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<span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Categories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Categories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Human consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_and_domestic_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_and_domestic_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Industrial and domestic use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_and_domestic_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_water_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_water_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Environmental water quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_water_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sampling_and_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sampling_and_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sampling and measurement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sampling_and_measurement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sampling and measurement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sampling_and_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sample_collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sample collection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing_in_response_to_natural_disasters_and_other_emergencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing_in_response_to_natural_disasters_and_other_emergencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Testing in response to natural disasters and other emergencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing_in_response_to_natural_disasters_and_other_emergencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chemical analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Biosensors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real-time_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real-time_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Real-time monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real-time_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Environmental indicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Physical indicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Chemical indicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Biological indicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate change impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards_and_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_and_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Standards and reports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standards_and_reports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Standards and reports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Standards_and_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_specifications_for_ambient_water_and_drinking_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_specifications_for_ambient_water_and_drinking_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>National specifications for ambient water and drinking water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_specifications_for_ambient_water_and_drinking_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Water quality</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87" title="جودة المياه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جودة المياه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পানির গুণমান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পানির গুণমান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi-chit" title="Chúi-chit – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi-chit" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansawdd_d%C5%B5r" title="Ansawdd dŵr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ansawdd dŵr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserqualit%C3%A4t" title="Wasserqualität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasserqualität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vee_kvaliteet" title="Vee kvaliteet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vee kvaliteet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Ποιότητα του νερού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ποιότητα του νερού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidad_del_agua" title="Calidad del agua – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calidad del agua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraren_kalitate" title="Uraren kalitate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uraren kalitate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="کیفیت آب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیفیت آب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualit%C3%A9_de_l%27eau" title="Qualité de l'eau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Qualité de l'eau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%A7%88" title="수질 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ջրի որակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրի որակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakvo%C4%87a_vode" title="Kakvoća vode – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kakvoća vode" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ad%E1%BB%8B_mma_mmiri" title="Ịdị mma mmiri – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ịdị mma mmiri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kualitas_air" title="Kualitas air – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kualitas air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADzmin%C5%91s%C3%A9g" title="Vízminőség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vízminőség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Квалитет на водата – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Квалитет на водата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജലഗുണനിലവാരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജലഗുണനിലവാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Усны чанар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Усны чанар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterkwaliteit" title="Waterkwaliteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterkwaliteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%B3%AA" title="水質 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannkvalitet" title="Vannkvalitet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vannkvalitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasyfikacja_jako%C5%9Bci_w%C3%B3d" title="Klasyfikacja jakości wód – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klasyfikacja jakości wód" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualidade_da_%C3%A1gua" title="Qualidade da água – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Qualidade da água" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calitatea_apei" title="Calitatea apei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calitatea apei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Качество воды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Качество воды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Квалитет воде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Квалитет воде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvaliteta_vode" title="Kvaliteta vode – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kvaliteta vode" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi 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width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Rosette_sampler" title="Rosette sampler">rosette sampler</a> is used for collecting water samples in deep water, such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> or oceans, for water quality testing.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Water quality</b> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_property" title="Chemical property">chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_property" title="Physical property">physical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> based on the standards of its usage.<sup id="cite_ref-water_quality_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-water_quality-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved through <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">treatment</a> of the water, can be assessed. The most common standards used to monitor and assess water quality convey the health of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">safety</a> of human contact, extent of <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> and condition of <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>. Water quality has a significant impact on <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> and often determines supply options.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_DW_quality_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_DW_quality-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_public_health">Impacts on public health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Impacts on public health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water#Quality" title="Drinking water">Drinking water § Quality</a></div> <p>Over time, there has been increasing recognition of the importance of <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards" title="Drinking water quality standards">drinking water quality</a> and its impact on <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>. This has led to increasing protection and management of water quality.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The understanding of the links between water quality and health continues to grow and highlight new potential health crises: from the chronic impacts of <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diseases">infectious diseases</a> on child development through <a href="/wiki/Stunted_growth" title="Stunted growth">stunting</a> to new evidence on the harms from known contaminants, such as <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> with growing evidence of <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">neurotoxicity</a> in children.