style="background:#f9f9f9;"><i>ceytavar(kaḷ)</i><br />They who did </td> <td align="center" style="background:#f9f9f9;"><i>ceytatu</i><br />That which did </td> <td align="center" style="background:#f9f9f9;"><i>ceytavai</i><br />Those ones which did </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Suffixes are used to perform the functions of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a> or <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a>. Traditional grammarians tried to group the various suffixes into eight cases corresponding to the cases used in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. These were the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">sociative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a>. Modern grammarians argue that this classification is artificial,<sup id="cite_ref-CaseMarkerZvelebil_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaseMarkerZvelebil-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that Tamil usage is best understood if each suffix or combination of suffixes is seen as marking a separate case.<sup id="cite_ref-Standard_restandard_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standard_restandard-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil nouns can take one of four <a href="/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefix (linguistics)">prefixes</a>: <i>i</i>, <i>a</i>, <i>u</i>, and <i>e</i> which are functionally equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a> in English. For example, the word <i>vazhi</i> (வழி) meaning "way" can take these to produce <i>ivvazhi</i> (இவ்வழி) "this way", <i>avvazhi</i> (அவ்வழி) "that way", <i>uvvazhi</i> (உவ்வழி) "the medial way" and <i>evvazhi</i> (எவ்வழி) "which way". </p><p>Tamil verbs are also inflected through the use of suffixes. A typical Tamil verb form will have a number of <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>, which show person, number, mood, tense, and voice. </p> <ul><li>Person and number are indicated by suffixing the <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique case</a> of the relevant pronoun. The suffixes to indicate tenses and voice are formed from <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">grammatical particles</a>, which are added to the stem.</li> <li>Tamil has two voices. The first indicates that the subject of the sentence <i>undergoes</i> or <i>is the object of</i> the action named by the verb stem, and the second indicates that the subject of the sentence <i>directs</i> the action referred to by the verb stem.</li> <li>Tamil has three simple tenses—past, present, and future—indicated by the suffixes, as well as a series of perfects indicated by compound suffixes. Mood is implicit in Tamil, and is normally reflected by the same <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> which mark tense categories. Tamil verbs also mark <a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">evidentiality</a>, through the addition of the hearsay <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ām</i></span>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-steeverevidentiality_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steeverevidentiality-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verb inflection is shown below using example <i>aḻintukkoṇṭiruntēṉ</i>; (அழிந்துக்கொண்டிருந்தேன்); "(I) was being destroyed".</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center"><i>அழி</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>ந்து</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>கொண்டு</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>இரு</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>ந்த்</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>ஏன்</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>aḻi</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>ntu</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>koṇṭu</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>iru</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>nt</i> </td> <td align="center"><i>ēn</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>root</b><br />destroy </td> <td align="center"><b>transitivity marker</b><br />intransitive </td> <td align="center"><b>aspect marker</b><br />continuous </td> <td align="center"><b>aspect marker</b><br />continuous </td> <td align="center"><b>tense marker</b><br />past tense </td> <td align="center"><b>person marker</b><br />first person,<br />singular </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Traditional grammars of Tamil do not distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a>, including both of them under the category <i>uriccol</i>, although modern grammarians tend to distinguish between them on morphological and syntactical grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-lehmann1989_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehmann1989-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil has many <a href="/wiki/Ideophone" title="Ideophone">ideophones</a> that act as adverbs indicating the way the object in a given state "says" or "sounds".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamil does not have <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a>. Definiteness and indefiniteness are either indicated by special grammatical devices, such as using the number "one" as an indefinite article, or by the context.<sup id="cite_ref-steeversummary_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steeversummary-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first person plural, Tamil makes a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">inclusive</a> pronouns <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">நாம்</span></span> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">nām</i></span></i> (we), <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">நமது</span></span> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">namatu</i></span></i> (our) that include the addressee and exclusive pronouns <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">நாங்கள்</span></span> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">nāṅkaḷ</i></span></i> (we), <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">எமது</span></span> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ematu</i></span></i> (our) that do not.<sup id="cite_ref-steeversummary_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steeversummary-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3></div> <p>Tamil is a consistently <a href="/wiki/Head-final" class="mw-redirect" title="Head-final">head-final</a> language. The verb comes at the end of the clause, with a typical word order of <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> (SOV).<sup id="cite_ref-SOV_language_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOV_language-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, word order in Tamil is also flexible, so that surface permutations of the SOV order are possible with different <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatic</a> effects. Tamil has <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositions">prepositions</a>. Demonstratives and modifiers precede the noun within the noun phrase. Subordinate clauses precede the verb of the matrix clause. </p><p>Tamil is a <a href="/wiki/Null-subject_language" title="Null-subject language">null-subject language</a>. Not all Tamil sentences have subjects, verbs, and objects. It is possible to construct grammatically valid and meaningful sentences which lack one or more of the three. For example, a sentence may only have a verb—such as <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">muṭintuviṭṭatu</i></span></i> ("completed")—or only a subject and object, without a verb such as <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">atu eṉ vīṭu</i></span></i> ("That [is] my house"). Tamil does not have a <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> (a linking verb equivalent to the word <i>is</i>). The word is included in the translations only to convey the meaning more easily. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div> <p>The vocabulary of Tamil is mainly Dravidian. A strong sense of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">linguistic purism</a> is found in Modern Tamil,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which opposes the use of foreign loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, a number of words used in classical and modern Tamil are loanwords from the languages of neighbouring groups, or with whom the Tamils had trading links, including <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (e.g. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">cavvarici</i></span> "sago" from Malay <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sāgu</i></span>), Chinese (for example, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">campān</i></span> "skiff" from Chinese san-pan) and Greek (for example, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ora</i></span> from Greek ὥρα). In more modern times, Tamil has imported words from <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, reflecting groups that have influenced the Tamil area at times, and from neighbouring languages such as <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, and Sinhala. During the modern period, words have also been adapted from European languages, such as Portuguese, French, and English.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The strongest effect of purism in Tamil has been on words taken from Sanskrit. During its history, Tamil, along with other Dravidian languages like <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> etc., was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> in terms of vocabulary, grammar and literary styles,<sup id="cite_ref-influence_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influence-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-caldwell_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caldwell-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-takahashi_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-takahashi-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reflecting the increased trend of <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a> in the Tamil country.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil vocabulary never became quite as heavily Sanskritised as that of the other Dravidian languages, and unlike in those languages, it was and remains possible to express complex ideas (including in science, art, religion and law) without the use of Sanskrit loan words.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Sanskritisation was actively resisted by a number of authors of the late medieval period,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> culminating in the 20th century in a movement called <i><a href="/wiki/Tanittamil_Iyakkam" title="Tanittamil Iyakkam"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">taṉit tamiḻ iyakkam</i></span></a></i> (meaning "pure Tamil movement"), led by <a href="/wiki/Parithimaar_Kalaignar" class="mw-redirect" title="Parithimaar Kalaignar">Parithimaar Kalaignar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maraimalai_Adigal" title="Maraimalai Adigal">Maraimalai Adigal</a>, which sought to remove the accumulated influence of Sanskrit on Tamil.