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there are many emerging water quality issues—such as <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perfluorinated_compound" title="Perfluorinated compound">perfluorinated compounds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">antimicrobial resistance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories">Categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parameters for water quality are determined by the intended use. Work in the area of water quality tends to be focused on water that is <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">treated</a> for potability, industrial/domestic use, or <a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">restoration</a> (of an environment/ecosystem, generally for health of human/aquatic life).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_consumption">Human consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Human consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chemical_contamination_of_drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Chemical_contamination_of_drinking_water.jpg/310px-Chemical_contamination_of_drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Chemical_contamination_of_drinking_water.jpg/465px-Chemical_contamination_of_drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Chemical_contamination_of_drinking_water.jpg/620px-Chemical_contamination_of_drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3803" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>Regional and national contamination of drinking water by chemical type and population size at risk of exposure</figcaption></figure> <p>Contaminants that may be in untreated water include <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>; <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic</a> contaminants such as <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals">metals</a>; <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic chemical</a> contaminants from industrial processes and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> use; <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbicides">herbicides</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> contaminants. Water quality depends on the local <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>, as well as human uses such as sewage dispersion, industrial pollution, use of water bodies as a <a href="/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sink</a>, and overuse (which may lower the level of the water).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (EPA) limits the amounts of certain contaminants in <a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">tap water</a> provided by US <a href="/wiki/Public_water_system" title="Public water system">public water systems</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a> authorizes EPA to issue two types of standards: </p> <ul><li><i>primary standards</i> regulate substances that potentially affect human health;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EPA_DW_reqts_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_DW_reqts-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>secondary standards</i> prescribe aesthetic qualities, those that affect taste, odor, or appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) regulations establish limits for contaminants in <a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">bottled water</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drinking water, including bottled water, may reasonably be expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. The presence of these contaminants does not necessarily indicate that the water poses a health risk. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanized</a> areas around the world, <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> technology is used in municipal water systems to remove contaminants from the source water (surface water or <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>) before it is distributed to homes, businesses, schools and other recipients. Water drawn directly from a stream, lake, or <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> and that has no treatment will be of uncertain quality in terms of potability.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_DW_quality_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_DW_quality-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The burden of polluted drinking water disproportionally effects under-represented and vulnerable populations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communities that lack these clean drinking-water services are at risk of contracting water-borne and pollution-related illnesses like Cholera, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These communities are often in low-income areas, where human wastewater is discharged into a nearby drainage channel or surface water drain without sufficient treatment, or is used in agricultural irrigation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_and_domestic_use">Industrial and domestic use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Industrial and domestic use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">Dissolved</a> <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a> may affect the suitability of water for a range of industrial and domestic purposes. The most familiar of these is probably the presence of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (Mg<sup>2+</sup>) that interfere with the cleaning action of <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a>, and can form hard <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> and soft <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">deposits</a> in water <a href="/wiki/Heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Heater">heaters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boilers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hard water may be softened to remove these ions. The softening process often substitutes <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> cations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For certain populations, hard water may be preferable to soft water because health problems have been associated with calcium deficiencies and with excess sodium.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The necessity for additional calcium and magnesium in water depends on the population in question because people generally satisfy their recommended amounts through food.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_DW_quality_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_DW_quality-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99, 115, 377">: 99, 115, 377 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_water_quality">Environmental water quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Environmental water quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:235px;max-width:235px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_cleanliness_sign,_Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Water_cleanliness_sign%2C_Dublin.jpg/233px-Water_cleanliness_sign%2C_Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Water_cleanliness_sign%2C_Dublin.jpg/350px-Water_cleanliness_sign%2C_Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Water_cleanliness_sign%2C_Dublin.jpg/466px-Water_cleanliness_sign%2C_Dublin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sign in <a href="/wiki/Sandymount" title="Sandymount">Sandymount</a>, Ireland, describing water quality, giving levels of <a href="/wiki/Fecal_coliform" title="Fecal coliform">faecal coliform</a> <i><a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis" title="Enterococcus faecalis">Enterococcus faecalis</a></i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_urban_runoff_discharging_to_coastal_waters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/View_of_urban_runoff_discharging_to_coastal_waters.jpg/151px-View_of_urban_runoff_discharging_to_coastal_waters.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/View_of_urban_runoff_discharging_to_coastal_waters.jpg/227px-View_of_urban_runoff_discharging_to_coastal_waters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/View_of_urban_runoff_discharging_to_coastal_waters.jpg/302px-View_of_urban_runoff_discharging_to_coastal_waters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a> discharging to coastal waters</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Environmental monitoring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater environmental quality parameters</a></div> <p><b>Environmental water quality</b>, also called <b>ambient water quality,</b> relates to water bodies such as <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water quality standards for surface waters vary significantly due to different environmental conditions, ecosystems, and intended human uses. Toxic substances and high populations of certain <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> can present a health hazard<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for non-drinking purposes such as irrigation, swimming, fishing, rafting, boating, and industrial uses. These conditions may also affect wildlife, which use the water for drinking or as a habitat. According to the EPA, water quality laws generally specify protection of fisheries and recreational use and require, as a minimum, retention of current quality standards.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some locations, desired water quality conditions include high <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">dissolved oxygen</a> concentrations, low <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_a" title="Chlorophyll a">chlorophyll-a</a> concentrations, and high <a href="/wiki/Water_clarity" title="Water clarity">water clarity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tango_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tango-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some desire among the public to return water bodies to pristine, or pre-industrial conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most current environmental laws focus on the designation of particular uses of a water body. In some countries these designations allow for some <a href="/wiki/Water_contamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Water contamination">water contamination</a> as long as the particular type of contamination is not harmful to the designated uses. Given the landscape changes (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">land development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">clearcutting</a> in forested areas) in the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watersheds</a> of many freshwater bodies, returning to pristine conditions would be a significant challenge. In these cases, environmental scientists focus on achieving goals for maintaining healthy ecosystems and may concentrate on the protection of populations of <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> and protecting human health. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sampling_and_measurement">Sampling and measurement<span class="anchor" id="Measurement"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sampling and measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_water_chemistry" title="Analysis of water chemistry">Analysis of water chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">analytical chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_sampling_station" title="Water sampling station">Water sampling station</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regulation_and_monitoring_of_pollution#Water_pollution" title="Regulation and monitoring of pollution">Regulation and monitoring of pollution § Water pollution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_collection">Sample collection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sample collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring#Sampling_methods" title="Environmental monitoring">Environmental monitoring § Sampling methods</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WQ_sampling_station_USGS_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/WQ_sampling_station_USGS_2004.jpg/220px-WQ_sampling_station_USGS_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/WQ_sampling_station_USGS_2004.jpg/330px-WQ_sampling_station_USGS_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/WQ_sampling_station_USGS_2004.jpg/440px-WQ_sampling_station_USGS_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>An automated sampling station installed along the East Branch <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_River" title="Milwaukee River">Milwaukee River</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Fane,_Wisconsin" title="New Fane, Wisconsin">New Fane, Wisconsin</a>. The cover of the 24-bottle autosampler (center) is partially raised, showing the sample bottles inside. The <a href="/wiki/Autosampler" title="Autosampler">autosampler</a> collects samples at time intervals, or proportionate to flow over a specified period. The data logger (white cabinet) records temperature, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen levels.</figcaption></figure> <p>The complexity of water quality as a subject is reflected in the many types of measurements of water quality indicators. Some measurements of water quality are most accurately made on-site, because water exists in <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium">equilibrium</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Environment_(systems)" title="Environment (systems)">surroundings</a>. Measurements commonly made on-site and in direct contact with the water source in question include <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)" title="Conductivity (electrolytic)">conductivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reduction_potential" title="Reduction potential">oxygen reduction potential (ORP)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secchi_disk" title="Secchi disk">Secchi disk</a> depth. </p><p>Sampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be done by several methods, depending on the accuracy needed and the characteristics of the contaminant. Sampling methods include for example simple random sampling, <a href="/wiki/Stratified_sampling" title="Stratified sampling">stratified sampling</a>, systematic and grid sampling, adaptive <a href="/wiki/Cluster_sampling" title="Cluster sampling">cluster sampling</a>, grab samples, semi-continuous monitoring and continuous, <a href="/wiki/Passive_sampling" title="Passive sampling">passive sampling</a>, remote surveillance, <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biomonitoring" title="Biomonitoring">biomonitoring</a>. The use of passive <a href="/wiki/Water_sampler" title="Water sampler">samplers</a> greatly reduces the cost and the need of infrastructure on the sampling location. </p><p>Many contamination events are sharply restricted in time, most commonly in association with rain events. For this reason "grab" samples are often inadequate for fully quantifying contaminant levels.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists gathering this type of data often employ <a href="/wiki/Autosampler" title="Autosampler">auto-sampler</a> devices that pump increments of water at either time or <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">discharge</a> intervals. </p><p>More complex measurements are often made in a <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> requiring a water <a href="/wiki/Sample_(material)" title="Sample (material)">sample</a> to be collected, preserved, transported, and analyzed at another location. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Issues">Issues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of water sampling introduces two significant problems: </p> <ul><li>The first problem is the extent to which the sample may be representative of the water source of interest. Water sources vary with time and with location. The measurement of interest may vary seasonally or from day to night or in response to some activity of man or natural populations of aquatic <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measurement of interest may vary with distances from the water boundary with overlying <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a> and underlying or confining <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>. The sampler must determine if a single time and location meets the needs of the investigation, or if the water use of interest can be satisfactorily assessed by <a href="/wiki/Average" title="Average">averaged</a> values of sampling over time and location, or if critical <a href="/wiki/Maxima_and_minima" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima and minima">maxima and minima</a> require individual measurements over a range of times, locations or events. The sample collection procedure must assure correct weighting of individual sampling times and locations where averaging is appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-Franson_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39–40">: 39–40 </span></sup> Where critical maximum or minimum values exist, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical methods</a> must be applied to observed variation to determine an adequate number of samples to assess the <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> of exceeding those critical values.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second problem occurs as the sample is removed from the water source and begins to establish <a href="/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">chemical equilibrium</a> with its new surroundings – the sample container. Sample containers must be made of <a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">materials</a> with minimal <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">reactivity</a> with substances to be measured; pre-cleaning of sample containers is important. The water sample may dissolve part of the sample container and any residue on that container, and chemicals dissolved in the water sample may <a href="/wiki/Sorption" title="Sorption">sorb</a> onto the sample container and remain there when the water is poured out for analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Franson_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> Similar physical and chemical interactions may take place with any <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pumps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">piping</a>, or intermediate devices used to transfer the water sample into the sample container. Water collected from depths below the surface will normally be held at the reduced <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> of the atmosphere; so gas <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">dissolved</a> in the water will collect at the top of the container. Atmospheric gas above the water may also dissolve into the water sample. Other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">chemical reaction equilibria</a> may change if the water sample changes temperature. Finely divided solid particles formerly <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">suspended</a> by water <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> may settle to the bottom of the sample container, or a solid <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phase</a> may form from biological growth or <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">chemical precipitation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a> within the water sample may biochemically alter <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentrations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>. Changing carbon dioxide concentrations may alter <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> and change <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a> of chemicals of interest. These problems are of special concern during measurement of chemicals assumed to be significant at very low concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watersampling.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Watersampling.JPG/220px-Watersampling.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Watersampling.JPG/330px-Watersampling.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Watersampling.JPG/440px-Watersampling.