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this, Tamil in formal documents, literature and public speeches has seen a marked decline in the use Sanskrit loan words in the past few decades,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under some estimates having fallen from 40 to 50% to about 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishnamurti_2003_p=480_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnamurti_2003_p=480-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Prakrit and Sanskrit loan words used in modern Tamil are, unlike in some other Dravidian languages, restricted mainly to some spiritual terminology and <a href="/wiki/Abstract_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract noun">abstract nouns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, institutions and learned bodies have, with government support, generated technical dictionaries for Tamil containing <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> and words derived from Tamil roots to replace loan words from English and other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-thaniththamizh_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thaniththamizh-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_language&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the language had a listed vocabulary of over 470,000 unique words, including those from old literary sources. In November 2019, the state government issued an order to add 9,000 new words to the vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_loanwords_in_other_languages" title="Tamil loanwords in other languages">Tamil loanwords in other languages</a></div> <p>Words of Tamil origin occur in other languages. A notable example of a word in worldwide use with Dravidian (not specifically Tamil) etymology is <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/orange" class="extiw" title="wikt:orange">orange</a></i>, via Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">nāraṅga</i></span> from a Dravidian predecessor of Tamil <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">nārttaṅkāy</i></span> 'fragrant fruit'. One suggestion as to the origin of the word <i>anaconda</i> is the Tamil <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">anaikkonda</i></span> 'having killed an elephant'.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Words_of_Tamil_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Words of Tamil origin">Examples in English</a> include <i>cheroot</i> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">curuṭṭu</i></span> meaning 'rolled up'),<sup id="cite_ref-OED_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>mango</i> (from <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">māṅgāy</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-OED_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>mulligatawny</i> (from <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">miḷaku taṇṇīr</i></span> 'pepper water'), <i>pariah</i> (from <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">paṟaiyar</i></span>), <i>curry</i> (from <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">kaṟi</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-oed-curry_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-curry-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>catamaran</i> (from <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">kaṭṭu maram</i></span> 'bundled logs'),<sup id="cite_ref-OED_134-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>congee</i> (from <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">kañji</i></span> 'rice porridge' or 'gruel').<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2></div> <p>The following is a sample text in literary Tamil of Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>. The first line is the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil script</a>; the second is romanized Tamil; the third is the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>; the fourth is the gloss. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;"><b>உறுப்புரை</b></p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Uṟuppurai</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>urupːurai</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>Section</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;"><b>1:</b></p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>1:</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ond̺rʉ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>1:</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">மனிதப்</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Maṉitap</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mənid̪ə</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Human</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">பிறவியினர்</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">piṟaviyiṉar</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">piriʋijinər</p><p style="margin: 0px;">beings</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">சகலரும்</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cakalarum</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">səgələrum</p><p style="margin: 0px;">all-of-them</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">சுதந்திரமாகவே</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cutantiramākavē</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sud̪ən̪d̪irəmaːgəʋeː</p><p style="margin: 0px;">freely</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">பிறக்கின்றனர்;</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">piṟakkiṉṟaṉar;</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pirəkːin̺d̺ranər</p><p style="margin: 0px;">are born.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">அவர்கள்</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avarkaḷ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">əvərgəɭ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">They</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">மதிப்பிலும்,</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">matippilum,</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">məd̪ipːilum</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rights-in-and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">உரிமைகளிலும்</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">urimaikaḷilum</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uriməigəɭilum</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dignities-in-and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">சமமானவர்கள்,</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">camamāṉavarkaḷ,</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">səməmaːnəʋərgəɭ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">equal-ones.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">அவர்கள்</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avarkaḷ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">əvərgəɭ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">They</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">நியாயத்தையும்</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">niyāyattaiyum</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nijaːjatːəijum</p><p style="margin: 0px;">law-and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">மனச்சாட்சியையும்</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">maṉaccāṭciyaiyum</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mənətt͡ʃaːʈt͡ʃijəijum</p><p style="margin: 0px;">conscience-and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">இயற்பண்பாகப்</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iyaṟpaṇpākap</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ijərpəɳbaːgə</p><p style="margin: 0px;">intrinsically</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">பெற்றவர்கள்.</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">peṟṟavarkaḷ.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pet̺rəʋərgəɭ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">possessed-ones.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">அவர்கள்</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Avarkaḷ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">əvərgəɭ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">They</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">ஒருவருடனொருவர்</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oruvaruṭaṉoruvar</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oruʋəruɖənoruʋər</p><p style="margin: 0px;">among-one-another</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">சகோதர</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cakōtara</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sagoːdəɾə</p><p style="margin: 0px;">brotherly</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">உணர்வுப்</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uṇarvup</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uɳərʋɨ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">feeling</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">பாங்கில்</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pāṅkil</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">paːŋgil</p><p style="margin: 0px;">share-in</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">நடந்துகொள்ளல்</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">naṭantukoḷḷal</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nəɖən̪d̪ʉkoɭɭəl</p><p style="margin: 0px;">act</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ta" style="margin: 0px;">வேண்டும்.</p><p lang="ta-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vēṇṭum.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">veːɳɖum</p><p style="margin: 0px;">must.</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>உறுப்புரை</b> <b>1:</b> மனிதப் பிறவியினர் சகலரும் சுதந்திரமாகவே பிறக்கின்றனர்; அவர்கள் மதிப்பிலும், உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள், அவர்கள் நியாயத்தையும் மனச்சாட்சியையும் இயற்பண்பாகப் பெற்றவர்கள். அவர்கள் ஒருவருடனொருவர் சகோதர உணர்வுப் பாங்கில் நடந்துகொள்ளல் வேண்டும்.</p><p style="display: none;"><b>Uṟuppurai</b> <b>1:</b> Maṉitap piṟaviyiṉar cakalarum cutantiramākavē piṟakkiṉṟaṉar; avarkaḷ matippilum, urimaikaḷilum camamāṉavarkaḷ, avarkaḷ niyāyattaiyum maṉaccāṭciyaiyum iyaṟpaṇpākap peṟṟavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ oruvaruṭaṉoruvar cakōtara uṇarvup pāṅkil naṭantukoḷḷal vēṇṭum.</p><p style="display: none;"><b>urupːurai</b> <b>ond̺rʉ</b> mənid̪ə piriʋijinər səgələrum sud̪ən̪d̪irəmaːgəʋeː pirəkːin̺d̺ranər əvərgəɭ məd̪ipːilum uriməigəɭilum səməmaːnəʋərgəɭ əvərgəɭ nijaːjatːəijum mənətt͡ʃaːʈt͡ʃijəijum ijərpəɳbaːgə pet̺rəʋərgəɭ əvərgəɭ oruʋəruɖənoruʋər sagoːdəɾə uɳərʋɨ paːŋgil nəɖən̪d̪ʉkoɭɭəl veːɳɖum</p><p style="display: none;"><b>Section</b> <b>1:</b> Human beings all-of-them freely {are born}. They rights-in-and dignities-in-and equal-ones. They law-and conscience-and intrinsically possessed-ones. They among-one-another brotherly feeling share-in act must.</p><p style="clear: left;"><b>Article 1:</b> All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They possess conscience and reason. Therefore, everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Tamil_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Tamil is an official language">List of countries where Tamil is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">List of languages by first written accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_keyboard" title="Tamil keyboard">Tamil keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_population_by_cities" title="Tamil population by cities">Tamil population by cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_population_by_nation" title="Tamil population by nation">Tamil population by nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Loanwords_in_other_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Loanwords in other languages">Tamil Loanwords in other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Shorthand">Tamil Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolinguistics" title="Geolinguistics">Geolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_geography" title="Language geography">Language geography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">protected language</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TAM</span>-il, <span style="font-size:90%">TAHM</span>-</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Talbot_2001_27–37-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Talbot_2001_27–37_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talbot_2001_27–37_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbot2001">Talbot 2001</a>, pp. 27–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e27-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tam">Modern Tamil</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/oty">Old Tamil</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TN-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TN_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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"Tamil is one of the two longest-surviving classical languages in India" (p. 7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteever1998">Steever 1998</a>, p. 6. "one of India's two classical languages, alongside the more widely known Indo-Aryan language Sanskrit".