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Filtering a manually collected water sample (<a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring#Grab_samples" title="Environmental monitoring">grab sample</a>) for analysis</figcaption></figure> <p>Sample preservation may partially resolve the second problem. A common procedure is keeping samples cold to slow the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_rate" title="Reaction rate">rate of chemical reactions</a> and phase change, and analyzing the sample as soon as possible; but this merely minimizes the changes rather than preventing them.<sup id="cite_ref-Franson_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43–45">: 43–45 </span></sup> A useful procedure for determining influence of sample containers during delay between sample collection and analysis involves preparation for two artificial samples in advance of the sampling event. One sample container is filled with water known from previous analysis to contain no detectable amount of the chemical of interest. This sample, called a "blank", is opened for exposure to the atmosphere when the sample of interest is collected, then resealed and transported to the laboratory with the sample for analysis to determine if sample collection or holding procedures introduced any measurable amount of the chemical of interest. The second artificial sample is collected with the sample of interest, but then "spiked" with a measured additional amount of the chemical of interest at the time of collection. The blank (<a href="/wiki/Negative_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative control">negative control</a>) and spiked sample (<a href="/wiki/Scientific_control#Positive" title="Scientific control">positive control</a>) are carried with the sample of interest and analyzed by the same methods at the same times to determine any changes indicating gains or losses during the elapsed time between collection and analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing_in_response_to_natural_disasters_and_other_emergencies">Testing in response to natural disasters and other emergencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Testing in response to natural disasters and other emergencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EPA_water_sampling_along_the_Gulf_coast_(4717896816).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/EPA_water_sampling_along_the_Gulf_coast_%284717896816%29.jpg/220px-EPA_water_sampling_along_the_Gulf_coast_%284717896816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/EPA_water_sampling_along_the_Gulf_coast_%284717896816%29.jpg/330px-EPA_water_sampling_along_the_Gulf_coast_%284717896816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/EPA_water_sampling_along_the_Gulf_coast_%284717896816%29.jpg/440px-EPA_water_sampling_along_the_Gulf_coast_%284717896816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Testing water in the Gulf of Mexico after the <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After events such as <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>, there is an immediate response by the aid agencies as relief operations get underway to try and restore basic infrastructure and provide the basic fundamental items that are necessary for survival and subsequent recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The threat of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> increases hugely due to the large numbers of people living close together, often in squalid conditions, and without proper sanitation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a>, as far as water quality testing is concerned, there are widespread views on the best course of action to take and a variety of methods can be employed. The key basic water quality parameters that need to be addressed in an emergency are bacteriological indicators of fecal contamination, free <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> residual, <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">conductivity</a>/<a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">total dissolved solids</a>. There are many decontamination methods.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After major natural disasters, a considerable length of time might pass before water quality returns to pre-disaster levels. For example, following the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_tsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean tsunami</a> the Colombo-based <a href="/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute" title="International Water Management Institute">International Water Management Institute</a> (IWMI) monitored the effects of saltwater and concluded that the wells recovered to pre-tsunami drinking water quality one and a half years after the event.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IWMI developed protocols for cleaning wells contaminated by saltwater; these were subsequently officially endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> as part of its series of Emergency Guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_analysis">Chemical analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chemical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GCMS_open.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GCMS_open.jpg/220px-GCMS_open.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GCMS_open.jpg/330px-GCMS_open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GCMS_open.jpg/440px-GCMS_open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry" title="Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry">gas chromatograph-<br />mass spectrometer</a> measures <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> pollutants.</figcaption></figure> <p>The simplest methods of <a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">chemical analysis</a> are those measuring <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> without respect to their form. Elemental analysis for <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, as an example, would indicate a concentration of 890 g/L (<a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a> per <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a>) of water sample because oxygen (O) has 89% mass of the water molecule (H<sub>2</sub>O). The method selected to measure <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a> should differentiate between <a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">diatomic</a> oxygen and oxygen combined with other elements. The comparative simplicity of elemental analysis has produced a large amount of sample data and water quality criteria for elements sometimes identified as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">heavy metals</a>. Water analysis for heavy metals must consider soil particles suspended in the water sample. These suspended soil particles may contain measurable amounts of metal. Although the particles are not <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">dissolved</a> in the water, they may be consumed by people drinking the water. Adding <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> to a water sample to prevent loss of dissolved metals onto the sample container may dissolve more metals from suspended soil particles. <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a> of soil particles from the water sample before acid addition, however, may cause loss of dissolved metals onto the filter.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complexities of differentiating similar <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic molecules</a> are even more challenging. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSA_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PSA_2.jpg/220px-PSA_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PSA_2.jpg/330px-PSA_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PSA_2.jpg/440px-PSA_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atomic_fluorescence_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy">Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy</a> is used to measure <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and other heavy metals.</figcaption></figure> <p>Making these complex measurements can be expensive. Because direct measurements of water quality can be expensive, ongoing monitoring programs are typically conducted and results released by <a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">government agencies</a>. However, there are local volunteer programs and resources available for some general assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tools available to the general public include on-site test kits, commonly used for home <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">fish tanks</a>, and biological assessment procedures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosensors">Biosensors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Biosensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Biosensor" title="Biosensor">Biosensors</a> have the potential for "high sensitivity, selectivity, reliability, simplicity, low-cost and real-time response".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Nanobiotechnology#Bionanotechnology" title="Nanobiotechnology">bionanotechnologists</a> reported the development of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="RNA Output Sensors Activated by Ligand INDuction">ROSALIND 2.0</span>, that can detect levels of diverse water pollutants.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real-time_monitoring">Real-time monitoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Real-time monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although water quality is usually sampled and analyzed at laboratories, since the late 20th century there has been increasing public interest in the quality of drinking water provided by municipal systems. Many water utilities have developed systems to collect real-time data about source water quality. In the early 21st century, a variety of sensors and remote monitoring systems have been deployed for measuring water pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and other parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some remote sensing systems have also been developed for monitoring ambient water quality in riverine, estuarine and coastal water bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electrical_conductivity_meter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Electrical_conductivity_meter.jpg/220px-Electrical_conductivity_meter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Electrical_conductivity_meter.jpg/330px-Electrical_conductivity_meter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Electrical_conductivity_meter.jpg/440px-Electrical_conductivity_meter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity_meter" title="Electrical conductivity meter">electrical conductivity meter</a> is used to measure <a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">total dissolved solids</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The following is a list of indicators often measured by situational category: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">Alkalinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li>Taste and odor (<a href="/wiki/Geosmin" title="Geosmin">geosmin</a>, <a href="/wiki/2-Methylisoborneol" title="2-Methylisoborneol">2-Methylisoborneol</a> (MIB), etc.)