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707000020/http://www.ciil-classicaltamil.org/project1.html">Definitive Editions of Ancient Tamil Works</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2003" class="citation cs2">Abraham, S.A. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf">"Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Asian Perspectives</i>, <b>42</b> (2): 207, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasi.2003.0031">10.1353/asi.2003.0031</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F17189">10125/17189</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153420843">153420843</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Chera%2C+Chola%2C+Pandya%3A+Using+Archaeological+Evidence+to+Identify+the+Tamil+Kingdoms+of+Early+Historic+South+India&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F17189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153420843%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fasi.2003.0031&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fbitstream%2F10125%2F17189%2F1%2FAP-v42n2-207-223.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-companion-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-companion_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZvelebil1992">Zvelebil 1992</a>, p. 12: "...the most acceptable periodisation which has so far been suggested for the development of Tamil writing seems to me to be that of A Chidambaranatha Chettiar (1907–1967): 1. Sangam Literature – 200BC to AD 200; 2. Post Sangam literature – AD 200 – AD 600; 3. Early Medieval literature – AD 600 to AD 1200; 4. Later Medieval literature – AD 1200 to AD 1800; 5. Pre-Modern literature – AD 1800 to 1900"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maloney1970-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maloney1970_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaloney1970" class="citation cs2">Maloney, C. 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It is, for instance, sheer convention based on Tamil grammatical tradition (influenced no doubt by Sanskrit) that, as a rule, the number of cases in Tamil is given as eight.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Dravidian+Case-Suffixes%3A+Attempt+at+a+Reconstruction&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E272-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=1972-04%2F1972-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F600654&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F600654%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=K.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steeverevidentiality-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-steeverevidentiality_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteever2002" class="citation cs2">Steever, Sanford B. 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(1996), <i>The metamorphosis of English: versions of other languages</i>, New York: Bergin & Garvey, p. 61, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-468-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-468-5"><bdi>978-0-89789-468-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+metamorphosis+of+English%3A+versions+of+other+languages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Bergin+%26+Garvey&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-468-5&rft.aulast=Swiderski&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steeversummary-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-steeversummary_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steeversummary_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnnamalaiSteever1998">Annamalai & Steever 1998</a>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOV_language-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SOV_language_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030919235821/http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/schuh/lx001/Discussion/d02.html"><i>Tamil is a head-final language</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/schuh/lx001/Discussion/d02.html">the original</a> on 19 September 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+is+a+head-final+language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.ucla.edu%2Fpeople%2Fschuh%2Flx001%2FDiscussion%2Fd02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_tml"><i>WALS – Tamil</i></a>, Wals.info<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WALS+%E2%80%93+Tamil&rft.pub=Wals.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Flanguoid%2Flect%2Fwals_code_tml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy2009" class="citation cs2">Ramaswamy, S. (2009), "En/gendering Language: The Poetics of Tamil Identity", <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>, <b>35</b> (4): 683, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500018673">10.1017/S0010417500018673</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145729544">145729544</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=En%2Fgendering+Language%3A+The+Poetics+of+Tamil+Identity&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=683&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500018673&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145729544%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrishnamurti2003">Krishnamurti 2003</a>, p. 480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeenakshisundaran1965">Meenakshisundaran 1965</a>, pp. 169–193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-influence-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-influence_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Literature in all Dravidian languages owes a great deal to Sanskrit, the magic wand whose touch raised each of the languages from a level of patois to that of a literary idiom" (Sastri 1955, p. 309); Trautmann, Thomas R. (2006). <i>Languages and nations: the Dravidian proof in colonial Madras</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. "The author endeavours to demonstrate that the entire Sangam poetic corpus follows the "Kavya" form of Sanskrit poetry" – <a href="#CITEREFTieken2001">Tieken 2001</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaidyanathan1967" class="citation cs2">Vaidyanathan, S. (1967), "Indo-Aryan Loan Words in the Cīvakacintāmaṇi", <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, <b>87</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">430–</span>434, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F597587">10.2307/597587</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/597587">597587</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Indo-Aryan+Loan+Words+in+the+C%C4%ABvakacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E434&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F597587&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F597587%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vaidyanathan&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caldwell-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caldwell_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaldwell1974">Caldwell 1974</a>, pp. 87–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-takahashi-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-takahashi_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Takahashi, Takanobu. (1995). <i>Tamil love poetry and poetics</i>. Brill's Indological Library, v. 9. Leiden: E. J. Brill, pp. 16, 18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10042-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10042-3">90-04-10042-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollock, Sheldon (1996). "The Sanskrit Cosmopolis 300–1300: Transculturation, vernacularisation and the question of ideology" in Jan E. M. Houben (ed.), <i>The ideology and status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the history of the Sanskrit language</i>. E. J. Brill, Leiden. pp. 209–217. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10613-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10613-8">90-04-10613-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrautmann1999" class="citation cs2">Trautmann, Thomas R. (1999), "Hullabaloo About Telugu", <i>South Asia Research</i>, <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">53–</span>70, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026272809901900104">10.1177/026272809901900104</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144334963">144334963</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia+Research&rft.atitle=Hullabaloo+About+Telugu&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026272809901900104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144334963%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Trautmann&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span> at p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaldwell1974">Caldwell 1974</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, F. W. (1820), "Note to the introduction" in Campbell, A.D., <i>A grammar of the Teloogoo language.</i> Madras: College Press, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> Ramaswamy's analysis of one such text, the <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">Tamiḻ viṭututu</i></span></i>, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy1998" class="citation cs2">Ramaswamy, S. 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Oxford University Press. 14 August 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/mwc/12703/congee">"congee"</a>, <i>academic.ru</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=academic.ru&rft.atitle=congee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.academic.ru%2Fdic.nsf%2Fmwc%2F12703%2Fcongee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndronov1970" class="citation cs2">Andronov, M.S. 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(1998), "Modern Tamil", in Steever, Sanford (ed.), <i>The Dravidian Languages</i>, London: Routledge, pp. <span class="nowrap">100–</span>128, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10023-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10023-6"><bdi>978-0-415-10023-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modern+Tamil&rft.btitle=The+Dravidian+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10023-6&rft.aulast=Annamalai&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Steever%2C+S.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell1974" class="citation cs2">Caldwell, Robert (1974) [1856], <i><a href="/wiki/A_Comparative_Grammar_of_the_Dravidian_or_South-Indian_Family_of_Languages" title="A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages">A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages</a></i>, New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corp., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170690382" title="Special:BookSources/8170690382"><bdi>8170690382</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Grammar+of+the+Dravidian+or+South-Indian+Family+of+Languages&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Oriental+Books+Reprint+Corp.&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=8170690382&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1975" class="citation cs2">Hart, George L. (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poemsofancientta00hart"><i>The poems of ancient Tamil : their milieu and their Sanskrit counterparts</i></a>, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02672-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02672-8"><bdi>978-0-520-02672-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+poems+of+ancient+Tamil+%3A+their+milieu+and+their+Sanskrit+counterparts&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02672-8&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoemsofancientta00hart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurti2003" class="citation cs2">Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003), <i>The Dravidian Languages</i>, Cambridge Language Surveys, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77111-5"><bdi>978-0-521-77111-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dravidian+Languages&rft.series=Cambridge+Language+Surveys&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77111-5&rft.aulast=Krishnamurti&rft.aufirst=Bhadriraju&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesavapanyManiRamasamy2008" class="citation cs2">Kesavapany, K.; Mani, A; Ramasamy, Palanisamy (2008), <i>Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia</i>, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-799-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-799-6"><bdi>978-981-230-799-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+India+and+Indian+Communities+in+East+Asia&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-981-230-799-6&rft.aulast=Kesavapany&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Mani%2C+A&rft.au=Ramasamy%2C+Palanisamy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuiper1958" class="citation cs2">Kuiper, F. B. J. (1958), "Two problems of old Tamil phonology I. The old Tamil āytam (with an appendix by K. Zvelebil)", <i>Indo-Iranian Journal</i>, <b>2</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>224, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00162818">10.1007/BF00162818</a> (inactive 2 November 2024), <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161402102">161402102</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=Two+problems+of+old+Tamil+phonology+I.+The+old+Tamil+%C4%81ytam+%28with+an+appendix+by+K.+Zvelebil%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00162818&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161402102%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kuiper&rft.aufirst=F.+B.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann1998" class="citation cs2">Lehmann, Thomas (1998), "Old Tamil", in Steever, Sanford (ed.), <i>The Dravidian Languages</i>, London: Routledge, pp. <span class="nowrap">75–</span>99, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10023-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10023-6"><bdi>978-0-415-10023-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Tamil&rft.btitle=The+Dravidian+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10023-6&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahadevan2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Iravatham_Mahadevan" title="Iravatham Mahadevan">Mahadevan, Iravatham</a> (2003), <i>Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D</i>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Oriental_Series" title="Harvard Oriental Series">Harvard Oriental Series</a> vol. 62, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01227-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01227-1"><bdi>978-0-674-01227-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Tamil+Epigraphy+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Sixth+Century+A.D&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Harvard+Oriental+Series+vol.+62&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01227-1&rft.aulast=Mahadevan&rft.aufirst=Iravatham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeenakshisundaran1965" class="citation cs2">Meenakshisundaran, T.P. (1965), <i>A History of Tamil Language</i>, Poona: Deccan College, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246076230">246076230</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Tamil+Language&rft.place=Poona&rft.pub=Deccan+College&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246076230&rft.aulast=Meenakshisundaran&rft.aufirst=T.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurthyRaoVeluthatBari1990" class="citation cs2">Murthy, Srinivasa; Rao, Surendra; Veluthat, Kesavan; Bari, S.A. (1990), <i>Essays on Indian History and culture: Felicitation volume in Honour of Professor B. Sheik Ali</i>, New Delhi: Mittal, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-211-0"><bdi>978-81-7099-211-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Indian+History+and+culture%3A+Felicitation+volume+in+Honour+of+Professor+B.+Sheik+Ali&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Mittal&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-211-0&rft.aulast=Murthy&rft.aufirst=Srinivasa&rft.au=Rao%2C+Surendra&rft.au=Veluthat%2C+Kesavan&rft.au=Bari%2C+S.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamstedt2004" class="citation cs2">Ramstedt, Martin (2004), <i>Hinduism in modern Indonesia</i>, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1533-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1533-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1533-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+in+modern+Indonesia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1533-6&rft.aulast=Ramstedt&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajam1992" class="citation cs2">Rajam, VS (1992), <i>A Reference Grammar of Classical Tamil Poetry</i>, Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-199-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-199-6"><bdi>978-0-87169-199-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reference+Grammar+of+Classical+Tamil+Poetry&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-199-6&rft.aulast=Rajam&rft.aufirst=VS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy1997" class="citation cs2">Ramaswamy, Sumathy (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=ft5199n9v7&chunk.id=ch4">"Laboring for language"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft5199n9v7/"><i>Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970</i></a>, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-10600-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-10600-7"><bdi>978-0-585-10600-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Laboring+for+language&rft.btitle=Passions+of+the+Tongue%3A+Language+Devotion+in+Tamil+India%2C+1891%E2%80%931970&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-585-10600-7&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Sumathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.cdlib.org%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft5199n9v7%26chunk.id%3Dch4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiroSchiffman1983" class="citation cs2">Shapiro, Michael C.; Schiffman, Harold F. (1983), <i>Language and society in South Asia</i>, Dordrecht: Foris, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-70176-55-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-70176-55-6"><bdi>978-90-70176-55-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+society+in+South+Asia&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Foris&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-90-70176-55-6&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft.au=Schiffman%2C+Harold+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman1999" class="citation cs2">Schiffman, Harold F. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/tamilweb/book.html"><i>A Reference Grammar of Spoken Tamil</i></a>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64074-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64074-9"><bdi>978-0-521-64074-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reference+Grammar+of+Spoken+Tamil&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64074-9&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Harold+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccat.sas.upenn.edu%2Fplc%2Ftamilweb%2Fbook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthworth1998" class="citation cs2">Southworth, Franklin C. (1998), "On the Origin of the word tamiz", <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Dravidian_Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics">International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics</a></i>, <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>132</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Dravidian+Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+of+the+word+tamiz&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Southworth&rft.aufirst=Franklin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthworth2005" class="citation cs2">Southworth, Franklin C. (2005), <i>Linguistic archaeology of South Asia</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33323-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33323-8"><bdi>978-0-415-33323-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+archaeology+of+South+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33323-8&rft.aulast=Southworth&rft.aufirst=Franklin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteever1998" class="citation cs2">Steever, Sanford (1998), "Introduction", in Steever, Sanford (ed.), <i>The Dravidian Languages</i>, London: Routledge, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>39, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10023-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10023-6"><bdi>978-0-415-10023-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Dravidian+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10023-6&rft.aulast=Steever&rft.aufirst=Sanford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteever2005" class="citation cs2">Steever, Sanford (2005), <i>The Tamil auxiliary verb system</i>, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34672-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34672-6"><bdi>978-0-415-34672-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tamil+auxiliary+verb+system&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34672-6&rft.aulast=Steever&rft.aufirst=Sanford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharuLalita1991" class="citation cs2">Tharu, Susie; Lalita, K., eds. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenwritinginin00thar"><i>Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the present – Vol. 1: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century</i></a>, Feminist Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55861-027-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55861-027-9"><bdi>978-1-55861-027-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Writing+in+India%3A+600+B.C.+to+the+present+%E2%80%93+Vol.+1%3A+600+B.C.