</li> <li>Dissolved metals and salts (<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>)</li> <li>Microorganisms such as <a href="/wiki/Fecal_coliform" title="Fecal coliform">fecal coliform</a> bacteria (<i>Escherichia coli</i>), <a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidium" title="Cryptosporidium">Cryptosporidium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giardia_lamblia" class="mw-redirect" title="Giardia lamblia">Giardia lamblia</a>; <i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Bacteriological_water_analysis" title="Bacteriological water analysis">Bacteriological water analysis</a></li> <li>Dissolved metals and metalloids (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, etc.)</li> <li>Dissolved organics: <a href="/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter" title="Colored dissolved organic matter">colored dissolved organic matter</a> (CDOM), <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_organic_carbon" title="Dissolved organic carbon">dissolved organic carbon</a> (DOC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormone</a> analogs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_indicators">Environmental indicators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Environmental indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_indicator" title="Environmental indicator">Environmental indicator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_quality_indicators" title="Wastewater quality indicators">Wastewater quality indicators</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">Salinity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical_indicators">Physical indicators</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Physical indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li>Water <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a></li> <li>Specific conductance or <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductance">electrical conductance</a> (EC) or conductivity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">Total suspended solids</a> (TSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secchi_depth" class="mw-redirect" title="Secchi depth">Transparency</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clarity" title="Water clarity">Water clarity</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">Total dissolved solids</a> (TDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odour" class="mw-redirect" title="Odour">Odour</a> of water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Forel-Ule_scale" title="Forel-Ule scale">Forel-Ule scale</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pt/Co_scale" title="Pt/Co scale">Pt/Co scale</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">Taste</a> of water</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical_indicators">Chemical indicators</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chemical indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">Alkalinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">Biochemical oxygen demand</a> (BOD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">Chemical oxygen demand</a> (COD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">Dissolved oxygen</a> (DO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">Total hardness</a> (TH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Nitrate</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthophosphate">Orthophosphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_sodium_carbonate_index" title="Residual sodium carbonate index">Residual sodium carbonate index</a> (RSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_adsorption_ratio" title="Sodium adsorption ratio">Sodium adsorption ratio</a> (SAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">Surfactants</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biological_indicators">Biological indicators</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Biological indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biological_integrity" title="Biological integrity">Biological integrity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Index_of_biological_integrity" title="Index of biological integrity">Index of biological integrity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephemeroptera">Ephemeroptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plecoptera" title="Plecoptera">Plecoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichoptera">Trichoptera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> (E. coli)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coliform_bacteria" title="Coliform bacteria">Coliform bacteria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pimephales_promelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimephales promelas">Pimephales promelas</a></i> (fathead minnow)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Americamysis_bahia" title="Americamysis bahia">Americamysis bahia</a></i> (Mysid shrimp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protists" class="mw-redirect" title="Protists">Protists</a>, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Paratrimastix_pyriformis" title="Paratrimastix pyriformis">Paratrimastix pyriformis</a></i></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Biological_indicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological indicator">Biological monitoring</a> metrics have been developed in many places, and one widely used family of measurements for freshwater is the presence and abundance of members of the insect orders <a href="/wiki/Ephemeroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephemeroptera">Ephemeroptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plecoptera" title="Plecoptera">Plecoptera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trichoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichoptera">Trichoptera</a> (EPT) (of <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> <a href="/wiki/Macroinvertebrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroinvertebrate">macroinvertebrates</a> whose common names are, respectively, mayfly, stonefly and caddisfly). EPT indexes will naturally vary from region to region, but generally, within a region, the greater the number of taxa from these orders, the better the water quality. Organisations in the United States, such as EPA. offer guidance on developing a monitoring program and identifying members of these and other aquatic insect orders. Many US wastewater dischargers (e.g., factories, power plants, <a href="/wiki/Refineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Refineries">refineries</a>, mines, municipal <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> plants) are required to conduct periodic whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests.<sup id="cite_ref-WET-methods_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WET-methods-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals interested in monitoring water quality who cannot afford or manage lab scale analysis can also use biological indicators to get a general reading of water quality. One example is the IOWATER volunteer water monitoring program of <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, which includes an EPT indicator key.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bivalve molluscs are largely used as <a href="/wiki/Bioindicators" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioindicators">bioindicators</a> to monitor the health of aquatic environments in both fresh water and the marine environments. Their population status or structure, physiology, behaviour or the level of contamination with elements or compounds can indicate the state of contamination status of the ecosystem. They are particularly useful since they are sessile so that they are representative of the environment where they are sampled or placed. A typical project is the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Mussel_Watch_Program" title="Mussel Watch Program">Mussel Watch Programme</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but today they are used worldwide. </p><p>The Southern African Scoring System (SASS) method is a biological water quality monitoring system based on the presence of benthic macroinvertebrates (EPT). The SASS <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_biomonitoring" title="Aquatic biomonitoring">aquatic biomonitoring</a> tool has been refined over the past 30 years and is now on the fifth version (SASS5) which has been specifically modified in accordance with international standards, namely the <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">ISO/IEC 17025</a> protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SASS5 method is used by the South African <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Water_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Water Affairs">Department of Water Affairs</a> as a standard method for River Health Assessment, which feeds the national River Health Programme and the national Rivers Database. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change_impacts">Climate change impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Climate change impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Water_security#Reduced_water_quality_due_to_climate_change" title="Water security">Water security § Reduced water quality due to climate change</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_security&action=edit#Reduced_water_quality_due_to_climate_change">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Weather and its related shocks can affect water quality in several ways. These depend on the local climate and context.<sup id="cite_ref-Water_security_Katrina2022_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_security_Katrina2022-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shocks that are linked to weather include water shortages, heavy rain and temperature extremes. They can damage water infrastructure through erosion under heavy rainfall and floods, cause loss of water sources in droughts, and make water quality deteriorate.<sup id="cite_ref-Water_security_Katrina2022_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_security_Katrina2022-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate change can reduce lower water quality in several ways:<sup id="cite_ref-Water_security_Caretta-2022_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_security_Caretta-2022-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 582">: 582 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>Heavy rainfall can rapidly reduce the water quality in rivers and shallow groundwater. It can affect water quality in reservoirs even if these effects can be slow.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavy rainfall also impacts groundwater in deeper, unfractured aquifers. But these impacts are less pronounced. Rainfall can increase fecal contamination of water sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Water_security_Katrina2022_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_security_Katrina2022-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Floods after heavy rainfalls can mix floodwater with <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>. Also pollutants can reach water bodies by increased <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater quality may deteriorate</a> due to droughts. The pollution in rivers that feed groundwater becomes less diluted. As groundwater levels drop, rivers may lose direct contact with groundwater.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In coastal regions, more saltwater may mix into freshwater <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> and more intense storms.<sup id="cite_ref-Water_security_UN-Water2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_security_UN-Water2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Water_security_Hoekstra_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_security_Hoekstra-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is called <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion" title="Saltwater intrusion">saltwater intrusion</a>.</li> <li>Warmer water in lakes, oceans, reservoirs and rivers can cause more <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>. This results in more frequent <a href="/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom" title="Harmful algal bloom">harmful algal blooms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Water_security_Caretta-2022_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_security_Caretta-2022-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 140">: 140 </span></sup> Higher temperatures cause problems for water bodies and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a> because warmer water contains less oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a> thawing leads to an increased flux of contaminants.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increased meltwater from glaciers may release contaminants.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As glaciers shrink or disappear, the positive effect of seasonal meltwater on downstream water quality through dilution is disappearing.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards_and_reports">Standards and reports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Standards and reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the setting of standards, agencies make political and technical/scientific decisions based on how the water will be used.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of natural <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">water bodies</a>, agencies also make some reasonable estimate of pristine conditions. Natural water bodies will vary in response to a region's environmental conditions, whereby water composition is influenced by the surrounding geological features, sediments, and rock types, <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, and climate.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmental scientists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_geochemistry" title="Aqueous geochemistry">aqueous geochemists</a> work to interpret the parameters and environmental conditions that impact the water quality of a region, which in turn helps to identify the sources and fates of <a href="/wiki/Contaminant" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminant">contaminants</a>. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_lawyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental lawyers">Environmental lawyers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policymakers</a> work to define <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a> with the intention that water is maintained at an appropriate quality for its identified use. </p><p>Another general perception of water quality is that of a simple property that tells whether water is <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">polluted</a> or not. In fact, water quality is a complex subject, in part because water is a complex medium intrinsically tied to the <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic effect">anthropogenic activities</a> of a region. <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">Industrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commercial</a> activities (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a>) are a major cause of <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> as are <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a> from <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">agricultural</a> areas, <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">urban runoff</a> and discharge of treated and untreated <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_standards" title="Drinking water quality standards">Drinking water quality standards</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) published updated guidelines for drinking-water quality (GDWQ) in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_DW_quality_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_DW_quality-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) published <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> regulation of water quality in the section of ICS 13.060,<sup id="cite_ref-13wq_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13wq-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ranging from water sampling, drinking water, industrial class water, sewage, and examination of water for chemical, physical or biological properties. ICS 91.140.60 covers the standards of water supply systems.<sup id="cite_ref-91wss_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91wss-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_specifications_for_ambient_water_and_drinking_water">National specifications for ambient water and drinking water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: National specifications for ambient water and drinking water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_European_Union" title="Water supply and sanitation in the European Union">Water supply and sanitation in the European Union</a></div> <p>The water policy of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> is primarily codified in three <a href="/wiki/European_Union_directive" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union directive">directives</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_Urban_Waste_Water_Treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment">Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment</a> (91/271/EEC) of 21 May 1991 concerning discharges of municipal and some industrial <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewaters</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_European_Union#Drinking_water_directive_of_1998" title="Water supply and sanitation in the European Union">The Drinking Water Directive</a> (98/83/EC) of 3 November 1998 concerning potable water quality;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Framework_Directive" title="Water Framework Directive">Water Framework Directive</a> (2000/60/EC) of 23 October 2000 concerning <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a> management.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Medical_Research" title="Indian Council of Medical Research">Indian Council of Medical Research</a> (ICMR) Standards for Drinking Water.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_South_Africa" title="Water supply and sanitation in South Africa">Water supply and sanitation in South Africa</a></div> <p>Water quality guidelines for South Africa are grouped according to potential user types (e.g. domestic, industrial) in the 1996 Water Quality Guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drinking water quality is subject to the South African National Standard (SANS) 241 Drinking Water Specification.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In England and Wales acceptable levels for drinking water supply are listed in the "Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_in_the_United_States" title="Drinking water quality in the United States">Drinking water quality in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water_quality_legislation_of_the_United_States" title="Drinking water quality legislation of the United States">Drinking water quality legislation of the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation in the United States</a></div> <p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act#Water_Quality_Standards_Program" title="Clean Water Act">Water Quality Standards</a> are defined by state agencies for various water bodies, guided by the desired uses for the water body (e.g., fish habitat, drinking water supply, recreational use).