+to+the+early+twentieth+century&rft.pub=Feminist+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-55861-027-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenwritinginin00thar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2001" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Cynthia (2001), <i>Precolonial India in practice: Society, Region and Identity in Medieval Andhra</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513661-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513661-6"><bdi>978-0-19-513661-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precolonial+India+in+practice%3A+Society%2C+Region+and+Identity+in+Medieval+Andhra&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513661-6&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTieken2001" class="citation cs2">Tieken, Herman (2001), <i>Kavya in South India: Old Tamil Cankam Poetry</i>, Gonda Indological Studies, Volume X, Groningen: Egbert Forsten Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6980-134-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6980-134-6"><bdi>978-90-6980-134-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kavya+in+South+India%3A+Old+Tamil+Cankam+Poetry&rft.place=Groningen&rft.series=Gonda+Indological+Studies%2C+Volume+X&rft.pub=Egbert+Forsten+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-6980-134-6&rft.aulast=Tieken&rft.aufirst=Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradarajan1988" class="citation cs2">Varadarajan, Mu. (1988), <i>A History of Tamil Literature</i>, translated by E.Sa. Viswanathan, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20170197">20170197</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Tamil+Literature&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20170197&rft.aulast=Varadarajan&rft.aufirst=Mu.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1992" class="citation cs2">Zvelebil, Kamil (1992), <i>Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature</i>, Leiden: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09365-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09365-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09365-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+studies+to+the+history+of+Tamil+literature&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09365-2&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Fabricius" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Philipp Fabricius">Fabricius, Johann Philip</a> (1933 and 1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/fabricius/"><i>Tamil and English Dictionary</i></a>. based on J.P. Fabricius <i>Malabar-English Dictionary</i>, 3rd and 4th Edition Revised and Enlarged by David Bexell. Evangelical Lutheran Mission Publishing House, Tranquebar; called Tranquebar Dictionary.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1998" class="citation cs2">Freeman, Rich (February 1998), "Rubies and Coral: The Lapidary Crafting of Language in Kerala", <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>, <b>57</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">38–</span>65, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2659023">10.2307/2659023</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2659023">2659023</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162294036">162294036</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Rubies+and+Coral%3A+The+Lapidary+Crafting+of+Language+in+Kerala&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=1998-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162294036%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2659023%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2659023&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeane2004" class="citation cs2">Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">111–</span>116, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001549">10.1017/S0025100304001549</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Tamil&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001549&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ta:"> Tamil edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language">Tamil language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tamilnation.org/literature/index.htm">Tamil language and literature</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Tamil_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Tamil language"><i>Tamil language</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> Tamil language at Wikibooks</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tamil#Q5885" class="extiw" title="voy:Tamil">Tamil language</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tamil_language150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamil_language" title="Template:Tamil language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamil_language" title="Template talk:Tamil language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tamil_language150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tamil" title="Old Tamil">Old Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Tamil" title="Middle Tamil">Middle Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Tamil">Modern Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipravalam" title="Manipravalam">Manipravalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">Proto-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-South_Dravidian_language" title="Proto-South Dravidian language">Proto-South Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Sangams" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Sangams">Tamil Sangams</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sangam">First Sangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sangam">Second Sangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Sangam">Third Sangam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Tamil_dialects" title="Bangalore Tamil dialects">Bangalore Tamil dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tamil_dialect" title="Central Tamil dialect">Central Tamil dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongu_Tamil" title="Kongu Tamil">Kongu Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Bashai" title="Madras Bashai">Madras Bashai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Tamil" title="Madurai Tamil">Madurai Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellai_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellai Tamil">Nellai Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negombo_Tamil_dialect" title="Negombo Tamil dialect">Negombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_Tamil_dialect" title="Batticaloa Tamil dialect">Batticaloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Tamil_dialect" title="Jaffna Tamil dialect">Jaffna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southeast Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sociolects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin_Tamil" title="Brahmin Tamil">Brahmin Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Tamil_Conference" title="World Tamil Conference">World Tamil Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Classical_Tamil_Conference_2010" title="World Classical Tamil Conference 2010">World Classical Tamil Conference 2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Classics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_books_of_Law" title="Tamil books of Law">Tamil books of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Great_Epics_of_Tamil_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponniyin_Selvan" title="Ponniyin Selvan">Ponniyin Selvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sangam_poets" title="List of Sangam poets">List of Sangam poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_in_Tamil_literary_tradition" title="Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition">Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Devotional<br />literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umaru_Pulavar#Literary_works" title="Umaru Pulavar">Cīrappurānam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kampa Irāmāyaṉam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabhandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Naalayira Divya Prabhandham">Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thembavani" title="Thembavani">Tēmpāvaṉi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_literature_works_about_Ganesha" title="List of Tamil literature works about Ganesha">Tamil Ganaptya texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural_(poetic_form)" title="Kural (poetic form)">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venpa" title="Venpa">Venpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraichchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraichchi">Iraichchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akam_(poetry)" title="Akam (poetry)">Akam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puram_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puram (poetry)">Puram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinai">Thinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullurai" title="Ullurai">Ullurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ula_(poetry)" title="Ula (poetry)">Ulā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Grammars and<br />dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agattiyam" title="Agattiyam">Agattiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nann%C5%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nannūl">Nannūl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purapporul_Venbamaalai" title="Purapporul Venbamaalai">Purapporul Venbamaalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature#Vijayanagar_and_Nayak_period" title="Tamil literature">Caturakarāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Lexicon_dictionary" title="Tamil Lexicon dictionary">Tamil Lexicon dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalpana_Vaipava_Malai" title="Yalpana Vaipava Malai">Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mathematics and<br />natural science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asthana_Kolahalam" title="Asthana Kolahalam">Asthana Kolahalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87akkatik%C4%81ram" title="Kaṇakkatikāram">Kaṇakkatikāram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87ita_T%C4%ABpikai" title="Kaṇita Tīpikai">Kaṇita Tīpikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerambam" title="Yerambam">Yerambam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tamil and<br /> other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Tamil_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English words of Tamil origin">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_Tamil_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of Tamil origin">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_loanwords_in_Tamil" title="Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil">Indo-Aryan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Malay" title="List of loanwords in Malay">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_graffiti_symbols" title="Megalithic graffiti symbols">Megalithic graffiti symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Koleḻuttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatteluttu alphabet">Vatteluttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_grantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava grantha">Pallava grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Modern script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lexis and<br /> grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_honorifics" title="Tamil honorifics">Tamil honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Tamil numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_onomatopoeia" title="Tamil onomatopoeia">Tamil onomatopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_prosody" title="Tamil prosody">Tamil prosody</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transliteration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozhi_(transliteration)" title="Mozhi (transliteration)">Moḻi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standardisation_of_Tamil_script" title="Standardisation of Tamil script">Standardisation of Tamil script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanittamil_Iyakkam" title="Tanittamil Iyakkam">Tanittamil Iyakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Tamil_script" title="Simplified