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> (CWA) requires each governing jurisdiction (states, territories, and covered tribal entities) to submit a set of biennial reports on the quality of water in their area. These reports are known as the 303(d) and 305(b) reports, named for their respective CWA provisions, and are submitted to, and approved by, EPA.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These reports are completed by the governing jurisdiction, typically a <a href="/wiki/Category:State_environmental_protection_agencies_of_the_United_States" title="Category:State environmental protection agencies of the United States">state environmental agency</a>. EPA recommends that each state submit a single "Integrated Report" comprising its list of impaired waters and the status of all water bodies in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress</i> is a general report on water quality, providing overall information about the number of miles of streams and rivers and their aggregate condition.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CWA requires states to adopt standards for each of the possible designated uses that they assign to their waters. Should evidence suggest or document that a stream, river or lake has failed to meet the water quality criteria for one or more of its designated uses, it is placed on a list of impaired waters. Once a state has placed a water body on this list, it must develop a management plan establishing <a href="/wiki/Total_Maximum_Daily_Load" class="mw-redirect" title="Total Maximum Daily Load">Total Maximum Daily Loads</a> (TMDLs) for the pollutant(s) impairing the use of the water. These TMDLs establish the reductions needed to fully support the designated uses.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drinking water standards, which are applicable to <a href="/wiki/Public_water_system" title="Public water system">public water systems</a>, are issued by EPA under the <a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_DW_reqts_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_DW_reqts-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanganate_index" title="Permanganate index">Permanganate index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiff_diagram" title="Stiff diagram">Stiff diagram</a>, a graphical representation of chemical analyses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clarity" title="Water clarity">Water clarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality_modelling" title="Water quality modelling">Water quality modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_testing" title="Water testing">Water testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">Water treatment</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-water_quality-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-water_quality_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCordy2001" class="citation web cs1">Cordy, Gail E. (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/">"A Primer on Water Quality"</a>. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). FS-027-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Primer+on+Water+Quality&rft.place=Reston%2C+VA&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey+%28USGS%29&rft.date=2001-03&rft.aulast=Cordy&rft.aufirst=Gail+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Ffs%2Ffs-027-01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonAmbroseBassettBowen1997" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, D. L.; Ambrose, S. H.; Bassett, T. J.; Bowen, M. L.; Crummey, D. E.; Isaacson, J. S.; Johnson, D. 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"Meanings of Environmental Terms". <i>Journal of Environmental Quality</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 581–589. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JEnvQ..26..581J">1997JEnvQ..26..581J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2134%2Fjeq1997.00472425002600030002x">10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Quality&rft.atitle=Meanings+of+Environmental+Terms&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=581-589&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2134%2Fjeq1997.00472425002600030002x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JEnvQ..26..581J&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rft.au=Ambrose%2C+S.+H.&rft.au=Bassett%2C+T.+J.&rft.au=Bowen%2C+M.+L.&rft.au=Crummey%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Isaacson%2C+J.+S.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+D.+N.&rft.au=Lamb%2C+P.&rft.au=Saul%2C+M.&rft.au=Winter-Nelson%2C+A.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_DW_quality-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_DW_quality_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_DW_quality_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_DW_quality_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_DW_quality_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/254637">Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum</a> (Report). 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(2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9522453">"When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events"</a>. <i>Exposure and Health</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 519–537. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ExpHe..15..519K">2023ExpHe..15..519K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12403-022-00505-0">10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2451-9766">2451-9766</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9522453">9522453</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36196073">36196073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Exposure+and+Health&rft.atitle=When+Water+Quality+Crises+Drive+Change%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis+of+the+Policy+Processes+Behind+Major+Water+Contamination+Events&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=519-537&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9522453%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023ExpHe..15..519K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36196073&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12403-022-00505-0&rft.issn=2451-9766&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Nameerah&rft.au=Charles%2C+Katrina+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9522453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+quality" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/other/index.html">"Other Uses and Types of Water"</a>. 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EPA. 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secondary+Drinking+Water+Standards%3A+Guidance+for+Nuisance+Chemicals&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2022-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fdwstandardsregulations%2Fsecondary-drinking-water-standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/BuyStoreServeSafeFood/ucm046894.htm">"FDA Regulates the Safety of Bottled Water Beverages Including Flavored Water and Nutrient-Added Water Beverages"</a>. <i>Food Facts for Consumers</i>. 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CDC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tsunamis%3A+Water+Quality&rft.pub=CDC&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft.au=Natural+Disasters+and+Severe+Weather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fdisasters%2Ftsunamis%2Fwaterquality.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurusawaMakiSuzuki2008" class="citation journal cs1">Furusawa, Takuro; Maki, Norio; Suzuki, Shingo (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tmh/36/2/36_2007-63/_article">"Bacterial contamination of drinking water and nutritional quality of diet in the areas of the western Solomon Islands devastated by the April 2, 2007 earthquake⁄tsunami"</a>. <i>Tropical Medicine and Health</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 65–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2149%2Ftmh.2007-63">10.2149/tmh.2007-63</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tropical+Medicine+and+Health&rft.atitle=Bacterial+contamination+of+drinking+water+and+nutritional+quality+of+diet+in+the+areas+of+the+western+Solomon+Islands+devastated+by+the+April+2%2C+2007+earthquake%E2%81%84tsunami&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-74&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2149%2Ftmh.2007-63&rft.aulast=Furusawa&rft.aufirst=Takuro&rft.au=Maki%2C+Norio&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Shingo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Ftmh%2F36%2F2%2F36_2007-63%2F_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanaorSorrell2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hanaor, Dorian A. H.; Sorrell, Charles C. (2014). "Sand Supported Mixed-Phase TiO<sub>2</sub> Photocatalysts for Water Decontamination Applications". <i>Advanced Engineering Materials</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 248–254. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1404.2652">1404.2652</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadem.201300259">10.1002/adem.201300259</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118571942">118571942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Engineering+Materials&rft.atitle=Sand+Supported+Mixed-Phase+TiO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+Photocatalysts+for+Water+Decontamination+Applications&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=248-254&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1404.2652&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118571942%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fadem.201300259&rft.aulast=Hanaor&rft.aufirst=Dorian+A.+H.&rft.au=Sorrell%2C+Charles+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods/approved-cwa-microbiological-methods-wastewater-and-sewage-sludge">Method 1680: Fecal Coliforms in Sewage Sludge (Biosolids) by Multiple-Tube Fermentation using Lauryl Tryptose Broth (LTB) and EC Medium</a> (Report). EPA. April 2010. EPA 821-R-10-003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Method+1680%3A+Fecal+Coliforms+in+Sewage+Sludge+%28Biosolids%29+by+Multiple-Tube+Fermentation+using+Lauryl+Tryptose+Broth+%28LTB%29+and+EC+Medium&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fcwa-methods%2Fapproved-cwa-microbiological-methods-wastewater-and-sewage-sludge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%207%20-%20Helping_restore_the_quality_of_drinking_water_after_the_tsunami.pdf">"Helping restore the quality of drinking water after the tsunami."