Tamil script">Simplified Tamil script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_in_Tamil_language" title="Printing in Tamil language">Printing in Tamil language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Heritage_Foundation" title="Tamil Heritage Foundation">Ancient manuscript digitalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Classical_Tamil" title="Central Institute of Classical Tamil">Formation of CICT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Madurai" title="Project Madurai">Project Madurai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Tamil_Nadu648" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamil_Nadu" title="Template talk:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Tamil_Nadu648" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_Nadu_state_symbols" title="List of Tamil Nadu state symbols">State <br />symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Seal: <a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur_Andal_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivilliputhur Andal temple">Srivilliputhur Andal temple tower</a></li> <li>Animal: <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a></li> <li>Bird: <a href="/wiki/Common_emerald_dove" title="Common emerald dove">Emerald dove</a></li> <li>Flower: <a href="/wiki/Gloriosa_superba" title="Gloriosa superba">Gloriosa lily</a></li> <li>Fruit: <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li>Tree: <a href="/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer" title="Borassus flabellifer">Palm tree</a></li> <li>Butterfly: <a href="/wiki/Cirrochroa_thais" title="Cirrochroa thais">Cirrochroa Thais</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TamilNadu_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/80px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/120px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/160px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of governors of Tamil Nadu">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Deputy chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu">Political parties</a></li> <li>Raj Bhavan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Chennai" title="Raj Bhavan, Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Ooty" title="Raj Bhavan, Ooty">Ooty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Police" title="Tamil Nadu Police">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Tamil Nadu">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu#History" title="Tamil Nadu">History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Education in Tamil Nadu">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Sports in Tamil Nadu">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Politics of Tamil Nadu">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of temples in Tamil Nadu">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of protected areas of Tamil Nadu">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_radio_on_internet" title="Tamil radio on internet">Radio on Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doddabetta" title="Doddabetta">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Wildlife of Tamil Nadu">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_sexual_minorities" title="Tamil sexual minorities">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Tourism in Tamil Nadu">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River_water_dispute" title="Kaveri River water dispute">Kaveri River water dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Day" title="Tamil Nadu Day">State Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur" title="Tiruppur">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of districts of Tamil Nadu">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariyalur_district" title="Ariyalur district">Ariyalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu_district" title="Chengalpattu district">Chengalpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_district" title="Chennai district">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_district" title="Coimbatore district">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuddalore_district" title="Cuddalore district">Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmapuri_district" title="Dharmapuri district">Dharmapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dindigul_district" title="Dindigul district">Dindigul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erode_district" title="Erode district">Erode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallakurichi_district" title="Kallakurichi district">Kallakurichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_district" title="Kanchipuram district">Kanchipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karur_district" title="Karur district">Karur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnagiri_district" title="Krishnagiri district">Krishnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_district" title="Madurai district">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayiladuthurai_district" title="Mayiladuthurai district">Mayiladuthurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam_district" title="Nagapattinam district">Nagapattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namakkal_district" title="Namakkal district">Namakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambalur_district" title="Perambalur district">Perambalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_district" title="Pudukkottai district">Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathapuram_district" title="Ramanathapuram district">Ramanathapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranipet_district" title="Ranipet district">Ranipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_district" title="Salem district">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaganga_district" title="Sivaganga district">Sivaganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkasi_district" title="Tenkasi district">Tenkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_district" title="Thanjavur district">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theni_district" title="Theni district">Theni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi_district" title="Thoothukudi district">Thoothukudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_district" title="Tiruchirappalli district">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_district" title="Tirunelveli district">Tirunelveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupathur_district" title="Tirupathur district">Tirupathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_district" title="Tiruppur district">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_district" title="Tiruvallur district">Tiruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvannamalai_district" title="Tiruvannamalai district">Tiruvannamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvarur_district" title="Tiruvarur district">Tiruvarur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_district" title="Vellore district">Vellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viluppuram_district" title="Viluppuram district">Viluppuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virudhunagar_district" title="Virudhunagar district">Virudhunagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu-related_lists" title="Category:Tamil Nadu-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of districts in Tamil Nadu by Human Development Index">Districts in Tamil Nadu by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population">Cities in Tamil Nadu by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of towns in Tamil Nadu by population">Towns in Tamil Nadu by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revenue_divisions_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of revenue divisions of Tamil Nadu">Revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/16px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/24px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dravidian_languages245" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dravidian_languages" title="Template:Dravidian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dravidian_languages" title="Template talk:Dravidian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dravidian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dravidian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dravidian_languages245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Dravidian_languages" title="South Dravidian languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tamil–Kannada32" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tamil–Kannada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kannada <br /> - Badaga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kannadoid30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_dialects" title="Kannada dialects">Kannadoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiya_language" title="Holiya language">Holiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundadan_Chetti_language" title="Maundadan Chetti language">Maundadan Chetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholaga_language" title="Sholaga language">Sholaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alu_Kurumba_language" title="Alu Kurumba language">Alu Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betta_Kurumba_language" title="Betta Kurumba language">Betta Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennu_Kurumba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennu Kurumba language">Jennu Kurumba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Toda-Kota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Toda_language" title="Toda language">Toda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_language_(India)" title="Kota language (India)">Kota</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kodagu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urali_language" title="Urali language">Urali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irula_language" title="Irula language">Irula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muduga_language" title="Muduga language">Muduga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attapady_Kurumba_language" title="Attapady Kurumba language">Attapady Kurumba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tamil - <br />Malayalam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil languages">Tamiloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sankethi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankethi dialect">Sankethi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravallan_language" title="Eravallan language">Eravallan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikadi_language" title="Kaikadi language">Kaikadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala_Malasar_language" title="Mala Malasar language">Mala Malasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasar_language" title="Malasar language">Malasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malapandaram_language" title="Malapandaram language">Malapandaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannan_language" title="Mannan language">Mannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthuvan_language" title="Muthuvan language">Muthuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliyan_language" title="Paliyan language">Paliyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattapu_language" title="Pattapu language">Pattapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerukala_language" title="Yerukala language">Yerukala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam languages">Malayalamoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeseri" title="Jeseri">Jeseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam (Mappila Malayalam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byari_dialect" title="Byari dialect">Byari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Suriyani Malayalam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allar_language" title="Allar language">Allar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranadan_language" title="Eranadan language">Eranadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_language" title="Kadar language">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanadi_language" title="Kalanadi language">Kalanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanikkaran_language" title="Kanikkaran language">Kanikkaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunduvadi_language" title="Kunduvadi language">Kunduvadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurichiya_language" title="Kurichiya language">Kurichiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamuthan_language" title="Malamuthan language">Malamuthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankuravan_language" title="Malankuravan language">Malankuravan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malaryan_language" title="Malaryan language">Malaryan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malavedan_language" title="Malavedan language">Malavedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullu_Kurumba_language" title="Mullu Kurumba language">Mullu Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniya_language" title="Paniya language">Paniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathiya_language" title="Pathiya language">Pathiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravula_language" title="Ravula language">Ravula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thachanadan_language" title="Thachanadan language">Thachanadan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ullatan_language" title="Ullatan language">Ullatan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishavan_language" title="Vishavan language">Vishavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Chetti_language" title="Wayanad Chetti language">Wayanad Chetti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tulu-Koraga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellari_language" title="Bellari language">Bellari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraga_language" title="Koraga language">Koraga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korra_Koraga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Korra Koraga language">Korra Koraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudu_Koraga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudu Koraga language">Mudu Koraga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudiya_language" title="Kudiya language">Kudiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholanaikkan_language" title="Cholanaikkan language">Cholanaikkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkala_language" title="Kakkala language">Kakkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaran_language" title="Kumbaran language">Kumbaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu languages">Teluguic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenchu_language" title="Chenchu language">Chenchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manna-Dora_language" title="Manna-Dora language">Manna-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukha-Dora_language" title="Mukha-Dora language">Mukha-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddar_language" title="Waddar language">Waddar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gondi-Kui</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gondi_languages" title="Gondi languages">Gondi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirwar_language" title="Khirwar language">Khirwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiya_language" title="Madiya language">Madiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muria_language" title="Muria language">Muria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nagarchal_language" title="Nagarchal language">Nagarchal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhan_language" title="Pardhan language">Pardhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konda-Kui</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konda_language_(Dravidian)" title="Konda language (Dravidian)">Konda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_language_(India)" title="Manda language (India)">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengo_language" title="Pengo language">Pengo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kolami-Naiki</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naiki_language" title="Naiki language">Naiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parji–Gadaba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duruwa_language" title="Duruwa language">Duruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondekor_language" title="Kondekor language">Kondekor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollari_language" title="Ollari language">Ollari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Dravidian_languages" title="North Dravidian languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kurukh-Malto12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurukh-Malto</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumarbhag_Paharia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumarbhag Paharia language">Kumarbhag Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauria_Paharia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauria Paharia language">Sauria Paharia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Dravidian">Proto-Dravidian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-South_Dravidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-South Dravidian">Proto-South Dravidian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.3em; line-height: 1.2em;"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> (no surviving native speakers and no spoken descendant)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_India466" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_India" title="Template talk:Languages of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_India466" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Union-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">8th schedule</a> to the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamatapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai languages">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Major<br />unofficial<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#More_than_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Over 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#100,000_to_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">100,000 – 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_Bhasha" title="Khotta Bhasha">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sema_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_India" title="Multilingualism in India">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_India" title="List of endangered languages in India">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages" title="Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages">Scheduled languages in states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Singapore109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Template:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Template talk:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Singapore109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages of Singapore</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Johor-Riau Malay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Singapore_Bazaar_Malay" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Bazaar Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaccan_Creole_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Creole Malay">Chitty Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Henghwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Hokchew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_languages_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian languages in Singapore">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Indonesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_language" title="Angkola language">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Baweanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singaporean Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_South_Africa452" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_South_Africa452" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board" title="Pan South African Language Board">Pan South African Language Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_Cultural,_Religious_and_Linguistic_Communities" title="Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities">Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Arts_and_Culture_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Arts and Culture (South Africa)">Department of Arts and Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantu_languages" title="Southern Bantu languages">Southern Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sotho%E2%80%93Tswana_languages" title="Sotho–Tswana languages">Sotho–Tswana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho <i>(Sesotho sa Leboa)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Southern Sotho <i>(Sesotho)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana <i>(Setswana)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Southern Ndebele <i>(isiNdebele)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi <i>(siSwati)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa <i>(isiXhosa)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu <i>(isiZulu)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tswa%E2%80%93Ronga_languages" title="Tswa–Ronga languages">Tswa–Ronga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga <i>(Xitsonga)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda <i>(Tshivenḓa)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised<br />unofficial languages<br />mentioned in the<br /><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">1996 constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaca_language" title="Bhaca language">Bhaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_language_(South_Africa)" title="Lala language (South Africa)">Lala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhlangwini_language" title="Nhlangwini language">Nhlangwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Northern Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuthi_language" title="Phuthi language">Phuthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (historical)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">LGBTQ slang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_language" title="Gayle language">Gayle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IsiNgqumo" title="IsiNgqumo">IsiNgqumo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsotsitaal_and_Camtho" title="Tsotsitaal and Camtho">Tsotsitaal and Camtho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlams_Creole" title="Oorlams Creole">Oorlams Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanagalo" title="Fanagalo">Fanagalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Sotho" title="Pretoria Sotho">Pretoria Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamto" title="Scamto">Scamto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">SA Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Sri_Lanka199" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Template:Languages of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Template