</a> <i>Success Stories.</i> Issue 7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5337%2F2011.0030">10.5337/2011.0030</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WHO (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/technotes/en/">"WHO technical notes for emergencies."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160212053301/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/technotes/en/">Archived</a> 12 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Water Engineering Development Centre, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">State of California Environmental Protection Agency <i>Representative Sampling of Ground Water for Hazardous Substances</i> (1994) pp. 23–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example of a local government-sponsored volunteer monitoring program: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/water/streams/monitoring.html">"Monitoring Our Waters"</a>. <i>Watershed Restoration</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=DNA+computer+could+tell+you+if+your+drinking+water+is+contaminated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2F2308396-dna-computer-could-tell-you-if-your-drinking-water-is-contaminated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJungArchuletaAlamLucks2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jung, Jaeyoung K.; Archuleta, Chloé M.; Alam, Khalid K.; Lucks, Julius B. 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EPA. 14 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standards+for+Water+Body+Health&rft.atitle=What+Are+Water+Quality+Standards%3F&rft.date=2022-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fstandards-water-body-health%2Fwhat-are-water-quality-standards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsScottHaggardSharpley2009" class="citation web cs1">Daniels, Mike; Scott, Thad; Haggard, Brian; Sharpley, Andrew; Daniel, Tommy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201185338/https://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/FSA-9528.pdf">"What is Water Quality?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/FSA-9528.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Arkansas+Division+of+Agriculture&rft.atitle=What+is+Water+Quality%3F&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Scott%2C+Thad&rft.au=Haggard%2C+Brian&rft.au=Sharpley%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Daniel%2C+Tommy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaex.edu%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2FFSA-9528.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13wq-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13wq_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Organization_for_Standardization_(ISO)" class="citation web cs1">International Organization for Standardization (ISO). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=13&ICS2=060">"13.060: Water quality"</a>. Geneva<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=13.060%3A+Water+quality&rft.place=Geneva&rft.au=International+Organization+for+Standardization+%28ISO%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_ics%2Fcatalogue_ics_browse.htm%3FICS1%3D13%26ICS2%3D060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91wss-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91wss_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO" class="citation web cs1">ISO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_ics_browse?ICS1=91&ICS2=140&ICS3=60&&published=on">"91.140.60: Water supply systems"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=91.140.60%3A+Water+supply+systems&rft.au=ISO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fcatalogue_ics_browse%3FICS1%3D91%26ICS2%3D140%26ICS3%3D60%26%26published%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/wq_guide/index.html">"Water quality guidelines for South Africa: First Edition 1996."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodgson K, Manus L. A drinking water quality framework for South Africa. Water SA. 2006;32(5):673–678 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/viewFile/47853/34223">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Archives, London, UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/3184/contents/made">"The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000."</a> 2000 No. 3184. 2000-12-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Clean Water Act, Section 303, <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1313">§ 1313</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Clean Water Act, Section 303(d), <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1313">§ 1313</a>; Section 305(b), <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1315(b)">§ 1315(b)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/tmdl/overview-listing-impaired-waters-under-cwa-section-303d">"Overview of Listing Impaired Waters under CWA Section 303(d)"</a>. <i>Impaired Waters and TMDLs</i>. EPA. 31 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Impaired+Waters+and+TMDLs&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Listing+Impaired+Waters+under+CWA+Section+303%28d%29&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Ftmdl%2Foverview-listing-impaired-waters-under-cwa-section-303d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/waterdata/national-water-quality-inventory-report-congress">"National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress"</a>. <i>Water Data and Tools</i>. EPA. 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Water+Data+and+Tools&rft.atitle=National+Water+Quality+Inventory+Report+to+Congress&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fwaterdata%2Fnational-water-quality-inventory-report-congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More information about water quality in the United States is available on EPA's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/waterdata/hows-my-waterway">"How's My Waterway"</a> website.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemstat.org">Global Freshwater Quality Database (GEMStat)</a> – United Nations environment program</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/news.html">Water policy in the European Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_quality.html">U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a> – Drinking water quality and testing (United States)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/waterdata">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> – Water Data and Tools of the USEPA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa">U.S. Geological Survey</a> – National Water Quality Assessment Program of the USGS</li></ul> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324205603/http://awra.org/">Archived</a> 24 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Professional association </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Natural_resources" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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resources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_resources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Pollution / quality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">Ambient standards <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">Airshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">Deforestation (REDD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">peak coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">peak gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">Agricultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_farmland" title="Peak farmland">peak farmland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">seascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewshed" title="Viewshed">viewshed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">phosphorus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Treaty">FAO Plant Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">herbal medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="UPOV">UPOV Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict <span style="font-size:85%;">(perpetuation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" title="Category:Natural resources">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pollution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution" title="Template:Pollution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution" title="Template talk:Pollution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pollution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_burning_of_waste" title="Open burning of waste">Open burning of waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_working" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal working">Metal working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">Oil refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood dust">Wood dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">Black carbon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a> <ul><li>Land</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Industrial</li> <li>Military</li> <li>Abstract</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manure_management" title="Manure management">Manure waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Solid waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Battery recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">Deep sea mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage" title="Garbage">Garbage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_treatment" title="Thermal treatment">Thermal treatment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris"> Space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Clutter (advertising)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">nuclear famine</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">debris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploitation">Oil exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">Oil exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit latrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" 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