talk:Languages of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Sri_Lanka199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages of Sri Lanka</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan English</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Malay_language" title="Sri Lanka Malay language">Sri Lankan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Portuguese_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole">Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan sign languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formerly spoken and extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceylon_Creole_Dutch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceylon Creole Dutch (page does not exist)">Ceylon Creole Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodiya_dialect" title="Rodiya dialect">Rodiya</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup><i>Recognized as a "link" language</i> <sup>2</sup><i>a liturgical language</i> <sup>3</sup><i>a dialect of Sinhala</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Bahrain137" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Bahrain" title="Template:Languages of Bahrain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Bahrain" title="Template talk:Languages of Bahrain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Bahrain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Bahrain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Bahrain137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bahrain">Languages of Bahrain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semiofficial language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo Aryan languages">Indo Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Sign Language">Arabic Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Main foreign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Kerala144" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Kerala" title="Template:Languages of Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Kerala" title="Template talk:Languages of Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Kerala144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-tribal languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malayalam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malayalam.svg/50px-Malayalam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malayalam.svg/75px-Malayalam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malayalam.svg/100px-Malayalam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="130" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allar_language" title="Allar language">Allar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellari_language" title="Bellari language">Bellari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravallan_language" title="Eravallan language">Eravallan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irula_language" title="Irula language">Irula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_language" title="Kadar language">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanadi_language" title="Kalanadi language">Kalanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanikkaran_language" title="Kanikkaran language">Kanikkaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraga_language" title="Koraga language">Koraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_language_(India)" title="Kota language (India)">Kota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudiya_language" title="Kudiya language">Kudiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaran_language" title="Kumbaran language">Kumbaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunduvadi_language" title="Kunduvadi language">Kunduvadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurumba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurumba language">Kurumba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attapady_Kurumba_language" title="Attapady Kurumba language">Attapady Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betta_Kurumba_language" title="Betta Kurumba language">Betta Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennu_Kurumba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennu Kurumba language">Jennu Kurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullu_Kurumba_language" title="Mullu Kurumba language">Mullu Kurumba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malapandaram_language" title="Malapandaram language">Malapandaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaryan_language" title="Malaryan language">Malaryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasar_language" title="Malasar language">Malasar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mala_Malasar_language" title="Mala Malasar language">Mala Malasar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malavedan_language" title="Malavedan language">Malavedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannan_language" title="Mannan language">Mannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muduga_language" title="Muduga language">Muduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthuvan_language" title="Muthuvan language">Muthuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliyan_language" title="Paliyan language">Paliyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniya_language" title="Paniya language">Paniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathiya_language" title="Pathiya language">Pathiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravula_language" title="Ravula language">Ravula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thachanadan_language" title="Thachanadan language">Thachanadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toda_language" title="Toda language">Toda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullatan_language" title="Ullatan language">Ullatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urali_language" title="Urali language">Urali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Chetti_language" title="Wayanad Chetti language">Wayanad Chetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerukala_language" title="Yerukala language">Yerukala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranadan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranadan language">Aranadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Beary language">Beary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannanore_Portuguese_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannanore Portuguese creole">Cannanore Portuguese creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Portuguese_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Portuguese creole">Cochin Portuguese creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Suriyani Malayalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages of South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Kerala" title="Category:Languages of Kerala">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Malaysia310" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Malaysia310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages of Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Malaysian_English_differences" title="British and Malaysian English differences">comparison with British English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Families</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Tai-Kadai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Natives</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language" title="Duanoʼ language">Duanoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johor%E2%80%93Riau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johor–Riau Malay (page does not exist)">Johor–Riau Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johor_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johor Malay (page does not exist)">Johor Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacca_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malacca Malay (page does not exist)">Malacca Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selangor_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selangor Malay (page does not exist)">Selangor Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Mos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abai_language" title="Abai language">Abai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau language">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Bookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Bruneian/Kedayan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language" title="Bukar–Sadong language">Bukar–Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Kadazan dialect">Coastal Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas_language" title="Dumpas language">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language" title="Ganaʼ language">Ganaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Momogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Punan Bah-Biau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Sabah Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language" title="Umaʼ Lasan language">Umaʼ Lasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysian Cantonese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoshan Min">Chaoshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian Mandarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian<br />archipelago</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_language" title="Bawean language">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)#Dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Chetty_creole_language" title="Malay Chetty creole language">Chetty Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed & Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rojak" title="Bahasa Rojak">Rojak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_Malaysia" title="Esperanto in Malaysia">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigrants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Indonesian_and_Standard_Malay" title="Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay">comparison with Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Signs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Extinct languages</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Nearly extinct languages</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Mauritius97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Mauritius" title="Template:Languages of Mauritius"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Mauritius" title="Template talk:Languages of Mauritius"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Mauritius" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Mauritius"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Mauritius97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mauritius" title="Languages of Mauritius">Languages of Mauritius</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vernacular languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguan_creole" title="Rodriguan creole">Rodriguan creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Sign_Language" title="Mauritian Sign Language">Mauritian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-scsbh","wgBackendResponseTime":157,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.649","walltime":"2.993","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18417,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":795229,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":154237,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":43,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":511013,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2416.262 1 -total"," 26.88% 649.418 2 Template:Reflist"," 22.77% 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